BASIC NUTRITION 1. CARBOHYDRATES is a substance composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

. It supplies the body with the energy it needs to function. 3 classifications: Monosaccharides building blocks of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar Glucose blood sugar or dextrose Fructose sweetest of all sugars; fruit sugar Galactose constituent of lactose, the sugar in milk Disaccharides composed of two monosaccharides Maltose malt sugar used for alcohol production; glucose + glucose Lactose milk sugar; glucose + Galactose Sucrose sugarcane or table sugar; glucose + fructose Polysaccharides sugar complex carbohydrates with high molecular weight Starch sometimes called amylum, the most important form of carbohydrates in the diet. Dextrin intermediate products in the hydrolysis of starch to maltose Glycogen animal starch Cellulose/Dietary fiber it has no value as a food for man, because humans do not have the enzyme to digest cellulose 2. PROTEINS essential nutrients because they are sources of amino acids used by the body to build new proteins. Amino acids they are the building blocks of protein. They are used by the body for building and maintaining body tissues. Kwashiorkor protein deficiency disease. Characterized by retarded growth, weakness, edema, flaky skin and a loss of color hair Marasmus energy deficient disease occurs during starvation. It means to waste away. Characterized by gross underweight, no fat storage and wasting away of muscle. 3. FATS OR LIPIDS are biological compounds that are waxy or oily that is insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvents Fatty acids they are the building blocks of fats. Can be saturated or unsaturated. Classifications of Fats Cholesterol a yellowish fatlike substance produced mostly in the liver and in lesser amounts in the intestines and specialized cells throughout the body. LDLs low density lipoprotein; bad cholesterol because it clogs the arteries and causes heart attack HDLs high density lipoprotein; good cholesterol because they carry away LDLs through the blood to be eliminated via the liver. Triglycerides these fats are measurable in the bloodstream Saturated fats should be strictly limited as these are most associated with the increase of cholesterol levels and cause of some cancer Unsaturated fats these oils are liquid at room temp Polyunsaturated fats bodys primary source of linoleic acid, and is needed by the body for the formation of cells and normal functioning of the nervous system. Omega-3 oils found in some land plants and in marine plant life, they are beneficial in lowering the bad cholesterol Monounsaturated fats these fats reduce LDLs but have no relatively effect on HDLs

ENZYMES the most specialized type of protein. They are very important substances because they control the chemical reactions that happen in our bodies. 4. VITAMINS are organic nutrients found in foods that are essential in small quantities for growth, normal functioning of our bodies, vitality and general well-being. Classification of Vitamins Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A (Beta Carotene) necessary for growth and repair of body tissues, help reduce the risk of lung cancer and certain oral cancers Vitamin D required for bone and teeth formation Vitamin E major antioxidants nutrient Vitamin K for the coagulation of blood Water soluble vitamins Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) plays a key role in the bodys metabolic cycle for generating energy Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) necessary for carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) necessary for the synthesis and break down of amino acids Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) helps in the formation and regeneration of red blood cells Vitamin B3 ( Niacin) improves circulation and reduces the cholesterol level in the blood Pantothenic Acid aids in the utilization of vitamins, improves the bodys resistance to stress Biotin aids in the utilization of protein, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12 Folic Acid necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) essential for healthy teeth, gums and bones, helps heal wounds, scar tissue and fractures

5. MINERALS they are required for biochemical life functions Calcium essential for developing and maintaining healthy bones and teeth Phosphorus works with calcium to maintain healthy bones and teeth Magnesium activates nearly 100 enzymes and helps nerves and muscles function Sodium necessary for maintaining fluid balance Potassium maintaining fluid balance Chloride necessary for maintaining normal acidity in the stomach Iron needed for red blood cell formation Zinc essential part of more than 100 enzymes involved in digestion, metabolism, reproduction and wound healing Iodine necessary for normal thyroid function Selenium necessary for growth and development Copper involved in iron metabolism Manganese for normal development of skeletal and connective tissues Fluoride dental health Chromium normal glucose metabolism Molybdenum for metabolism of DNA and RNA 6. WATER most important nutrient in our body and is the most important liquid in the world. Involved in every function that happens in the body. 70-80% of our body is composed of water