PDF - Báo cáo Project tốt nhất 2013

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN IN T-VIN THNG

CLB SINH VIN NGHIN CU KHOA HC
====o0o====
Nhm thc hin Thnh vin
: :
S-BkFet
1. Hong Trung Hiu 2. Nguyn Tng Anh 3. Nguyn Don Tun 4. L Trung Hi 5. inh Vn Bnh
NM HC 2012 -2013
Bo co: ti: Thit k mch LED tri tim tch hp ng h thi gian thc
MC LC
Ni dung Trang 2 4 5 Mc lc.............................................................................................................. Li ni u........................................................................................................ Phn 1. Phn tch cc bc thc hin v lp k hoch................................ I. t vn II. La chn cng c thit k mch in 2.1. i nt v mch in 2.2. Cc phng php sn xut mch in.................................................. 2.3. La chn phn mm thit k mch in III. La chn cng c h tr m phng........................................................ 3.1. t vn 3.2. La chn cng c h tr m phng IV. La chn ngn ng lp trnh v trnh bin dch 4.1. Phn loi ngn ng lp trnh 4.2. Ngn ng lp trnh cho vi iu khin............................................... 4.3. Trnh bin dch V. Lp k hoch........................................................................................... Phn 2. Mch LED nhy hnh tri tim........................................................ Chng 1. S khi v chc nng ca tng khi I. S khi 1. S khi 2. Chc nng ca tng khi II. S mch hon chnh........................................................................... Chng 2. Cc linh kin chnh s dng trong mch......................................... I. Vi iu khin AT89S52 1. Tng quan v 89S52 2. M t chn 89S52................................................................................ 3. T chc b nh bn trong 89S52........................................................ II. IC n p 7805........................................................................................... 1. Gii thiu v IC n p 2. IC 78xx 3. Cu to bn trong 78xx....................................................................... 4. Thng s k thut 7805 III. LED....................................................................................................... 1. nh ngha, cu to 2. Hot ng 3. Mu sc v vt liu............................................................................. 4. Tnh cht.............................................................................................
6 7
8 9 12
14 15
17 20 30
31
32
36 37
Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet
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5. ng dng............................................................................................. 38 IV. in tr v t in.................................................................................. 1. in tr 2. Bin tr................................................................................................ 3. T in................................................................................................. Chng 3. Thit k mch in mch tri tim...................................................... I. Li m u II. Cc bc thit k mch in III. V s nguyn l bng Capture 1. To th vin linh kin ring 2. Sp xp linh kin v i dy................................................................ 3. V mch in bng LAYOUT PLUS..................................................... 4. Cch ph mass..................................................................................... Chng 4. Chng trnh phn mm Code.................................................... I. S thut ton II. Chng trnh np cho vi iu khin AT89S52 Phn III. Mch ng h thi gian thc....................................................... Chng 1. Cc linh kin s dng trong mch I. IC to thi gian thc DS1307 1. Gi thiu chung v DS1307 2. C ch hot ng v chc nng ca DS1307 3. S a ch RAM v RTC............................................................... 4. S truyn d liu trn chui bus 2 dy................................................ 5. DS1307 c th hot ng 2 ch sau II. LED 7 thanh............................................................................................. Chng 2. S khi v chc nng tng khi trong mch I. S khi II. Chc nng ca tng khi Chng 3. S mch hon chnh................................................................... I. S nguyn l II S mch in Chng 4. Chng trnh phn mm Code cho AT89S52............................... I. S tng qut II. S thut ton...................................................................................... III. Code chng trnh no cho AT89S52.................................................... Phn 4. Li kt................................................................................................. 38
39 40 42
47 48 53 54
63
65 67 69
72
74 75 80 87
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LI NI U
Khi u mt cng vic mi lun gp nhiu kh khn. L nhng ngi mi bt u cho nn chng ti chn mt ti quen thuc vi sinh vin in t Mch LED nhy tch hp ng h thi gian thc. Tht vy, mch LED nhy v mch ng h thi gian thc l nhng mch in t c nhiu sinh vin la chn thc hin mt sn phm in t u tay. Mt trong nhng l do gii thch cho iu ny l hai mch trn c rt nhiu ti liu hng d n chi tit, mch in n gin, chi ph thc hin khng nhiu nhng li hc c nhiu kin thc v khng th b qua l cng dng hu ch ca sn phm. Vi nhng u im nh vy, vic chn thc hin mch no l u hp l v ty ca mi ngi. y, nhm chng ti quyt nh kt hp c hai mch li vi nhau trong mt sn phm. Sn phm ca chng ti c cu to gm mt mch LED nhy theo hnh tri tim, gia c ng h hin th gi, pht, giy. Vi LED nhy hnh tri tim sn phm c chc nng trang tr, bn c th dnh tng cho ngi thn. Bn cng khng phi lo lng v s nhm chn ca sn phm v c mt chic ng h nh nhn i km. m bo sn phm s lun c s dng v ngi thn ca bn s kh m qun bn c. Khng i theo khun mu ca mt bi bo co thng thng (Ch tiu k thut sn phm, la chn phng n, th trng...), v l nhng ngi cha c nhiu kin thc chuyn su, chng ti lm theo cc ti liu c sn. Trong qu trnh , gp khng t kh khn, bng s tm ti, chng ti a ra mt s gii php. Do vy ti liu ny chng ti vit nhm tng kt li cc bc trong qu trnh lm sn phm vi hi vng s gip ch cho ngi c, nhng ngi ang bt u nh chng ti. D rt c gng nhng khng th trnh khi nhng sai st, chng ti hi vng s nhn c nhiu li nhn xt v gp t cc bn c c mt sn phm hon thin hn. Nhm chng ti xin chn thnh cm n! H Ni, ngy 05 thng 01 nm 2013.
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PHN 1. PHN TCH CC BC THC HIN V LP K HOCH

I. T VN
T tng bt du mt d n cho n trin khai nghin cu ch to sn phm, ngi ta phi tri qua nhiu bc phn tch nh gi th trng, xem xt tnh kh thi ca d n. Sau xc nh cc yu cu chc nng, phi chc nng, ch tiu k thut ca sn phm. Tip theo l nh gi la chn cc phng n k thut ri mi i vo thit k mch. Vi mc ch lm quen vi cc bc, cng vic cn lm sn xut ra mt sn phm in t nn chng ti khng i su vo cc bc trn. y, chng ti tp chung vo tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca mch da trn thit k c sn, nghin cu thit k mch in v vit chng trnh phn mm cho sn phm. thit k mch in v vit chng trnh phn mm cho sn phm, chng ta cn n s h tr ca cc phn mm chuyn dng. C rt nhiu phn mm cho bn la chn. Sau y, chng ti s a ra nhng nh gi la chn ra cng c ph hp.
II. LA CHN CNG C THIT K MCH IN

2.1. i nt v mch in
Ngy nay, bo mch in (Printed Circuit Board - PCB) l thnh phn khng th thiu trong mi sn phm in t, t mn chi r tin cho tr con, n cc sn phm gia dng nh ni cm in, in thoi, TV, my nghe nhc, my vi tnh cho n cc thit b in t trn my bay, phi thuyn khng gian. PCB i lc cn gi l PWB (Printed Wiring Board) l s ni kt qua li gia nhng linh kin in t m khng cn dy. Mt bo mch in bao gm nhiudy mch ingn cht trn tm php cch in. Dy dn ny gi l trace (mch ng), cn tm php cch in - cn gi l substrate - thng lm bng nha tng hp phenol formaldehyde hay l mt hn hp gia si thy tinh cng nha tng hp. a phn mch in trong dn dng vn c to thnh bng cch dn mt lp l ng trn ton b b mt tm php, sau cho n mn, g b i, ch cn li nhng mch ng. Khi mch tr nn phc tp, ngi ta ghp nhiu tm php dn chng ln nhau, gi l mch in a lp (multilayer), v ngi ta dng nhng l khoan xuyn lp gii quyt bi ton kt ni im - im. Cng ngh ngy nay l PCB t 2 lp n 16 lp.
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Sau khi bo hon thin, linh kin mi c g vo mch ng ca lp trn cng bng hn ch.
2.2. Cc phng php sn xut mch in

C 3 phng php chnh thng dng sn xut PCB: 1. Photoengraving - Khc bng nh sng: phng php ny dng mt n che nh sng v cho axit n mn l ng trn substrate. Mt n c th to bng bt c phn mm ha no. 2. PCB Milling Khoan PCB: dng my khoan c 2 hay 3 trc, bc i l ng trn php. Mt my khoan PCB ny hot ng nh l mt my v c ni vi my tnh, tng t my v plotter. 3. PCB Printing - My in PCB: Phng php ny dng keo (hay mc) dn in chy thnh mch ng trc tip trn b mt ca php (hin i nht). Cc c cu ca 2 phng php sau u hot ng nh phn mm chuyn dng.
2.3. La chn phn mm thit k mch in

Hin nay, c nhiu phn mm chuyn dng h tr thit k mch in nh: Eagle, Orcad, Proteus, Altium, Tango, CircuitMaker, WinDarft - Winboard, Protel,...Trong , Orcad c nh gi l cng c thit k mach in kh mnh, n gin v ph bin. Th vin linh kin ca Orcad c th coi l mnh nht cho n nay, v hu ht cc nh sn xut linh kin in t u cung cp cc add - in linh kin cho Orcad. Ti liu hng dn s dng Orcad bng ting Vit rt nhiu. V nhng u im , chng ti chn phn mm Orcad hc tp v thit k mch in cho sn phm.
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III. LA CHN CNG C H TR M PHNG

3.1. t vn
Nh cc bn bit, trong lnh vc in t vic thit k mch l vic lm thng xuyn. Nhng mun bit mch bn thit k hot ng nh th no, c sai st g khng, khi cha lm mch tht th ban lm th no? Cu tr li, l s dng cc phn mm m phng (Simulation). Tuy n cha t c chnh xc tuyt i nh mch tht tuy nhin cng tha mn phn no nhu cu ca chng ta.
3.2. La chn cng c h tr m phng

Trong lnh vc in t, m phng mch in t c mt s phn mm thng dng nh Proteus, Circuit Maker, Multisim, Orcad PSpice... Trong , Proteus h tr m phng tt hn cho cc MCU h 8051, PIC, AVR, Motorola. V th, nhm chng ti s dng phn mm Proteus m phng cho thit k s dng dng vi iu khin 8051.
IV. LA CHN NGN NG LP TRNH V TRNH BIN DCH 4.1. Phn loi ngn ng lp trnh
Ngn ng lp trnh c th c phn chia thnh 3 loi chnh: ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng cp cao. 4.1.1. Ngn ng my Ngn ng my (m my) l ngn ng nn tng ca b vi x l. Cc chng trnh c vit trong tt c cc loi ngn ng khc cui cng u c chuyn thnh ngn ng my trc khi chng trnh c thi hnh. V tp lnh ca ngn ng my ph thuc vo loi vi x l nn ngn ng my s khc nhau trn nhng my tnh c s dng b vi x l khc nhau. Li im ca vit chng trnh bng ngn ng my l lp trnh vin c th iu khin my tnh trc tip v t c chnh xc iu mnh mun lm. Do , cc chng trnh ngn ng my c vit tt l nhng chng trnh rt hiu qu (tc thi hnh nhanh, kch thc nh). Bt li ca chng trnh ngn ng my l thng thng s mt rt nhiu thi gian vit, rt kh c, theo di tm li. Thm vo , bi v chng trnh c vit bng tp lnh ph thuc vo b vi x l nn chng trnh ch chy c trn nhng my tnh c cng b vi x l m thi. Ngn ng my cng c gi l ngn ng cp thp (low - level language). 4.1.2. Hp ng Hp ng c pht trin nhm gip cc lp trnh vin d nh cc ch th ca chng trnh hn. Hp ng tng t nh ngn ng my nhng li s dng cc k hiu gi nh (mnemonics hay m lnh hnh thc - symbolic operation code) biu din
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cho cc m lnh ca my. Mt c im khc na l hp ng thng thng cho php nh a ch hnh thc (symbolic addressing), ngha l mt v tr b nh trong my tnh c th c tham chiu ti thng qua mt ci tn hoc k hiu, chng hn nh TOTAL thay v phi s dng a ch thc s ca n (bng con s nh phn) trong ngn ng my. Cc chng trnh hp ng cn bao gm cc ch th v m (macro instruction) c th to ra nhiu lnh m my. Cc chng trnh hp ng c chuyn sang m my thng qua mt chng trnh c bit gi l trnh hp dch (assembler). Mc d hp ng tng i d dng hn m my nhng hp ng vn c xem l ngn ng cp thp bi v n vn cn rt gn vi tng thit k ca my tnh. 4.1.3. Ngn ng bc cao Cuc cch mng ca ngn ng my tnh bt u vi s pht trin ca ngn ng cp cao vo cui thp k 1950 v 1960. Ngn ng cp cao gn gi hn vi nim ngn ng m hu ht mi ngi u bit, n bao gm cc danh t, ng t, k hiu ton hc, lin h v cc thao tc lun l. Cc yu t ny c th c phi hp, lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt hnh thc ca cu. Cccuny c gi l cc mnh ca chng trnh (program statement). Chnh v nhng c im ny, cc lp trnh vin d dng c v d hc ngn ng cp cao hn so vi ngn ng my hoc hp ng. Mt li im quan trng l ngn ng cp cao thng thng khng ph thuc vo my tnh, ngha l cc chng trnh vit bng ngn ng cp cao c th chy trn cc loi my tnh khc nhau (s dng cc b vi x l khc nhau).
4.2. Ngn ng lp trnh cho vi iu khin

Trong k thut lp trnh vi iu khin ni chung, hai loi ngn ng lp trnh thng c s dng l ngn ng C (ngn ng bc cao) v asembely (hp ng). Trong , ngn ng ASEMBLY yu cu ngi lp trnh hiu r v phn cng, thuc cc m gi nh khng phi d dng. Ngn ng C c xy dng gip gim ti nhng kh khn cho ngi ngi lp trnh. Hn th, C i khi c nh gi nh lc kh nng di ng", cho thy s khc nhau quan trng gia n vi ngn ng bc thp nh l Assembly, l vic m C c th c dch v thi hnh trong hu ht cc my tnh, hn hn cc ngn ng hin ti trong khi th Assembly ch c th chy trong mt s my tnh c bit. V nhng u im , chng ti la chn ngn ng C lp trnh cho vi iu khin.
4.3. Trnh bin dch

Chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng bc cao trc khi c np vo vi iu khin cn c bin dch sang m my (file Hex). Keil C l mt phn mm cho php ngi lp trnh son tho chng trnh, pht hin li sai v bin dch chng trnh sang file Hex. u im ca Keil C l nh gn, giao din n gin, d s dng, h tr nhiu dng vi iu khin trong c h MCS - 51.
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V. LP K HOCH
Phn chia cng vic cho cc thnh vin trong nhm:
Cng vic
M t
Ngi thc hin
Ngy bt u
K hoch kt thc
Ngy kt thc
Tm hiu s 2. Tm hiu chc nng ca tng khi trong nguyn mch. l 3. Tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca mch. 1. Hc s dng phn mm OrCad.
1. Tm hiu v cc linh kin c s dng trong mch.
C nhm
28/10 2012
05/11 2012
08/11 2012
Thit k mch in
2. Thit k mch in cho sn phm. 3. Hng dn li cho cc thnh vin trong nhm. 1. Hc s dng phn mm ISIS-Proteus.
Hiu H i
09/11 2012
16/11 2012
18/11 2012
Thit 2. Thit k bn v m k m phng Proteus. phng Proteus 3. Hng dn li cho cc thnh vin trong nhm.
Hiu Bnh
09/11 2012
16/11 2012
13/11 2012
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1. Nm c khi qut Tm cu to, hot ng hiu v ca h VK 8051. h 2. Hng dn li cho VK cc thnh vin trong 8051 nhm. 1. Vit code cho led tri tim. 2. Hc s dng phn mm Keil C. 3. Hng dn li cho cc thnh vin trong nhm. 1. Vit code cho mch ng h. 2. Hng dn li cho cc thnh vin trong nhm.
Tng Anh Tun
28/10 2012
16/11 2012
13/11 2012
Vit code led tri tim
Tng Anh Bnh
13/11 2012
20/11 2012
20/11 2012
Vit code cho mch ng h Chun b cc thit b
Tng Anh Hiu
15/12 2012
22/12 2012
23/12 2012
1. Mua sm cc thit b, linh kin 2. t mch in 1. Lm mch in th cng.

2. Hng dn li cho
Bnh Hiu H i Tun 7/11 Tng Anh 2012 7/11 2012 07/11 2012 19/11 2012 19/11 2012 19/11 2012
Lm mch in th cng
cc thnh vin trong nhm.
Lp rp Hn linh kin vo sn board. phm
Tng Anh
23/11 2012
23/11 2012
24/11 2012
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10
Hon thin, trang tr
Bnh Trang tr cho sn phm. Tun
15/12 2012
22/12 2012
20/12 2012
11
Vit Vit bo co tng phn bo co c nhn ph trch. Tng Tng hp bo co. hp bo co Xy dng slide thuyt trnh 1. Chnh sa li bo co. 2. Lm slide bo co.
C nhm.
28/12 2012 03/01 2013
03/01 2013 05/01 2013
03/01 2013 05/01 2013
12
Hiu
13
Bnh
06/01 2013
10/01 2013
10/01 2013
Bng 1. K hoch thc hin
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PHN II. MCH LED NHY HNH TRI TIM

CHNG 1. S KHI V CHC NNG CA TNG KHI
I. S KHI
1. S khi
Khi ngun To xung dao ng
VI IU KHIN AT89S52
Khi hin th led
Reset
2. Chc nng ca tng khi

2.1 Khi to ngun:
y l mch dng to ra ngun in p chun +5V. S dng IC7805. u vo l in p xoay chiu sau khi c bin i qua my bin th, a vo b Diod cu cho ra dng in mt chiu (lc ny in p nm trong khong t 7 - 10V). Sau khi i qua IC n p 7805 s to ra ngun in p chun +5V cung cp cho mch.
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2.2. Khi RESET
Khi RESET c tc dng a vi iu khin v trng thi ban u. Khi nt Reset c n in p +5V t ngun c ni vo chn Reset ca vi iu khin c chy thng xung t lc ny in p ti chn vi iu khin thay i t ngt v 0, VK nhn bit c s thay i ny v khi ng li trng thi ban u cho h thng. 2.3. Khi to xung
y l b dao ng thch anh c tc dng to xung nhp vi tn s 12MHz cho VK hot ng. Hai u ny c ni vo 2chn XTAL1 v XTAL2 ca VK. 2.4. Khi hin th LED Khi hin th gm cc led n sc, chn dng b ni vi nhau ni vo ngun 5V, chn m ni vo chn ca vi iu khin. Vi cch mc ny, led sng khi in p a ra ti chn vi iu khin l 0V (mc 0) v tt khi in p l 5V (mc 1).
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II. S MCH HON CHNH
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CHNG 2. CC LINH KIN CHNH S DNG TRONG MCH

I. VI IU KHN AT89S52
1. Tng quan v 89S52

AT89S52 l h IC vi iu khin do hng Atmel sn xut. Cc sn phm AT89S52 thch hp cho nhng ng dng iu khin. Vic x l trn byte v cc ton s hc cu trc d liu nh c thc hin bng nhiu ch truy xut d liu nhanh trn RAM ni. Tp lnh cung cp mt bng tin dng ca nhng lnh s hc 8 bit gm c lnh nhn v lnh chia. N cung cp nhng h tr m rng trn chip dng cho nhng bin mt bit nh l kiu d liu ring bit cho php qun l v kim tra bit trc tip trong h thng iu khin. AT89S52 cung cp nhng c tnh chun nh: 8 KByte b nh ch c c th xa v lp trnh nhanh (EPROM), 128 Byte RAM, 32 ng I/O, 3 TIMER/COUNTER 16 Bit, 5 vect ngt c cu trc 2 mc ngt, mt Port ni tip bn song cng, 1 mch dao ng to xung Clock v b dao ng ON - CHIP. Cc c im ca chip AT89S52 c tm tt nh sau: 8 KByte b nh c th lp trnh nhanh, c kh nng ti 1000 chu k ghi/xo. Tn s hot ng t: 0Hz n 24 MHz. 3 mc kha b nh lp trnh. 3 b Timer/counter 16 Bit. 128 Byte RAM ni. 4 Port xut /nhp I/O 8 bit. Giao tip ni tip. 64 KB vng nh m ngoi.
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64 KB vng nh d liu ngoi. 4 s cho hot ng nhn hoc chia.
S khi ca AT89S52
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2. M t chn 89S52
2.1. S chn 89S52 Mc d cc thnh vin ca h 8051 (v d 8751, 89S52, 89C51, DS5000) u c cc kiu ng v khc nhau, chng hn nh hai hng chn DIP (Dual In - Line Pakage), dng v dt vung QPF (Quad Flat Pakage) v dng chip khng c chn LLC (Leadless Chip Carrier) th chng u c 40 chn cho cc chc nng khc nhau nh vo ra I/O, c
RD , ghi WR , a ch, d liu v
ngt. Cn phi lu mt s hng cung cp mt phin bn 8051 c 20 chn vi s cng vo ra t hn cho cc ng dng yu cu thp hn. Tuy nhin v hu ht cc nh pht trin s dng chp ng v 40 chn vi hai hng chn DIP nn ta ch tp trung m t phin bn ny. 2.2. Chc nng ca cc chn 89S52 Port 0: t chn 32 n chn 39 (P0.0 - P0.7). Port 0 c 2 chc nng: trong cc thit k c nh khng dng b nh m rng n c chc nng nh cc ng IO, i vi thit k ln c b nh m rng n c kt hp gia bus a ch v bus d liu. Port 1: t chn 1 n chn 9 (P1.0 - P1.7). Port 1 l port IO dng cho giao tip vi thit b bn ngoi nu cn.
AT89S52
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Port 2: t chn 21 n chn 28 (P2.0 - P2.7). Port 2 l mt port c tc dng kp dng nh cc ng xut/nhp hoc l byte cao ca bus a ch i vi cc thit b dng b nh m rng. Port 3: t chn 10 n chn 17 (P3.0 - P3.7). Port 3 l port c tc dng kp. Cc chn ca port ny c nhiu chc nng, c cng dng chuyn i c lin h n cc c tnh c bit ca 89S52 nh bng sau: Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Tn RXD TXD INT0 INT1 T0 T1 WR RD Chc nng chuyn i Ng vo d liu ni tip. Ng xut d liu ni tip. Ng vo ngt cng th 0. Ng vo ngt cng th 1. Ng vo TIMER/ COUNTER th 0. Ng vo ca TIMER/ COUNTER th 1. Tn hiu ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi. Tn hiu c b nh d liu ngoi.
PSEN (Program store enable): PSEN l tn hiu ng ra c tc dng cho php c b nh chng trnh m rng v thng c ni n chn OE ca Eprom cho php c cc byte m lnh. PSEN mc thp trong thi gian 89S52 ly lnh. Cc m lnh ca chng trnh c c t Eprom qua bus d liu, c cht vo thanh ghi lnh bn trong 89S52 gii m lnh. Khi 89S52 thi hnh chng trnh trong ROM ni, PSEN mc cao.
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ALE (Address Latch Enable): Khi 89S52 truy xut b nh bn ngoi, Port 0 c chc nng l bus a ch v d liu do phi tch cc ng d liu v a ch. Tn hiu ra ALE chn th 30 dng lm tn hiu iu khin gii a hp cc ng a ch v d liu khi kt ni chng vi IC cht. Tn hiu chn ALE l mt xung trong khong thi gian port 0 ng vai tr l a ch thp nn cht a ch hon ton t ng. EA (External Access): Tn hiu vo EA (chn 31) thng c mc ln mc 1 hoc mc 0. Nu mc 1, 89S52 thi hnh chng trnh t ROM ni. Nu mc 0, 89S52 thi hnh chng trnh t b nh m rng. Chn EA c ly lm chn cp ngun 21V khi lp trnh cho Eprom trong 89S52. RST (Reset): Khi ng vo tn hiu ny a ln mc cao t nht 2 chu k my, cc thanh ghi bn trong c np nhng gi tr thch hp khi ng h thng. Khi cp in mch phi t ng reset. Cc gi tr t v in tr c chn l: R1=10, R2=220, C=10 F.
Cc ng vo b dao ng X1, X2: B to dao ng c tch hp bn trong 89S52. Khi s dng 89S52, ngi ta ch cn ni thm thch anh v cc t. Tn s thch anh ty thuc vo mc ch ca ngi s dng, gi tr t thng c chn l 33p.
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3. T chc b nh bn trong 89S52

B nh trong 89S52 bao gm ROM v RAM. RAM trong 89S52 bao gm nhiu thnh phn: phn lu tr a dng, phn lu tr a ch ha tng bit, cc bank thanh ghi v cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit. AT89S52 c b nh c t chc theo cu trc Harvard: c nh ng vng b nh ring bit cho chng trnh v d liu. Chng trnh v d liu c th cha bn trong 89S52 nhng 89S52 vn c th kt ni vi 64K byte b nh chng trnh v 64K byte d liu bn ngoi.
Bn b nh Data bn trong Chip 89S52 c t chc nh sau:
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RAM bn trong AT89S52 c phn chia nh sau: Cc bank thanh ghi c a ch t 00H n 1FH. RAM a ch ha tng bit c a ch t 20H n 2FH. RAM a dng t 30H n 7FH. Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit t 80H n FFH. 3.1. RAM a dng RAM a dng c a ch t 30h 7Fh c th truy xut mi ln 8 bit bng cch dng ch nh a ch trc tip hay gin tip. Cc vng a ch thp t 00h 2Fh cng c th s dng cho mc ch nh trn, ngoi cc chc nng c bit c cp phn sau. 3.2. RAM c th nh a ch bit Vng a ch t 20h - 2Fh gm 16 byte c th thc hin nh vng RAM a dng (truy xut mi ln 8 bit) hay thc hin truy xut mi ln 1 bit bng cc lnh x l bit.
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3.3. Cc bank thanh ghi Vng a ch 00h 1Fh c chia thnh 4 bank thanh ghi: bank 0 t 00h 07h, bank 1 t 08h 0Fh, bank 2 t 10h 17h v bank 3 t 18h 1Fh. Cc bank thanh ghi ny c i din bng cc thanh ghi t R0 n R7. Sau khi khi ng th h thng bank 0 c chn s dng. Do c 4 bank thanh ghi nn ti mt thi im ch c mt bank thanh ghi c truy xut bi cc thanh ghi R0 n R7. Vic thay i bank thanh ghi c thc hin thng qua thanh ghi t trng thi chng trnh (PSW). 3.4. Cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit Cc thanh ghi trong 89S52 c nh dng nh mt phn ca RAM trn chip v vy mi thanh ghi s c mt a ch (ngoi tr thanh ghi b m chng trnh v thanh ghi lnh v cc thanh ghi ny him khi b tc ng trc tip). Cng nh R0 n R7, 89S52 c 21 thanh ghi c chc nng c bit (SFR: Special Function Register) vng trn ca RAM ni t a ch 80H n 0FFH. Sau y l mt vi thanh ghi c bit thng c s dng:
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3.4.1. Thanh ghi trng thi chng trnh (PSW: Program Status Word) BIT PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW4 PSW.3 SYMBOL CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 ADDRESS D7H D6H D5H D4H D3H DESCRIPTION Cary Flag Auxiliary Cary Flag Flag 0 Register Bank Select 1 Register Bank Select 0 00=Bank 0; address 00H07H 01=Bank 1; address 08H0FH 10=Bank 2; address 10H17H 11=Bank 3; address 18H1FH PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0 OV P D2H D1H DOH Overlow Flag Reserved Even Parity Flag
Chc nng tng bit trng thi chng trnh C Carry CY (Carry Flag): C nh thng n c dng cho cc lnh ton hc: C=1 nu php ton cng c s trn hoc php tr c mn v ngc li C = 0 nu php ton cng khng trn v php tr khng c mn. C Carry ph AC (Auxiliary Carry Flag): Khi cng nhng gi tr BCD (Binary Code Decimal), c nh ph AC c set nu kt qu 4 bit thp nm trong phm vi iu khin 0AH - 0FH. Ngc li AC = 0 C 0 (Flag 0):
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C 0 (F0) l 1 bit c a dng dng cho cc ng dng ca ngi dng. Nhng bit chn bank thanh ghi truy xut: RS1 v RS0 quyt nh dy thanh ghi tch cc. Chng c xa sau khi reset h thng v c thay i bi phn mm khi cn thit. Ty theo RS1, RS0 = 00, 01, 10, 11 s c chn Bank tch cc tng ng l Bank 0, Bank1, Bank2 v Bank3. RS1 0 0 1 1 RS0 0 1 0 1 BANK 0 1 2 3
C trn OV (Over Flag): C trn c set sau mt hot ng cng hoc tr nu c s trn ton hc. Bit Parity (P): Bit t ng c set hay Clear mi chu k my lp Parity chn vi thanh ghi A. S m cc bit 1 trong thanh ghi A cng vi bit Parity lun lun chn. V d A cha 10101101B th bit P set ln mt tng s bit 1 trong A v P to thnh s chn. Bit Parity thng c dng trong s kt hp vi nhng th tc ca Port ni tip to ra bit Parity trc khi pht i hoc kim tra bit Parity sau khi thu.
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3.4.2. Thanh ghi TIMER Vi iu Khin 89S52 c 3 timer 16 bit, mi timer c bn cch lm vic. Ngi ta s dng cc timer : nh khong thi gian. m s kin. To tc baud cho port ni tip trong 89S52. Trong cc ng dng nh khong thi gian, ngi ta lp trnh timer nhng khong u n v t c trn timer. C c dng ng b ha chng trnh thc hin mt tc ng nh kim tra trng thi ca cc ng vo hoc gi s kin ra cc ng ra. Cc ng dng khc c th s dng vic to xung nhp u n ca timer o thi gian tri qua gia hai s kin (v d o rng xung). 3.4.3. Thanh ghi ngt (INTERRUPT) Mt ngt l s xy ra mt iu kin, mt s kin m n gy ra treo tm thi thi chng trnh chnh trong khi iu kin c phc v bi mt chng trnh khc. Cc ngt ng mt vai tr quan trng trong thit k v ci t cc ng dng vi iu khin. Chng cho php h thng p ng bt ng b vi mt s kin v gii quyt s kin trong khi mt chng trnh khc ang thc thi. T chc ngt ca 89S52: C 5 ngun ngt 89S52: 2 ngt ngoi, 2 ngt t timer v 1 ngt port ni tip. Tt c cc ngt theo mc nhin u b cm sau khi reset h thng v c cho php tng ci mt bng phn mm. Mc u tin ca cc ngt c lu trong thanh ghi IP (Interrupt Priority) hay ni cch khc thanh ghi IP cho php chn mc u tin cho cc ngt (gi tr thanh ghi IP khi reset l 00h).
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Bit IP.7 IP.6 IP.5
K hiu _ _ ET2
a ch bit _ _ BDH
M t Khng c m t. Khng c m t. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti timer 2. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti cng ni tip. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti timer 1. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti ngt ngoi 1. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti timer 0. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti ngt ngoi 0.
IP.4
ES
BCH
IP.3
ET1
BBH
IP.2
EX1
BAH
IP.1
ET0
B9H
IP.0
EX0
B8H
Nu 2 ngt xy ra ng thi th ngt no c no c mc u tin cao hn s c phc v trc. Nu 2 ngt xy ra ng thi c cng mc u tin th th t u tin c thc hin t cao n thp nh sau: ngt ngoi 0 timer 0 ngt ngoi 1 timer 1 cng ni tip timer 2. Nu chng trnh ca mt ngt c mc u tin thp ang chy m c mt ngt xy ra vi mc u tin cao hn th chng trnh ny tm dng chy mt chng trnh khc c mc u tin cao hn. Cho php v cm ngt:
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Mi ngun ngt c cho php hoc cm ngt qua mt thanh ghi chc nng t bit c nh a ch bit IE (Interrupt Enable: cho php ngt) a ch A8H.
Bit IE.7 IE.6 IE.5 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0
K hiu EA _ ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
a ch bit AFH AEH ADH ACH ABH AAH A9H A8H
M t Cho php / Cm ton b Khng c m t Cho php ngt t Timer 2 (8052) Cho php ngt port ni tip Cho php ngt t Timer 1 Cho php ngt ngoi 1 Cho php ngt t Timer 0 Cho php ngt ngoi 0
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Cc c ngt: Khi iu kin ngt xy ra th ng vi tng loi ngt m loi c c t ln mc cao xc nhn ngt.
Ngt Bn ngoi 0 Bn ngoi 1 Timer 1 Timer 0 Port ni tip Port ni tip
C IE0 IE1 TF1 TF0 TI RI
Thanh ghi SFR v v tr bit TCON.1 TCON.3 TCON.7 TCON.5 SCON.1 SCON.0
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Cc vect ngt: Khi chp nhn ngt, gi tr c np vo PC gi l vector ngt. N l a ch bt u ca ISR cho ngun to ngt, cc vector ngt c cho bng sau: Ngt Reset h thng Bn ngoi 0 Timer 0 Bn ngoi 1 Timer 1 Port ni tip Timer 2 C RST IE0 TF0 IE1 TF1 TI v RI a ch vector 0000H 0003H 000BH 0013H 001BH 0023H 002BH
Vector reset h thng (RST a ch 0000H) c trong bng ny v theo ngha ny, n ging ngt: n ngt chng trnh chnh v np cho PC gi tr mi.
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II. IC N P 7805 1. Gii thiu v IC n p

Linh kin n p l thnh phn khng th thiu trong cc mch n p, mch ngun trong k thut in t. H 78xx l h cho n nh in p u ra l dng. Cn xx l gi tr in p u ra nh +5V, + 9V,... H 79xx l h n nh in p u ra l m. Cn xx l gi tr in p u ra nh - 05V, - 09V,... Trong cc b ngun th 78xx v 79xx c s dng rt nhiu trong cc mch ngun to in p u ra mong mun c bit nhng thit b ny cn in p u vo c nh khng thay i ln xung.
2. IC 78xx
S pha di IC 78xx c 3 chn: Chn s 1 l chn IN. Chn s 2 l chn GND. Chn s 3 l chn OUT. Nhng dng seri ca 78XX: LA7805 IC n p 5V. LA7808 IC n p 8V. LA7809 IC n p 9V. LA7812 IC n p 12V.
y l dng cho in p ra tng ng vi dng l 1A. Ngoi ra cn cc seri khc: 78xx +5V - +24V, dng 1A. 78Lxx chuyn i in p dng t +5V - +24V, dng 0.1A. 78Mxx chuyn i in p dng t +5V - +24V, dng 0.5A. 78Sxx chuyn i in p dng t +5V - +24V, dng 0.2A.
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3. Cu to bn trong ca 78xx
Cu to bn trong ca 78xx gm c mt in tr kt hp vi Diode Zener dng ghim mc in p, 1 transistor khuch i dng. H 78xx ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi lp IC trong mch th Uin > Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc dng. IC 78xx c bo v chp ti nn nu l lm chp ti th 78xx cha chc hng.
4. Thng s k tht 7805

Dng cc i c th duy tr 1A. Dng nh 2,2 A. Cng sut tiu tn cc i nu khng dng tn nhit: 2W. Cng sut tiu tn nu dng tn nhit ln: 15W. Nu vt qu ngng 4 trn 7805 s chy. Thc t ta ch nn dng cng sut tiu tn bng 1/2 gi tr trn. Cc gi tr cng khng nn dng gn gi tr max ca cc thng s trn. Tt nht l nn dng <2/3 max. Hn na cc thng s trn p dng cho iu kin chun nhit 25C. Ta nn hn ch p li vo ca 7805 gim cng sut tiu tn trn tn nhit. Thc t p li ra c th t gi tr no trong khong 4, 8 - >5, 2V. tri nhit ca 7805 xp x: 1mV/1C. N c h s tri nhit m nn nhit tng, in p s gim. V d: nu nhit 25C in p li ra l 4, 98V th rt c th ti nhit 65C, ta o c in p li ra c 4, 94C.
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III. LED
1. nh ngha, cu to
1.1. nh ngha LED (Vit tt ca Light Emitting Diode, c ngha l it pht quang) l cc it c kh nng pht ra nh sng hay tia hng ngoi, t ngoi.
1.2. Cu to Gm 1 lp chuyn tip P - N
2. Hot ng
2.1. V mt in t Hot ng ca LED ging vi nhiu loi it bn dn.
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Khi bn dn loi p cha nhiu l trng t do mang in tch dng nn khi tip xc vi khi bn dn n (cha cc in t t do) th cc l trng ny c xu hng chuyn ng khuch tn sang khi n. Cng lc khi p li nhn thm cc in t (in tch m) t khi n chuyn sang. Kt qu l khi p tch in m (thiu ht l trng v d tha in t) trong khi khi n tch in dng (thiu ht in t v d tha l trng). bin gii hai bn mt tip gip, mt s in t b l trng thu ht v khi chng tin li gn nhau, chng c xu hng kt hp vi nhau to thnh cc nguyn t trung ha. Qu trnh ny c th gii phng nng lng di dng nh sng (hay cc bc x in t c bc sng gn ).
2.2. Chit sut Cc cht bn dn nh SiO2 (Vt liu lm LED) c chit sut rt cao khi cha c lp trng ph. iu ny s ngn cn photon i ra khi cht bn dn. c im ny nh hng n hiu sut LED v t bo quang in. Chit sut ca SiO2 l 3. 96 (Vi nh sng 590 nm), cn khng kh l 1. 0002926. Ni chung, ch c nhng photon vung gc vi mt bn dn hoc gc ti c vi th mi c th thot ra ngoi. Nhng photon ny s to thnh 1 chm sng di dng hnh nn. Nhng photon khng th thot ra ngoi s chui ngc vo bn trong cht bn dn. Rt nhiu LED c bc bng 1 v nha mu hoc trong sut v 3 mc ch: Hn LED vo bng mch s d hn. Dy dn bn trong LED rt mng s c bo v tt hn. Lp nha s ng vai tr nh l mi trng trung gian. Chit sut ca v nha s thp hn chit sut bn dn nhng cao hn khng kh. L do th ba s gia tng kh nng pht sng ca LED v n s nh 1 thu knh phn k, cho php nh sng c gc ti cao hn gc ti hn c th lt ra ngoi khng kh.
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2.3. Hiu sut v cc thng s hot ng LED dng lm ch th c cng sut ch c 30 - 60 mW. Nm 1999, Philips LumiLEDs gii thiu LED c th hot ng lin tc vi cng sut 1W. N dng 1 bn dn ln hn rt nhiu so vi LED ch th. Thm na l c b phn tn nhit bng kim loi. Mt trong nhng u im ca LED l c hiu sut chiu sng cao. LED trng nhanh chng bt kp v vt qua hiu sut ca n dy tc. Nm 2002, LumiLEDs ch to thnh cng LED 5W vi hiu sut chiu sng t 18 - 22 lumen/ot. so snh, n dy tc 60 - 100W c hiu sut c 15lm/W, cn n hunh quang tt th 100lm/W. Mt vn kh c l hiu sut gim nhanh khi tng dng qua LED. Thng 9 nm 2003, mt loi LED xanh da tri c cng ty Cree gii thiu pht ra 24mW vi dng in l 20mA. iu ny c ngha l 1 bng LED trng s c 65lm/W vi dng 20mA. y chnh l LED trng c hiu sut cao nht thi , hn 4 ln so vi n dy tc. Nm 2006, h gii thiu sn phm mu t k lc mi cho hiu sut ca LED trng l 131lm/W vi dng in 20mA. Nm ny, cng ty Nichia Corporation gii thiu LED trng vi hiu sut 150lm/W cng vi dng in 20mA. Nm 2011, Xlamp XM - L, 1 dng sn phm ca hng Cree pht ra 100lm/W vi cng sut 10W, hiu sut l 160lm/W nu cng sut l 2W. Nm 2012, Cree gii thiu LED trng hiu sut 254lmW. Trong thc t, LED chiu sng c cng sut t 1W tr ln, dng tiu th in hnh l 350mA. Ch l hiu sut ni trn ch tnh ring cho LED v di mi trng nhit thp trong phng th nghim. Trn thc t, nhit cao v mch ngun cho LED cng c tht thot nng lng nn hiu sut thp hn nhiu. Thng 3 nm 2012, Cree tuyn b LED mu t c 208lmW vi nhit phng, nhit mu l 4579K.
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2.4. Tui th Bn dn ni chung v LED ni ring rt bn khi dng tiu th nh v nhit thp. Nhiu LED sn xut nm 1970 - 1980 vn cn cho ti ngy nay. Tui th thng l 25. 000 cho n 100. 000 gi nhng nhit cao v dng tiu th cao th tui th s gim nhanh chng. Dng h hng chung ca LED (v it laser) l s dn gim sng, hiu sut. H hng t ngt d him nhng cng xy ra. Cc LED thi k u tui th kh ngn. Vi s pht trin LED cng sut cao, LED hin i phi chu nhit cao hn, dng ti cao hn ngy xa. iu ny c th lm gim tui th nhanh chng. phn loi LED theo tui th, ngi a ra khi nim L70 v L50, ngha l thi gian hiu sut chiu sng cn 70% v 50%. Nh cc loi n khc, LED cng ph thuc vo nhit . Hu ht cc nh sn xut u cng b thng s cho nhit phng 25C. LED ngoi tri nh n giao thng hoc chiu sng cng cng ni c nhit qu thp hoc qu cao c th gim sng hoc c th lm h hng LED. LED tng sng nhit thp ty loi c th, thng l - 30C. Do LED c th l s la chn tt chiu sng kho lnh ca siu th v tui th s cao hn cc loi n khc. V LED t pht nhit hn n dy tc nn s c hiu sut cao hn nhng ni dng my lnh. Tuy nhin cng v t pht ra hi nng nn LED c th khng dng c nhng ni c tuyt ri dy. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta c th thm mt mch in to sc nng. Thm na, mt nghin cu va thnh cng to ra 1 loi tn nhit truyn nhit vo khu vc thch hp bn trong n LED.
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3. Mu sc v vt liu
LED truyn thng c lm t 1 s cht bn dn v c. Bng di y trnh by cc loi mu sc cng vi bc sng, in p v vt liu: Mu sc Hng ngoi Bc sng [nm] > 760 in p [V] V < 1.63 Vt liu Gallium arsenide (GaAs) Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)
Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) 610 < < 760 1.63<V<2.03 Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium (III) phosphide (GaP) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) Aluminium gallium indium phosphide 590 < < 610 2.03<V<2.10 (AlGaInP) Gallium (III) phosphide (GaP) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) Aluminium gallium indium phosphide 570 < < 590 2.10<V<2.18 (AlGaInP) Gallium (III) phosphide (GaP) Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) / Gallium (III) nitride (GaN) Gallium (III) phosphide (GaP) 2.9< V< 4.0 Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) Zinc selenide (ZnSe) Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) 2.48<V<3.7 Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate Silicon (Si) as substrate under development 2.76<V<4.0 Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
Cam
Vng
Xanh l 500 < < 570
Xanh da 450 < < 500 tri Tm 400 < < 450
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ta
Multiple types
2.48<V<3.7
Dual blue/red LEDs, blue with red phosphor, or white with purple plastic
Tia cc tm
< 400
Kim cng (235 nm) Boron nitride (215 nm) Aluminium nitride (AlN) (210 nm) 3.1<V < 4.4 Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) Aluminium gallium indium nitride (AlGaInN) down to 210 nm V ~ 3. 3 Mu xanh vi mt hoc hai lp phosphor: mu vng vi , cam hoc hng, hoc trng c mu hng. it xanh da tri/UV kt hp vi lp ph cho mu vng
Hng
Multiple types Broad spectrum
Trng
V = 3. 5
4. Tnh cht
Ty theo mc nng lng gii phng cao hay thp m bc sng nh sng pht ra khc nhau (tc mu sc ca LED s khc nhau). Mc nng lng (v mu sc ca LED) hon ton ph thuc vo cu trc nng lng ca cc nguyn t cht bn dn. Loi LED in th phn cc thun LED thng c in th phn cc thun 1, 4 - 1, 8V cao hn it thng thng, trong khong 1. 5 n 2 - 2, 5V 3 V. Nhng in th phn cc nghch LED th Vng khng cao. Do , LED rt d b h hng do Xanh l cy 2 - 2, 8V in th ngc gy ra. Do LED c qun tnh nh, ngha l n c th nhp nhy vi nhp nhanh, ni cho d hiu, l n tt nhanh v sng nhanh, khng nh loi n si nung c qun tnh nhit qu chm. Vi LED ngi ta c th dng lm loi n s theo m 7 on, dng loi n ny lm cc mch m rt tin.
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5. ng dng
LED c dng lm b phn hin th trong cc thit b in, in t, n qung co, trang tr, n giao thng. C nghin cu v cc loi LED c sng tng ng vi bng n bng kh neon. n chiu sng bng LED c cho l c cc u im nh gn nh, bn, tit kim nng lng. Cc LED pht ra tia hng ngoi c dng trong cc thit b iu khin t xa cho in t dn dng.
IV. IN TR V T IN
1. in tr
1.1. Khi nim in tr l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in ca mt vt th dn in. N c nh ngha l t s ca hiu in th gia hai u vt th vi cng dng in i qua n:
Trong mch in, in tr l mt linh kin in t th ng, c nhiu tc dng nh dng khng ch dng in, gy st p mong mun. 1.2. Nhn dng Nhn dng gi tr in tr i vi h 4 vch m mu:
H Thng Vch Mu gi tr ca in tr
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en (Black)
Nu (Brown)
(Red)
Cam Vng (Orange) (Yellow)
Xanh lc (Green) 5
Xanh dng (Blue) 6
Tm (Violet)
Xm (Grey)
Trng (White)
Cch Tnh Gi Tr in Tr Vch mu th nht cho bit gi tr th nht ca in Tr. Vch mu th hai cho bit gi tr th hai ca in Tr. Vch mu th ba cho bit cp s nhn ca ly tha mi. Vch mu cui cho bit s thay i gi tr ca in tr theo nhit . i vi in tr 5 vch mu th 3 vch u tin l gi tr h s, vch tip theo l cp s nhn ca ly tha mi, vach cui cng l sai s.
2. Bin tr
2.1. Khi nim Bin tr l loi in tr thun c th bin i c gi tr theo mun. Chng c th c s dng trong cc mch in iu chnh hot ng ca mch in. in tr ca thit b c th c thay i bng cch thay i chiu di ca dy dn in trong thit b, hoc bng cc tc ng khc nh nhit thay i, nh sng hoc bc x in t... K hiu ca bin tr trong s mch in c th cc dng nh sau:
2.2. Hnh dng
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3. T in
3.1. Khi nim, cu to T in l mt linh kin in t th ng to bi hai b mt dn in c ngn cch bi mi trng in mi. Khi c chnh lch in th ti hai b mt, ti cc b mt s xut hin in tch cng cng , nhng tri du. S tch t ca in tch trn hai b mt to ra kh nng tch tr nng lng in trng ca t in. Khi chnh lch in th trn hai b mt l in th xoay chiu, s tch lu in tch b chm pha so vi in p, to nn tr khng ca t in trong mch in xoay chiu. V mt lu tr nng lng, t in c phn ging vi c quy. Mc d cch hot ng ca chng th hon ton khc nhau, nhng chng u cng lu tr nng lng in. c qui c 2 cc, bn trong xy ra phn ng ha hc to ra electron cc ny v chuyn electron sang cc cn li. T in th n gin hn, n khng th to ra electron - n ch lu tr chng. T in c kh nng np v x rt nhanh. y l mt u th ca n so vi c qui. 3.2. Phn loi 3.2.1. T in mt chiu (T phn cc - Electrolytic Capacitor) Khi u ni phi ng cc m - dng. Thng trn t quy c cc m bng cch sn mt vch mu sng dc theo thn t, hoc khi t cha ct th chn di hn l cc dng.
3.2.2. T in xoay chiu (T khng phn cc)
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3.3. Hot ng 3.3.1.Tch in Khi mc ni t in vi in. Mt b mt s tch in dng v mt b mt s tch in m cho n khi trn mi b mt c tng s in bng V. Hai b mt tr thnh in tch tri du Q+ v Q -. Ti mi b mt l mt in tch Q c mt in Th V. y l qu trnh Tch in ca t in 3.3.2. Lu in Ti thi im ny, khng c khc bit v in th gia t in v ngun in, cho nn khng c dng in trong mch in. Gia hai b mt ca t in c mt in trng E c hng (+) (-). Trn mi b mt c mt in th V. y l qu trnh lu in ca t in di dng in trng E. 3.3.3. Phng in Nu mc t in xung t, s c dng in t t in i xung t v in th trn b mt t in gim dn t V xung 0. y l qu trnh phng in ca t in 3.4. in dung in dung l kh nng tch in ca t in ca mt in th oc tnh bng t l in tch trn in th:
in dung c k hiu mch in C o bng n v Coulomb C dn in ca vt liu: =
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CHNG 3: THIT K MCH IN MCH TRI TIM

I. LI M U
Nh cc bn bit Orcad l phn mm c nhiu ti liu hng dn, mt trong nhng ti liu hay l b video ca Pay it forward... , cc bn c th tm xem qua mng internet. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti khng nhc li cc thao tc c bn m ch trng vo cc khu quan trng - cc khu nhng ngi mi bt u thng hay gp kh khn khi thit k mch in nh to linh kin mi, to footprints v nu ra mt s kinh nghim khi s dng Orcad thit k mch in.
II. CC BC THIT K MCH IN

c c mt bn thit k mch in chng ta phi tri qua 3 bc thc hin: 1. V s nguyn l bng Capture 2. V mch in bng layout plus 3. Ph mas.
III. V S NGUYN L BNG CAPTURE 1. To th vin linh kin ring

1.1. Ti sao li phi to th vin linh kin ring? Orcad c th vin linh kin rt phong ph, tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp bn khng tim thy linh kin cn dng v l do no , c th l linh kin qu mi, hay bn khng bit tn ca linh kin trong Orcad,... Trong trng hp ny, bn c th t to linh kin cho mnh. Mt s u im ca vic t to th vin linh kin: Vic to linh kin kh n gin, cng khng tn nhiu thi gian. Ch cn to ln u tin, nhng ln sau bn c th ly ra s dng. D dng tm kim cc linh kin. Hiu thm v cu to ca linh kin. V nhng l do , vic u tin khi v s nguyn l l chng ti thc hin to th vin linh kin cho bn thit k ca mnh. Sau y, chng ti s trnh by cch to IC n p 7805 v vi iu khin AT89S52. 1.2. To mi IC7805 to mi c linh kin trc ht bn phi nhn din c linh kin l linh kin g? Nh vy bn c th ln google search datasheet hoc bn c th tham kho qua internet v c th mua linh kin tht v xem hnh dng n nh th no? Tt nht l bn nn phi hp c 3 cch trn.
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Nhn vo hnh chng ta ch cn quan tm n s chn, cch sp xp cc chn, tn chn. hiu r hn ti sao cc bn c li phn gii thiu v mch in. Tip theo, cc bn cn phi hnh dung ra cch mnh b tr linh kin ra sao cho hp l, ph hp vi bn thit k ca mnh. y, ti hnh dung ra cch b tr ca mnh nh sau:
IN
OUT
1
GND
2 Tt nhin, bn c th b tr khc, ty theo mnh, chng hn, bn cng c th b tr nh sau:
IN GND OUT
1 2 3 By gi chng ta hy thc hin vi Capture, u tin khi ng capture, bn hy to 1 th vin mi: File>>New>>Library.
Sau khi nhn vo, capture s hi bn mun to linh kin u? Hoc l bn s to linh kin cho project ca mnh (chn ng link dn n project ca bn), hoc l bn s to linh kin cho th vin mi ca mnh. (chn new project). y, chng ti chn to ra mt th vin linh kin cho project ca mnh.
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Khi th vin s c to ra, nhng n khng nm trong mn hnh v mch ca cc bn, m nm trong ca s qun l ca orcad. Khi bn hy chn biu tng project manager trn thanh cng c.
Mn hnh hin ra, chut phi vo file c ui *. olb>> newpart.
Sau mt hp thoi new part properties hin ra, cc bn in tn linh kin vo Name (t tn cho d nh), y ti t l 7805, kiu linh kin y l 1 con chip>> chn U, nu l cc mi ni l CON, Y, y l tn phn bit kiu, cc bn cng c th ty t theo ca mnh. Khi cc bn to ra linh kin, cc bn s thy n c 1 ng bao ngoi vi nt t, kiu linh kin c ghi pha trn U? v gi tr ca linh kin c ghi l <value> c ghi pha di.
Vic to ra mt linh kin trong mch nguyn l l vic to ra cc chn linh kin, sau to ra hnh dng ng bao cho linh kin, ri t tn cho cc chn ph hp.
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to chn linh kin cc bn c th s dng mt trong hai cng c Place pin ( to tng chn mt)
hoc Place pin array ( to nhiu chn cng mt lc) gc bn phi mn hnh, y ti s dng cng c Place pin array, mt hp thoi xut hin, bn chn tn bt u ca chn u tin (starting name), s lung chn (number of pins). Sau khi chn v di chuyn chn. Chng ta c hnh dng ban u nh sau.
Sau ta s tin hnh chnh sa cc chn sau cho ph hp vi liu chn ca n. Kch p vo chn cn sa, i vi chn 2, bn i tn l GND, chn kiu chn l POWER, nu bn mun hin chn ln th phi tch vo pins visible. Chn 3 i tn l OUT, kiu chn l OUPUT. Cui cng chng ta s to ng bao cho linh kin.
Vy l chng ta va t tay to ra IC7805 m khng cn phi tm trong th vin ca orcad. Rt n gin phi khng cc bn.
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1.3. Chnh sa AT89C51 to ra AT89S52 to ra mt linh kin mi, ngoi cch to mi hon ton ta c th chnh sa cc linh kin c sn. Cch ny p dng cho vic thay i thit k linh kin theo mnh, hoc cho hai linh kin c cu to gn ging nhau. AT89C51 v AT89S52 l hai linh kin c cu to chn gn ging nhau. Bn c th nhn vo cu to chn trong datasheet so snh:
AT89C51
AT89S52
Nhn vo hnh v ta thy vi iu khin AT89S52 ch khc AT89C51 tn (chc nng) ca mt s chn, nn cng vic ca chng ta l i tn cc chn cho ng. Bt u chnh sa, bn chn ng link ly AT89C51 t th vin ca orcad.
AT89C51
AT89S52
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Thng thng chng ta nn sa cc linh kin t th vin ca orcad. Lm nh vy s tit kim c thi gian v cng sc. Cc linh kin n gin nh t in, in tr, diode chng ta c th tn dng ngay th vin ca orcad. V chng l nhng linh kin c hnh dng n gin, d tm kim trong orcad. 2. Sp xp linh kin v i dy i dy v sp xp linh kin l cng vic kh n gin. y, chng ti xin nu ra mt s kinh nghim: Trong qu trnh thit k s nguyn l, bn nn t cc phn linh kin lin quan cht ch gn nhau d qun l. Trong khi lm mch nguyn l, bn c th sp xp linh kin theo cc khi. hoc l bn sp xp cc linh kin trong cc khi trc, sau kt ni chng vi nhau thng qua dy ni. tm cc thnh phn khc nhau trong bn v nh: tn linh kin (part), ng ni (line), ngun t bn nhn t hp phm tt ctrl+F. Phng to thu nh bn v nhanh chng, s dng phm tt O (out), I (in). ng mch no tht s cn v th v, trnh d tha s gy kh khn trong qu trnh thit k mch in. Hnh nh v mch nguyn l trong orcad capture.
Mch led nhy hnh tri tim S nguyn l nh hng n ton b bn thit k mch in v th tc khi chuyn sang v mch in bng LAYOUT cn kim tra li s nguyn l k cng, trnh sai st.
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3. V mch in bng LAYOUT PLUS

3.1. To footprint Ti sao phi to footprints? Vi orcad ta s dng a s linh kin c h tr sn, nhng ring trong layout plus, ta nn s dng linh kin t thit k, s c tnh thng nht cao hn, d qun l v sa i. Mt s kinh nghim khi to footprint. Trc khi bt tay vo v mch in th tt nht cn phi xem li mch cn nhng linh kin no. Bn tng thy linh kin cha, bn nm c chnh xc kch thc ca linh kin cha? (kch thoc gia cc chn, ln thc t). iu ny v cng quan trng v mun layout c bn cn c footprint ca cc linh kin . Sau y l mt s kinh nghim nhm chng ti rt ra trong qu trnh lm project. Tra datasheet: ci ny th rt y , chi tit, nhng s hi kh khn cho nhng ai c trnh ting anh thp. Mua linh kin tht: sau thc hin o, c lng. Lm nh vy s rt trc quan, sinh ng nhng c th s gy ra nhng sai st. Lin h proteus: trong proteus c minh ha cc footprints rt trc quan nhng s khng cc footprints. Ti cc footprints trn mng v, hc hi. Trong qu trnh sp xp footprints, chng ta nn sp xp sao cho cc chn linh kin ng khi, v sp xp mt cch gn nht, tit kim din tch nht. Mt ch trong khi to footprint. i vi mt s linh kin khng c tnh i xng th cn phi n chiu, hng ca linh kin lc thi cng mch khng b sai. V tr cc chn linh kin phi tng ng vi mch nguyn l v trn orcad. Khi thit k footprint, ngoi vic bn cn phi bit chnh xc kch thc tht gia cc chn linh kin thit k ng, bn cn phi bit kch thc ca c linh kin c th b tr khong cch gia cc linh kin cho hp l. Trnh trng hp thit k xong mi thy linh kin khng th no a c vo v tr nh trc. ng bao gi thit k nhng linh kin m cha bit chc chn v cha bao gi thy.
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3.2. To footprints ca mt s linh kin. 3.2.1. Qu trnh t v footprint qua cc bc sau: Open layout plus. Chn menu tool >> library manager. to th vin mi, chn creat new footprint, nhp tn cho footprint>>ok, sau chn save. Hp thoi mi xut hin, chon creat new library to th vin mi. to footprint cho 1 th vin c sn ta cng lm tng t nh trn nhng thay v chn created new footprint, ta chn ng dn n th mc cn thit. tit kim thi gian v cng sc thit k, ta c th s dng save as. 3.2.2. Qu trnh t thit k chn thch anh. Tm hiu v thch anh: trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu loi thch anh. Mi loi c mt di tn hot ng khc nhau nhng cng chung mt chc nng to dao ng cho vi iu khin. Mt s hnh nh thc t:
32768KHZ 4 - 50MHZ
12MHz
Kch thc ca chn linh kin: i vi cc linh kin thng nh t in, in tr, it, ta thng chn chn trn v ng knh c t 1, 8mm - 2, 1mm. i vi chn 1 ca cc linh kin c cc tnh nh t hoc it ta nn ch kiu chn l hnh vung. i vi chn 1 ca IC ta chn chn hnh ch nht v hnh oval vi cc chn 2 tr ln. Kch thc thng l 1, 7mm Width v 2, 2mm Heght. i vi thch anh ta chn chn hnh trn v ng knh l 1, 8mm. Sau khi tm hiu cu trc ca thch anh, ta bt u thit k:
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Tool >> library. Ca s thit k linh kin hin ra nh sau.
Chn Creat new footprint>> hp thoi xut hin. Bn nhp tn ca chn linh kin vo>> ok. Ca s hin ra nh sau.
Nhn vo T>> di chuyn ch, chn kch thc ca ch hoc nhp vo ch cn xa >> delete trn bn phm. Ta ch cn li &comp v &value.
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Nhn chut phi >> New to thm chn linh kin. Nhn Pin tool di chuyn v tr chn lnh kin.
Chn thuc tnh cho 2 text. Bi 2 text, chut phi >> chn Properties >> chn SSTOP.
V ng bao cho chn linh kin. Chn Obstacle, chn lp ny l lp SSTOP, c th chnh sa ng bao ty theo ca bn. y l hnh nh thch anh chnh sa theo mnh.
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Bn c th chnh sa kch thc chn linh kin nh sau. Bi chn cn sa chn view speardsheet>> padstacks.
Chnh sa hnh dng chn linh kin, kch p vo lp . Chn padshape l hnh trn, hnh vung square, hnh oval, hnh cha nht. Thay i kch thc bng pad width, pad height.
Ch : khi t mch in ti cc c s lm mch in, ta cn quan tm n lp TOP, BUTTOM, SSTOP, v 2 lp t kch thc l khoan DRLDWG, DRILL. Lp l khoan nu ta khng t ng th khi lp linh kin vo s khng cho lt c.
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3.3. Sp xp chn linh kin v i dy. Sau khi thit k xong footprint cho cc linh kin cn thit, bn tin hnh to file netlist v chn footprint cho cc linh kin. Trc khi sp xp linh kin, bn cn chnh li thng s v layer, net. Nu layout 2 mt th mt TOP v BUTTOM u chn l routing, cn li th chn Unused. Nu layout 1 mt th BUTTOM chn routing, cn li l Unused. Thng s v Net thng tha mn: cc ng ngun, mass c b rng hn cc ng tn hiu, cc ng ng vi mch cng sut b rng cng phi ln hn bnh thng. Trc khi autoroute, nn v khung gii hn cho mch in bng cng c obstacle tool.
4. Cch ph MASS
Chn mt cn ph sau chn Abstacle tool trn thanh toolbar, v ng gii hn ng cn ph mass. Chn ng va v, click phi chut chn properties. Ti abstacle type, chn copper pour, chnh rng ca ong ph mass ti width. Chnh khong cch t mass n chn linh kin ti clearnance. Ti Net attchment, chn GND (mass). Sau chon OK.
Mch tri tim sau khi ph mass
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CHNG 4. CHNG TRNH PHN MM - CODE

Chng trnh lp trnh cho vi iu khin AT89S52
I. S THUT TON
BT U
Qut qua tng led
To thi gian tr
II. CHNG TRNH NP CHO VI IU KHIN AT89S52.
/*========================================Code trai tim Mo ta: Phan cung: Su dung vi dieu khien AT89S52 32 led, chan duong be noi vao nhau noi VCC 5V Chan am noi vao 32 chan vi dieu khien Nguoi viet: S - BkFet Ngay viet: 27 - 11 - 2012 ==================================================*/
/*******Bo tien xu ly*********/ #include <REGX51. H> #include <math. h> /********************************/ /*******Phan khai bao ham*******/ void delay (long t); void hu1 (char p); void hu2 (char t); void hu3 (char t);
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void hu4 (char t); void hu5 (char t); void hu6 (char t); void hu7 (char t); void hu8 (char t); void hu9 (char t); void hu10 (char t); /*******Phan khai bien toan cuc*******/ char i, t; /*****************************************/
/************Phan chuong trinh chinh************/ void main () { while ( 1. { hu1 ( 1.; //hieu ung pro, ket qua sang all P1=P2=P3=P0=0x00; delay (2000); hu2 ( 3.; //chan, le luan phien sang, ket qua chan sang hu3 ( 1.; //sang all, tat all, roi sang dan tu (P1. 0) trai sang (P0. 7) phai, ket qua sang all hu4 ( 1.; //tat dan tu phai (P0. 7) sang trai (P1. 0), ket qua tat all hu5 ( 1.; //sang dan tu phai (P0. 7) sang trai (P1. 0), ket qua sang all hu6 ( 1.; //tat dan tu trai (P1. 0) sang phai (P0. 7), ket qua tat all hu7 ( 1.; //mot led sang chay tu (P1. 0) den P (0. 7) roi tat, ket qua tat all hu8 ( 1.; //sang dan dong thoi tu (P1. 0 - P3. 7) va tu (P2. 0 - P0. 7), ket qua sang all hu9 ( 1.; //tat dan dong thoi tu (P1. 0 - P3. 7) va tu (P0. 7 - P2. 0), ket qua tat all hu10 ( 1.; } } /**********************************************************/
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/***********Phan dinh nghia ham************/ //Ham tao thoi gian tre void delay (long t) { long u; for (u=0; u<t; u++) { ; } } //============================================= void chay1 (char t, char k) { switch (t) { case 3: for (i=0; i<8 - k; i++) { P3=pow (2, 8 - k) - 1 - pow (2, i); delay (1000); }; break; case 1: for (i=0; i<8 - k; i++) { P1=pow (2, 8 - k) - 1 - pow (2, i); delay (1000); }; break; } } //================================================== void chay2 (char t, char k) { switch (t) { case 2: for (i=0; i<8 - k; i++) { P2=255 - pow (2, k) +1 - pow (2, 7 - i); delay (1000); }; break; case 0: for (i=0; i<8 - k; i++) { P0=255 - pow (2, k) +1 - pow (2, 7 - i); delay (1000); }; break; }
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} //================================================== void hu1 (char p) { for (i=0; i<p; i++) { P1=P0=P3=P2=255; for (t=0; t<8; t++) { chay1 (1, 0); P1=255; switch (t) { case 0: chay1 (3, t); break; case 1: chay1 (3, t); break; case 2: chay1 (3, t); break; case 3: chay1 (3, t); break; case 4: chay1 (3, t); break; case 5: chay1 (3, t); break; case 6: chay1 (3, t); break; case 7: chay1 (3, t); break; } chay2 (0, 0); P0=255; switch (t) { case 0: chay2 (2, t); break; case 1: chay2 (2, t); break; case 2: chay2 (2, t); break; case 3: chay2 (2, t); break; case 4: chay2 (2, t); break; case 5: chay2 (2, t); break; case 6: chay2 (2, t); break; case 7: chay2 (2, t); break; } } for (t=0; t<8; t++) { switch (t) { case 0: chay1 (1, t); break; case 1: chay1 (1, t); break; case 2: chay1 (1, t); break; case 3: chay1 (1, t); break; case 4: chay1 (1, t); break; case 5: chay1 (1, t); break; case 6: chay1 (1, t); break; case 7: chay1 (1, t); break; } switch (t) { case 0: chay2 (0, t); break; case 1: chay2 (0, t); break; case 2: chay2 (0, t); break; case 3: chay2 (0, t); break; case 4: chay2 (0, t); break; case 5: chay2 (0, t); break; case 6: chay2 (0, t); break; case 7: chay2 (0, t); break; } } }
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} //========================================== void hu2 (char t) { for (i=0; i<t; i++) { P0=P1=P2=P3=0x55; delay (1000); P0=P1=P2=P3=0xAA; delay (1000); } } //========================================== void hu3 (char t) { for (i=0; i<t; i++) { unsigned char M[]={0xFF, 0xFC, 0xF8, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x00}; P0=P1=P2=P3=0x00; delay (1000); P0=P1=P2=P3=0xFF; delay (1000); for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P1=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P3=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P2=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P0=M[i]; delay (1000); } } } //================================================= void hu4 (char t) { for (i=0; i<t; i++) { unsigned char M[]={0x80, 0xC0, 0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0xFC, 0xFE, 0xFF};
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for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P0=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P2=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P3=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P1=M[i]; delay (1000); } } } //=============================================== void hu5 (char t) { for (i=0; i<t; i++) { unsigned char M[]={0x7F, 0x3F, 0x1F, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00}; P0=P1=P2=P3=0xFF; delay (1000); for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P0=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P2=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P3=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P1=M[i]; delay (1000); } } }
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//================================================= void hu6 (char t) { for (i=0; i<t; i++) { unsigned char M[]={0x01, 0x03, 0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x3F, 0x7F, 0xFF}; P0=P1=P2=P3=0x00; delay (1000); for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P1=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P3=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P2=M[i]; delay (1000); } for (i=0; i<8; i++) { P0=M[i]; delay (1000); } } } //======================================================= void hu7 (char t) { for (i=0; i<t; i++) { char a[8]={0xfe, 0xfd, 0xfb, 0xf7, 0xef, 0xdf, 0xbf, 0x7f}; // 1 led sang chay tu 0>7 int m, n; for (n=0; n<4; n++) { for (m=0; m<8; m++) //chay 1 led qua 2 port { P1=P2=a[m]; delay (1000); } for (m=0; m<8; m++) //chay 1 den qua 2 port { P3=P0=a[m]; delay (1000); } }
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} } //================================================== void hu8 (char t) { char p; for (i=0; i<t; i++) { unsigned char M[]={0xFE, 0xFC, 0xF8, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x00}; for (p=0; p<8; p++) { P1=P2=M[p]; delay (1000); } for (p=0; p<8; p++) { P3=P0=M[p]; delay (1000); } } } //================================================= void hu9 (char t) { char j; for (i=0; i<t; i++) { unsigned char T[]={0x01, 0x03, 0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x3F, 0x7F, 0xFF}; unsigned char N[]={0x80, 0xC0, 0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0xFC, 0xFE, 0xFF}; for (j=0; j<8; j++) { P1=T[j]; P0=N[j]; delay (1000); } for (j=0; j<8; j++) { P3=T[j]; P2=N[j]; delay (1000); } } } //================================================= void hu10 (char t) { char j; for (j=0; j<t; j++)
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{ char f[6]={0xf8, 0xf1, 0xe3, 0xc7, 0x8f, 0x1f}; //chay 3 led 1 lan sang tu0>7 int i, n; for (n=0; n<3; n++) { for (i=0; i<6; i++) { P1=P2=P3=P0=f[i]; delay (2000); } P0=P1=P2=P3=0xff; } } } /**********************THE END***********************/
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PHN II. MCH NG H THI GIAN THC

CHNG 1. CC LINH KIN S DNG TRONG MCH
I. IC TO THI GIAN THC DS1307 1. Gii thiu chung v DS1307:
IC thi gian thc l h vi iu khin ca hng dalat. DS1307 c mt s c trng c bn sau: DS1307 l IC thi gian thc vi ngun cung cp nh dng cp nht thi gian v ngy thng. SRAM: 56bytes. a ch v d liu c truyn ni tip qua 2 ng bus 2 chiu. DS1307 c mt mch cm bin in p dng d cc in p li v t ng ng ngt vi ngun pin cung cp 3V: DS1307 c 7 byte d liu nm t a ch 0x00 ti 0x06, 1 byte iu khin v 56 byte lu tr (dnh cho ngi s dng). Khi x l d liu t DS1307, h t chuyn cho ta v dng s BCD, v d nh ta c c d liu t a ch 0x04 (tong ng vi Day - ngy trong thng) v ti 0x05 (thng) l 0x15, 0x11. Lu n vai tr ca chn SQW/OUT. y l chn cho xung ra ca DS1307 c 4 ch 1Hz, 4. 096HZ, 8. 192Hz, 32. 768Hz... cc ch ny uc quy nh bi cc bt ca thanh ghi Control Register (a ch 0x07). a ch ca DS1307l 0xD0. C ch hot ng: DS1307 hot ng vi vai tr slave trn ng bus ni tip. Vic truy cp c thi hnh vi ch th start v mt m thit b nht nh c cung cp bi a ch cc thanh ghi. Tip theo cc thanh ghi s c truy cp lin tc n khi ch th stop c thc thi.
2. C ch hot ng v chc nng ca DS1307

Vcc: ni vi ngun X1, X2: ni vi thch anh 32, 768 kHz Vbat: u vo pin 3V GND: t SDA: chui data SCL: dy xung clock SQW/OUT: xung vung/u ra driver
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DS1307 l mt IC thi gian thc vi ngun cung cp nh, dng cp nht thi gian v ngy thng vi 56 bytes SRAM. a ch v d liu c truyn ni tip qua 2 ng bus 2 chiu. N cung cp thng tin v gi, pht, giy, th, ngy, thng, nm. Ngy cui thng s t ng c iu chnh vi cc thng nh hn 31 ngy, bao gm c vic t ng nhy nm. ng h c th hot ng dng 24h hoc 12h vi ch th AM/PM. DS1307 c mt mch cm bin in p dng d cc in p li v t ng ng ngt vi ngun pin cung cp. DS 1307 hot ng vi vai tr slave trn ng bus ni tip. Vic truy cp c thihnh vi ch th START v mt m thit b nht nh c cung cp bi a ch cc thanh ghi. Tip theo cc thanh ghi s c truy cp lin tc n khi ch th STOP c thc thi. 2.1. S khi ca DS1307:
2.2. M t hot ng ca cc chn: VCC, GND: ngun mt chiu c cung cp ti cc chn ny. Vcc l u vo 5V. Khi 5V c cung cp th thit b c th truy cp hon chnh v d liu c th c v vit. Khi pin 3 V c ni ti thit b ny v Vcc nh hn 1, 25Vbat th qu trnh c v vit khng c thc thi, tuy nhin chc nng timekeeping khng b nh hng bi in p vo thp. Khi Vcc nh hn Vbat th RAM v timekeeper s c ngt ti ngun cung cp trong (thng l ngun 1 chiu 3V).
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Vbat: u vo pin cho bt k mt chun pin 3V. in p pin phi c gi trong khong t 2, 5 n 3V m bo cho s hot ng ca thit b. SCL (serial clock input): SCL c s dng ng b s chuyn d liu trn ng dy ni tip. SDA (serial data input/out): l chn vo ra cho 2 ng dy ni tip. Chn SDA thit k theo kiu cc mng h, i hi phi c mt in tr ko trong khi hot ng. SQW/OUT (square wave/output driver) - khi c kch hot th bit SQWE c thit lp 1 chn SQW/OUT pht i 1 trong 4 tn s (1Hz, 4kHz, 8kHz, 32kHz). Chn ny cng c thit k theo kiu cc mng h v vy n cng cn c mt in tr ko trong. Chn nys hot ng khi c Vcc v Vbat c cp. X1, X2: c ni vi mt thch anh tn s 32, 768kHz. L mt mch to dao ng ngoi, hot ng n nh th phi ni thm 2 t 33pF. Cng c DS1307 vi b to dao ng trong tn s 32, 768kHz, vi cu hnh ny th chn X1 s c ni vo tn hiu dao ng trong cn chn X2 th h.
3. S a ch RAM v RTC
Thng tin v thi gian v ngy thng c ly ra bng cch c cc byte thanh ghithch hp. thi gian v ngy thng c thit lp cng thng qua cc byte thanh ghi ny bng cch vit vo nhng gi tr thch hp. ni dung ca cc thanh ghi di dng m BCD (binary coded decreaseimal). Bit 7 ca thanh ghi seconds l bit clock halt (CH), khi bit ny c thit lp 1 th dao ng disable, khi n c xo v 0 th dao ng c enable. Ch : Enable dao ng trong sut qu trnh cu hnh thit lp (CH=0). Thanh ghi thi gian thc c m t nh sau:
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DS1307 c th chy ch 24h cng nh 12h. Bit th 6 ca thanh ghi hours l bit chn ch 24h hoc 12h. khi bit ny mc cao th ch 12h c chn. ch 12h th bit 5 l bit AM/PM vi mc cao l l PM. ch 24h th bit 5 l bit ch 20h (t 20h n 23h). Trong qu trnh truy cp d liu, khi ch th START c thc thi th dng thi gian c truyn ti mt thanh ghi th 2, thng tin thi gian s c c t thanh ghi th cp ny, trong khi ng h vn tip tc chy. Trong DS1307 c mt thanh ghi iu khin iu khin hot ng ca chn SQW/OUT: Bit 7 OUT Bit 6 XX Bit 5 XX Bit 4 SQWE Bit 3 X Bit 2 X Bit 1 RS1 Bit 0 RS0
OUT (output control): bit ny iu khin RS1 S0 Tn s u ra SQW mc ra ca chn SQW/OUT khi u ra xung 0 0 1Hz vung l disable. Nu SQWE = 0 th mc logic 0 1 4, 096kHz chn SQW/OUT s l 1 nu OUT=1 v OUT 1 0 8, 192kHz = 0 nu OUT = 0. 1 1 32, 768kHz SQWE (square wave enable): bit ny c thit lp 1 s enable u ra ca b to dao ng. Tn s ca u ra sng vung ph thuc vo gi tr ca RS1 v RS0. DS1307 h tr bus 2 dy 2 chiu v giao thc truyn d liu. thit b gi d liu ln bus c gi l b pht v thit b nhn gi l b thu. thit b iu khin qu trnh ny gi l master. thit b nhn s iu khin ca master gi l slave. Cc bus nhn s iu khin ca master, l thit b pht ra chui xung clock (SCL), master s iu khin s truy cp bus, to ra cc ch th START v STOP.
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4. S truyn nhn d liu trn chui bus 2 dy

Tu thuc vo bit R/ w m 2 loi truyn d liu s c thc thi: Truyn d liu t master truyn v slave nhn: Master s truyn byte u tin l ach ca slave. Tip sau l cc byte d liu. slave s gi li bit thng bo nhn c (bit acknowledge) sau mi byte d liu nhn c. d liu s truyn t bit c gi tr nht (MSB). Truyn d liu t slave v master nhn: byte u tin (a ch ca slave) c truyn ti slave bi master. Sau slave s gi li master bit acknowledge. tip theo slave s gi cc byte d liu ti master. Master s gi cho slave cc bit acknowledge sau mi byte nhn c tr byte cui cng, sau khi nhn c byte cui cng th bit acknowledge s khng c gi. Master pht ra tt c cc chui xung clock v cc ch th START v STOP. s truyns kt thc vi ch th STOP hoc ch th quay vng START. Khi ch th START quay vng th s truyn chui d liu tip theo c thc thi v cc bus vn cha c gii phng. D liu truyn lun bt u bng bit MSB.
5. DS1307 c th hot ng 2 ch sau

Ch slave nhn (ch DS1307 ghi): chui d liu v chui xung clock s c nhn thng qua SDA v SCL. Sau mi byte c nhn th 1 bit acknowledge s c truyn. cc iu kin START v STOP s c nhn dng khi bt u v kt thc mt truyn 1 chui. nhn dng a ch c thc hin bi phn cng sau khi chp nhn a ch ca slave v bit chiu. Byte a ch l byte u tin nhn c sau khi iu kin START c pht ra t master. Byte a ch c cha 7 bit a ch ca DS1307, l 1101000, tip theo l bit chiu (R/ w) cho php ghi khi n bng 0. sau khi nhn v gii m byte a ch th thit b s pht i 1 tn hiu acknowledge ln ng SDA. Sau khi DS1307 nhn dng c a ch v bit ghi th master s gi mt a ch thanh ghi ti DS1307, to ra mt con tr thanh ghi trn DS1307 v master s truyn tng byte d liu cho DS1307 sau mi bit acknowledge nhn c. Sau master s truyn iu kin STOP khi vic ghi hon thnh.
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Ch slave pht (ch DS1307 c): byte u tin slave nhn c tng t nh ch slave ghi. Tuy nhin trong ch ny th bit chiu li ch chiu truyn ngc li. Chui d liu c pht i trn SDA bi DS 1307 trong khi chui xung clock vo chn SCL. Cc iu kin START v STOP c nhn dng khi bt u hoc kt thc truyn mt chui. byte a ch nhn c u tin khi master pht i iu kin START. Byte a ch cha 7 bit a ch ca slave v 1 bit chiu cho php c l 1. Sau khi nhn v gii m byte a ch th thit b s nhn 1 bit acknowledge trn ng SDA. Sau DS1307 bt u gi d liu ti a ch con tr thanh ghi thng qua con tr thanh ghi. Nu con tr thanh ghi khng c vit vo trc khi ch c c thit lp th a ch u tin c c s l a ch cui cng cha trong con tr thanh ghi. DS1307 s nhn c mt tn hiu Not Acknowledge khi kt thc qu trnh c. c d liu - ch slave pht.
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II. LED 7 THANH

Led 7 thanh bao gm nhiu loi led tch hp bn trong cc led c ni chung nhau 1 chn. Trong thc t c 2 loi led 7 thanh l loi anot chung v loi katot chung. Trong chng trnh ny s dng loi anot chung, cc led s c chung nhau chn ngun (chn dng) chn cn li a, b, c, d, e, f, g ca led no c ni t th led s sng. ra c cc con s tng ng ta c bng logic sau: a 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 c 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 e 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 f 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 g 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 S hin th 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CHNG 2. S KHI V CHC NNG CA TNG KHI TRONG MCH

I. S KHI
Khi ngun Khi hin th led
Khi to xung dao ng
VI IU KHIN AT89S52
Khi iu khin
Khi Reset
Khi to thi gian thc
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II. CHC NNG CA TNG KHI 1. Khi ngun

2. Khi reset 3. Khi to xung giao ng
(Phn 1, 2, 3 tng t nh mch LED nhy tri tim).
4. Khi iu khin Gm 3 nt n, hot ng tng t nt Reset. Khi n nt th chn 2, 3 c ni vi chn 1, 4 a in p xung t lc ny in p ti 2 chn 2, 3 bng 0 lm cho vi iu khin nhn bit c s thay i ny v thc hin lnh cn iu khin. Nt th nht c tc dng thit t ch cho vi iu khin lm vic bnh thng hay chuyn sang ch ci t thi gian. Nt th hai lm tng thi gian cn iu chnh, nt 3 lm gim thi gian.
5. Khi hin th
Khi hin th bao gm cc LED 7 thanh (anode chung) c cc u vo a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h ca cc LED c ni song song vi nhau v ni vi cc chn ca P2 (t chn P2. 0 - >P2. 7) c tc dng lm cho LED hin th dng s mong mun. V u cn li ca 6 led 7 thanh c ni vi 6 chn E ca transistor C1815 v chn B ca transistor ni vi PORT 0 (t P0. 0 - >P0. 5 ca vi iu khin), VK lm nhim v iu khin cho tng LED sng trong khong thi gian nht nh.
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6. Khi to thi gian thc
DS1307 l mt IC thi gian thc vi ngun cung cp nh, dng cp nht thi gian v ngy thng vi 56 bytes SRAM. a ch v d liu c truyn ni tip qua 2 ng bus 2 chiu. N cung cp thng tin v gi, pht, giy, th, ngy, thng, nm. Ngy cui thng s t ng c iu chnh vi cc thng nh hn 31 ngy, bao gm c vic t ng nhy nm. ng h c th hot ng dng 24h hoc 12h vi ch th AM/PM. khng phi iu chnh li thi gian vo nhng lc b mt ngun, c th ni thm 1pin khong 3V vo chn s 3 ca IC DS1307 (sao cho chn + ca pin ni vo IC v chn ca pin ni xung t). Hai chn 1 v 2 ca DS1307 c ni vo b dao ng thch anh c tn s 32, 768KHz to dao ng cho IC hot ng.
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CHNG 3: S MCH HON CHNH

I. S NGUYN L
II. S MCH IN
Mt Top
Mt Bottom
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Mch in hon chnh
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CHNG 4: CHNG TRNH PHN MM - CODE CHO VI IU KHIN AT89S52

I. S KHI TNG QUT
Da vo s khi ca giao tip trn, iu c bn l chng ta phi vit mt phn mm khi to DS1307, thc ra l chng trnh giao tip I2C, c gi tr trong Ram ca con DS1307 lu tm thi vo trong Ram ca 89S52. Sau , vit thm mt phn mm c ni dung trong Ram ny a ra hin th bng phng php qut. n gin, vic c d liu t DS1307 lu vo trong Ram ca 89S52 v hin th gi_pht_giy, c chia ra lm 2 chng trnh con nh, nu c phm nhn th s nhy n chng trnh con x l phm nhn ring.
Trang 74
II. S THUT TON

Chng trnh MAIN ca chng ta s gm 3 mc chnh c th m t nh sau: Gii thch lu chnh ny: Bt u, chng trnh s gi chng trnh con c d liu t con DS1307 vi chun giao tip I2C bng phng php c trnh by c th mc 4 (thut ton giao tip), sau , s gi chng trnh con qut Led 7 on hin th 6 s: 2 s hin th gi tr ca Gi, 2 s hin th gi tr ca Pht, 2 s hin th gi tr ca Giy. Nu phm MODE (chn ch ci t) khng c nhn th vng lp ca chng trnh ny s chy v tn. Nu phm MODE c nhn, n s nhy ti chng trnh con ci t gi hay pht cn ty thuc vo s ln nhn phm MODE. Sau y ta i vo chi tit ca tng khi
nh:
1. c d liu t DS1307 lu vo trong RAM ca 89S52.
Trang 75
2. Hin th bng phng phm qut LED 7 on
Trang 76
3. Ci t thi gian
Trang 77
Trang 78
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III. CODE CHNG TRNH NP CHO AT89S52

/*================================================== Code dong ho thoi gian thuc hien thi gio phut giay Mo ta: Phan cung: Su dung vi dieu khien at89s52 IC thoi gian thuc DS1307 Nguoi viet: S - BkFet Ngay viet: 27 - 11 - 2012 ================================================*/
#include <REGX52. H> sbit SCL=P1^0; sbit SDA=P1^1; #define data_led7 P2 //Dinh nghia cac chan dieu khien led sbit led1=P0^0; sbit led2=P0^1; sbit led3=P0^2; sbit led4=P0^3; sbit led5=P0^4; sbit led6=P0^5; // Khai bao bien giay, phut, gio unsigned char seconds, minutes, hours; //Dinh nghia cac chan vao cua phim nhan sbit set=P3^4; sbit up=P3^5; sbit down=P3^6; //Cac bit de quan ly trang thai cac phim bit set0=1, set1=1, up0=1, up1=1, down0=1, down1=1; //Ma Hex led 7 thanh unsigned char maled7[]={0xc0, 0xf9, 0xa4, 0xb0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xf8, 0x80, 0x90}; // Khai bo bien phu unsigned char kt=0, a=0, x=0, i, n; //////////////////////////////////////////Ham tre///////////////////////////////////////////
Trang 80
void delay_short () { unsigned char i; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {}; } void delay (unsigned int time) // Thoi gian time ms { TMOD = 0x01; while (time - -) { TH0 = - 1000/256; TL0 = - 1000%256; TR0 = 1; while (!TF0); TR0 = 0; TF0 = 0; } } /////////////////////////////Tao xung Clock cho DS1307/////////////////////////// void SCL_high () { SCL = 1; delay_short (); } // ************************************************** void SCL_low () { SCL = 0; delay_short (); } /////////////////////////////////////////Chuan I2C/////////////////////////////////////////// //***********************************************// void I2C_Start ()
// Timer 0 che do 1
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{ SDA = 1; SCL = 1; SDA = 0; delay_short (); SCL = 0; SDA = 1; } //*********************************************// void I2C_Stop () { SDA = 0; SCL_high (); SDA = 1; } //*********************************************// bit I2C_Write (unsigned char dat) { unsigned char i; bit outbit; for (i = 1; i <= 8; i++) { outbit=dat&0x80; SDA = outbit; dat = dat << 1; SCL_high (); SCL_low (); } SDA = 1; SCL_high (); outbit = SDA; SCL_low (); return (outbit); } //*********************************************// unsigned char I2C_Read (bit ack) { unsigned char i, dat; bit inbit; dat = 0;
Trang 82
for (i=1; i<=8; i++) { SCL_high (); inbit = SDA; dat = dat << 1; dat = dat | inbit; SCL_low (); } if (ack) SDA = 0; else SDA = 1; SCL_high (); SCL = 0; SDA = 1; delay_short (); return (dat); } //**************************************************// void rtc_write (unsigned char add, unsigned char dat) { I2C_Start (); I2C_Write (0xd0); I2C_Write (add); I2C_Write ( ( (dat/10) <<4. | (dat%10) ); I2C_Stop (); } //***********************************************// unsigned char rtc_read (unsigned char add) { unsigned char dat; I2C_Start (); I2C_Write (0xd0); I2C_Write (add); I2C_Start (); I2C_Write (0xd 1.; dat = I2C_Read (0); I2C_Stop (); dat = (dat & 0x0f) + (dat>>4. *10; return (dat); }
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//*********************************************// void write_ds1307 () { rtc_write (0x00, seconds); rtc_write (0x01, minutes); rtc_write (0x02, hours); } //**************************************************// void read_ds1307 () { if (kt==0) { if (a== 1. //Kiem tra truoc do co cai dat lai gio, phut, giay khong { //Neu co thi cai dat lai du lieu dau vao cho DS1307 write_ds1307 (); a=0; } seconds = rtc_read (0x00); minutes = rtc_read (0x0 1.; hours = rtc_read (0x0 2.; } } //**********************************************// void Out_1Hz () { I2C_Start (); I2C_Write (0xd0); I2C_Write (0x07); I2C_Write (0x10); I2C_Stop (); } //////////////////////////////Quet Led De Hien Thi/////////////////////////////// void quetled () { //*************Hien va chinh gio - phut - giay********* if (kt==0) { //Hien thi giay
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data_led7=maled7[seconds%10]; led6 = 1; delay ( 2.; data_led7=maled7[seconds/10]; led5 = 1; delay ( 2.; } if ( (kt==0) || (kt== 1. ) { data_led7=maled7[hours%10]; led2 = 1; delay ( 2.; data_led7=maled7[hours/10]; led1 = 1; delay ( 2.; } if ( (kt==0) || (kt== 2. ) { data_led7=maled7[minutes%10]; led4 = 1; delay ( 2.; data_led7=maled7[minutes/10]; led3 = 1; delay ( 2.; } } void ktphim () { set0=set1; set1=set; if ( (set0== 1. && (set1==0) ) { kt++; if (kt> 3. kt=0; } switch (kt) { /////////////////////gio - phut - giay/////////////////////// case 0: break;
led6 led5
= =
0; 0;
//Hien thi gio
led2 led1
= =
0; 0;
//Hien thi phut led4 = 0; led3 = 0;
case 1: //Che do cai dat gio { up0=up1; up1=up; a=1; if ( (up0== 1. && (up1==0) ) { hours++; if (hours>2 3. hours=0; } down0=down1; down1=down; if ( (down0== 1. && (down1==0) )
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{ hours - -; if (hours== - 1. hours=23; } break; } case 2: //Che do cai dat phut { up0=up1; up1=up; a=1; if ( (up0== 1. && (up1==0) ) { minutes++; if (minutes>59) minutes=0; } down0=down1; down1=down; if ( (down0== 1. && (down1==0) ) { minutes - -; if (minutes== - 1. minutes=59; } break; } case 3: break; } } /////////////////////////////Chuong Trinh Chinh//////////////////////////////// void main () { Out_1Hz (); while ( 1. { ktphim (); read_ds1307 (); quetled (); } } //////////////////////////////////////////The_End/////////////////////////////////////
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PHN IV. LI KT
Vi nhng ngi mi bt u, hon thnh mt Project, to c mt sn phm in t chng ti thy rt vui, cm nhn c nhng kt qu sau nhng n lc, c gng khng ngng ngh v s hp tc nhun nhuyn ca cc thnh vin trong nhm. Quan trng hn l chng ti t nh hng, t to cho mnh thi quen my m, t tm hiu v thm yu cc linh kin in t. Hi vng rng trong thi gian sp ti, khi tham gia cc cuc thi, vi nn tng kin thc su rng hn chng ti s thc hin c nhng tng ca ring mnh. Chn thnh cm n cc thy c, anh ch v cc bn.! H Ni, ngy 10/01/2013 Thn i! Nhm S-BkFet
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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN T-VIN THNG

Nhm thc hin Thnh vin

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

PHN 1. PHN TCH CC BC THC HIN V LP K HOCH

II. LA CHN CNG C THIT K MCH IN

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

2.2. Cc phng php sn xut mch in

2.3. La chn phn mm thit k mch in

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

III. LA CHN CNG C H TR M PHNG

3.2. La chn cng c h tr m phng

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

4.2. Ngn ng lp trnh cho vi iu khin

4.3. Trnh bin dch

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Ngi thc hin

1. Tm hiu v cc linh kin c s dng trong mch.

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Tng Anh Tun

Vit code led tri tim

Tng Anh Bnh

Vit code cho mch ng h Chun b cc thit b

Tng Anh Hiu

1. Mua sm cc thit b, linh kin 2. t mch in 1. Lm mch in th cng.

cc thnh vin trong nhm.

Lp rp Hn linh kin vo sn board. phm

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Hon thin, trang tr

Bnh Trang tr cho sn phm. Tun

28/12 2012 03/01 2013

03/01 2013 05/01 2013

03/01 2013 05/01 2013

Bng 1. K hoch thc hin

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

PHN II. MCH LED NHY HNH TRI TIM

Khi hin th led

2. Chc nng ca tng khi

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

2.2. Khi RESET

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

II. S MCH HON CHNH

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

CHNG 2. CC LINH KIN CHNH S DNG TRONG MCH

1. Tng quan v 89S52

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

64 KB vng nh d liu ngoi. 4 s cho hot ng nhn hoc chia.

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

3. T chc b nh bn trong 89S52

Bn b nh Data bn trong Chip 89S52 c t chc nh sau:

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Bit IP.7 IP.6 IP.5

Nhm thc hin: S-BkFet

Bit IE.7 IE.6 IE.5 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0