Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs Petrophysics Lecture 6 — Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks Quote du Jour: When I transfer my knowledge, I teach. When I transfer my beliefs, I indoctrinate. — Arthur Danto (1968) Topic: Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks Objectives: (things you should know and/or be able to do) Fundamentals: © Be familiar with conductors and non-conductors of electrical current in porous media, © Be able to derive the following expression and define all terms: p, Rul 0 ApL Note that = co and t= 22 where + is called "tortuosity" and is considered to be a measure of rock cementation and/or the pore throat distribution, can not be measured directly and must be determined by calculation. © Be familiar with the definition of the formation resistivity factor, F, where F is defined as: poke wo © Be familiar with the definition of the resistivity index, J, where I is defined as: mk Ro FRy Clean Sand Relations: © Be familiar with and be able to use the Archie and Humble equations to estimate porosity given the formation resistivity factor, F. paRon a Ry 9” © Be familiar with the Archie result for water saturation, Sy, (fraction): LR Swe iw x © Be able to deterthine the cementation factor and saturation exponent for clean (nion- shaly) reservoir rocks using the standard log-log plotting approach, as well as the new "type curve" approach. ‘Shaly Sand Rek © Be familiar with the effect of shale content on the resistivity index/saturation relation. In particular, be familiar with using the Waxman and Smits model and the Schlum- berger total shale model to yield the resistivity index/saturation relation. © Be able to determine the saturation exponent for shaly reservoir rocks using regression analysis and type curves. © Be familiar with the effect of shale content on the formation factor/porosity relation. In particular, be familiar with using the Waxman and Smits model and the "parallel resistance” shale model for the formation factor/porosity relation. © Be able to determine the cementation factor for shaly reservoir rocks using regression analysis and type curves.Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs Petrophysics Lecture 6 — Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks Lecture Outline: ‘© Development of saturated porous media relations m Resistance and resistivity — Water filled cube — Water filled porous media ™ Definition of the formation resistivity factor — Development of the Archie and Humble formation factor relations Definition of the resistivity index — Development of the Archie saturation relation ‘© Developments using the Waxman and Smits model and the Schlumberger total shale ‘model to yield a resistivity index/saturation relation. — Graphical analysis using type curves (direct plotting). © Developments using the Waxman and Smits model and the "parallel resistance" shale model to yield a formation factor/porosity relation, — Graphical analysis using type curves (overlay matching). Reading Assignment: © Review attached notes. Resistive Characteristics of Porous Media Theoretical and Experimental Con- siderations. '™ Additional Comments on the Resistivity (or Formation) Factor (F). m Formation Factor/Porosity Relations for Shaly Sands © Archie, G.E.: "Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics," Trans. AIME (1942) 146, 54-62. © Archie, G.E.: “Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks,” Bull., AAPG (1950) 34, 943-961. © Wyllie, M.RJ. and Gregory, A.R.: "Formation Factors of Unconsolidated Porous Media: Influence of Particle Shape and Effect of Cementation,” Trans. AIME (1953) 198, 103-110. © Waxman, M.H. and Smits, L..M.: "Electrical Conductivities of Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands,” SPEJ, (June 1968) 107-122. © Clavier, C., Coates, G., and Dumanoir, J.: "Theoretical and Experimental Bases for the Dual-Water Model for Interpretation of Shaly Sands," SPEJ, (April 1984) 153-168. © Argaud, M., Giouse, H., Straley, C., Tomanic, J., and Winkler, K.: "Salinity and Saturation Effects on Shaly Sandstone Conductivity." paper SPE 19577 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Conference and Technical Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 8-11 October, 1989, 49-60.Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs Petrophysics Lecture 6 — Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks Exercises: For your own practice/skills building—do NOT tum in! © In each of these derivations/problems you are to work in complete detail and you must show all work. = Using fundamental principles, you are to derive the formation resistivity factor, F, in terms of the "tortuosity," +, where F is defined as: F=Ront © You are to provide a critical and detailed review (at least 1 page) for the following paper(s): ‘Blectrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir ," Trans. AIME (1942) 146, 54-62. ™ Archie, G.E.: "Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks," Bull., AAPG (1950) 34, 943-961. = Wyllie, M.R.J. and Gregory, A.R.: "Formation Factors of Unconsolidated Porous Media: Influence of Particle Shape and Effect of Cementation," Trans. AIME (1953) 198, 103-110. m= Waxman, M.H. and Smits, LJ. Sands," SPEJ, (June 1968) 107-122. ™ Clavier, C., Coates, G., and Dumanoir, J.: "Theoretical and Experimental Bases for the Dual-Water Modal for Interpretation of Shaly Sands," SPEJ, (April 1984) 153- ™ Argaud, M., Giouse, H., Straley, C., Tomanic, J., and Winkler, K.: "Salinity and Saturation Effects on Shaly Sandstone Conductivity," paper SPE 19577 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Conference and Technical Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 8-11 October, 1989, 49-60. For each paper you are to address the following questions: (Type or write neatly) © Problem: — What is/are the problem(s) solved? — What are the underlying physical principles used in the solution(s)? © Assumptions and Limitations: — What are the assumptions and limitations of the solutions/results? — How serious are these assumptions and limitations? © Practical Applications: — What are the practical applications of the solutions/results? — If there are no obvious "practical" applications, then how could the solutions/ results be used in practice? © Discussion: — Discuss the author(s)'s view of the solutions/results. — Discuss your own view of the solutions/results. © Reco1 ions/Extensions: — How could the solutions/results be extended or improved? — Are there applications other than those given by the author(s) where the solu- (s) or the concepts used in the solution(s) could be applied? Electrical Conductivities of Oil-Bearing Shaly