CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION

- initiated and coordinated by pacemaker

P1 P4 P5

Sinoatrial nodes (SA Nodes)

Atria Cause Wall

Atrial wall contract

Effect

blood pumped into ventricles

P3

SA nodes Spread
Generate electrical impulse
P2 P7 P8 P9 P10

Spread AV impulse Impulse reach

P6

Bundle branches Bundle of His fibres Throughout Purkinje fibres

Ventricles Cause Wall

Venrical Effect Contract

Blood pump out of ventricles to lungs and body

- controlled by: i. parasympathetic nerve slow down the pacemaker ii. sympathetic nerve speed up the pacemaker iii. hormone e.g: adrenaline

D1

Diagram: The pumping of the Heart

Change of BP

Baroreceptor } location: arch of aorta and carotid arteries

BP increases

Baroreceptor

BP decreases

Cardiovascular centre

Weaker cardiac muscles contraction Relax and widening (vasodilation) To lower the resistance of blood flow

Heart Smooth muscles of the arteries

Stronger cardiac muscles contraction Contract and narrowing (vasoconstriction) To higher the resistance of blood flow

Normal BP Diagram: How blood pressure is regulated

D2

Clumped platelets Damage cells Clotting factors in the plasma

Form activator: Thromboplastin vit K & Ca Prothrombin

+

Fibrinogen (soluble protein)

Thrombin

(inactive plasma protein)

(active plasma proptein)

Fibrin (insoluble protein)

Mesh (trapping RBC)

Scab D3

Diagram: Mechanisme of Blood Clotting

1. blood that enter the arterial end of a capillary is under high hydrostatic pressure 2. cause some of plasma diffuse blood capillaries to space between cells. 3. form Interstitial fluid 4. Content: all blood components except RBC, plasma protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, platelets

5. Function: exchange materials between blood capillaries and cells occurs 6. 85% of the interstitial fluid re-enter blood circulation at the end of the venule 7. 15% diffused into lymphatic vessels 8. to form lymph 9. transported lymphatic system subclavian vein D4 12. blood circulatory system Diagram: Formation of Lymphatic system ileum 11. lacteal 10. diffuses fatty acids

glyserol

1. Surface of mesophyll covered with a thin layer of water 2. heat from the sun cause water on the external surface evaporate 3. saturating the air spaces 4. concentration water vapour compare in surrounding

5. water vapour evaporate and diffuse out through stomata 6. movement of air carry away water vapour

Root pressure Adjacent cell Root hair 4. diffuse 2. water osmosis 1. surrounding soil is hypotonic 3. hypotonic Cortex 5. moves inward through: i. cytoplasm ii. vacuole iii. cell walls 8. Create a pushing force that result the inflow of water into the xylem root pressure Capillary action 9. Cohesive force between water molecules draw up water in the xylem vessels 10. Adhesive force between water molecule and wall of xylem vessel Endodermis 6. has Cosparian strip block the water through cell wall Xylem vessel

7. moves inward through: i. cytoplasm ii. vacuole

Transpiration pull 11. water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into air spaces 12. the water evaporates into surrounding through stomata 13. the water is lost from mesophyll cell is replaced by water in the xylem Diagram: Transportation of water from soil to leaves D6