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MONTHLY NEWSLETTER FROM ECE DEPARTMENT PROJECT IDEAS Electronic Eye

Electronic eye has much use in this electronic age. Also known as magic eye. It can be used as an automatic guest indicator at the door, if fitted on the bottom of the door entrance. Once it is installed at the door there is no need to install a call bell. It can also be used at homes or in banks as a burglar alarm. Fix the LDR to the wooden door or a locker to be protected in such a manner that when anybody tries to open it, a shadow falls on the LDR and the circuit gets activated and produce a pleasant sound through the buzzer. This electronic eye circuit uses NOT gate from CMOS I.C CD 4049. CD 4049 contains 6 independent NOT gate in one package; we have used here (a) one only. NOT gate output goes high (1) when the input pin 3 is at lower then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and cannot remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 9V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 1 is connected to the positive supply and pin 8 is grounded. To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness

DECEMBER 2013

illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 220 K resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider when

Circuit Diagram of Electronic Eye

LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to input of NOT gate.

As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of input not gate drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin-2 gets high and LED or buzzer which is connected to the output gets activated. *Advantage of using Logic gate is that data can be easily send to other digital interface device i.e. one can easily fed data to computer using parallel port or for further processing.

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Electronic Letter Box

The circuit illustrated below is used as an electronic letter box. When a letter is put inside, a LED glows which indicates the presence. This circuit uses a popular timer IC555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6 connected with positive supply, the output goes high-1 when the trigger pin-2 is at lower than 1/3 level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low-0, when it is above 1/3 level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the output of pin3 from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and cannot remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by 9V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4, 6&8 is connected to the positive supply and pin-1 is grounded. To detect the present of letter we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has a resistance of about 1 mega ohms when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 2-5 k when brightly illuminated. It responds to a large part of the light spectrum. The source of light and LDR is so adjusted in the letter box that light will directly fall on the LDR but when letter is kept inside then it will block the beam of light and LDR will be under darkness. We have made a potential divider circuit with

LDR and 100 K variable resistance connected in series. Voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get by this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. Divided voltage is given to pin-2 of 555. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of the pin 2 drops 1/3 of the supply voltage and pin-3 gets high and LED glows.

We can also use two LED at output pin-3, for present LED 1 and for absent LED 2. For this method one LED is connected as forward bias and other is connected as reverse bias to indicate both high and low conditions.

To limit the current of LED resistance is used in series. For source light, use Red or White LED. For LED 2 and 3 you can use any other colourgreen, red, yellow or blue.

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GADGETS NVidia Shield

NVidia Shield is a handheld game console by Nvidia, released on July 31, 2013. Shield runs on Android, featuring a flip-up 130 mm (5inch) touchscreen display with 1280x720 pixel resolution. The device is similar in shape to an Xbox 360 controller and similar in control setup to a Dual shock controller, with two analog joysticks, a D-pad, and other buttons. It is the first device to utilize NVidias Tegra 4 processor. Controller input

Connectivity

Online services Dimensions

Weight

screen, microphone, 3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS D-pad 2 Analog Sticks L/R bumper and trigger buttons X, Y, A, B buttons NVIDIA/Power Button Start button Home button Volume buttons Back button 22 MIMO 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11n, Bluetooth 3.0, micro USB 2.0, mini HDMI, 3.5mm audio jack Nvidia TegraZone Google Play 6.22 inches (15.8 cm) (W) 2.244 inches (5.70 cm) (H) 5.315 inches (135.0 mm) (D) 579 g (20.42 oz)

Features: Manufacturer Type Release date Introductory price Operating system Power System-on-chip used CPU Memory Storage Display Nvidia Handheld game console July 31, 2013 US$299 Android 4.2.1 (Jelly Bean)(upgradable to Android 4.3) 7350 mAh (28.8 Wh) Tegra 4 1.9 GHz GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 2 GB DDR3L RAM 16 GB flash memory, microSD card reader 5 inches (13 cm) 1280 x 720 px(294 ppi) IPS Retinal LCD 72 GeForce graphics cores (24 vertex shaders + 48 pixel shaders) Multi-touch capacitive

Critical reception: Nvidia Shield has received mixed reception from critics. Generally, reviewers praised the performance of the device, but criticized the cost and lack of worthwhile games. IGN's Scott Lowe rated the Shield a 6.8/10, noting the "impractical cost and a scarcity of compelling games". En gadget's review noted the system's "extremely impressive PC gaming", but also that due to its high price, the device was "a hard sell as a portable game console", especially when
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Graphics

Input

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compared to similar handhelds on the market. CNET's Eric Franklin states in his review of the device that "The Nvidia Shield is an extremely well made device, with performance that pretty much obliterates any mobile product before it; but like most new console launches, there is currently a lack of available games worth your time." Euro gamers comprehensive review of the device, provides a detailed account of the device and its features; concluded by saying: "In the here and now, the first-gen Shield is a gloriously niche, luxury product - the most powerful Android system on the market by a clear stretch and possessing a unique link to PC gaming that's seriously impressive in beta form, and can only get better."

SCIENTISTS Edward Lawry Norton

Edward Lawry Norton (b. Rockland, Maine, USA, 28th July 1898, d. Chatham, New Jersey, USA, 28th January 1983) was an American electrical engineer for whom the Norton equivalent circuit is named. Norton served as a radio operator in the U.S Navy between 1917 and 1919. He attended the University of Maine for one year before and for one year after his wartime service, then transferred to MIT in 1920, receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering in 1922. He started work in 1922 at the Western Electric Corporation in New York City, which eventually became Bell Laboratories in 1925. While working for Western Electric, he earned an MA degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1925. Among his publications are constant resistance networks with applications to filter groups in the Bell System Technical Journal, magnetic fluxmeter in the Bell Laboratories Record and dynamic measurements on electromagnetic devices in the Transactions of the AIEE. Norton wrote 92 technical memoranda (TMs in Bell Laboratories parlance). Because of Norton's lack of

publications, it appears that Norton preferred working behind the scenes. As described in the history of Bell Labs, "this reticence belied his capabilities." Norton was something of a legendary figure in network theory work who turned out a prodigious number of designs armed only with a slide rule and his intuition. Many anecdotes survive. On one occasion T.C. Fry called in his network theory group, which included at that time Bode, Darlington and R.L. Dietzold among others, and told them: "You fellows had better not sign up for any graduate courses or other outside work this coming year because you are going to take over the network design that Ed Norton has been doing single-handed." [A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Transmission Technology (1925-1975), p. 210] He applied his deep knowledge of circuit analysis to many fields, and after World War II he worked on Nike missile guidance systems. On November 11, 1926, he wrote the technical memorandum Design of Finite Networks for Uniform Frequency Characteristic, that contains the following paragraph on page 9: "The illustrative example considered above gives the solution for the ratio of the input to output current, since this seems to be of more practical interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the case of a constant voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the input of the network. This condition would require the equations of the voltage divided by the current in the load to be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theorem which can be easily proved, that the effect of a constant voltage E in series with an impedance Z and the network is the same as a current I=E/Z into a parallel combination of the network and the impedance Z. If, as is usually the case, Z is a pure resistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of the two currents, with the additional complication of a resistance shunted across the input terminals of the network. If Z is not a resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current E/Z must be taken into account." This paragraph clearly defines what is now known as the Norton equivalent circuit in
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the United States. Norton never published this result or mentioned it in any of his 18 patents and 3 publications. In Europe, it is known as the Mayer-Norton equivalent. The German telecommunications engineer Hans Ferdinand Mayer published the same result in the same month as Norton's technical memorandum. Norton retired in 1961 and died on January 28, 1983 at the King James Nursing Home in Chatham, New Jersey.

GUEST LECTURERS

Eswaran Sridharan -Eswaran Sridharan is the Academic Director of the University of Pennsylvania Institute for the Advanced Study of India (UPIASI), (in New Delhi), from its inception in 1997, and was earlier with the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. He is a political scientist with research interests in the political economy of development; elections, party systems and coalition politics; and international relations theory, conflict resolution and cooperation-building in South Asia. He is the author of The Political Economy of Industrial Promotion: Indian, Brazilian and Korean Electronics in Comparative Perspective 1969-1994 (1996); and has edited International Relations Theory and South Asia, Vols. I and II (2011) and The India-Pakistan Nuclear Relationship: Theories of Deterrence and International Relations

(2007), and co-edited (with Zoya Hasan and R. Sudarshan), Industry: Innovation, Firms Strategies and Development, (2004); and coedited (with Peter de Souza) Indias Political Parties (2006). Another edited volume on comparative patterns of coalition politics in Asian democracies has been accepted by Oxford University Press. He has published over forty-five journal articles and chapters in edited volumes, and has presented papers at many conferences and given talks at many universities and institutes internationally and in India. He is the Editor of India Review, published by Routledge, USA and is the only India-based editor of a US-based academic journal; he is also on the Editorial Advisory Board of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics. He has testified as an expert before the Indian governments Committee on State Funding of Elections, and has been a consultant to the World Bank, Ford Foundation, International IDEA, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, and some private companies in India and abroad. He majored in chemistry at St. Stephens College, Delhi University, took post-graduate degrees in political science at Jawaharlal Nehru University, and earned his Ph.D. in political science at the University of Pennsylvania.

RECENT INVENTIONS
Uno (dicycle) The Uno is an electric-powered vehicle that bears a resemblance to a motorized unicycle. Described in news reports as either a "one wheeled motorcycle" or "electric unicycle", it is more accurately a dicycle, created by placing two closely spaced unaxial drive wheels side-by-side at the centre-point of the vehicle. The Uno III is based on the original Uno with the addition of a third wheel that
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allows it to transform from a dicycle to a tricycle. The original Uno is controlled in forward motion by the rider shifting weight over the centre of gravity. When the rider shifts forward, the vehicle speeds up to regain balance, when the rider leans back, the vehicle slows. Steering is controlled by side-to-side motion of the rider. The vehicle senses this shift and raises one of the two wheels to allow the vehicle to tilt in the desired turn direction. The Uno III has two configurations, as a dicycle and as a tricycle. As a dicycle it operates much the same as the original Uno with forward and back motion of the rider affecting acceleration. The Uno III also utilizes a hand throttle to affect acceleration and braking. Instead of using rider side-to-side movement to control steering the Uno III uses a rotating handlebar.[2]

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