1 21

1. ( )
1. f x 0 ;

f x 0 ,

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x x0

.
f x 0 f ( x 0 ) . :
f ( x 0 ) = lim

x x 0

) , , f ( x 0 ) = xlim
x

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
.
x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x = x 0 + h ,
x x0

f ( x 0 ) = lim
h0

f ( x 0 + h) f ( x 0 )
.
h

) x 0 f, :
f x 0 , R
lim

x x 0

f (x) f (x 0 )
,
x x0

lim

x x 0+

f (x) f (x 0 )
x x0

2. f x o ,
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) .

()

Cf

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) :

y f ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )

f ( x 0 ) A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) C f
f x 0 .

3. f

x 0 ,

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 2 21

x x 0
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) =

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
(x x0 ) ,
x x0

:
f ( x) f ( x 0 )

lim [ f ( x) f ( x 0 )] = lim
( x x 0 )
x x0
x x0
x x0

= lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim ( x x 0 )
x x0
x x0

= f ( x 0 ) 0 = 0 ,

f ( x) = f ( x 0 ) , f
f x 0 . , xlim
x0
x 0 .

. :
f x 0 , ,
, x 0 .

4. f :
)

(, )

) [ , ]

f . :
) H f , , ,
x 0 A .
) f ( , ) ,
x 0 (, ) .
) f [ , ] ,
(, )

lim+

f (x) f ()
R
x

lim

f (x) f ()
R .
x

5. :
)

f (x) = c , f (x) = 0

f (x) = x , N {0,1} , f (x) = x 1

f (x) = x , f (x) = 1

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 3 21

f (x) = x , f (x) =

1
2 x

, x> 0

, xlim
x

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
c c
=
=0.
x x0
x x0

x x 0 :

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
= 0 , (c) = 0 .
x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x x 0
=
=1 .
x x0
x x0

x x 0 :

, xlim
x

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
= lim 1 = 1 , ( x) =1 .
x x 0
x x0
x x 0 :

) x 0 ,

f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x 1 + x 2 x 0 + + x 0 1 )
=
=
= x 1 + x 2 x 0 + + x 0 1 ,
x x0
x x0
x x0

:
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
= lim ( x 1 + x 2 x 0 + + x 0 1 ) = x 0 1 + x 0 1 + + x 0 1 = x 0 1 ,
x x0
x x0

( x ) = x 1

(0,+)

) x 0
x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
=
x x0

x x0

, x x 0 :

x x0
(x x0 )

)(

x + x0
x + x0

)=

x x0
( x x0 )

x + x0

1
x + x0

:
f ( x) f ( x0 )
= lim
x x0
x x0

lim

x x 0

1
x =
2 x

( )

1
x+

x0

1
2 x0

=
f (x)x
f (x)x
=

. f R

(x) = x

=
f (x)x
f (x)x
=

. f R

(x) = x

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 4 21
x
f (x) = e . f R

f (x) = e x , (e x ) = e x
f (x) = ln x . f

(0,+)

f (x) =

1
1
, (ln x) =
x
x

6.
f , g x0 ,
x 0 :

f +g

( f + g ) ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 ) + g ( x 0 )

x x 0 , :
( f + g )( x) ( f + g )( x 0 )
f ( x) + g ( x) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) g ( x) g ( x 0 )
=
=
+
.
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0

lim

x x0

f ,g

x 0 , :

( f + g )( x) ( f + g )( x 0 )
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
g ( x) g ( x 0 )
= lim
+ lim
= f ( x 0 ) + g ( x 0 ),
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0

( f + g ) ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 ) + g ( x 0 ) .

. f , g x 0 ,
x 0 :

f g

( f g ) ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )

:
-

f,g

, x :
( f g ) ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) .

- f

R ,

(c ) = 0 ,

(2) :
(cf ( x )) = cf ( x )

f
g

f,g

x 0 g ( x 0 ) 0 ,

x 0 :

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 5 21
f

f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )

(x0 ) =
[ g ( x 0 )] 2

:
f , g x
g ( x) 0 , x :
f

f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x)g ( x )

( x) =
[ g ( x )] 2

f (x) = x , N* .
f (x) = x 1 , (x ) = x 1

f R *

, x N * :

1 (1)x 1(x ) x 1
(x ) = =
=
= x 1 .
2
2
(x )
x
x

f (x)x
=

R {x|x = 0} f (x) =

1
1
(x) =
2 ,
x
2 x

, x R {x|x = 0} :

x (x)x x(x) xx + xx
(x) =
=
=
2 x
2 x
x

2 x + 2 x
1
.
=
2 x
2 x

f ( x ) = x .

R {x|x = 0} f (x) =

1
1
(x) = 2
2 ,
x
x

7.
g x 0 f g ( x 0 ) ,
f g x 0
( f g ) ( x 0 ) = f ( g ( x 0 )) g ( x 0 )

, g f
g ( ) , f g

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 6 21

( f ( g ( x ))) = f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) .

, u = g ( x ) ,
( f ( u)) = f ( u) u .

Leibniz,

y = f (u )

u = g (x )

dy
dy du
=

dx
du dx

8.
:
)

f (x) = x , R Q

(0, +)

f (x) = x 1 ,
)

f (x) = x ,

f (x) = ln | x | , x R *

> 0

(ln | x |) =

R f (x) = x ln .

x R *

1
x

ln x
u
u = ln x , y = e . ,
) , y = x = e

) ,

y = (e u ) = e u u = e ln x = x = x 1 .
x
x
x
x ln
u
y= =e
u = x ln , y = e . ,
y = (e u ) = eu u = e x ln ln = x ln .

) .

1
,
x

x > 0 ,

(ln | x |) = (ln x) =

x < 0 ,

ln | x | = ln( x) , , y = ln( x)

y = ln u . ,

y = (ln u) =

(ln | x |) =

u = x ,

1
1
1
u =
(1) =
u
x
x

1
.
x

24/1/2014

 7 21

2.
( - - )
9. y x x = x 0 , y = f (x)
;

x, y y = f ( x) , f
x 0 , y
x x 0 f ( x 0 ) .

10. Rolle .

Rolle :
y

18
(,f ())
(,f ())

(,f ())

f :
[, ]
(, )
f ( ) = f ( )
, , (, ) , f ( ) = 0
, , , (, ) ,
C f M ( , f ( )) x.

11.
.

20

(,f ())

M(,f ())
A(a,f (a))

:
f :
[, ]

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 8 21

( , )

, ,

( , )

, :

f ( ) =

f ( ) f ( )

, , , (, ) ,
f M ( , f ( )) .

12.
f .
f
f ( x) = 0 x ,
f .

x1 , x 2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .

x1 = x 2 , f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .

x1 < x 2 , [ x1 , x 2 ] f

. , ( x1 , x 2 ) ,
f ( ) =

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
.
x 2 x1

(1)

, f ( ) = 0 ,, (1),
f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) . x 2 < x1 , f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) . , ,
f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .

13.

f,g

f,g

f ( x ) = g ( x) x ,
c , x :
f ( x ) = g ( x ) +c

f g
x

22

y=g(x)+c

y=g(x)
O

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 9 21

( f g ) ( x ) = f ( x) g ( x ) = 0 .

, , f g . ,
C , x f ( x) g ( x) = c ,
f ( x ) = g ( x ) +c .

(3 4) .

14.( )
f
f ( x ) = f ( x )

x R ,

x
f (x) = ce x R . R .

15.
f, .
f ( x) > 0 x , f
.
f ( x ) < 0 x , f
.

f ( x) > 0 .

x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 . f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) . ,
[ x1 , x 2 ] f ... , ( x1 , x 2 ) ,
f ( ) =

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
,
x 2 x1

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ( )( x 2 x1 )

f ( ) > 0 x 2 x1 > 0 , f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) > 0 , f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) .

f ( x ) < 0 .

. , f
( ) ,
( ) .

3. (- de LHospital)

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 10 21

16. f

x 0 A

) f, , x 0 A
, > 0 , :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x A ( x 0 , x 0 + ) .
x 0 , f ( x 0 ) f.
) f, , x 0 A
, > 0 , :
f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) , x A ( x 0 , x 0 + ) .

x 0 , f ( x 0 ) f.

f ,
, , , .
.

.

Fermat
17. f

x 0

. f x 0 ,
: f ( x 0 ) = 0

33

f (x0)

x0 x0 x0+

f x 0 . x 0
f , > 0 ,
( x 0 , x 0 + )

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , x ( x 0 , x 0 + ) .

(1)

, , f x 0 ,
f ( x 0 ) = lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
= lim
.
x x0
x x0
x x0+

,
x ( x 0 , x 0 ) , , (1),

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0 ,
x x0

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 11 21

f ( x 0 ) = lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0
x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0 ,
x x0

x ( x 0 , x 0 + ) , , (1),
f ( x 0 ) = lim

x x0+

(2)

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0.
x x0

, (2) (3) f ( x 0 ) = 0 .
.

(3)

18. ) f ;
) f ;

) f ,
f .
) f
:
1. f .
2. f .
3. ( ).

19. f ;

f
:
1. f.
2. f .
3. f.

20.
f
x 0 , f .

( , )

i) f ( x) > 0 (, x 0 ) f ( x) < 0 ( x 0 , ) , f ( x 0 )
f.
ii) A f (x) (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , f ( x 0 )
f (, ) .

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 12 21

i) f ( x ) > 0 x (, x 0 ) f x 0 , f
(, x 0 ] .
f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) , x ( , x 0 ] .

(1)

f ( x) < 0 x ( x 0 , ) f x 0 , f
[ x 0 , ) . :
f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) , x [ x 0 , ) .

(2)

35a

f <0

f >0
f (x 0 )

f <0

f >0

x0

f (x 0 )

x0

, (1) (2), :
f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) , x (, ) ,

f ( x 0 ) f

( , )

f ( x ) > 0 , x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .

ii)
y

f >0

35

f >0

f >0
f >0

x0

x0

f x 0
(, x 0 ] [ x 0 , ) . , x1 < x 0 < x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 0 ) < f ( x 2 ) .
f ( x 0 ) f. , , f
( , ) . , x1 , x 2 ( , ) x1 < x 2 .
x1 , x 2 (, x 0 ] ,
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) .

(, x 0 ] ,

x1 , x 2 [ x 0 , ) ,
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) .

[ x 0 , ) ,

, x1 < x 0 < x 2 , f ( x1 ) < f ( x 0 ) < f ( x 2 ) .

, f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) , f
( , ) .
, f ( x ) < 0 x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .

21. f ;

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 13 21

f
f .
f ,
f .

22.
f .

:
f
.
f ( x ) > 0 x , f .
f ( x ) < 0 x , f .

23.

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f ;

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f , :.
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , ,
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) .

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) C f , f x 0
x 0 .

24. f ;

:
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f f
, f (x 0 ) = 0
:
f ;

f :
i)
f .
ii)
f .

24/1/2014

 14 21

:
f o (, ) x 0 (, ) .
f x 0
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) ,
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) Cf .

25.

x = x 0 C f ;

x = x 0 f. ,
lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
+

,
+
x x0

x x0

26. y =
f + ( ).

f +
( ), lim f ( x) = ( lim f ( x ) = ) .

y =

x +

27. y = x + f + ,
;
y = x + f + ,
lim [ f ( x) ( x + )] = 0 ,
,

x +
lim [ f ( x) ( x + )] = 0 .

28. ()

y = x +

:
f + ,
f (x)
[f (x) x] = R ,
lim
= R xlim
,
+
x + x
f (x)
[f (x) x] = R .
lim
= R xlim
:

x x

y = x +

1. :
2 .
P ( x)

Q ( x ) , P ( x)
, .

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 15 21

2. ,
f :
f .
, f .
+ , ,
(, ) .

( ,+
)

29. de LHospital .

1o
f (x) = 0 , lim g(x) = 0 , x R {, + } , g '(x) 0 x
xlim
0
x0
x x 0
o
f (x)
( ), :
0 g (x)

x o xlim
x

f (x)
f (x)
= lim
.
x x 0 g(x)
x x 0 g (x)
lim

2o
f (x) = + , lim g ( x ) = + , x R {, + } , g '(x) 0 x
xlim
0
x0
o
x x0
f (x)
( ), :
0 g (x)

x o xlim
x

f (x)
f (x)
= lim
.
x x 0 g(x)
x x 0 g (x)
lim

:
) .
.
) g '(x) 0 x o ,
x o .
) .

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 16 21

.
1. f ;

F'(x) = f (x) ,

x .

2.
f . F f ,
:

G(x) = F(x) + c , c R ,
f .
G f

G(x) = F(x) + c , c R .

G(x) = F(x) + c , c R ,
f ,

G '(x) = (F(x) + c)' = F '(x) = f (x) ,

x .

G f . , x

F(x) = f (x)

G(x) = f (x) , :
G ' (x) = F'(x) ,

x .

x .

c ,

G(x) = F(x) + c ,

3*. f
[ , ] .

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 17 21

[ , ] .

= x 0 < x1 < x 2 < ... < x =

x =
.

10
y=f (x)

k
O a=x0 1 x1 2 x2

xv-1 v xv=

[ x 1 , x ] ,

{1, 2, ..., } ,

S = f (1 )x + f (2 )x + + f ( )x ++ f ( ) x
, , :

S = f ( )x

=1

S , lim

f ( ) x

=1

f ,

f (x)dx

f . ,

f
(x)dx
=
lim
f
(

=1

4.

f (x)dx .

) :

f (x)dx = f (x)dx

f (x) 0 x [, ]

f (x)dx = 0

f (x)dx 0 .

[ , ]

f,g

, R .

f (x)dx = f (x)dx

[f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx

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 18 21

[f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx

) f

, , ,

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx

) f

[ , ] . f ( x ) 0 x [, ]

f ,

f (x)dx > 0 .
x

5. F(x) = f (x)dx , x , f
.

x
F'(x) = f (t)dt = f (x) ,

x .

) :
f ,
x

F(x) = f (t)dt ,

x ,

f . :

x f (t)dt = f (x) ,
a

x .

) :

g(x) f (t)dt = f (g(x) g'(x) ,

a

( )
5.

f [ , ] . G f
[ , ] , :

f (t)dt = G() G()

F(x) = f (t)dt

[ , ] . G f [ , ] ,

c ,
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 19 21

G(x) = F(x) + c .
(1),

x = , G() = F() + c =

(1)

f (t)dt + c = c , c =G() .

G(x) = F(x) + G() ,

,
, x = ,

G() = F() + G() = f (t)dt + G()

f (t)dt = G() G() .

6.

) :

f (x)g(x)dx = [f (x)g(x)] f (x)g(x)dx ,

f , g [ , ] .

) :

u2

f (g(x))g(x)dx = f (u)du ,
u1

f , g , u = g (x ) , du = g ( x)dx u 1 = g ( ) , u 2 = g ( ) .

7.)
f , x = ,

x [ , ]

x =

x x ,

f ( x) 0

f .

) f ,g

f ( x) g ( x)

x [ , ]
f,g

x = , x = :

E() = (f (x) g(x))dx

24/1/2014

 20 21

)
x [ , ]

[ , ]

f ( x) 0

, f ,

x = ,

x =

x x

E() = f (x)dx

f,g

f ( x ) + c g ( x) + c 0 ,

[ , ] ,

x [ , ]

. (.

20) .

y
y

20

y=f (x)+c

y=f (x)

y=g (x)+c

y=g (x)
()

()

, (1), :

() = () = [(f (x) + c) (g(x) + c)]dx = (f (x) g(x))dx .

E() = (f (x) g(x))dx

) f ( x) g ( x ) [ , ] ,
f , g x =

x =

E() = | f (x) g(x) | dx

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 21 21

) x x ,
g, g ( x) 0 x [, ]
y
21
x = x = :
O

y=g (x)

E ( ) =

g ( x ) dx

, x x

f ( x) =0 ,

E() = (f (x) g(x))dx

= [g(x)]dx = g(x)dx .

, g

g ( x) 0

x [ , ]

E() = g(x)dx

24/1/2014