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Functions Formulas
1. Exponents
a = a a ... a if p N p > 0, a R
p p

3. Roots
Definitions:
a,b: bases ( a, b 0 if n = 2 k ) n,m: powers

a = 1 if a 0

ar as = ar+s
ar = a r s as

Formulas:
n

ab = n a n b

n
r s

(a )
r

a m b = nm a m bn
a = b
n n

=a
r

a b

(a b)
r

= a b

,b0

ar a = r b b 1 ar = r a
a = a
r s s r

n m

a b

= nm
p

am bn

,b0

( )
n

am

= n a mp

( a)
n
n

=a
np

am =

a mp

2. Logarithms
Definition:
y = log a x a = x
y

m n

a = mn a
m

( a, x > 0, y R )

( a)
n

= n am
n

Formulas:
log a 1 = 0 log a a = 1

1
n

a n 1 ,a0 a

a b = 1 a b =

a + a2 b a a2 b 2 2 a b ab

log a mn = log a m + log a n m log a = log a m log a n n

log a m n = n log a m log a m = log b m log a b

log a m = l og a b =
l og a x =

logb m logb a 1 logb a

ln x = ( l og a e ) ln x ln a

www.mathportal.org 4. Trigonometry
Right-Triangle Definitions Sum and Difference Formulas
sin ( + ) = sin cos + sin cos sin ( ) = sin cos sin cos cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin

sin =

Opposite Hypotenuse

Adjacent cos = Hypotenuse

tg =

Opposite Adjacent 1 Hypotenuse = sin Opposite

tan ( + ) = tan ( ) =

csc =

tan + tan 1 tan tan

1 Adjacent cot = = tg Opposite sec = 1 Hypotenuse = cos Adjacent

tan tan 1 + tan tan

Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas

sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos

cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2

Reduction Formulas

sin( x) = sin x cos( x) = cos x

sin( x) = cos x 2 cos( x) = sin x 2 sin( + x) = cos x 2 cos( x) = sin x 2 sin( x) = sin x

tan ( 2 ) =
sin

2tg 1 tg 2
1 cos 2

cos
tan

=
=

1 + cos 2

1 cos sin = sin 1 + cos

Other Useful Trig Formulae

Law of sines

cos( x) = cos x sin( + x) = sin x cos( + x) = cos x

sin sin sin = = a b c

Law of cosines

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
Area of triangle

Identities

sin x + cos x = 1 1 tg 2 x + 1 = cos 2 x 1 cot 2 x + 1 = sin 2 x

K=

1 ab sin 2

www.mathportal.org 5. Hyperbolic functions

Inverse Hyperbolic functions Definitions:
e x e x sinh x = 2 e +e cosh x = 2
x x

sinh 1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 cosh 1
2

( x = ln ( x +

) x 1)

x ( , ) x [1, )

e e sinh x = x x e +e cosh x 2 1 csch x = x x = e e sinh x 2 1 sech x = x x = e +e cosh x

1 1+ x tanh 1 x = ln 2 1 x
coth 1 x = 1 x +1 ln 2 x 1

x ( 1,1)
x ( , 1) (1, )

tanh x =

1 + 1 x2 sech 1 x = ln x

x (0,1]

coth x =

e x + e x cosh x = e x e x sinh x

1 1 x2 csch 1 x = ln + x x

x ( ,0 ) ( 0, )

Derivates
d sinh x = cosh x dx d cosh x = sinh x dx d tanh x = sech 2 x dx d csch x = cschx coth x dx d sech x = sech x tanh x dx d coth x = csch 2 x dx

Inverse Hyperbolic derivates

d sinh 1 x = dx
d cosh 1 x = dx

x2 + 1
1

x2 1

d 1 tanh 1 x = dx 1 x2 d 1 csch x = dx x 1 + x2
d 1 sech 1 x = dx x 1 x2 d 1 coth 1 x = dx 1 x2

Hyperbolic identities

cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1 tanh 2 x + sech 2 x = 1 coth 2 x csch 2 x = 1 sinh( x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y sinh( x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x 1 + cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 2 1 + cosh 2 x cosh 2 x = 2