LEGENDS OF THE GODS The Egyptian Texts, edited with Translations by E. A. allis !

"dge

London, #$#%

[Editorial note: Throughout the text "####" represents images which cannot be transcribed.]

PREF !E The welcome which has been accorded to the "olumes o# this $eries% and the #act that some o# them ha"e passed into second and third editions% suggest that these little boo&s ha"e been #ound use#ul b' beginners in Eg'ptolog' and others. (itherto the ob)ect o# them has been to suppl' in#ormation about the Religion% *agic% +anguage% and (istor' o# the ancient Eg'ptians% and to pro"ide editions o# the original texts #rom which such in#ormation was deri"ed. There are% howe"er% man' branches o# Eg'ptolog' which need treatment in a similar manner in this $eries% and it has been suggested in man' ,uarters that the time has now arri"ed when the publication o# a series o# groups o# texts illustrating Eg'ptian +iterature in general might well be begun. $eeing that nothing is &nown about the authors o# Eg'ptian wor&s% not e"en their names% it is impossible to write a (istor' o# Eg'ptian +iterature in the ordinar' sense o# the word. The onl' thing to be done is to print the actual wor&s in the best and most complete #orm possible% with translations% and then to put them in the hands o# the reader and lea"e them to his )udgment. -ith this ob)ect in "iew% it has been decided to publish in the $eries se"eral "olumes which shall be de"oted to the reproduction in hierogl'phic t'pe o# the best and most t'pical examples o# the "arious &inds o# Eg'ptian +iterature% with English translations% on a much larger scale than was possible in m' "First $teps in Eg'ptian" or in m' "Eg'ptian Reading .oo&." These "olumes are intended to ser"e a double purpose% i.e.% to suppl' the beginner in Eg'ptian with new material and a series o# reading boo&s% and to pro"ide the general reader with translations o# Eg'ptian wor&s in a hand' #orm. The Eg'ptian texts% whether the originals be written in hierogl'phic or hieratic characters% are here printed in hierogl'phic t'pe% and are arranged with English translations% page #or page. The' are printed as the' are written in the original documents% i.e.% the words are not di"ided. The beginner will #ind the practice o# di"iding the words #or himsel# most use#ul in ac,uiring #acilit' o# reading and understanding the language. The translations are as literal as can reasonabl' be expected% and% as a whole% / belie"e that the' mean what the original

writers intended to sa'. /n the case o# passages where the text is corrupt% and readings are mixed% or where "er' rare words occur% or where words are omitted% the renderings gi"en claim to be nothing more than suggestions as to their meanings. /t must be remembered that the exact meanings o# man' Eg'ptian words ha"e still to be ascertained% and that the ancient Eg'ptian scribes were as much pu00led as we are b' some o# the texts which the' copied% and that owing to carelessness% ignorance% or weariness% or all three% the' made blunders which the modern student is unable to correct. /n the /ntroduction will be #ound brie# descriptions o# the contents o# the Eg'ptian texts% in which their general bearing and importance are indicated% and re#erences gi"en to authoritati"e editions o# texts and translations.

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+/$T 8F P+ TE$ 42 /++1$TR T/84$ 84 8R F8++8-/43 P 3E: The (istor' o# !reation /. (orus holding the (ippopotamus:#iend with chain and spear //. (orus spearing the (ippopotamus:#iend ///. (orus spearing the (ippopotamus:#iend /;. (orus and /sis capturing the (ippopotamus #iend ;. (orus on the bac& o# the (ippopotamus:#iend ;/. The slaughter o# the (ippopotamus:#iend ;//. (orus o# .ehutet and Ra:(arma&his in a shrine ;///. (orus o# .ehutet and Ra:(arma&his in a shrine />. shthertet in her chariot

>. (orus holding capti"e #oes and spearing T'phonic animals >/. (orus spearing human #oes >//. (orus spearing the crocodile >///. (orus in the #orm o# a lion >/;. The Procreation o# (orus% son o# /sis. >;. The Resurrection o# 8siris. >;/. The .e&hten $tele >;//. The *etternich $tele::8b"erse >;///. The *etternich $tele::Re"erse

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The text o# the remar&able +egend o# the !reation which #orms the #irst section o# this "olume is preser"ed in a well:written pap'rus in the .ritish *useum% where it bears the number 5?%5@@. This pap'rus was ac,uired b' the late *r. . (. Rhind in 5@A5 or 5@AB% when he was exca"ating some tombs on the west ban& o# the 4ile at Thebes. (e did not himsel# #ind it in a tomb% but he recei"ed it #rom the .ritish !onsul at +uxor% *usta#a gha% during an interchange o# gi#ts when *r. Rhind was lea"ing the countr'. *usta#a gha obtained the pap'rus #rom the #amous hiding:place o# the Ro'al *ummies at 2er:al:.ahari% with the situation o# which he was well ac,uainted #or man' 'ears be#ore it became &nown to the Eg'ptian $er"ice o# nti,uities. -hen *r. Rhind came to England% the results o# his exca"ations were examined b' 2r. .irch% who% recognising the great "alue o# the pap'rus% arranged to publish it in a companion "olume to Facsimiles o# Two Pap'ri% but the death o# *r. Rhind in 5@AC caused the pro)ect to #all through. *r. Rhind=s collection passed into the hands o# *r. 2a"id .remner% and the pap'rus% together with man' other anti,uities% was purchased b' the Trustees o# the .ritish *useum. /n 5@@? 2r. .irch suggested the publication o# the pap'rus to 2r. Ple'te% the 2irector o# the Eg'ptian *useum at +e'den. This sa"ant transcribed and translated some passages #rom the Festi"al $ongs o# /sis and 4ephth's% which is the #irst text in it% and these he published in Recueil de Tra"aux% Paris% tom. iii.% pp. C6:AD. /n 5@@A b' 2r. .irch=s &indness / was allowed to wor& at the pap'rus% and / published transcripts o# some important passages and the account o# the !reation in the Proceedings o# the $ociet' o# .iblical rchaeolog'% 5@@A:6% pp. 55:BA. The +egend o# the !reation was considered b' 2r. (. .rugsch to be o# considerable "alue #or the stud' o# the Eg'ptian Religion% and encouraged b' him[F4#5] / made a #ull transcript o# the pap'rus% which was published in rchaeologia% E"ol. lii.% +ondon% 5@75F% with transliterations and translations. /n 575? / edited #or the Trustees o# the .ritish *useum the complete hieratic text with a re"ised translation.[F4#B]

[F4#5] Ein in moglichst wortgetreuer 1eberset0ung "orglegter Pap'rus: text soll den $chlussstein meines -er&es bilden. Er wird den .eweis #ur die Richtig&eit meiner eigenen 1ntersuchungen "ollenden% indem er das wichtigste Geugniss altag'ptischen 1rsprungs den 0ahlreichen% "on mir ange0ogenen $tellen aus den /nschri#ten hin0u#ugt. Trot0 mancher $chwierig&eit im Ein0elnen ist der 3esammtinhalt des Textes% den 0uerst ein englischer 3elehrter der -issenscha#t 0uganglich gemacht hat% such nicht im geringsten miss0u"erstehen E.rugsch% Religion% p. 6D?F. (e gi"es a 3erman translation o# the !reation +egend on pp. 6D?% 6D5% and a transliteration on p. 6CA. [F4#B] Eg'ptian (ieratic Pap'ri in the .ritish *useum% +ondon% 575?% #olio.

The pap'rus is about 5A #t. @ in. in length% and is 7 5HD in. in width. /t contains B5 columns o# hieratic text which are written in short lines and are poetical in character% and 5B columns or pages o# text written in long linesI the total number o# lines is between 7J? and 7D?. The text is written in a small% "er' blac&% but neat hand% and

ma' be assigned to a time between the >>;/th 2'nast' and the Ptolemaic Period. The titles% catch:words% rubrics% names o# pep and his #iends% and a #ew other words% are written in red in&. There are two colophonsI in the one we ha"e a date% namel'% the "#irst da' o# the #ourth month o# the twel#th 'ear o# Pharaoh lexander% the son o# lexander%" i.e.% ..!. J55% and in the other the name o# the priest who either had the pap'rus written% or appropriated it% namel'% 4es:*enu% or 4es: msu. The +egend o# the !reation is #ound in the third wor& which is gi"en in the pap'rus% and which is called the ".oo& o# o"erthrowing pep% the Enem' o# Ra% the Enem' o# 1n:4e#er" Ei.e.% 8sirisF. This wor& contained a series o# spells which were recited during the per#ormance o# certain prescribed ceremonies% with the ob)ect o# pre"enting storms% and dispersing rain:clouds% and remo"ing an' obstacle% animate or inanimate% which could pre"ent the rising o# the sun in the morning% or obscure his light during the da'. The +eader:in !hie# o# the hosts o# dar&ness was a #iend called pep who appeared in the s&' in the #orm o# a monster serpent% and% marshalling all the #iends o# the Tuat% attempted to &eep the $un:god imprisoned in the &ingdom o# dar&ness. Right in the midst o# the spells which were directed against pep we #ind inserted the legend o# the !reation% which occurs in no other &nown Eg'ptian document E!ol. >>;/.% l. B5% to !ol. >>;//.% l. AF. !uriousl' enough a longer "ersion o# the legend is gi"en a little #arther on E!ol. >>;///.% l. B?% to !ol. >>/>.% l. AF. -hether the scribe had two copies to wor& #rom% and simpl' inserted both% or whether he copied the short "ersion and added to it as he went along% cannot be said. The legend is entitled: .oo& o# &nowing the e"olutions o# Ra [and o#] o"erthrowing pep. This curious ".oo&" describes the origin not onl' o# hea"en% and earth% and all therein% but also o# 3od (imsel#. /n it the name o# pep is not e"en mentioned% and it is impossible to explain its appearance in the pep Ritual unless we assume that the whole ".oo&" was regarded as a spell o# the most potent character% the mere recital o# which was #raught with deadl' e##ect #or pep and his #riends. The stor' o# the !reation is supposed to be told b' the god 4eb:er: tcher. This name means the "+ord to the uttermost limit%" and the character o# the god suggests that the word "limit" re#ers to time and space% and that he was% in #act% the E"erlasting 3od o# the 1ni"erse. This god=s name occurs in !optic texts% and then he appears as one who possesses all the attributes which are associated b' modern nations with 3od lmight'. -here and how 4eb:er:tcher existed is not said% but it seems as i# he was belie"ed to ha"e been an almight' and in"isible power which #illed all space. /t seems also that a desire arose in him to create the world% and in order to do this he too& upon himsel# the #orm o# the god 9hepera% who #rom #irst to last was regarded as the !reator% par excellence% among all the gods &nown to the Eg'ptians. -hen this trans#ormation o# 4eb:er:tcher into 9hepera too& place the hea"ens and the earth had not been created% but there seems to ha"e existed a "ast mass o# water% or world:ocean% called 4u% and it must ha"e been in this that the trans#ormation too& place. /n this celestial ocean were the germs o# all the li"ing things which a#terwards too& #orm in hea"en and on earth% but the' existed in a state o# inertness and helplessness. 8ut o# this ocean 9hepera raised himsel#% and so passed #rom a state o# passi"eness and inertness into

one o# acti"it'. -hen 9hepera raised himsel# out o# the ocean 4u% he #ound himsel# in "ast empt' space% wherein was nothing on which he could stand. The second "ersion o# the legend sa's that 9hepera ga"e being to himsel# b' uttering his own name% and the #irst "ersion states that he made use o# words in pro"iding himsel# with a place on which to stand. /n other words% when 9hepera was still a portion o# the being o# 4eb:er:tcher% he spa&e the word "9hepera%" and 9hepera came into being. $imilarl'% when he needed a place whereon to stand% he uttered the name o# the thing% or place% on which he wanted to stand% and that thing% or place% came into being. This spell he seems to ha"e addressed to his heart% or as we should sa'% will% so that 9hepera willed this standing:place to appear% and it did so #orthwith. The #irst "ersion onl' mentions a heart% but the second also spea&s o# a heart:soul as assisting 9hepera in his #irst creati"e actsI and we ma' assume that he thought out in his heart what manner o# thing be wished to create% and then b' uttering its name caused his thought to ta&e concrete #orm. This process o# thin&ing out the existence o# things is expressed in Eg'ptian b' words which mean "la'ing the #oundation in the heart." /n arranging his thoughts and their "isible #orms 9hepera was assisted b' the goddess *aat% who is usuall' regarded as the goddess o# law% order% and truth% and in late times was held to be the #emale counterpart o# Thoth% "the heart o# the god Ra." /n this legend% howe"er% she seems to pla' the part o# -isdom% as described in the .oo& o# Pro"erbs%[F4#J] #or it was b' *aat that he "laid the #oundation."

[F4#J] "The +ord possessed me in the beginning o# his wa'% be#ore his wor&s o# old. / was set up #rom e"erlasting% #rom the beginning% or e"er the earth was. -hen there were no depths / was brought #orth . . . . . . . .e#ore the mountains were settled% be#ore the hills was / brought #orth: while as 'et he had not made the earth% nor the #ields% nor the highest part o# the dust o# the world. -hen he prepared the hea"ens / was there: when he set a compass upon the #ace o# the depth: when he established the clouds abo"e: when he strengthened the #ountains o# the deep: when he ga"e to the sea his decree% . . . . . . when he appointed the #oundations o# the earth: then / was b' him% as one brought up with him. . . . . . ." Pro"erbs% "iii. BB ##.K

(a"ing described the coming into being o# 9hepera and the place on which he stood% the legend goes on to tell o# the means b' which the #irst Eg'ptian triad% or trinit'% came into existence. 9hepera had% in some #orm% union with his own shadow% and so begot o##spring% who proceeded #rom his bod' under the #orms o# the gods $hu and Te#nut. ccording to a tradition preser"ed in the P'ramid Texts[F4#D] this e"ent too& place at 8n E(eliopolisF% and the old #orm o# the legend ascribes the production o# $hu and Te#nut to an act o# masturbation. 8riginall' these gods were the personi#ications o# air and dr'ness% and li,uids respecti"el'I thus with their creation the materials #or the construction o# the atmosphere and s&' came into being. $hu and Te#nut were united% and their o##spring were 9eb% the Earth:god% and 4ut% the $&':goddess. -e ha"e now #i"e gods in existenceI 9hepera% the creati"e principle% $hu% the atmosphere% Te#nut% the waters abo"e the hea"ens%

4ut% the $&':goddess% and 9eb% the Earth:god. Presumabl' about this time the sun #irst rose out o# the water' ab'ss o# 4u% and shone upon the world and produced da'. /n earl' times the sun% or his light% was regarded as a #orm o# $hu. The gods 9eb and 4ut were united in an embrace% and the e##ect o# the coming o# light was to separate them. s long as the sun shone% i.e.% as long as it was da'% 4ut% the $&': goddess% remained in her place abo"e the earth% being supported b' $huI but as soon as the sun set she le#t the s&' and graduall' descended until she rested on the bod' o# the Earth:god% 9eb.

[F4#D] Pepi /.% l. DAA.

The embraces o# 9eb caused 4ut to bring #orth #i"e gods at a birth% namel'% 8siris% (orus% $et% /sis% and 4ephth's. 8siris and /sis married be#ore their birth% and /sis brought #orth a son called (orusI $et and 4ephth's also married be#ore their birth% and 4ephth's brought #orth a son named npu E nubisF% though he is not mentioned in the legend. 8# these gods 8siris is singled out #or special mention in the legend% in which 9hepera% spea&ing as 4eb:er:tcher% sa's that his name is usares% who is the essence o# the prime"al matter o# which he himsel# is #ormed. Thus 8siris was o# the same substance as the 3reat 3od who created the world according to the Eg'ptians% and was a reincarnation o# his great:grand#ather. This portion o# the legend helps to explain the "iews held about 8siris as the great ancestral spirit% who when on earth was a bene#actor o# man&ind% and who when in hea"en was the sa"iour o# souls. The legend spea&s o# the sun as the E'e o# 9hepera% or 4eb:er:tcher% and re#ers to some calamit' which be#ell it and extinguished its light. This calamit' ma' ha"e been simpl' the coming o# night% or eclipses% or stormsI but in an' case the god made a second E'e% i.e.% the *oon% to which he ga"e some o# the splendour o# the other E'e% i.e.% the $un% and he ga"e it a place in his Face% and hence#orth it ruled throughout the earth% and had special powers in respect o# the production o# trees% plants% "egetables% herbs% etc. Thus #rom the earliest times the moon was associated with the #ertilit' o# the earth% especiall' in connection with the production o# abundant crops and success#ul har"ests. ccording to the legend% men and women sprang not #rom the earth% but directl' #rom the bod' o# the god 9hepera% or 4eb:er:tcher% who placed his members together and then wept tears upon them% and men and women% came into being #rom the tears which had #allen #rom his e'es. 4o special mention is made o# the creation o# beasts in the legend% but the god sa's that he created creeping things o# all &inds% and among these are probabl' included the larger ,uadrupeds. The men and women% and all the other li"ing creatures which were made at that time% reproduced their species% each in his own wa'% and so the earth became #illed with their descendants which we see at the present time. $uch is the +egend o# !reation as it is #ound in the Pap'rus o# 4es: *enu. The text o# both "ersions is #ull o# di##icult passages% and

some readings are corruptI un#ortunatel' "ariant "ersions b' which the' might be corrected are lac&ing. The general meaning o# the legend in both "ersions is ,uite clear% and it throws considerable light on the Eg'ptian religion. The Eg'ptians belie"ed in the existence o# 3od% the !reator and *aintainer o# all things% but the' thought that the concerns o# this world were committed b' (im to the superintendence o# a series o# subordinate spirits or beings called "gods%" o"er whom the' belie"ed magical spells and ceremonies to ha"e the greatest in#luence. The 2eit' was a .eing so remote% and o# such an exalted nature% that it was idle to expect (im to inter#ere in the a##airs o# mortals% or to change an' decree or command which (e had once uttered. The spirits or "gods%" on the other hand% possessing natures not #ar remo"ed #rom those o# men% were thought to be amenable to supplications and #latter'% and to wheedling and ca)oler'% especiall' when accompanied b' gi#ts. /t is o# great interest to #ind a legend in which the power o# 3od as the !reator o# the world and the sun and moon is so clearl' set #orth% embedded in a boo& o# magical spells de"oted to the destruction o# the m'thological monster who existed solel' to pre"ent the sun #rom rising and shining.

//.

T(E +E3E42 8F T(E 2E$TR1!T/84 8F * 49/42.

The text containing the +egend o# the 2estruction o# *an&ind is written in hierogl'phs% and is #ound on the #our walls o# a small chamber which is entered #rom the "hall o# columns" in the tomb o# $eti /.% which is situated on the west ban& o# the 4ile at Thebes. 8n the wall #acing the door o# this chamber is painted in red the #igure o# the large "!ow o# (ea"en." The lower part o# her bell' is decorated with a series o# thirteen stars% and immediatel' beneath it are the two .oats o# Ra% called $em&etet and *antchet% or $e&tet and *atet. Each o# her #our legs is held in position b' two gods% and the god $hu% with outstretched upli#ted arms% supports her bod'. The !ow was published b' !hampollion%[F4#C] without the text. This most important m'thological text was #irst published and translated b' Pro#essor E. 4a"ille in 5@6D.[F4#A] /t was republished b' .ergmann[F4#6] and .rugsch%[F4#@] who ga"e a transcription o# the text% with a 3erman translation. 8ther 3erman "ersions b' +auth%[F4#7] .rugsch%[F4#5?] and -iedemann[F4#55] ha"e appeared% and a part o# the text was translated into French b' +e#ebure.[F4#5B] The latest edition o# the text was published b' +e#ebure%[F4#5J] and text o# a second cop'% "er' much mutilated% was published b' Pro#essor 4a"ille% with a French translation in 5@@C.[F4#5D] The text printed in this "olume is that o# *. +e#ebure.

[F4#C] *onuments% tom. iii.% p. BDC. [F4#A] Trans. $oc. .ibl. rch.% "ol. i".% p. 5 ##. [F4#6] (ierogl'phische /nschri#ten% .l. @C #l. [F4#@] 2ie neue -eltordnung nach ;ernichtung des sundigen *enschengeschlechtes% .erlin% 5@@5. [F4#7] us eg'ptens ;or0eit% p. 65.

[F4#5?] Religion der alten eg'pter% p. DJA. [F4#55] 2ie Religion% p. JB. [F4#5B] . G.% 5@@J% p. JB.

[F4#5J] Tombeau de $eti /.% Part /;.% plates 5C:5@. [F4#5D] Trans. $oc. .ibl. rch.% "ol. "iii.% p. D5B #t.

The legend ta&es us bac& to the time when the gods o# Eg'pt went about in the countr'% and mingled with men and were thoroughl' ac,uainted with their desires and needs. The &ing who reigned o"er Eg'pt was Ra% the $un:god% who was not% howe"er% the #irst o# the 2'nast' o# 3ods who ruled the land. (is predecessor on the throne was (ephaistos% who% according to *anetho% reigned 7??? 'ears% whilst Ra reigned onl' 77B 'earsI Panodorus ma&es his reign to ha"e lasted less than 5?? 'ears. .e this as it ma'% it seems that the "sel#:created and sel#:begotten" god Ra had been ruling o"er man&ind #or a "er' long time% #or his sub)ects were murmuring against him% and the' were complaining that he was old% that his bones were li&e sil"er% his bod' li&e gold% and his hair li&e lapis:la0uli. -hen Ra heard these murmurings he ordered his bod'guard to summon all the gods who had been with him in the prime"al -orld:ocean% and to bid them pri"atel' to assemble in the 3reat (ouse% which can be no other than the #amous temple o# (eliopolis. This statement is interesting% #or it pro"es that the legend is o# (eliopolitan origin% li&e the cult o# Ra itsel#% and that it does not belong% at least in so #ar as it applies to Ra% to the Pred'nastic Period. -hen Ra entered the 3reat Temple% the gods made obeisance to him% and too& up their positions on each side o# him% and in#ormed him that the' awaited his words. ddressing 4u% the personi#ication o# the -orld: ocean% Ra bade them to ta&e notice o# the #act that the men and women whom his E'e had created were murmuring against him. (e then as&ed them to consider the matter and to de"ise a plan o# action #or him% #or he was unwilling to sla' the rebels without hearing what his gods had to sa'. /n repl' the gods ad"ised Ra to send #orth his E'e to destro' the blasphemers% #or there was no e'e on earth that could resist it% especiall' when it too& the #orm o# the goddess (athor. Ra accepted their ad"ice and sent #orth his E'e in the #orm o# (athor to destro' them% and% though the rebels had #led to the mountains in #ear% the E'e pursued them and o"ertoo& them and destro'ed them. (athor re)oiced in her wor& o# destruction% and on her return was praised b' Ra% #or what

she had done. The slaughter o# men began at $uten:henen E(era&leopolisF% and during the night (athor waded about in the blood o# men. Ra asserted his intention o# being master o# the rebels% and this is probabl' re#erred to in the .oo& o# the 2ead% !hapter >;//.% in which it is said that Ra rose as &ing #or the #irst time in $uten: henen. 8siris also was crowned at $uten:henen% and in this cit' li"ed the great .ennu bird% or Phoenix% and the "!rusher o# .ones" mentioned in the 4egati"e !on#ession. The legend now goes on to describe an act o# Ra% the signi#icance o# which it is di##icult to explain. The god ordered messengers to be brought to him% and when the' arri"ed% he commanded them to run li&e the wind to bu% or the cit' o# Elephantine% and to bring him large ,uantities o# the #ruit called tataat. -hat &ind o# #ruit this was is not clear% but .rugsch thought the' were "mandra&es%" the so:called "lo"e:apples%" and this translation o# tataat ma' be used pro"isionall'. The mandra&es were gi"en to $e&ti% a goddess o# (eliopolis% to crush and grind up% and when this was done the' were mixed with human blood% and put in a large brewing o# beer which the women sla"es had made #rom wheat. /n all the' made 6%??? "essels o# beer. -hen Ra saw the beer he appro"ed o# it% and ordered it to be carried up the ri"er to where the goddess (athor was still% it seems% engaged in slaughtering men. 2uring the night he caused this beer to be poured out into the meadows o# the Four (ea"ens% and when (athor came she saw the beer with human blood and mandra&es in it% and dran& o# it and became drun&% and paid no #urther attention to men and women. /n welcoming the goddess% Ra% called her " mit%" i.e.% "beauti#ul one%" and #rom this time onward "beauti#ul women were #ound in the cit' o# mit%" which was situated in the -estern 2elta% near +a&e *areotis.[F4#5C] Ra also ordered that in #uture at e"er' one o# his #esti"als "essels o# "sleep:producing beer" should be made% and that their number should be the same as the number o# the handmaidens o# Ra. Those who too& part in these #esti"als o# (athor and Ra dran& beer in "er' large ,uantities% and under the in#luence o# the "beauti#ul women%" i.e.% the priestesses% who were supposed to resemble (athor in their ph'sical attractions% the #estal celebrations degenerated into drun&en and licentious orgies.

[F4#5C] /t was also called the "!it' o# pis%" E.rugsch% 2ict. 3eog.% p. D75F% and is the pis cit' o# classical writers. /t is% perhaps% represented b' the modern 9om al:(isn.

$oon a#ter this Ra complained that he was smitten with pain% and that he was wear' o# the% children o# men. (e thought them a worthless remnant% and wished that more o# them had been slain. The gods about him begged him to endure% and reminded him that his power was in proportion to his will. Ra was% howe"er% unconsoled% and he complained that his limbs were wea& #or the #irst time in his li#e. Thereupon the god 4u told $hu to help Ra% and he ordered 4ut to ta&e the great god Ra on her bac&. 4ut changed hersel# into a cow% and with the help o# $hu Ra got on her bac&. s soon as men saw that Ra was on the bac& o# the !ow o# (ea"en% and was about to lea"e them% the' became #illed with #ear and repentance% and cried out to Ra to remain with them and to

sla' all those who had blasphemed against him. .ut the !ow mo"ed on her wa'% and carried Ra to (et: het% a town o# the nome o# *areotis% where in later da's the right leg o# 8siris was said to be preser"ed. *eanwhile dar&ness co"ered the land. -hen da' bro&e the men who had repented o# their blasphemies appeared with their bows% and slew the enemies o# Ra. t this result Ra was pleased% and he #orga"e those who had repented because o# their righteous slaughter o# his enemies. From this time onwards human sacri#ices were o##ered up at the #esti"als o# Ra celebrated in this place% and at (eliopolis and in other parts o# Eg'pt. #ter these things Ra declared to 4ut that he intended to lea"e this world% and to ascend into hea"en% and that all those who would see his #ace must #ollow him thither. Then he went up into hea"en and prepared a place to which all might come. Then he said% "(etep se&het aa%" i.e.% "+et a great #ield be produced%" and straightwa' "$e&het:hetep%" or the "Field o# peace%" came into being. (e next said% "+et there be reeds EaaruF in it%" and straightwa' "$e&het aru%" or the "Field o# Reeds%" came into being. $e&het:hetep was the El'sian Fields o# the Eg'ptians% and the Field o# Reeds was a well:&nown section o# it. nother command o# the god Ra resulted in the creation o# the stars% which the legend compares to #lowers. Then the goddess 4ut trembled in all her bod'% and Ra% #earing that she might #all% caused to come into being the Four Pillars on which the hea"ens are supported. Turning to $hu% Ra entreated him to protect these supports% and to place himsel# under 4ut% and to hold her up in position with his hands. Thus $hu became the new $un:god in the place o# Ra% and the hea"ens in which Ra li"ed were supported and placed be'ond the ris& o# #alling% and man&ind would li"e and re)oice in the light o# the new sun. t this place in the legend a text is inserted called the "!hapter o# the !ow." /t describes how the !ow o# (ea"en and the two .oats o# the $un shall be painted% and gi"es the positions o# the gods who stand b' the legs o# the !ow% and a number o# short magical names% or #ormulae% which are inexplicable. The general meaning o# the picture o# the !ow is ,uite clear. The !ow represents the s&' in which the .oats o# Ra% sail% and her #our legs are the #our cardinal points which cannot be changed. The region abo"e her bac& is the hea"en in which Ra reigns o"er the beings who pass thereto #rom this earth when the' die% and here was situated the home o# the gods and the celestial spirits who go"ern this world. -hen Ra had made a hea"en #or himsel#% and had arranged #or a continuance o# li#e on the earth% and the wel#are o# human beings% he remembered that at one time when reigning on earth he had been bitten b' a serpent% and had nearl' lost his li#e through the bite. Fearing that the same calamit' might be#all his successor% he determined to ta&e steps to destro' the power o# all noxious reptiles that dwelt on the earth. -ith this ob)ect in "iew he told Thoth to summon 9eb% the Earth:god% to his presence% and this god ha"ing arri"ed% Ra told him that war must be made against the serpents that dwelt in his dominions. (e #urther commanded him to go to the god 4u% and to tell him to set a watch o"er all the reptiles that were in the earth and in water% and to draw up a writing #or e"er' place in which serpents are &nown to be% containing strict orders that the' are to bite% no one. Though these serpents &new that Ra was retiring #rom the earth% the' were ne"er to #orget that his ra's would #all upon them. /n his place their #ather

9eb was to &eep watch o"er them% and he was their #ather #or e"er. s a #urther protection against them Ra promised to impart to magicians and sna&e:charmers the particular word o# power% he&au% with which he guarded himsel# against the attac&s o# serpents% and also to transmit it to his son 8siris. Thus those who are read' to listen to the #ormulae o# the sna&e:charmers shall alwa's be immune #rom the bites o# serpents% and their children also. From this we ma' gather that the pro#ession o# the sna&e:charmer is "er' ancient% and that this class o# magicians were supposed to owe the #oundation o# their cra#t to a decree o# Ra himsel#. Ra next sent #or the god Thoth% and when he came into the presence o# Ra% he in"ited him to go with him to a distance% to a place called "Tuat%" i.e.% hell% or the 8ther -orld% in which region he had determined to ma&e his light to shine. -hen the' arri"ed there he told Thoth% the $cribe o# Truth% to write down on his tablets the names o# all who were therein% and to punish those among them who had sinned against him% and he deputed to Thoth the power to deal absolutel' as he pleased with all the beings in the Tuat. Ra loathed the wic&ed% and wished them to be &ept at a distance #rom him. Thoth was to be his "icar% to #ill his place% and "Place o# Ra%" was to be his name. (e ga"e him power to send out a messenger EhabF% so the /bis EhabiF came into being. ll that Thoth would do would be good E&henF% there#ore the Te&ni bird o# Thoth came into being. (e ga"e Thoth power to embrace EanhF the hea"ens% there#ore the *oon:god E ahF came into being. (e ga"e Thoth power to turn bac& EananF the 4orthern peoples% there#ore the dog:headed ape o# Thoth came into being. Finall' Ra told Thoth that he would ta&e his place in the sight o# all those who were wont to worship Ra% and that all should praise him as 3od. Thus the abdication o# Ra was complete. /n the #ragmentar' texts which #ollow we are told how a man ma' bene#it b' the recital o# this legend. (e must proclaim that the soul which animated Ra was the soul o# the ged 8ne% and that o# $hu% 9hnemu ELF% (eh% Mc.% and then he must proclaim that he is Ra himsel#% and his word o# power (e&a. /# he recites the !hapter correctl' he shall ha"e li#e in the 8ther -orld% and he will be held in greater #ear there than here. rubric adds that he must be dressed in new linen garments% and be well washed with 4ile waterI he must wear white sandals% and his bod' must be anointed with hol' oil. (e must burn incense in a censer% and a #igure o# *aat ETruthF must be painted on his tongue with green paint. These regulations applied to the lait' as well as to the clerg'.

///.

T(E +E3E42 8F R

42 /$/$.

The original text o# this "er' interesting legend is written in the

hieratic character on a pap'rus preser"ed at Turin% and was published b' Ple'te and Rossi in their !orpus o# Turin Pap'ri.[F4#5A] French and 3erman translations o# it were published b' +e#ebure%[F4#56] and -iedemann[F4#5@] respecti"el'% and summaries o# its contents were gi"en b' Erman[F4#57] and *aspero.[F4#B?] transcript o# the hieratic text into hierogl'phics% with transliteration and translation% was published b' me in 5@7C.[F4#B5]

[F4#5A] Pap'rus de Turin% pll. J5% 66% 5J5:5J@. [F4#56] . G.% 5@@J% p. B6 ##.

[F4#5@] 2ie Religion% p. B7. [F4#57] eg'pten% p. JC7 ##.

[F4#B?] +es 8rigines% ;. 5AB:D. [F4#B5] First $teps in Eg'ptian% p. BD5 ##.

/t has alread' been seen that the god Ra% when retiring #rom the go"ernment o# this world% too& steps through Thoth to suppl' man&ind with words o# power and spells with which to protect themsel"es against the bites o# serpents and other noxious reptiles. The legend o# the 2estruction o# *an&ind a##ords no explanation o# this remar&able #act% but when we read the #ollowing legend o# Ra and /sis we understand wh' Ra% though &ing o# the gods% was a#raid o# the reptiles which li"ed in the &ingdom o# 9eb. The legend% or "!hapter o# the 2i"ine 3od%" begins b' enumerating the might' attributes o# Ra as the creator o# the uni"erse% and describes the god o# "man' names" as un&nowable% e"en b' the gods. t this time /sis li"ed in the #orm o# a woman who possessed the &nowledge o# spells and incantations% that is to sa'% she was regarded much in the same wa' as modern #rican peoples regard their "medicine:women%" or "witch:women." $he had used her spells on men% and was tired o# exercising her powers on them% and she cra"ed the opportunit' o# ma&ing hersel# mistress o# gods and spirits as well as o# men. $he meditated how she could ma&e hersel# mistress both o# hea"en and earth% and #inall' she decided that she could onl' obtain the power she wanted i# she possessed the &nowledge o# the secret name o# Ra% in which his "er' existence was bound up. Ra guarded this name most )ealousl'% #or he &new that i# he re"ealed it to an' being he would hence#orth be at that being=s merc'. /sis saw that it was impossible to ma&e Ra declare his name to her b' ordinar' methods% and she there#ore thought out the #ollowing plan. /t was well &nown in Eg'pt and the $udan at a "er' earl' period that i# a magician obtained some portion o# a person=s bod'% e.g.% a hair% a paring o# a nail% a #ragment o# s&in% or a portion o# some e##lux #rom the bod'% spells could be used upon them which would ha"e the e##ect o# causing grie"ous harm to that person. /sis noted that Ra had become old and #eeble% and that as he went about he dribbled at the mouth% and that his sali"a #ell upon the ground. -atching her opportunit' she caught some o# the sali"a o# the and mixing it with dust% she moulded it into the #orm o#

a large serpent% with poison:#angs% and ha"ing uttered her spells o"er it% she le#t the serpent l'ing on the path% b' which Ra tra"elled da' b' da' as he went about inspecting Eg'pt% so that it might stri&e at him as he passed along. -e ma' note in passing that the .an'oro in the $udan emplo' serpents in &illing bu##aloes at the present da'. The' catch a pu##:adder in a noose% and then nail it ali"e b' the tip o# its tail to the round in the middle o# a bu##alo trac&% so that when an animal passes the reptile ma' stri&e at it. Presentl' a bu##alo comes along% does what it is expected to do% and then the pu##:adder stri&es at it% in)ects its poison% and the animal dies soon a#ter. s man' as ten bu##aloes ha"e been &illed in a da' b' one pu##:adder. The bod' o# the #irst bu##alo is not eaten% #or it is regarded as poisoned meat% but all the others are used as #ood.[F4#BB]

[F4#BB] Nohnston% 1ganda% "ol. ii.% p. C@D. The authorit' #or this statement is *r. 3eorge -ilson% #ormerl' !ollector in 1n'oro.

$oon a#ter /sis had placed the serpent on the Path% Ra passed b'% and the reptile bit him% thus in)ecting poison into his bod'. /ts e##ect was terrible% and Ra cried out in agon'. (is )aws chattered% his lips trembled% and he became speechless #or a timeI ne"er be#ore had be su##ered such pain. The gods hearing his cr' rushed to him% and when he could spea& he told them that he had been bitten b' a deadl' serpent. /n spite o# all the words o# power which were &nown to him% and his secret name which had been hidden in his bod' at his birth% a serpent had bitten him% and he was being consumed with a #ier' pain. (e then commanded that all the gods who had an' &nowledge o# magical spells should come to him% and when the' came% /sis% the great lad' o# spells% the destro'er o# diseases% and the re"i"i#ier o# the dead% came with them. Turning to Ra she said% "-hat hath happened% 8 di"ine FatherL" and in answer the god told her that a serpent had bitten him% that he was hotter than #ire and colder than water% that his limbs ,ua&ed% and that he was losing the power o# sight. Then /sis said to him with guile% "2i"ine Father% tell me th' name% #or he who uttereth his own name shall li"e." Thereupon Ra proceeded to enumerate the "arious things that he had done% and to describe his creati"e acts% and ended his speech to /sis b' sa'ing% that he was 9hepera in the morning% Ra at noon% and Temu in the e"ening. pparentl' he thought that the naming o# these three great names would satis#' /sis% and that she would immediatel' pronounce a word o# power and stop the pain in his bod'% which% during his speech% had become more acute. /sis% howe"er% was not decei"ed% and she &new well that Ra had not declared to her his hidden nameI this she told him% and she begged him once again to tell her his name. For a time the god re#used to utter the name% but as the pain in his bod' became more "iolent% and the poison passed through his "eins li&e #ire% he said% "/sis shall search in me% and m' name shall pass #rom m' bod' into hers." t that moment Ra remo"ed himsel# #rom the sight o# the gods in his .oat% and the Throne in the .oat o# *illions o# <ears had no occupant. The great name o# Ra was% it seems% hidden in his heart% and /sis% ha"ing some doubt as to whether Ra would &eep his word or not% agreed with (orus that Ra must be made to ta&e an oath to part with his two E'es% that is% the $un and the *oon. t length Ra allowed his heart to be ta&en #rom his bod'% and his great

and secret name% whereb' he li"ed% passed into the possession o# /sis. Ra thus became to all intents and purposes a dead god. Then /sis% strong in the power o# her spells% said: "Flow% poison% come out o# Ra. E'e o# (orus% come out o# Ra% and shine outside his mouth. /t is /% /sis% who wor&% and / ha"e made the poison to #all on the ground. ;eril' the name o# the great god is ta&en #rom him% Ra shall li"e and the poison shall dieI i# the poison li"e Ra shall die." This was the in#allible spell which was to be used in cases o# poisoning% #or it rendered the bite or sting o# e"er' "enomous reptile harmless. /t dro"e the poison out o# Ra% and since it was composed b' /sis a#ter she obtained the &nowledge o# his secret name it was irresistible. /# the words were written on pap'rus or linen o"er a #igure o# Temu or (eru:he&enu% or /sis% or (orus% the' became a might' charm. /# the pap'rus or linen were steeped in water and the water drun&% the words were e,uall' e##icacious as a charm against sna&e: bites. To this da' water in which the written words o# a text #rom the 9ur=an ha"e been dissol"ed% or water drun& #rom a bowl on the inside o# which religious texts ha"e been written% is still regarded as a ne"er: #ailing charm in Eg'pt and the $udan. Thus we see that the modern custom o# drin&ing magical water was deri"ed #rom the ancient Eg'ptians% who belie"ed that it con"e'ed into their bodies the actual power o# their gods.

/;.

T(E +E3E42 8F (ER1:.E(1TET 42 T(E -/43E2 2/$9.

The text o# this legend is cut in hierogl'phics on the walls o# the temple o# Ed#u in 1pper Eg'pt% and certain portions o# it are illustrated b' large bas:relie#s. .oth text and relie#s were published b' Pro#essor 4a"ille in his "olume entitled *'the d=(orus% #ol.% plates 5B:57% 3ene"a% 5@6?. 3erman translation b' .rugsch appeared in the handlungen der 3ottinger &ademie% .and xi".% pp. 56J:BJA% and another b' -iedemann in his 2ie Religion% p. J@ ##. Esee the English translation p. A7 ##.F. The legend% in the #orm in which it is here gi"en% dates #rom the Ptolemaic Period% but the matter which it contains is #ar older% and it is probable that the #acts recorded in it are #ragments o# actual histor'% which the Eg'ptians o# the late period tried to piece together in chronological order. -e shall see as we read that the writer o# the legend as we ha"e it was not well ac,uainted with Eg'ptian histor'% and that in his account o# the con,uest o# Eg'pt he has con#ounded one god with another% and mixed up historical #acts with m'thological legends to such a degree that his meaning is #re,uentl' uncertain. The great #act which he wished to describe is the con,uest o# Eg'pt b' an earl' &ing% who% ha"ing subdued the peoples in the $outh% ad"anced northwards% and made all the people

whom he con,uered submit to his 'o&e. 4ow the 9ing o# Eg'pt was alwa's called (orus% and the priests o# Ed#u wishing to magni#' their local god% (orus o# .ehutet% or (orus o# Ed#u% attributed to him the con,uests o# this human% and probabl' pred'nastic% &ing. -e must remember that the legend assumes that Ra% was still reigning on earth% though he was old and #eeble% and had probabl' deputed his power to his successor% whom the legend regards as his son.

P+ TE /. (orus holding the (ippopotamus:#iend with chain and spear. .ehind stand /sis and (eru 9henti:9hatti. P+ TE //. (orus dri"ing his spear into the (ippopotamus:#iendI behind him stands one o# his ".lac&smiths". P+ TE ///. (orus dri"ing his spear into the bell' o# the (ippopotamus:#iend as he lies on his bac&I behind stands on o# his ".lac&smiths". P+ TE /;. (orus and /sis capturing the (ippopotamus:#iend.

/n the JAJrd 'ear o# his reign Ra:(arma&his[F4#BJ] was in 4ubia with his arm' with the intention o# destro'ing those who had conspired against himI because o# their conspirac' EauuF 4ubia is called "1aua" to this da'. From 4ubia Ra:(arma&his sailed down the ri"er to Ed#u% where (eru:.ehutet entered his boat% and told him that his #oes were conspiring against him. Ra:(arma&his in answer addressed (eru:.ehutet as his son% and commanded him to set out without dela' and sla' the wic&ed rebels. Then (eru:.ehutet too& the #orm o# a great winged 2is&% and at once #lew up into the s&'% where he too& the place o# Ra% the old $un:god. +oo&ing down #rom the height o# hea"en he was able to disco"er the whereabouts o# the rebels% and he pursued them in the #orm o# a winged dis&. Then he attac&ed them with such "iolence that the' became da0ed% and could neither see where the' were going% nor hear% the result o# this being that the' slew each other% and in a "er' short time the' were all dead. Thoth% seeing this% told Ra that because (orus had appeared as a great winged dis& he must be called "(eru: .ehutet%" and b' this name (orus was &nown e"er a#ter at Ed#u. Ra embraced (orus% and re#erred with pleasure to the blood which he had shed% and (orus in"ited his #ather to come and loo& upon the slain. Ra set out with the goddess shthertet EO shtorethF to do this% and the' saw the enemies l'ing #ettered on the ground. The legend here introduces a number o# curious deri"ations o# the names o# Ed#u% Mc.% which are "alueless% and which remind us o# the deri"ations o# place: names propounded b' ancient $emitic scribes.

[F4#BJ] i.e.% Ra on the hori0on.

P+ TE ;. (orus standing on the bac& o# the (ippopotamus:#iend% and spearing him in the presence o# /sis. P+ TE ;/. The ".utcher:priest" slicing open the (ippopotamus:#iend.

/n gladness o# heart Ra proposed a sail on the 4ile% but as soon as his enemies heard that he was coming% the' changed themsel"es into crocodiles and hippopotami% so that the' might be able to wrec& his boat and de"our him. s the boat o# the god approached them the' opened their )aws to crush it% but (orus and his #ollowers came ,uic&l' on the scene% and de#eated their purpose. The #ollowers o# (orus here mentioned are called in the text "*esniu%" i.e.% "blac&smiths%" or "wor&ers in metal%" and the' represent the primiti"e con,uerors o# the Eg'ptians% who were armed with metal weapons% and so were able to o"ercome with tolerable ease the indigenous Eg'ptians% whose weapons were made o# #lint and wood. (orus and his "blac&smiths" were pro"ided with iron lances and chains% and% ba'ing cast the chains o"er the monsters in the ri"er% the' dro"e their lances into their snouts% and slew AC5 o# them. .ecause (orus gained his "ictor' b' means o# metal weapons% Ra decreed that a metal statue o# (orus should be placed at Ed#u% and remain there #or e"er% and a name was gi"en to the town to commemorate the great battle that had ta&en place there. Ra applauded (orus #or the might' deeds which be had been able to per#orm b' means o# the spells contained in the ".oo& o# $la'ing the (ippopotamus." (orus then associated with himsel# the goddesses 1atchet and 4e&hebet% who were in the #orm o# serpents% and% ta&ing his place as the winged 2is& on the #ront o# the .oat o# Ra% destro'ed all the enemies o# Ra wheresoe"er he #ound them. -hen the remnant o# the enemies o# Ra% saw that the' were li&el' to be slain% the' doubled bac& to the $outh% but (orus pursued them% and dro"e them down the ri"er be#ore him as #ar as Thebes. 8ne battle too& place at Tchetmet% and another at 2enderah% and (orus was alwa's "ictoriousI the enemies were caught b' chains thrown o"er them% and the deadl' spears o# the .lac&smiths dran& their blood. #ter this the enem' #led to the 4orth% and too& re#uge in the swamps o# the 2elta% and in the shallows o# the *editerranean $ea% and (orus pursued them thither. #ter searching #or them #or #our da's and #our nights he #ound them% and the' were speedil' slain. 8ne hundred and #ort':two o# them and a male hippopotamus were dragged on to the .oat o# Ra% and there (orus dug out their entrails% and hac&ed their carcases in pieces% which he ga"e to his .lac&smiths and the gods who #ormed the crew o# the .oat o# Ra. .e#ore despatching the hippopotamus% (orus leaped on to the bac& o# the monster as a mar& o# his triumph% and to commemorate this e"ent the priest o# (eben% the town wherein these things happened% was called "(e who standeth on the bac& e"er a#ter." The end o# the great #ight% howe"er% was not 'et. nother arm' o# enemies appeared b' the 4orth +a&e% and the' were marching towards the seaI but terror o# (orus smote their hearts% and the' #led and too& re#uge in *ertet: ment% where the' allied themsel"es with the #ollowers

o# $et% the rch:#iend and great Enem' o# Ra. Thither (orus and his well:armed .lac&smiths pursued them% and came up with them at the town called Per:Rerehu% which deri"ed its name #rom the "Two !ombatants%" or "Two *en%" (orus and $et. great #ight too& place% the enemies o# Ra were de#eated with great slaughter% and (orus dragged J@5 prisoners on to the .oat o# Ra% where he slew them% and ga"e their bodies to his #ollowers.

P+ TE ;//. (orus o# .ehutet and Ra:(arma&his in a shrine. P+ TE ;///. (orus o# .ehutet and (arma&his in a shrine. P+ TE />. shthertet E= shtoreth=F dri"ing her chariot o"er the prostrate #oe. P+ TE >. +e#t: (orus o# .ehutet spearing a T'phonic animal% and holding his prisoners with rope. Right: (orus o# .ehutet% accompanied b' Ra:(arma&his and *enu% spearing the (ippopotamus:#iend.

Then $et rose up and cursed (orus because he had slain his allies% and he used such #oul language that Thoth called him "4ehaha:her%" i.e.% "$tin&ing Face%" and this name clung to him e"er a#ter. #ter this (orus and $et engaged in a #ight which lasted a "er' long time% but at length (orus dro"e his spear into the nec& o# $et with such "iolence that the Fiend #ell headlong to the ground. Then (orus smote with his club the mouth which had uttered such blasphemies% and #ettered him with his chain. /n this state (orus dragged $et into the presence o# Ra% who ascribed great praise to (orus% and special names were gi"en to the palace o# (orus and the high priest o# the temple in commemoration o# the e"ent. -hen the ,uestion o# the disposal o# $et was being discussed b' the gods% Ra ordered that he and his #iends should be gi"en o"er to /sis and her son (orus% who were to do what the' pleased with them. (orus promptl' cut o## the heads o# $et and his #iends in the presence o# Ra and /sis% and be dragged $et b' his #eet through the countr' with his spear stic&ing in his head and nec&. #ter this /sis appointed (orus o# .ehutet to be the protecting deit' o# her son (orus. The #ight between the $un:god and $et was a "er' #a"ourite sub)ect with Eg'ptian writers% and there are man' #orms o# it. Thus there is the #ight between (eru:ur and $et% the #ight between Ra and $et% the #ight between (eru:.ehutet and $et% the #ight between 8siris and $et% and the #ight between (orus% son o# /sis% and $et. /n the oldest times the combat was merel' the natural opposition o# light to dar&ness% but later the $un:god became the s'mbol o# right and truth as well as o# light% and $et the s'mbol o# sin and wic&edness as well as o# dar&ness% and ultimatel' the nature m'th was #orgotten% and the #ight between the two gods became the t'pe o# the e"erlasting war which good men wage

against sin. /n !optic literature we ha"e the well:&nown legend o# the slaughter o# the dragon b' $t. 3eorge% and this is nothing but a !hristian adaptation o# the legend o# (orus and $et. #ter these things (orus% son o# Ra% and (orus% son o# /sis% each too& the #orm o# a might' man% with the #ace and bod' o# a haw&% and each wore the Red and -hite !rowns% and each carried a spear and chain. /n these #orms the two gods slew the remnant o# the enemies. 4ow b' some means or other $et came to li#e again% and he too& the #orm o# a might' hissing or "roaring" serpent% and hid himsel# in the ground% in a place which was e"er a#ter called the "place o# the roarer." /n #ront o# his hiding:place (orus% son o# /sis% stationed himsel# in the #orm o# a haw&:headed sta## to pre"ent him #rom coming out. /n spite o# this% howe"er% $et managed to escape% and he gathered about him the $mai and $eba #iends at the +a&e o# *eh% and waged war once more against (orusI the enemies o# Ra were again de#eated% and (orus slew them in the presence o# his #ather.

P+ TE >/. (orus o# .ehutet and Thoth spearing human "ictims with the assistance o# /sis. P+ TE >//. (orus o# .ehutet and Thoth spearing $et in the #orm o# a crocodile.

(orus% it seems% now ceased to #ight #or some time% and de"oted himsel# to &eeping guard o"er the "3reat 3od" who was in n:rut:#% a district in or near (era&leopolis. This 3reat 3od was no other than 8siris% and the dut' o# (orus was to pre"ent the $mai #iends #rom coming b' night to the place. /n spite o# the power o# (orus% it was #ound necessar' to summon the aid o# /sis to &eep awa' the #iends% and it was onl' b' her words o# power that the #iend .a was &ept out o# the sanctuar'. s a reward #or what he had alread' done% Thoth decreed that (orus should be called the "*aster:Fighter." Passing o"er the deri"ations o# place: names which occur here in the text% we #ind that (orus and his .lac&smiths were again obliged to #ight bodies o# the enem' who had managed to escape% and that on one occasion the' &illed one hundred and six #oes. /n e"er' #ight the .lac&smiths per#ormed might' deeds o# "alour% and in reward #or their ser"ices a special district was allotted to them to dwell in. The last great #ight in the 4orth too& place at Tanis% in the eastern part o# the 2elta. -hen the position o# the enem' had been located% (orus too& the #orm o# a lion with the #ace o# a man% and he put on his head the Triple !rown. (is claws were li&e #lints% and with them he dragged awa' one hundred and #ort':two o# the enem'% and tore them in pieces% and dug out their tongues% which he carried o## as s'mbols o# his "ictor'.

*eanwhile rebellion had again bro&en out in 4ubia% where about one: third o# the enem' had ta&en re#uge in the ri"er in the #orms o#

crocodiles and hippopotami. Ra counselled (orus to sail up the 4ile with his .lac&smiths% and when Thoth had recited the "!hapters o# protecting the .oat o# Ra" o"er the boats% the expedition set sail #or the $outh. The ob)ect o# reciting these spells was to pre"ent the monsters which were in the ri"er #rom ma&ing the wa"es to rise and #rom stirring up storms which might engul# the boats o# Ra and (orus and the .lac&smiths. -hen the rebels and #iends who had been uttering% treason against (orus saw the boat o# Ra% with the winged 2is& o# (orus accompanied b' the goddesses 1atchet and 4e&hebet in the #orm o# serpents% the' were smitten with #ear% and their hearts ,ua&ed% and all power o# resistance le#t them% and the' died o# #right straightwa'. -hen (orus returned in triumph to Ed#u% Ra ordered that an image o# the winged 2is& should be placed in each o# his sanctuaries% and that in e"er' place wherein a winged 2is& was set% that sanctuar' should be a sanctuar' o# (orus o# .ehutet. The winged dis&s which are seen abo"e the doorwa's o# the temples still standing in Eg'pt show that the command o# Ra% was #aith#ull' carried out b' the priests.

P+ TE >///. (orus o# .ehutet in the #orm o# a lion sla'ing his #oes.

;.

+E3E42 8F T(E ./RT( 8F (8R1$% $84 8F /$/$ 42 8$/R/$.

P+ TE >/;. The Procreation o# (orus% son o# /sis.

The text which contains this legend is #ound cut in hierogl'phics upon a stele which is now preser"ed in Paris. ttention was #irst called to it b' !habas% who in 5@C6 ga"e a translation o# it in the Re"ue rcheologi,ue% p. AC ##.% and pointed out the importance o# its contents with his characteristic abilit'. The hierogl'phic text was #irst published b' +edrain in his wor& on the monuments o# the .ibliothe,ue 4ationale in Paris%[F4#BD] and / ga"e a transcript o# the text% with transliteration and translation% in 5@7C.[F4#BC]

[F4#BD] +es *onuments Eg'ptiens E!abinet des *edailles et nti,uesF% /n the .ibliothe,ue de l=Ecole des (autes Etudes% Paris% 5@67:5@@B% plate xxii. ##. [F4#BC] First $teps in Eg'ptian% pp. 567:5@@.

The greater part o# the text consists o# a h'mn to 8siris% which was probabl' composed under the >;///th 2'nast'% when an extraordinar' de"elopment o# the cult o# that god too& place% and when he was placed b' Eg'ptian theologians at the head o# all the gods. Though unseen in the temples% his presence #illed all Eg'pt% and his bod' #ormed the "er' substance o# the countr'. (e was the 3od o# all gods and the 3o"ernor o# the Two !ompanies o# the gods% he #ormed the soul and bod' o# Ra% he was the bene#icent $pirit o# all spirits% he was himsel# the celestial #ood on which the 2oubles in the 8ther -orld li"ed. (e was the greatest o# the gods in 8n E(eliopolisF% *emphis% (era&leopolis% (ermopolis% b'dos% and the region o# the First !ataract% and so. (e embodied in his own person the might o# Ra:Tem% pis and Ptah% the (orus:gods% Thoth and 9hnemu% and his rule o"er .usiris and b'dos continued to be supreme% as it had been #or man'% man' hundreds o# 'ears. (e was the source o# the 4ile% the north wind sprang #rom him% his seats were the stars o# hea"en which ne"er set% and the imperishable stars were his ministers. ll hea"en was his dominion% and the doors o# the s&' opened be#ore him o# their own accord when he appeared. (e inherited the earth #rom his #ather 9eb% and the so"ereignt' o# hea"en #rom his mother 4ut. /n his person he united endless time in the past and endless time in the #uture. +i&e Ra he had #ought $eba% or $et% the monster o# e"il% and had de#eated him% and his "ictor' assured to him lasting authorit' o"er the gods and the dead. (e exercised his creati"e power in ma&ing land and water% trees and herbs% cattle and other #our:#ooted beasts% birds o# all &inds% and #ish and creeping thingsI e"en the waste spaces o# the desert owed allegiance to him as the creator. nd he rolled out the s&'% and set the light abo"e the dar&ness. The last paragraph o# the text contains an allusion to /sis% the sister and wi#e o# 8siris% and mentions the legend o# the birth o# (orus% which e"en under the >;///th 2'nast' was "er' ancient% /sis% we are told% was the constant protectress o# her brother% she dro"e awa' the #iends that wanted to attac& him% and &ept them out o# his shrine and tomb% and she guarded him #rom all accidents. ll these things she did b' means o# spells and incantations% large numbers o# which were &nown to her% and b' her power as the "witch:goddess." (er "mouth was trained to per#ection% and she made no mista&e in pronouncing her spells% and her tongue was s&illed and halted not." t length came the unluc&' da' when $et succeeded in &illing 8siris during the war which the "good god" was waging against him and his #iends. 2etails o# the engagement are wanting% but the P'ramid Texts state that the bod' o# 8siris was hurled to the ground b' $et at a place called 4etat% which seems to ha"e been near b'dos.[F4#BA] The news o# the death o# 8siris was brought to /sis% and she at once set out to #ind his bod'. ll legends agree in sa'ing that she too& the #orm o# a bird% and that she #lew about unceasingl'% going hither and thither% and uttering wailing cries o# grie#. t length she #ound the bod'% and with a piercing cr' she alighted on the ground. The P'ramid Texts sa' that 4ephth's was with her that "/sis came% 4ephth's came% the one on the right side% the other on the le#t side% one in the #orm o# a (at bird% the other in the #orm o# a Tchert bird% and the' #ound 8siris thrown on the ground in 4etat b' his brother $et." The late #orm o# the legend goes on to sa' that /sis #anned the bod' with her #eathers% and produced air% and that

at length she caused the inert members o# 8siris to mo"e% and drew #rom him his essence% where#rom she produced her child (orus.

[F4#BA] Pepi /.% line D6CI Pepi //.% line 5BAJ.

This bare statement o# the dogma o# the conception o# (orus does not represent all that is &nown about it% and it ma' well be supplemented b' a passage #rom the P'ramid Texts%[F4#B6] which reads% " doration to thee% 8 8siris.[F4#B@] Rise thou up on th' le#t side% place th'sel# on th' right side. This water which / gi"e unto thee is the water o# 'outh Eor re)u"enationF. doration to thee% 8 8sirisP Rise thou up on th' le#t side% place th'sel# on th' right side. This bread which / ha"e made #or thee is warmth. doration to thee% 8 8sirisP The doors o# hea"en are opened to thee% the doors o# the streams are thrown wide open to thee. The gods in the cit' o# Pe come [to thee]% 8siris% at the sound Eor "oiceF o# the supplication o# /sis and 4ephth's. . . . . Th' elder sister too& th' bod' in her arms% she cha#ed th' hands% she clasped thee to her breast [when] she #ound thee [l'ing] on th' side on the plain o# 4etat." nd in another place we read:[F4#B7] "Th' two sisters% /sis and 4ephth's% came to thee% 9am:urt% in th' name o# 9am:ur% 1atchet:urt% in th' name o# 1atch:ur . . . . . . . /sis and 4ephth's wea"e magical protection #or thee in the cit' o# $aut% #or thee their lord% in th' name o# =+ord o# $aut%= #or their god% in th' name o# =3od.= The' praise theeI go not thou #ar #rom them in th' name o# =Tua.= The' present o##erings to theeI be not wroth in th' name o# =Tchentru.= Th' sister /sis cometh to thee re)oicing in her lo"e #or thee.[F4#J?] Thou hast union with her% th' seed entereth her. $he concei"eth in the #orm o# the star $eptet E$othisF. (orus:$ept issueth #rom thee in the #orm o# (orus% dweller in the star $eptet. Thou ma&est a spirit to be in him in his name =$pirit dwelling in the god Tchentru.= (e a"engeth thee in his name o# =(orus% the son who a"enged his #ather.= (ail% 8siris% 9eb hath brought to thee (orus% he hath a"enged thee% he hath brought to thee the hearts o# the gods% (orus hath gi"en thee his E'e% thou hast ta&en possession o# the 1rert !rown thereb' at the head o# the gods. (orus hath presented to thee th' members% he hath collected them completel'% there is no disorder in thee. Thoth hath sei0ed th' enem' and hath slain him and those who were with him." The abo"e words are addressed to dead &ings in the P'ramid Texts% and what the gods were supposed to do #or them was belie"ed b' the Eg'ptians to ha"e been actuall' done #or 8siris. These extracts are peculiarl' "aluable% #or the' pro"e that the legend o# 8siris which was current under the >;///th 2'nast' was based upon traditions which were uni"ersall' accepted in Eg'pt under the ;th and ;/th 2'nasties.

[F4#B6] *er:en:Ra% line JJAI Pepi //.% line @AB. [F4#B@] / omit the &ing=s names. [F4#B7] Teta% line B6DI Pepi /.% line B6I *er:en:Ra% line J6I and Pepi //.% line A6.

[F4#J?] P'ramid Text% Teta% l. B6A.

P+ TE >;. P+ TE >;/. The $tele recording the casting out o# a de"il #rom the Princess o# .e&hten.

The h'mn concludes with a re#erence to the accession o# (orus% son o# /sis% the #lesh and bone o# 8siris% to the throne o# his grand#ather 9eb% and to the welcome which he recei"ed #rom the Tchatcha% or dministrators o# hea"en% and the !ompan' o# the 3ods% and the +ords o# Truth% who assembled in the 3reat (ouse o# (eliopolis to ac&nowledge his so"ereignt'. (is succession also recei"ed the appro"al o# 4eb:er: tcher% who% as we saw #rom the #irst legend in this boo&% was the !reator o# the 1ni"erse.

;/.

+E3E42 8F 9(E4$1 4EFER:(ETEP[F4#J5] 42 T(E PR/4!E$$ 8F .E9(TE4.

[F4#J5] /n the headlines o# this section% p. 5?A ##.% #or Ptah 4e#er:hetep read 9hensu 4e#er:hetep.

The text o# this legend is cut in hierogl'phics upon a sandstone stele% with a rounded top% which was #ound in the temple o# 9hensu at Thebes% and is now preser"ed in the .ibliothe,ue 4ationale at ParisI it was disco"ered b' !hampollion% and remo"ed to Paris b' Prisse d= "ennes in 5@DA. The text was #irst published b' Prisse d= "ennes%[F4#JB] and it was #irst translated b' .irch[F4#JJ] in 5@CJ. The text was republished and translated into French b' E. de Rouge in 5@C@%[F4#JD] and se"eral other renderings ha"e been gi"en in 3erman and in English since that date.[F4#JC] -hen the text was #irst published% and #or some 'ears a#terwards% it was generall' thought that the legend re#erred to e"ents which were said to ha"e ta&en place under a &ing who was identi#ied as Rameses >///.% but this misconception was corrected b' Erman% who showed[F4#JA] that the &ing was in realit' Rameses //. .' a care#ul examination o# the construction o# the text he pro"ed that the narrati"e on the stele was drawn up se"eral hundreds o# 'ears a#ter the e"ents described in it too& place% and that its author was but imper#ectl' ac,uainted with the #orm o# the Eg'ptian language in use in

the reign o# Rameses //. /n #act% the legend was written in the interests o# the priests o# the temple o# 9hensu% who wished to magni#' their god and his power to cast out de"ils and to exorcise e"il spiritsI it was probabl' composed between ..!. AC? and ..!. BC?.[F4#J6]

[F4#JB] !hoix de *onuments Eg'ptiens% Paris% 5@D6% plate xxi". [F4#JJ] Transactions o# the Ro'al $ociet' o# +iterature% 4ew $eries% "ol. i".% p. B56 ##. [F4#JD] Nournal siati,ue EEtude sur une $tele Eg'ptienneF% ugust% 5@CA% ugust% 5@C6% and ugust:$ept.% 5@C@% Paris% @"o% with plate. [F4#JC] .rugsch% 3eschichte eg'ptens% 5@66% p. AB6 ##.I .irch% Records o# the Past% 8ld $eries% "ol. i".% p. CJ ##.I .udge% Eg'ptian Reading .oo&% text and transliteration% p. D? ##.I translation% p. xx"iii. ##. [F4#JA] eg. Geit.% 5@@J% pp. CD:A?.

[F4#J6] *aspero% +es !ontes Populaires% Jrd edit.% p. 5AA.

The legend% a#ter enumerating the great names o# Rameses //.% goes on to state that the &ing was in the "countr' o# the two ri"ers%" b' which we are to understand some portion o# *esopotamia% the ri"ers being the Tigris and Euphrates% and that the local chie#s were bringing to him tribute consisting o# gold% lapis:la0uli% tur,uoise% and logs o# wood #rom the +and o# the 3od. /t is di##icult to understand how gold and logs o# wood #rom $outhern rabia and East #rica came to be produced as tribute b' chie#s who li"ed so #ar to the north. mong those who sent gi#ts was the Prince o# .e&hten% and at the head o# all his tribute he sent his eldest daughter% bearing his message o# homage and dut'. 4ow the maiden was beauti#ul% and the 9ing o# Eg'pt thought her so lo"el' that be too& her to wi#e% and bestowed upon her the name "Ra: ne#eru%" which means something li&e the "beauties o# Ra." (e too& her bac& with him to Eg'pt% where she was installed as Queen. 2uring the summer o# the #i#teenth 'ear o# his reign% whilst Rameses //. was celebrating a #esti"al o# men:Ra in the Temple o# +uxor% one came to him and reported that an en"o' had arri"ed #rom the Prince o# .e&hten% bearing with him man' gi#ts #or the Ro'al -i#e Ra:ne#eru. -hen the en"o' had been brought into the presence% he addressed words o# homage to the &ing% and% ha"ing presented the gi#ts #rom his lord% he said that he had come to beg (is *a)est' to send a "learned man%" i.e.% a magician% to .e&hten to attend .ent:enth:resh% (is *a)est'=s sister:in:law% who was stric&en with some disease. Thereupon the &ing summoned the learned men o# the (ouse o# +i#e% i.e.% the members o# the great !ollege o# *agic at Thebes% and the ,enbetu o##icials% and when the' had entered his presence% he commanded them to select a man o# "wise heart and de#t #ingers" to go to .e&hten. The choice #ell upon one Tehuti:em:heb% and (is *a)est' sent him to .e&hten with the en"o'. -hen the' arri"ed in .e&hten% Tehuti:em:heb #ound that the Princess

.ent:enth:resh was possessed b' an e"il spirit which re#used to be exorcised b' him% and he was unable to cast out the de"il. The Prince o# .e&hten% seeing that the healing o# his daughter was be'ond the power o# the Eg'ptian% sent a second en"o' to Rameses //.% and besought him to send a god to dri"e out the de"il. This en"o' arri"ed in Eg'pt in the summer o# the twent':sixth 'ear o# the reign o# Rameses //.% and #ound the &ing celebrating a #esti"al in Thebes. -hen he heard the petition o# the en"o'% he went to the Temple o# 9hensu 4e#er:hetep "a second time%"[F4#J@] and presented himsel# be#ore the god and besought his help on behal# o# his sister:in:law.

[F4#J@] Thus the &ing must ha"e in"o&ed the help o# 9hensu on the occasion o# the "isit o# the #irst en"o'.

Then the priests o# 9hensu 4e#er:hetep carried the statue o# this god to the place where was the statue o# 9hensu surnamed "Pa:ari:se&her%" i.e.% the "-or&er o# destinies%" who was able to repel the attac&s o# e"il spirits and to dri"e them out. -hen the statues o# the two gods were #acing each other% Rameses //. entreated 9hensu 4e#er:hetep to "turn his #ace towards%" i.e.% to loo& #a"ourabl' upon 9hensu. Pa:ari: se&her% and to let him go to .e&hten to dri"e the de"il out o# the Princess o# .e&hten. The text a##ords no explanation o# the #act that 9hensu 4e#er:hetep was regarded as a greater god than 9hensu Pa:ari: se&her% or wh' his permission had to be obtained be#ore the latter could lea"e the countr'. /t is probable that the demands made upon 9hensu 4e#er:hetep b' the Eg'ptians who li"ed in Thebes and its neighbourhood were so numerous that it was impossible to let his statue go into outl'ing districts or #oreign lands% and that a deput':god was appointed to per#orm miracles outside Thebes. This arrangement would bene#it the people% and would% moreo"er% bring much mone' to the priests. The appointment o# a deput':god is not so strange as it ma' seem% and modern #rican peoples are #amiliar with the expedient. bout one hundred 'ears ago the priests o# the god .obowissi o# -innebah% in the Tshi region o# -est #rica% #ound their business so large that it was absolutel' necessar' #or them to appoint a deput'. The priests there#ore selected .rah#o% i.e.% "deput'%" and ga"e out that .obowissi had deputed all minor matters to him% and that his utterances were to be regarded as those o# .obowissi. 2elegates were ordered to be sent to -innebah in shanti% where the' would be shown the "deput'" god b' the priests% and a#terwards he would be ta&en to *an&assim% where he would reside% and do #or the people all that .obowissi had done hitherto.[F4#J7]

[F4#J7] Ellis% Tshi:spea&ing Peoples% p. CC.

-hen Rameses //. had made his petition to 9hensu 4e#er:hetep% the statue o# the god bowed its head twice% in to&en o# assent. (ere it is clear that we ha"e an example o# the use o# statues with mo"able limbs% which were wor&ed% when occasion re,uired% b' the priests. The &ing

then made a second petition to the god to trans#er his sa% or magical power% to 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her so that when he had arri"ed in .e&hten he would be able to heal the Princess. gain the statue o# 9hensu 4e#er:hetep bowed its head twice% and the petition o# the &ing was granted. The text goes on to sa' that the magical power o# the greater god was trans#erred to the lesser god #our times% or in a #our#old measure% but we are not told how this was e##ected. -e &now #rom man' passages in the texts that e"er' god was belie"ed to possess this magical power% which is called the "sa o# li#e%" or the "sa o# the god%".[F4#D?] This sa could be trans#erred b' a god or goddess to a human being% either b' an embrace or through some o##ering which was eaten. Thus Temu trans#erred the magical power o# his li#e to $hu and Te#nut b' embracing them%[F4#D5] and in the Ritual o# the 2i"ine !ult[F4#DB] the priest sa's% The two "essels o# mil& o# Temu are the "sa o# m' limbs." The man who possessed this sa could trans#er it to his #riend b' embracing him and then "ma&ing passes" with his hands along his bac&. The sa could be recei"ed b' a man #rom a god and then transmitted b' him to a statue b' ta&ing it in his arms% and this ceremon' was actuall' per#ormed b' the &ing in the Ritual o# the 2i"ine !ult.[F4#DJ] The primar' source o# this sa was Ra% who bestowed it without measure on the blessed dead%[F4#DD] and caused them to li"e #or e"er thereb'. These% #acts ma&e it tolerabl' certain that the magical power o# 9hensu 4e#er:hetep was trans#erred to 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her in one o# two wa's: either the statue o# the latter was brought near to that o# the #ormer and it recei"ed the sa b' contact% or the high priest #irst recei"ed the sa #rom the greater god and then transmitted it to the lesser god b' embraces and "passes" with his hands. .e this as it ma'% 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her recei"ed the magical power% and ha"ing been placed in his boat% he set out #or .e&hten% accompanied b' #i"e smaller boats% and chariots and horses which marched on each side o# him.

[F4#D?] Text o# 1nas% line CAB. [F4#D5] P'ramid Texts% Pepi /.% l. DAA. [F4#DB] Ed. *oret% p. B5. [F4#DJ] /bid.% p. 77. [F4#DD] Pepi /.% line AAA.

-hen a#ter a )ourne' o# se"enteen months 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her arri"ed in .e&hten% he was cordiall' welcomed b' the Prince% and% ha"ing gone to the place where the Princess who was possessed o# a de"il li"ed% he exercised his power to such purpose that she was healed immediatel'. *oreo"er% the de"il which had been cast out admitted that 9hensu Pa: ari:se&her was his master% and promised that he would depart to the place whence he came% pro"ided that the Prince o# .e&hten would celebrate a #esti"al in his honour be#ore his departure. *eanwhile the Prince and his soldiers stood b' listening to the con"ersation between the god and the de"il% and the' were "er' much a#raid. Following the instructions o# 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her the Prince made

a great #east in honour o# the supernatural "isitors% and then the de"il departed to the "place which he lo"ed%" and there was general re)oicing in the land. The Prince o# .e&hten was so pleased with the Eg'ptian god that he determined not to allow him to return to Eg'pt. -hen the statue o# 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her had been in .e&hten #or three 'ears and nine months% the Prince in a "ision saw the god% in the #orm o# a golden haw&% come #orth #rom his shrine% and #l' up into the air and direct his course to Eg'pt. Reali0ing that the statue o# the god was useless without its indwelling spirit% the Prince o# .e&hten permitted the priests o# 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her to depart with it to Eg'pt% and dismissed them with gi#ts o# all &inds. /n due course the' arri"ed in Eg'pt and the priests too& their statue to the temple o# 9hensu 4e#er:hetep% and handed o"er to that god all the gi#ts which the Prince o# .e&hten had gi"en them% &eeping bac& nothing #or their own god. #ter this 9hensu Pa:ari:se&her returned to his temple in peace% in the thirt':third 'ear o# the reign o# Rameses //.% ha"ing been absent #rom it about eight 'ears.

;//.

+E3E42 8F 9(4E*1 42 8F

$E;E4 <E R$= F */4E.

The text o# this most interesting legend is #ound in hierogl'phics on one side o# a large rounded bloc& o# granite some eight or nine #eet high% which stands on the south:east portion o# $ahal% a little island l'ing in the First !ataract% two or three miles to the south o# Elephantine /sland and the modern town o# swan. The inscription is not cut into the roc& in the ordinar' wa'% but was "stunned" on it with a blunted chisel% and is% in some lights% ,uite in"isible to an'one standing near the roc&% unless he is aware o# its existence. /t is in #ull "iew o# the ri"er:path which leads #rom *ahallah to Philae% and 'et it escaped the notice o# scores o# tra"ellers who ha"e searched the roc&s and islands in the !ataract #or gra##iti and inscriptions. The inscription% which co"ers a space six #eet b' #i"e #eet% was disco"ered accidentall' on Februar' Ath% 5@@7% b' the late *r. !. E. -ilbour% a distinguished merican gentleman who spent man' 'ears in research in Eg'pt. (e #irst copied the text% disco"ering in the course o# his wor& the remar&able nature o# its contents and then his #riend *r. *audsla' photographed it. The #ollowing 'ear he sent prints #rom *r. *audsla'=s negati"es to 2r. .rugsch% who in the course o# 5@75 published a transcript o# the text with a 3erman translation and notes in a wor& entitled 2ie biblischen sieben Nahre der (ungersnoth% +eip0ig% @"o. The legend contained in this remar&able text describes a terrible #amine which too& place in the reign o# Tcheser% a &ing o# the ///rd 2'nast'% and lasted #or se"en 'ears. /nsu##icient 4ile:#loods were% o# course% the ph'sical cause o# the #amine% but the legend shows that the "low 4iles" were brought about b' the neglect o# the Eg'ptians in respect o# the worship o# the god o# the First !ataract% the great god

9hnemu. -hen% according to the legend% &ing Tcheser had been made to belie"e that the #amine too& place because men had ceased to worship 9hnemu in a manner appropriate to his greatness% and when he had ta&en steps to remo"e the ground o# complaint% the 4ile rose to its accustomed height% the crops became abundant once more% and all miser' caused b' scarcit' o# pro"isions ceased. /n other words% when Tcheser restored the o##erings o# 9hnemu% and re:endowed his sanctuar' and his priesthood% the god allowed (api to pour #orth his streams #rom the ca"erns in the !ataract% and to #lood the land with abundance. The general character o# the legend% as we ha"e it here% ma&es it ,uite certain that it belongs to a late period% and the #orms o# the hierogl'phics and the spellings o# the words indicate that the text was "stunned" on the roc& in the reign o# one o# the Ptolemies% probabl' at a time when it was to the interest o# some men to restore the worship o# 9hnemu% god o# the First !ataract. These interested people could onl' ha"e been the priests o# 9hnemu% and the probabilit' that this was so becomes almost a certaint' when we read in the latter part o# the text the list o# the tolls and taxes which the' were empowered to le"' on the merchants% #armers% miners% etc.% whose goods passed down the !ataract into Eg'pt. -h'% i# this be the case% the' should ha"e chosen to connect the #amine with the reign o# Tcheser is not clear. The' ma' ha"e wished to pro"e the great anti,uit' o# the worship o# 9hnemu% but it would ha"e been ,uite eas' to select the name o# some &ing o# the /st 2'nast'% and had the' done this% the' would ha"e made the authorit' o# 9hnemu o"er the 4ile coae"al with 2'nastic ci"ili0ation. /t is impossible to assume that no great #amine too& place in Eg'pt between the reign o# Tcheser and the period when the inscription was made% and when we consider this #act the choice b' the editor o# the legend o# a #amine which too& place under the ///rd 2'nast' to illustrate the power o# 9hnemu seems inexplicable. 8# the #amines which must ha"e ta&en place in the 2'nastic period the inscriptions tell us nothing% but the stor' o# the se"en 'ears= #amine mentioned in the .oo& o# 3enesis shows that there is nothing improbable in a #amine lasting so long in Eg'pt. rab historians also mention se"eral #amines which lasted #or se"en 'ears. That which too& place in the 'ears 5?AA:5?6B nearl' ruined the whole countr'. ca&e o# bread was sold #or 5C dinanir% Ethe dinar R 5?s.F% a horse was sold #or B?% a dog #or C% a cat #or J% and an egg #or 5 dinar. -hen all the animals were eaten men began to eat each other% and human #lesh was sold in public. "Passengers were caught in the streets b' hoo&s let down #rom the windows% drawn up% &illed% and coo&ed."[F4#DC] 2uring the #amine which began in 5B?5 people ate human #lesh habituall'. Parents &illed and coo&ed their own children% and a wi#e was #ound eating her husband raw. .ab' #ricassee and haggis o# children=s heads were ordinar' articles o# diet. The gra"es e"en were ransac&ed #or #ood. n ox sold #or 6? dinanir. [F4#DA]

[F4#DC] +ane Poole% *iddle ges% p. 5DA. [F4#DA] /bid.% p. B5A.

The legend begins with the statement that in the 5@th 'ear o# the reign

o# 9ing Tcheser% when *atar% the Erpa Prince and (a% was the 3o"ernor o# the temple properties o# the $outh and 4orth% and was also the 2irector o# the 9henti men at Elephantine E swanF% a ro'al despatch was deli"ered to him% in which the &ing said: "/ am in miser' on m' throne. *' heart is "er' sore because o# the calamit' which hath happened% #or the 4ile hath not come #orth[F4#D6] #or se"en 'ears. There is no grain% there are no "egetables% there is no #ood% and e"er' man is robbing his neighbour. *en wish to wal&% but the' are unable to mo"eI the 'oung man drags along his limbs% the hearts o# the aged are crushed with despair% their legs #ail them% the' sin& to the ground% and the' clutch their bodies with their hands in pain. The councillors are dumb% and nothing but wind comes out o# the granaries when the' are opened. E"er'thing is in a state o# ruin." more graphic picture o# the miser' caused b' the #amine could hardl' be imagined. The &ing then goes on to as& *atar where the 4ile is bornL what god or goddess presides o"er itL and what is his [or her] #ormL (e sa's he would li&e to go to the temple o# Thoth to en,uire o# that god% to go to the !ollege o# the *agicians% and search through the sacred boo&s in order to #ind out these things.

[F4#D6] i.e.% there ha"e been insu##icient 4ile:#loods.

-hen *atar had read the despatch% he set out to go to the &ing% and explained to him the things which he wished to &now. (e told him that% the 4ile rose near the cit' o# Elephantine% that it #lowed out o# two ca"erns% which were the breasts o# the 4ile:god% that it rose to a height o# twent':eight cubits at Elephantine% and to the height o# se"en cubits at $ma:.ehutet% or% 2iospolis Par"a in the 2elta. (e who controlled the 4ile was 9hnemu% and when this god drew the bolt o# the doors which shut in the stream% and smote the earth with his sandals% the ri"er rushed #orth. *atar also described to the &ing the #orm o# 9hnemu% which was that o# $hu% and the wor& which he did% and the wooden house in which he li"ed% and its exact position% which was near the #amous granite ,uarries. The gods who dwelt with 9hnemu were the goddess $ept E$othis% or the 2og:starF% the goddess n,et% (ap Eor (epF% the 4ile:god% $hu% 9eb% 4ut% 8siris% /sis% 4ephth's% and (orus. Thus we see that the priests o# 9hnemu made him to be the head o# a !ompan' o# 3ods. Finall' *atar ga"e the &ing a list o# all the stones% precious and otherwise% which were #ound in and about Elephantine. -hen the &ing% who had% it seems% come to Elephantine% heard these things he re)oiced greatl'% and he went into the temple o# 9hnemu. The priests drew bac& the curtains and sprin&led him with hol' water% and then he passed into the shrine and o##ered up a great sacri#ice o# bread:ca&es% beer% geese% oxen% and all &inds o# good things% to the gods and goddesses who dwelt at Elephantine% in the place called "!ouch o# the heart in li#e and power." $uddenl' he #ound himsel# standing #ace to #ace with the god 9hnemu% whom he placated with a peace: o##ering and with pra'er. Then the god opened his e'es% and bent his bod' towards the &ing% and spa&e to him might' words% sa'ing% "/ am 9hnemu% who made thee. *' hands &nitted together th' bod' and made it sound% and / ga"e thee th' heart." 9hnemu then went on to complain that% although the ground under the &ing=s #eet was #illed with stones

and metal% men were too inert to wor& them and to emplo' them in repairing or rebuilding o# the shrines o# the gods% or in doing what the' ought to do #or him% their +ord and !reator. These words were% o# course% meant as a rebu&e #or the &ing% who e"identl'% though it is not so stated in the text% was intended b' 9hnemu to underta&e the rebuilding o# his shrine without dela'. The god then went on to proclaim his ma)est' and power% and declared himsel# to be 4u% the !elestial 8cean% and the 4ile:god% "who came into being at the beginning% and riseth at his will to gi"e health to him that laboureth #or 9hnemu." (e described himsel# as the Father o# the gods% the 3o"ernor o# the earth and o# men% and then he promised the &ing to ma&e the 4ile rise 'earl'% regularl'% and unceasingl'% to gi"e abundant har"ests% to gi"e all people their heart=s desire% to ma&e miser' to pass awa'% to #ill the granaries% and to ma&e the whole land o# Eg'pt 'ellow with wa"ing #ields o# #ull ripe grain. -hen the &ing% who had been in a dream% heard the god mention crops% he wo&e up% and his courage returned to him% and ha"ing cast awa' despair #rom his heart he issued a decree b' which he made ample pro"ision #or the maintenance o# the worship o# the god in a #itting state. /n this decree% the #irst cop' o# which was cut upon wood% the &ing endowed 9hnemu with B? schoinoi o# land on each side o# the ri"er% with gardens% etc. /t was #urther enacted that e"er' man who drew water #rom the 4ile #or his land should contribute a portion o# his crops to the god. Fishermen% #owlers% and hunters were to pa' an octroi dut' o# one:tenth o# the "alue o# their catches when the' brought them into the cit'% and a tithe o# the cattle was to be set apart #or the dail' sacri#ice. The masters o# cara"ans coming #rom the $udan were to pa' a tithe also% but the' were not liable to an' #urther tax in the countr' northwards. E"er' metal:wor&er% ore:crusher% miner% mason% and handicra#tsman o# e"er' &ind% was to pa' to the temple o# the god one:tenth o# the "alue o# the material produced or wor&ed b' his labour. The decree pro"ided also #or the appointment o# an inspector whose dut' it would be to weigh the gold% sil"er and copper which came into the town o# Elephantine% and to assess the "alue both o# these metals and o# the precious stones% etc.% which were to be de"oted to the ser"ice o# 9hnemu. ll materials emplo'ed in ma&ing the images o# the gods% and all handicra#tsmen emplo'ed in the wor& were exempted #rom tithing. /n short% the worship o# the god and his compan' was to be maintained according to ancient use and wont% and the people were to suppl' the temple with e"er'thing necessar' in a generous spirit and with a liberal hand. (e who #ailed in an' wa' to compl' with the enactments was to be beaten with the rope% and the name o# Tcheser was to be perpetuated in the temple.

;///.

T(E +E3E42 8F T(E 2E T( 42 RE$1RRE!T/84 8F (8R1$% 42 8T(ER * 3/! + TE>T$.

The magical and religious texts o# the Eg'ptians o# all periods contain spells intended to be used against serpents% scorpions% and noxious reptiles o# all &inds% and their number% and the importance which was attached to them% suggest that Eg'pt must alwa's ha"e produced these pests in abundance% and that the Eg'ptians were alwa's horribl' a#raid o# them. The text o# 1nas% which was written towards the close o# the ;th 2'nast'% contains man' such spells% and in the Theban and $aite .oo&s o# the 2ead se"eral !hapters consist o# nothing but spells and incantations% man' o# which are based on archaic texts% against crocodiles% serpents% and other deadl' reptiles% and insects o# all &inds. ll such creatures were regarded as incarnations o# e"il spirits% which attac& the dead as well as the li"ing% and there#ore it was necessar' #or the well:being o# the #ormer that copies o# spells against them should be written upon the walls o# tombs% co##ins% #unerar' amulets% etc. The gods were )ust as open to the attac&s o# "enomous reptiles as man% and Ra% himsel#% the &ing o# the gods% nearl' died #rom the poison o# a sna&e:bite. 4ow the gods were% as a rule% able to de#end themsel"es against the attac&s o# $et and his #iends% and the poisonous sna&es and insects which were their emissaries% b' "irtue o# the #luid o# li#e% which was the peculiar attribute o# di"init'% and the e##orts o# Eg'ptians were directed to the ac,uisition o# a portion o# this magical power% which would protect their souls and bodies and their houses and cattle% and other propert'% each da' and each night throughout the 'ear. -hen a man cared #or the protection o# himsel# onl' he wore an amulet o# some &ind% in which the #luid o# li#e was locali0ed. -hen he wished to protect his house against in"asion b' "enomous reptiles he placed statues containing the #luid o# li#e in niches in the walls o# "arious chambers% or in some place outside but near the house% or buried them in the earth with their #aces turned in the direction #rom which he expected the attac& to come.

P+ TE >;//. The *etternich $tele::8b"erse.

P+ TE >;///. The *etternich $tele::Re"erse.

Towards the close o# the >>;/th 2'nast'% when superstition in its most exaggerated #orm was general in Eg'pt% it became the custom to ma&e house talismans in the #orm o# small stone stelae% with rounded tops% which rested on bases ha"ing con"ex #ronts. 8n the #ront o# such a talisman was sculptured in relie# a #igure o# (orus the !hild E(arpo&ratesF% standing on two crocodiles% holding in his hands #igures o# serpents% scorpions% a lion% and a horned animal% each o# these being a s'mbol o# an emissar' or all' o# $et% the god o# E"il. bo"e his head was the head o# .es% and on each side o# him were: solar s'mbols% i.e.% the lil' o# 4e#er:Tem% #igures o# Ra and (arma&his% the E'es o# Ra Ethe $un and *oonF% etc. The re"erse o# the stele and the whole o# the base were co"ered with magical texts and spells% and when a talisman o# this &ind was placed in a house% it was supposed to be directl' under the protection o# (orus and his companion gods% who had

"an,uished all the hosts o# dar&ness and all the powers o# ph'sical and moral e"il. *an' examples o# this talisman are to be seen in the great *useums o# Europe% and there are se"eral #ine specimens in the Third Eg'ptian Room in the .ritish *useum. The' are usuall' called "!ippi o# (orus." The largest and most important o# all these "cippi" is that which is commonl' &nown as the "*etternich $tele%" because it was gi"en to Prince *etternich b' *uhammad O li PashaI it was dug up in 5@B@ during the building o# a cistern in a Franciscan *onaster' in lexandria% and was #irst published% with a translation o# a large part o# the text% b' Pro#essor 3olenische##.[F4#D@] The importance o# the stele is enhanced b' the #act that it mentions the name o# the &ing in whose reign it was made% "i0.% 4ectanebus /.% who reigned #rom ..!. J6@ to ..!. JA?.

[F4#D@] $ee *etternichstele% +eip0ig% 5@66. The $tele was made #or n&h:Psemthe&% son o# the lad' Tent:(et:nub% prophet o# 4ebun% o"erseer o# Temt and scribe o# (et Esee line @6F.

The ob"erse% re"erse% and two sides o# the *etternich $tele ha"e cut upon them nearl' three hundred #igures o# gods and celestial beings. These include #igures o# the great gods o# hea"en% earth% and the 8ther -orld% #igures o# the gods o# the planets and the 2e&ans% #igures o# the gods o# the da's o# the wee&% o# the wee&s% and months% and seasons o# the 'ear% and o# the 'ear. .esides these there are a number o# #igures o# local #orms o# the gods which it is di##icult to identi#'. 8n the rounded portion o# the ob"erse the place o# honour is held b' the solar dis&% in which is seen a #igure o# 9hnemu with #our ram=s heads% which rests between a pair o# arms% and is supported on a la&e o# celestial waterI on each side o# it are #our o# the spirits o# the dawn% and on the right stands the s'mbol o# the rising sun% 4e#er:Temu% and on the le#t stands Thoth. .elow this are #i"e rows o# small #igures o# gods. .elow these is (arpo&rates in relie#% in the attitude alread' described. (e stands on two crocodiles under a &ind o# canop'% the sides o# which are supported b' Thoth and /sis% and holds T'phonic animals and reptiles. bo"e the canop' are the two E'es o# Ra% each ha"ing a pair o# human arms and hands. 8n the right o# (arpo&rates are $e&er and (orus% and on his le#t the s'mbol o# 4e#er:Temu. 8n the le#t and right are the goddesses 4e&hebet and 1atchet% who guard the $outh o# Eg'pt and the 4orth respecti"el'. 8n the re"erse and sides are numerous small #igures o# gods. This stele represented the power to protect man possessed b' all the di"ine beings in the uni"erse% and% howe"er it was placed% it #ormed an impassable barrier to e"er' spirit o# e"il and to e"er' "enomous reptile. The spells% which are cut in hierogl'phics on all the parts o# the stele not occupied b' #igures o# gods% were o# the most potent character% #or the' contained the actual words b' which the gods "an,uished the powers o# dar&ness and e"il. These spells #orm the texts which are printed on p. 5DB ##.% and ma' be thus summari0ed::: The #irst spell is an incantation directed against reptiles and noxious creatures in general. The chie# o# these was pep% the great enem' o# Ra% who too& the #orm o# a huge serpent that "resembled the intestines%" and the spell doomed him to decapitation% and burning and

bac&ing in pieces. These things would be e##ected b' $er,et% the $corpion:goddess. The second part o# the spell was directed against the poison o# pep% and was to be recited o"er an'one who was bitten b' a sna&e. -hen uttered b' (orus it made pep to "omit% and when used b' a magician properl' ,uali#ied would ma&e the bitten person to "omit% and so #ree his bod' #rom the poison. The next spell is directed to be said to the !at% i.e.% a s'mbol o# the daughter o# Ra% or /sis% who had the head o# Ra% the e'es o# the uraeus% the nose o# Thoth% the ears o# 4eb:er:tcher% the mouth o# Tem% the nec& o# 4eheb:&a% the breast o# Thoth% the heart o# Ra% the hands o# the gods% the bell' o# 8siris% the thighs o# *enthu% the legs o# 9hensu% the #eet o# men:(orus% the haunches o# (orus% the soles o# the #eet o# Ra% and the bowels o# *eh:urit. E"er' member o# the !at contained a god or goddess% and she was able to destro' the poison o# an' serpent% or scorpion% or reptile% which might be in)ected into her bod'. The spell opens with an address to Ra% who is entreated to come to his daughter% who has been stung b' a scorpion on a lonel' road% and to cause the poison to lea"e her bod'. Thus it seems as i# /sis% the great magician% was at some time stung b' a scorpion. The next section is "er' di##icult to understand. Ra:(arma&his is called upon to come to his daughter% and $hu to his wi#e% and /sis to her sister% who has been poisoned. Then the ged 8ne% i.e.% Ra% is as&ed to let Thoth turn bac& 4eha:her% or $et. "8siris is in the water% but (orus is with him% and the 3reat .eetle o"ershadows him%" and e"er' e"il spirit which dwells in the water is ad)ured to allow (orus to proceed to 8siris. Ra% $e&het% Thoth% and (e&a% this last: named being the spell personi#ied% are the #our great gods who protect 8siris% and who will blind and cho&e his enemies% and cut out their tongues. The cr' o# the !at is again re#erred to% and Ra is as&ed i# he does not remember the cr' which came #rom the ban& o# 4etit. The allusion here is to the cries which /sis uttered when she arri"ed at 4etit near b'dos% and #ound l'ing there the dead bod' o# her husband. t this point on the $tele the spells are interrupted b' a long narrati"e put into the mouth o# /sis% which supplies us with some account o# the troubles that she su##ered% and describes the death o# (orus through the sting o# a scorpion. /sis% it seems% was shut up in some dwelling b' $et a#ter he murdered 8siris% probabl' with the intention o# #orcing her to marr' him% and so assist him to legali0e his sei0ure o# the &ingdom. /sis% as we ha"e alread' seen% had been made pregnant b' her husband a#ter his death% and Thoth now appeared to her% and ad"ised her to hide hersel# with her unborn child% and to bring him #orth in secret% and he promised her that her son should succeed in due course to his #ather=s throne. -ith the help o# Thoth she escaped #rom her capti"it'% and went #orth accompanied b' the $e"en $corpion:goddesses% who brought her to the town o# Per:$ui% on the edge o# the Reed $wamps. $he applied to a woman #or a night=s shelter% but the woman shut her door in her #ace. To punish her one o# the $corpion:goddesses #orced her wa' into the woman=s house% and stung her child to death. The grie# o# the woman was so bitter and s'mpath': compelling that /sis laid her hands on the child% and% ha"ing uttered one o# her most potent spells o"er him% the poison o# the scorpion ran out o# his bod'% and the child came to li#e again. The words o# the spell are cut on the $tele% and the' were treasured b' the Eg'ptians as an in#allible remed' #or scorpion stings. -hen the woman saw that her

son had been brought bac& to li#e b' /sis% she was #illed with )o' and gratitude% and% as a mar& o# her repentance% she brought large ,uantities o# things #rom her house as gi#ts #or /sis% and the' were so man' that the' #illed the house o# the &ind% but poor% woman who had gi"en /sis shelter. 4ow soon a#ter /sis had restored to li#e the son o# the woman who had shown churlishness to her% a terrible calamit' #ell upon her% #or her belo"ed son (orus was stung b' a scorpion and died. The news o# this e"ent was con"e'ed to her b' the gods% who cried out to her to come to see her son (orus% whom the terrible scorpion 1hat had &illed. /sis% stabbed with pain at the news% as i# a &ni#e had been dri"en into her bod'% ran out distraught with grie#. /t seems that she had gone to per#orm a religious ceremon' in honour o# 8siris in a temple near (etep:hemt% lea"ing her child care#ull' concealed in $e&het: n. 2uring her absence the scorpion 1hat% which had been sent b' $et% #orced its wa' into the biding:place o# (orus% and there stung him to death. -hen /sis came and #ound the dead bod'% she burst #orth in lamentations% the sound o# which brought all the people #rom the neighbouring districts to her side. s she related to them the histor' o# her su##erings the' endea"oured to console her% and when the' #ound this to be impossible the' li#ted up their "oices and wept with her. Then /sis placed her nose in the mouth o# (orus so that she might disco"er i# he still breathed% but there was no breath in his throatI and when she examined the wound in his bod' made b' the #iend un: b she saw in it traces o# poison. 4o doubt about his death then remained in her mind% and clasping him in her arms she li#ted him up% and in her transports o# grie# leaped about li&e #ish when the' are laid on red:hot coals. Then she uttered a series o# heartbrea&ing laments% each o# which begins with the words "(orus is bitten." The heir o# hea"en% the son o# 1n: 4e#er% the child o# the gods% he who was wholl' #air% is bittenP (e #or whose wants / pro"ided% he who was to a"enge his #ather% is bittenP (e #or whom / cared and su##ered when he was being #ashioned in m' womb% is bittenP (e whom / tended so that / might ga0e upon him% is bittenP (e whose li#e / pra'ed #or is bittenP !alamit' hath o"erta&en the child% and he hath perished. -hilst /sis was sa'ing these and man' similar words% her sister 4ephth's% who had been weeping bitterl' #or her nephew (orus as she wandered about among the swamps% came% in compan' with the $corpion: goddess $er,et% and ad"ised /sis to pra' to hea"en #or help. Pra' that the sailors in the .oat o# Ra ma' cease #rom rowing% #or the .oat cannot tra"el onwards whilst (orus lies dead. Then /sis cried out to hea"en% and her "oice reached the .oat o# *illions o# <ears% and the 2is& ceased to mo"e onward% and came to a standstill. From the .oat Thoth descended% being e,uipped with words o# power and spells o# all &inds% and bearing with him the "great command o# maa:&heru%" i.e.% the -8R2% whose commands were per#ormed% instantl' and completel'% b' e"er' god% spirit% #iend% human being and b' e"er' thing% animate and inanimate% in hea"en% earth% and the 8ther -orld. Then he came to /sis and told her that no harm could possibl' ha"e happened to (orus% #or he was under the protection o# the .oat o# RaI but his words #ailed to com#ort /sis% and though she ac&nowledged the greatness o# his designs% she complained that the' sa"oured o# dela'. "-hat is the good%" she as&s% "o# all th' spells% and incantations% and magical #ormulae% and the great command o# maa:&heru% i# (orus is to perish b' the poison o#

a scorpion% and to lie here in the arms o# 2eathL E"il% e"il is his destin'% #or it hath entailed the deepest miser' #or him and death." /n answer to these words Thoth% turning to /sis and 4ephth's% bade them to #ear not% and to ha"e no anxiet' about (orus% "For%" said he% "/ ha"e come #rom hea"en to heal the child #or his mother." (e then pointed out that (orus was under protection as the 2weller in his 2is& E tenF% the 3reat 2war#% the *ight' Ram% the 3reat (aw&% the (ol' .eetle% the (idden .od'% the 2i"ine .ennu% etc.% and proceeded to utter the great spell which restored (orus to li#e. .' his words o# power Thoth trans#erred the #luid o# li#e o# Ra% and as soon as this came upon the child=s bod' the poison o# the scorpion #lowed out o# him% and he once more breathed and li"ed. -hen this was done Thoth returned to the .oat o# Ra% the gods who #ormed its crew resumed their rowing% and the 2is& passed on its wa' to ma&e its dail' )ourne' across the s&'. The gods in hea"en% who were ama0ed and uttered cries o# terror when the' heard o# the death o# (orus% were made happ' once more% and sang songs o# )o' o"er his reco"er'. The happiness o# /sis in her child=s restoration to li#e was "er' great% #or she could again hope that he would a"enge his #ather=s murder% and occup' his throne. The #inal words o# Thoth com#orted her greatl'% #or he told her that he would ta&e charge o# the case o# (orus in the Nudgment (all o# nu% wherein 8siris had been )udged% and that as his ad"ocate he would ma&e an' accusations which might be brought against (orus to recoil on him that brought them. Furthermore% he would gi"e (orus power to repulse an' attac&s which might be made upon him b' beings in the heights abo"e% or #iends in the depths below% and would ensure his succession to the Throne o# the Two +ands% i.e.% Eg'pt. Thoth also promised /sis that Ra himsel# should act as the ad"ocate o# (orus% e"en as he had done #or his #ather 8siris. (e was also care#ul to allude to the share which /sis had ta&en in the restoration o# (orus to li#e% sa'ing% "/t is the words o# power o# his mother which ha"e li#ted up his #ace% and the' shall enable him to )ourne' wheresoe"er he pleaseth% and to put #ear into the powers abo"e. / m'sel# hasten [to obe' them]." Thus e"er'thing turned on the power o# the spells o# /sis% who made the sun to stand still% and caused the dead to be raised. $uch are the contents o# the texts on the #amous *etternich $tele. There appears to be some con#usion in their arrangement% and some o# them clearl' are misplaced% and% in places% the text is mani#estl' corrupt. /t is impossible to explain se"eral passages% #or we do not understand all the details o# the s'stem o# magic which the' represent. $till% the general meaning o# the texts on the $tele is ,uite clear% and the' record a legend o# /sis and (orus which is not #ound so #ull' described on an' other monument.

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T(E (/$T8R< 8F /$/$ 42 8$/R/$.

The histor' o# /sis and 8siris gi"en on pp. BD@ is ta&en #rom the #amous treatise o# Plutarch entitled 2e /side et 8siride% and #orms a #itting conclusion to this "olume o# +egends o# the 3ods. /t contains all the essential #acts gi"en in Plutarch=s wor&% and the onl' things omitted are his deri"ations and m'thological speculations% which are reall' unimportant #or the Eg'ptologist. Eg'ptian literature is #ull o# allusions to e"ents which too& place in the li#e o# 8siris% and to his persecution% murder% and resurrection% and numerous texts o# all periods describe the lo"e and de"otion o# his sister and wi#e /sis% and the #ilial piet' o# (orus. 4owhere% howe"er% ha"e we in Eg'ptian a connected account o# the causes which led to the murder b' $et o# 8siris% or o# the subse,uent e"ents which resulted in his becoming the &ing o# hea"en and )udge o# the dead. (owe"er care#ull' we piece together the #ragments o# in#ormation which we can extract #rom nati"e Eg'ptian literature% there still remains a series o# gaps which can onl' be #illed b' guesswor&. Plutarch% as a learned man and a student o# comparati"e religion and m'tholog' was most anxious to understand the histor' o# /sis and 8siris% which 3ree& and Roman scholars tal&ed about #reel'% and which none o# them comprehended% and he made en,uiries o# priests and others% and examined criticall' such in#ormation as he could obtain% belie"ing and hoping that he would penetrate the m'ster' in which these gods were wrapped. s a result o# his labours he collected a number o# #acts about the #orm o# the +egend o# /sis and 8siris as it was &nown to the learned men o# his da'% but there is no e"idence that he had the slightest &nowledge o# the details o# the original #rican +egend o# these gods as it was &nown to the Eg'ptians% sa'% under the ;/th 2'nast'. *oreo"er% he ne"er reali0ed that the characteristics and attributes o# both /sis and 8siris changed se"eral times during the long histor' o# Eg'pt% and that a thousand 'ears be#ore he li"ed the Eg'ptians themsel"es had #orgotten what the original #orm o# the legend was. The' preser"ed a number o# ceremonies% and per#ormed "er' care#ull' all the details o# an ancient ritual at the annual commemoration #esti"al o# 8siris which was held in 4o"ember and 2ecember% but the e"idence o# the texts ma&es it ,uite clear that the meaning and s'mbolism o# nearl' all the details were un&nown ali&e to priests and people. n important modi#ication o# the cult o# /sis and 8siris too& place in the third centur' be#ore !hrist% when the Ptolemies began to consolidate their rule in Eg'pt. #orm o# religion which would be acceptable both to Eg'ptians and 3ree&s had to be pro"ided% and this was produced b' modi#'ing the characteristics o# 8siris and calling him $arapis% and identi#'ing him with the 3ree& Pluto. To /sis were added man' o# the attributes o# the great 3ree& goddesses% and into her worship were introduced "m'steries" deri"ed #rom non:Eg'ptian cults% which made it acceptable to the people e"er'where. (ad a high priest o# 8siris who li"ed at b'dos under the >;///th 2'nast' witnessed the celebration o# the great #esti"al o# /sis and 8siris in an' large town in the #irst centur' be#ore !hrist% it is tolerabl' certain that he would ha"e regarded it as a length' act o# worship o# strange gods% in which there appeared% here and there% ceremonies and phrases which reminded him o# the ancient b'dos ritual. -hen the #orm o# the cult

o# /sis and 8siris introduced b' the Ptolemies into Eg'pt extended to the great cities o# 3reece and /tal'% still #urther modi#ications too& place in it% and the characters o# /sis and 8siris were still #urther changed. .' degrees 8siris came to be regarded as the god o# death pure and simple% or as the personi#ication o# 2eath% and he ceased to be regarded as the great protecting ancestral spirit% and the all: power#ul protecting Father o# his people. s the importance o# 8siris declined that o# /sis grew% and men came to regard her as the great *other:goddess o# the world. The priests described #rom tradition the great #acts o# her li#e according to the Eg'ptian legends% how she had been a lo"ing and de"oted wi#e% how she had gone #orth a#ter her husband=s murder b' $et to see& #or his bod'% how she had #ound it and brought it home% how she re"i"i#ied it b' her spells and had union with 8siris and concei"ed b' him% and how in due course she brought #orth her son% in pain and sorrow and loneliness in the $wamps o# the 2elta% and how she reared him and watched o"er him until he was old enough to #ight and "an,uish his #ather=s murderer% and how at length she seated him in triumph on his #ather=s throne. These things endeared /sis to the people e"er'where% and as she hersel# had not su##ered death li&e 8siris% she came to be regarded as the eternal mother o# li#e and o# all li"ing things. $he was the creatress o# crops% she produced #ruit% "egetables% plants o# all &inds and trees% she made cattle proli#ic% she brought men and women together and ga"e them o##spring% she was the authoress o# all lo"e% "irtue% goodness and happiness. $he made the light to shine% she was the spirit o# the 2og:star which heralded the 4ile:#lood% she was the source o# the power in the bene#icent light o# the moonI and #inall' she too& the dead to her bosom and ga"e them peace% and introduced them to a li#e o# immortalit' and happiness similar to that which she had bestowed upon 8siris. The message o# the cult o# /sis as preached b' her priests was one o# hope and happiness% and coming to the 3ree&s and Romans% as it did% at a time when men were wear' o# their national cults% and when the speculations o# the philosophers carried no weight with the general public% the people e"er'where welcomed it with the greatest enthusiasm. From Eg'pt it was carried to the /slands o# 3reece and to the mainland% to /tal'% 3erman'% France% $pain and Portugal% and then crossing the western end o# the *editerranean it entered 4orth #rica% and with !arthage as a centre spread east and west along the coast. -here"er the cult o# /sis came men accepted it as something which supplied what the' thought to be lac&ing in their nati"e cultsI rich and poor% gentle and simple% all welcomed it% and the philosopher as well as the ignorant man re)oiced in the hope o# a #uture li#e which it ga"e to them. /ts Eg'ptian origin caused it to be regarded with the pro#oundest interest% and its priests were most care#ul to ma&e the temples o# /sis ,uite di##erent #rom those o# the national gods% and to decorate them with obelis&s% sphinxes% shrines% altars% etc.% which were either imported #rom temples in Eg'pt% or were copied #rom Eg'ptian originals. /n the temples o# /sis ser"ices were held at da'brea& and in the earl' a#ternoon dail'% and e"er'where these were attended b' crowds o# people. The hol' water used in the libations and #or sprin&ling the people was 4ile water% speciall' imported #rom Eg'pt% and to the "otaries o# the goddess it s'mboli0ed the seed o# the god 8siris% which germinated and brought #orth #ruit through the spells o# the goddess /sis. The #esti"als and processions o# /sis were e"er'where most popular% and were en)o'ed b' learned and unlearned ali&e. /n #act% the /sis:pla' which was acted annuall' in 4o"ember%

and the #esti"al o# the blessing o# the ship% which too& place in the spring% were the most important #esti"als o# the 'ear. !uriousl' enough% all the oldest gods and goddesses o# Eg'pt passed into absolute obli"ion% with the exception o# 8siris E$arapisF% /sis% nubis the ph'sician% and (arpo&rates% the child o# 8siris and /sis% and these% #rom being the ancestral spirits o# a comparati"el' obscure #rican tribe in earl' d'nastic times% became #or se"eral hundreds o# 'ears the principal ob)ects o# worship o# some o# the most cultured and intellectual nations. The treatise o# Plutarch 2e /side helps to explain how this came about% and #or those who stud' the Eg'ptian +egend o# /sis and 8siris the wor& has considerable importance.

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[F4#D7] 9heperu. The "erb 9heper means "to ma&e% to #orm% to produce% to become% and to rollI" &heperu here means "the things which come into being through the rollings o# the ball o# the god 9heper Ethe rollerF%" i.e.% the $un.

[These are] the words which the god 4eb:er:tcher spa&e a#ter he had come into being:::"/ am he who came into being in the #orm o# the god 9hepera% and / am the creator o# that which came into being% that is to sa'% / am the creator o# e"er'thing which came into being: now the things which / created% and which came #orth out o# m' month a#ter that / had come into being m'sel# were exceedingl' man'. The s&' Eor hea"enF had not come into being% the earth did not exist% and the children o# the earth[F4#C?]% and the creeping% things% had not been made at that time. / m'sel# raised them up #rom out o# 4u[F4#C5]% #rom a state o# helpless inertness. / #ound no place whereon / could stand. / wor&ed a charm[F4#CB] upon m' own heart Eor% willF% / laid the #oundation [o# things] b' *aat%[F4#CJ] and / made e"er'thing which had #orm. / was [then] one b' m'sel#% #or / had not emitted #rom m'sel# the god $hu% and / had not spit out #rom m'sel# the goddess Te#nutI and there existed no other who could wor& with me. / laid the #oundations [o# things] in m' own heart% and there came into being multitudes o# created things% which came into being #rom the created things which were born #rom the created things which arose #rom what the' brought #orth. / had union with m' closed hand% and / embraced m' shadow as a wi#e% and / poured seed into m' own mouth% and / sent #orth #rom m'sel# issue in the #orm o# the gods $hu and Te#nut. $aith m' #ather 4u:::*' E'e was co"ered up behind them Ei.e.% $hu. and Te#nutF% but a#ter two hen periods had passed #rom the time when the' departed #rom me% #rom being one god / became three gods% and / came into being in the earth.

Then $hu and Te#nut re)oiced #rom out o# the inert water' mass wherein the' / were% and the' brought to me m' E'e Ei.e.% the $unF. 4ow a#ter these things / gathered together m' members% and / wept o"er them% and men and women sprang into being #rom the tears which came #orth #rom m' E'e. nd when m' E'e came to me% and #ound that / had made another [E'e] in place where it was Ei.e.% the *oonF% it was wroth with Eor% raged atF me% whereupon / endowed it Ei.e.% the second E'eF with [some o#] the splendour which / had made #or the #irst [E'e]% and / made it to occup' its place in m' Face% and hence#orth it ruled throughout all this earth."

[F4#C?] i.e.% serpents and sna&es% or perhaps plants. [F4#C5] The prime"al water' mass which was the source and origin o# all beings and things. [F4#CB] i.e.% he uttered a magical #ormula. [F4#CJ] i.e.% b' exact and de#inite rules.

"-hen there #ell on them their moment[F4#CD] through plant:li&e clouds% / restored what had been ta&en awa' #rom them% and / appeared #rom out o# the plant:li&e clouds. / created creeping things o# e"er' &ind% and e"er'thing which came into being #rom them. $hu and Te#nut brought #orth [$eb and] 4utI and $eb and 4ut brought #orth 8siris% and (eru: &hent:an:maati%[F4#CC] and $et% and /sis% and 4ephth's[F4#CA] at one birth% one a#ter the other% and the' produced their multitudinous o##spring in this earth."

[F4#CD] i.e.% the period o# calamit' wherein their light was "eiled through plant:li&e clouds. [F4#CC] i.e.% the .lind (orus. [F4#CA] i.e.% these #i"e gods were all born at one time.

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T(E .889 8F 948-/43 T(E E;8+1T/84$ 8F R % 42 8F 8;ERT(R8-/43 PEP.

[These are] the words o# the god 4eb:er:tcher% who said: "/ am the creator o# what hath come into being% and / m'sel# came into being under the #orm o# the god 9hepera% and / came into being in prime"al

time. / came into being in the #orm o# 9hepera% and / am the creator o# what did come into being% that is to sa'% / #ormed m'sel# out o# the prime"al matter% and / made and #ormed m'sel# out o# the substance which existed in prime"al time. *' name is 1$ RE$ Ei.e.% 8sirisF% who is the prime"al matter o# prime"al matter. / ha"e done m' will in e"er'thing in this earth. / ha"e spread m'sel# abroad therein% and / ha"e made strong m' hand. / was 84E b' m'sel#% #or the' Ei.e.% the godsF had not been brought #orth% and / had emitted #rom m'sel# neither $hu nor Te#nut. / brought m' own name[F4#C6] into m' mouth as a word o# power% and / #orthwith came into being under the #orm o# things which are and under the #orm o# 9hepera. / came into being #rom out o# prime"al matter% and #rom the beginning / appeared under the #orm o# the multitudinous things which existI nothing whatsoe"er existed at that time in this earth% and it was / who made whatsoe"er was made. / was 84E: b' m'sel#% and there was no other being who wor&ed with me in that place. / made all the things under the #orms o# which / appeared then b' means o# the $oul:3od which / raised into #irmness at that time #rom out o# 4u% #rom a state o# inacti"it'. / #ound no place whatsoe"er there whereon / could stand% / wor&ed b' the power o# a spell b' means o# m' heart% / laid a #oundation [#or things] be#ore me% and whatsoe"er was made% / made. / was 84E b' m'sel#% and / laid the #oundation o# things [b' means o#] m' heart% and / made the other things which came into being% and the things o# 9hepera which were made were mani#old% and their o##spring came into existence #rom the things to which the' ga"e birth. / it was who emitted $hu% and / it was who emitted Te#nut% and #rom being the 84E% god Eor% the onl' godF / became three godsI the two other gods who came into being on this earth sprang #rom me% and $hu and Te#nut re)oiced Eor% were raised upF #rom out o# 4u in which the' were. 4ow behold% the' brought m' E'e to me a#ter two hen periods since the time when the' went #orth #rom me. / gathered together m' members which had appeared in m' own bod'% and a#terwards / had union with m' hand% and m' heart Eor% willF came unto me #rom out o# m' hand% and the seed #ell into m' mouth% and / emitted #rom m'sel# the gods $hu and Te#nut% and so #rom being the 84E god Eor% the onl'% godF / became three godsI thus the two other gods who came into being on this earth sprang #rom me% and $hu and Te#nut re)oiced Eor% were raised upF #rom out o# 4u in which the' were. *' #ather 4u saith::: The' co"ered up Eor% concealedF m' E'e with the plant:li&e clouds which were behind them Ei.e.% $hu and Te#nutF #or "er' man' hen periods. Plants and creeping things [sprang up] #rom the god RE*% through the tears which / let #all. / cried out to m' E'e% and men and women came into existence. Then / bestowed upon m' E'e the uraeus o# #ire% and it was wroth with me when another E'e Ei.e.% the *oonF came and grew up in its placeI its "igorous power #ell on the plants% on the plants which / had placed there% and it set order among them% and it too& up its place in m' #ace% and it doth rule the whole earth. Then $hu and Te#nut brought #orth 8siris% and (eru:&henti:an:maa% and $et% and /sis% and 4ephth's and behold% the' ha"e produced o##spring% and ha"e created multitudinous children in this earth% b' means o# the beings which came into existence #rom the creatures which the' produced. The' in"o&e m' name% and the' o"erthrow their enemies% and the' ma&e words o# power #or the o"erthrowing o# pep% o"er whose hands and arms 9ER &eepeth ward. (is hands and arms shall not exist% his #eet and leas shall not exist% and he is chained in one place whilst Ra in#licts upon him the blows which are decreed #or him. (e is thrown upon his accursed bac&% his #ace is slit open b' reason o# the e"il which he hath done% and he shall remain upon his accursed bac&."

[F4#C6] i.e.% / uttered m' own name #rom m' own mouth as a word o# power.

T(E +E3E42 8F T(E 2E$TR1!T/84 8F * 49/42.

!( PTER /.

[(ere is the stor' o# Ra%] the god who was sel#:begotten and sel#: created% a#ter he had assumed the so"ereignt' o"er men and women% and gods% and things% the 84E god. 4ow men and women were spea&ing words o# complaint% sa'ing:::".ehold% his *a)est' E+i#e% $trength% and (ealth to himPF hath grown old% and his bones ha"e become li&e sil"er% and his members ha"e turned into gold and his hair is li&e unto real lapis: la0uli." (is *a)est' heard the words o# complaint which men and women were uttering% and his *a)est' E+i#e% $trength% and (ealth to himPF said unto those who were in his train:::"!r' out% and bring to me m' E'e% and $hu% and Te#nut% and $eb% and 4ut% and the #ather:gods% and the mother:gods who were with me% e"en when / was in 4u side b' side with m' god 4u. +et there be brought along with m' E'e his ministers% and let them be led to me hither secretl'% so that men and women ma' not percei"e them [coming] hither% and ma' not there#ore ta&e to #light with their hearts. !ome thou[F4#C@] with them to the 3reat (ouse% and let them declare their plans Eor% arrangementsF #ull'% #or / will go #rom 4u into the place wherein / brought about m' own existence% and let those gods be brought unto me there." 4ow the gods were drawn up on each side o# Ra% and the' bowed down be#ore his *a)est' until their heads touched the ground% and the ma&er o# men and women% the &ing o# those who ha"e &nowledge% spa&e his words in the presence o# the Father o# the #irst:born gods. nd the gods spa&e in the presence o# his *a)est'% sa'ing:::"$pea& unto us% #or we are listening to them" Ei.e.% th' wordsF. Then Ra spa&e unto 4u% sa'ing:::"8 thou #irst:born god #rom whom / came into being% 8 'e gods o# ancient time% m' ancestors% ta&e 'e heed to what men and women [are doing]I #or behold% those who were created b' m' E'e are uttering words o# complaint against me. Tell me what 'e would do in the matter% and consider this thing #or me% and see& out [a plan] #or me% #or / will not sla' them until / ha"e heard what 'e shall sa' to me concerning it."

[F4#C@] The god here addressed appears to ha"e been 4u.

Then the *a)est' o# 4u% to son Ra% spa&e% sa'ing:::"Thou art the god who art greater than he who made thee% thou art the so"ereign o# those

who were created with thee% th' throne is set% and the #ear o# thee is greatI let thine E'e go against those who ha"e uttered blasphemies against thee." nd the *a)est' o# Ra% said:::".ehold% the' ha"e beta&en themsel"es to #light into the mountain lands% #or their hearts are a#raid because o# the words which the' ha"e uttered." Then the gods spa&e in the presence o# his *a)est'% sa'ing:::"+et thine E'e go #orth and let it destro' #or thee those who re"ile thee with words o# e"il% #or there is no e'e whatsoe"er that can go be#ore it and resist thee and it when it )ourne'eth in the #orm o# (athor." Thereupon this goddess went #orth and slew the men and the women who were on the mountain Eor% desert landF. nd the *a)est' o# this god said% "!ome% come in peace% 8 (athor% #or the wor& is accomplished." Then this goddess said% "Thou hast made me to li"e% #or when / gained the master' o"er men and women it was sweet to m' heartI" and the *a)est' o# Ra said% "/ m'sel# will be master o"er them as [their] &ing% and / will destro' them." nd it came to pass that $e&het o# the o##erings waded about in the night season in their blood% beginning at $uten: henen.[F4#C7] Then the *a)est' o# Ra% spa&e [sa'ing]% "!r' out% and let there come to me swi#t and speed' messengers who shall be able to run li&e the wind . . . .I" and straightwa' messengers o# this &ind were brought unto him. nd the *a)est' o# this god spa&e [sa'ing]% "+et these messengers go to bu%[F4#A?] and bring unto me mandra&es in great numbersI" and [when] these mandra&es were brought unto him the *a)est' o# this god ga"e them to $e&het% the goddess who dwelleth in nnu E(eliopolisF to crush. nd behold% when the maidser"ants were bruising the grain #or [ma&ing] beer% these mandra&es were placed in the "essels which were to hold the beer% and some o# the blood o# the men and women [who had been slain]. 4ow the' made se"en thousand "essels o# beer. 4ow when the *a)est' o# Re% the 9ing o# the $outh and 4orth% had come with the gods to loo& at the "essels o# beer% and behold% the da'light had appeared a#ter the slaughter o# men and women b' the goddess in their season as she sailed up the ri"er% the *a)est' o# Ra said% "/t is good% it is good% ne"ertheless / must protect men and women against her." nd Ra% said% "+et them ta&e up the "ases and carr' them to the place where the men and women were slaughtered b' her." Then the *a)est' o# the 9ing o# the $outh and 4orth in the three:#old beaut' o# the night caused to be poured out these "ases o# beer which ma&e [men] to lie down Eor% sleepF% and the meadows o# the Four (ea"ens[F4#A5] were #illed with beer Eor% waterF b' reason o# the $ouls o# the *a)est' o# this god. nd it came to pass that when this goddess arri"ed at the dawn o# da'% she #ound these [(ea"ens] #looded [with beer]% and she was pleased thereatI and she dran& [o# the beer and blood]% and her heart re)oiced% and she became drun&% and she ga"e no #urther attention to men and women. Then said the *a)est' o# Ra to this goddess% "!ome in peace% come in peace% 8 mit%"[F4#AB] and thereupon beauti#ul women came into being in the cit' o# mit Eor% memF. nd the *a)est' o# Ra spa&e [concerning] this goddess% [sa'ing]% "+et there be made #or her "essels o# the beer which produceth sleep at e"er' hol' time and season o# the 'ear% and the' shall be in number according to the number o# m' hand:maidensI" and #rom that earl' time until now men ha"e been wont to ma&e on the occasions o# the #esti"al o# (athor "essels o# the beer which ma&e them to sleep in number according to the number o# the handmaidens o# Ra. nd the *a)est' o# Ra spa&e unto this goddess% [sa'ing]% "/ am smitten with the pain o# the #ire o# sic&nessI whence cometh to me [this] painL" nd the *a)est' o# Ra said% "/ li"e% but m' heart hath become exceedingl' wear'[F4#AJ] with existence with them Ei.e.% with menFI /

ha"e slain [some o#] them% but there is a remnant o# worthless ones% #or the destruction which / wrought among them was not as great as m' power." Then the gods who were in his #ollowing said unto him% ".e not o"ercome b' th' inacti"it'% #or th' might is in proportion to th' will." nd the *a)est' o# this god said unto the *a)est' o# 4u% "*' members are wea& #or Eor% as atF the #irst timeI / will not permit this to come upon me a second time." nd the *a)est' o# the god 4u said% "8 son $hu% be thou the E'e =#or th' #ather . . . . . and a"enue ELF him% and =thou goddess 4ut% place him . . . . . ... nd the goddess 4ut said% "(ow can this be then% 8 m' #ather 4uL (ail%" said 4ut . . . . . to the god 4u% and the goddess straightwa' became [a cow]% and she set the *a)est' o# Ra upon [her] bac& . . . . . nd when these things had been done% men and women saw the god Ra% upon the bac& [o# the cow]. Then these men and women said% "Remain with us% and we will o"erthrow thine enemies who spea& words o# blasphem' [against thee.]% and [destro' them]." Then his *a)est' [Ra] set out #or the 3reat (ouse% and [the gods who were in the train o# Ra remained] with them Ei.e.% the menFI during that time the earth was in dar&ness. nd when the earth became light [again] and the morning had dawned% the men came #orth with their bows and their [weapons]% and the' set their arms in motion to shoot the enemies [o# Ra]. Then said the *a)est' o# this god% "<our "transgressions o# "iolence are placed behind 'ou% #or the slaughtering o# the enemies is abo"e the slaughter [o# sacri#ice]I" thus came into being the slaughter [o# sacri#ice]. nd the *a)est' o# this god said unto 4ut% "/ ha"e placed m'sel# upon m' bac& in order to stretch m'sel# out." -hat then is the meaning o# thisL /t meaneth that he united ELF himsel# with 4ut. [Thus came into being] . . . . . Then said the *a)est' o# this god% "/ am departing #rom them Ei.e.% #rom menF% and he must come a#ter me who would see meI" thus came into being . . . . . Then the *a)est' o# this god loo&ed #orth #rom its interior% sa'ing% "3ather together [men #or me]% and ma&e read' #or me an abode #or multitudesI" thus came into being . . . . . . . nd his *a)est' Eli#e% health% and strength be to himPF said% "+et a great #ield Ese&hetF be produced EhetepFI" thereupon $e&het:hetep came into being. [ nd the god said]% "/ will gather herbs EaaratF thereinI" thereupon $e&het:aaru came into being. [ nd the god said]% "/ will ma&e it to contain as dwellers things E&hetF li&e stars o# all sortsI" thereupon the stars Ea&he&haF came into being. Then the goddess 4ut trembled because o# the height.

[F4#C7] 8r% (enen:su% Shbw >a4e$K% i.e.% (era&leopolis% *agna. [F4#A?] i.e.% Elephantine% or $'ene% a place better &nown b' the rabic name $- 4. [F4#A5] i.e.% the $outh% 4orth% -est% and East o# the s&'. [F4#AB] i.e.% "the #air and gracious goddess." [F4#AJ] +iterall'% "*' heart hath stopped greatl'."

nd the *a)est' o# Ra said% "/ decree that supports be to bear [the goddess up]I" thereupon the props o# hea"en EhehF came into being.

nd

the *a)est' o# Ra said% "8 m' son $hu% / pra' thee to set th'sel# under [m'] daughter 4ut% and guard thou #or me the supports EhehF o# the millions EhehF which are there% and which li"e in dar&ness. Ta&e thou the goddess upon th' head% and act thou as nurse #or herI" thereupon came into being [the custom] o# a son nursing a daughter% and [the custom] o# a #ather carr'ing a son upon his head.

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!( PTER //.

//. This !hapter shall be said o"er [a #igure o#] the cow.::The supporters [called] (eh:enti shall be b' her shoulder. The supporters [called] (eh:enti shall be at her side% and one cubit and #our spans o# hers shall be in colours% and nine stars shall be on her bell'% and $et shall be b' her two thighs and shall &eep watch be#ore her two legs% and be#ore her two legs shall be $hu% under her bell'% and he shall be made Ei.e.% paintedF in green ,enat colour. (is two arms shall be under the stars% and his name shall be made Ei.e.% writtenF in the middle o# them% namel'% $hu himsel#. " boat with a rudder and a double shrine shall be therein% and ten Ei.e.% the 2is&F shall be abo"e it% and Ra shall be in it% in #ront o# $hu% near his hand% or% as another reading hath% behind him% near his hand. nd the udders o# the !ow shall be made to be between her legs% towards the le#t side. nd on the two #lan&s% towards the middle o# the legs% shall be done in writing [the words]% "The exterior hea"en%" and "/ am what is in me%" and "/ will not permit them to ma&e her to turn." That which is [written] under the boat which is in #ront shall read% "Thou shalt not be motionless% m' sonI" and the words which are written in an opposite direction shall read% "Th' support is li&e li#e%" and "The word is as the word there%" and "Th' son is with me%" and "+i#e% strength% and health be to th' nostrilsP" nd that which is behind $hu% near his shoulder% shall read% "The' &eep ward%" and that which is behind him% written close to his #eet in an opposite direction% shall read% "*aat%" and "The' come in%" and "/ protect dail'." nd that which is under the shoulder o# the di"ine #igure which is under the le#t leg% and is behind it shall read% "(e who sealeth all things." That which is o"er his head% under the thighs o# the !ow% and that which is b' her legs shall read% "3uardian o# his exit." That which is behind the two #igures which are b' her two legs% that is to sa'% o"er their heads% shall read% "The ged 8ne who is adored as he goeth #orth%" and The ged 8ne to whom praise is gi"en when he goeth in." That which is o"er the head o# the two #igures% and is between the two thighs o# the !ow% shall read% "+istener%" "(earer%" "$ceptre o# the 1pper (ea"en%" and "$tar" ELF.

T(E +E3E42 8F T(E 2E$TR1!T/84 8F * 49/42

!( PTER ///.

///. Then the ma)est' o# this god spa&e unto Thoth% [sa'ing] "+et a call go #orth #or me to the *a)est' o# the god $eb% sa'ing% =!ome% with the utmost speed% at once."= nd when the *a)est' o# $eb had come% the *a)est' o# this god said unto him% "+et war be made against th' worms Eor% serpentsF which are in theeI "eril'% the' shall ha"e #ear o# me as long as / ha"e beingI but thou &nowest their magical powers. 2o thou go to the place where m' #ather 4u is% and sa' thou unto him% =9eep ward o"er the worms Eor% serpentsF which are in the earth and water.= nd moreo"er% thou shalt ma&e a writing #or each o# the nests o# th' serpents which are there% sa'ing% =9eep 'e guard [lest 'e] cause in)ur' to an'thing.= The' shall &now that / am remo"ing m'sel# [#rom them]% but indeed / shall shine upon them. $ince% howe"er% the' indeed wish #or a #ather% thou shalt be a #ather unto them in this land #or e"er. *oreo"er% let good heed be ta&en to the men who ha"e m' words o# power% and to those whose mouths ha"e &nowledge o# such thingsI "eril' m' own words o# power are there% "eril' it shall not happen that an' shall participate with me in m' protection% b' reason o# the ma)est' which hath come into being be#ore me. / will decree them to th' son 8siris% and their children shall be watched o"er% the hearts o# their princes shall be obedient Eor% read'F b' reason o# the magical powers o# those who act according to their desire in all the earth through their words o# power which are in their bodies."

T(E +E3E42 8F T(E 2E$TR1!T/84 8F * 49/42

!( PTER /;.

/;. nd the ma)est' o# this god said% "!all to me the god Thoth%" and one brought the god to him #orthwith. nd the *a)est' o# this god said unto Thoth% "+et us depart to a distance #rom hea"en% #rom m' place% because / would ma&e light and the god o# light E9huF in the Tuat and [in] the +and o# !a"es. Thou shalt write down [the things which are] in it% and thou shalt punish those who are in it% that is to sa'% the wor&ers who ha"e wor&ed ini,uit' Eor% rebellionF. Through thee / will &eep awa' #rom the ser"ants whom this heart [o# mine] loatheth. Thou shalt be in m' place EastF $T/% and thou shalt there#ore be called% 8 Thoth% the = sti o# Ra.= *oreo"er% / gi"e thee power to send EhabF #orth . . . . .I thereupon shall come into being the /bis EhabiF bird o# Thoth. / moreo"er gi"e thee [power] to li#t up thine hand be#ore the two !ompanies o# the gods who are greater than thou% and what thou doest shall be #airer than [the wor& o#] the god 9henI there#ore shall

the di"ine bird te&ni o# Thoth come into being. *oreo"er% / gi"e thee [Power] to embrace EanhF the two hea"ens with th' beauties% and with th' ra's o# lightI there#ore shall come into being the *oon:god E ahF o# Thoth. *oreo"er% / gi"e thee [power] to dri"e bac& EananF the (a: nebuI[F4#AD] there#ore shall come into being the dog:headed pe EananF o# Thoth% and he shall act as go"ernor #or me. *oreo"er% thou art now in m' place in the sight o# all those who see thee and who present o##erings to thee% and e"er' being shall ascribe praise unto thee% 8 thou who art 3od."

[F4#AD] i.e.% the "4orth:lords%" that is to sa'% the peoples who li"ed in the extreme north o# the 2elta% and on its sea:coasts% and perhaps in the /slands o# the *editerranean.

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!( PTER ;.

;. -hosoe"er shall recite the words o# this composition o"er himsel# shall anoint himsel# with oli"e oil and with thic& unguent% and he shall ha"e propitiator' o##erings on both his hands o# incense% and behind his two ears shall be pure natron% and sweet:smelling sal"e shall be on his lips. (e shall be arra'ed in a new double tunic% and his bod' shall be puri#ied with the water o# the nile:#lood% and he shall ha"e upon his #eet a pair o# sandals made o# white [leather]% and a #igure o# the goddess *aat shall be drawn upon his tongue with green: coloured ochre. -hensoe"er Thoth shall wish to recite this composition on behal# o# Ra% he must per#orm a se"en#old ELF puri#ication #or three da's% and priests and [ordinar'] men shall do li&ewise. -hosoe"er shall recite the abo"e words shall per#orm the ceremonies which are to be per#ormed when this boo& is being read. nd he shall ma&e his place o# standing ELF in a circle Eor% at an angleF . . . . . which is be'ond [him]% and his two e'es shall be #ixed upon himsel#% all his members shall be [composed]% and his steps shall not carr' him awa' [#rom the place]. -hosoe"er among men shall recite [these] words shall be li&e Ra on the da' o# his birthI and his possessions shall not become #ewer% and his house shall ne"er #all into deca'% but shall endure #or a million eternities. Then the ged 8ne himsel# Ei.e.% RaF embraced ELF the god 4u% and spa&e unto the gods who came #orth in the east o# the s&'% " scribe 'e praise to the god% the ged 8ne% #rom whom / ha"e come into being. / am he who made the hea"ens% and / Eset in order [the earth% and created the gods% and] / was with them #or an exceedingl' long periodI then was born the 'ear and . . . . . . but m' soul is older than it Ei.e.% timeF. /t is the $oul o# $hu% it is the $oul o# 9hnemu ELF%[F4#AC] it is the $oul o# (eh% it is the $oul o# 9e& and 9erh Ei.e.% 4ight and

2ar&nessF% it is the $oul o# 4u and o# Ra% it is the $oul o# 8siris% the lord o# Tettu% it is the $oul o# the $eba& !rocodile:gods and o# the !rocodiles% it is the $oul o# e"er' god [who dwelleth] in the di"ine $na&es% it is the $oul o# pep in *ount .a&hau Ei.e.% the *ount o# $unriseF% and it is the $oul o# Ra which per"adeth the whole world."

[F4#AC] There are mista&es in the text here.

-hosoe"er sa'eth [these words] wor&eth his own protection b' means o# the words o# power% "/ am the god (e&au Ei.e.% the di"ine -ord o# powerF% and [/ am] pure in m' mouth% and [in] m' bell'I [/ am] Ra #rom whom the gods proceeded. / am Ra% the +ight:god E9huF." -hen thou sa'est [this]% stop #orth in the e"ening and in the morning on thine own behal# i# thou wouldst ma&e to #all the enemies o# Ra. / am his $oul% and / am (e&a. (ail% thou lord o# eternit'% thou creator o# e"erlastingness% who bringest to nought the gods who came #orth #rom Ra% thou lord o# th' god% thou prince who didst ma&e what made thee% who art belo"ed b' the #athers o# the gods% on whose head are the pure words o# power% who didst create the woman EerpitF that standeth on the south side o# thee% who didst create the goddess who hath her #ace on her breast% and the serpent which standeth on his tail% with her e'e on his bell'% and with his tail on the earth% to whom Thoth gi"eth praises% and upon whom the hea"ens rest% and to whom $hu stretcheth out his two hands% deli"er thou me #rom those two great gods who sit in the east o# the s&'% who act as wardens o# hea"en and as wardens o# earth% and who ma&e #irm the secret places% and who are called " aiu:su%" and "Per:#:er:maa:4u." *oreo"er [there shall beF a puri#'ing on the . . . . . da' o# the month . . . . . . .. e"en according to the per#ormance o# the ceremonies in the oldest time. -hosoe"er shall recite this !hapter shall ha"e li#e in 4eter:&her Ei.e.% 1nderworldF% and the #ear o# him shall be much greater than it was #ormerl' [upon earth] . . . . . . . and the' shall sa'% "Th' names are =Eternit'= and =E"erlastingness.=" The' are called% the' are called% " u:peh:ne#:n:aa:em:ta:uat:apu%" and "Re&h:&ua:[tut]:en:neter: pui:. . . . . . en en:hra:#:(er:she#u." / am he who hath strengthened the boat with the compan' o# the gods% and his $henit% and his 3ods% b' means o# words o# power.

T(E +E3E42 8F R

42 /$/$.

The !hapter o# the di"ine Eor% might'F god% who created himsel#% who made the hea"ens and the earth% and the breath o# li#e% and #ire% and the gods% and men% and beasts% and cattle% and reptiles% and the #owl o# the air% and the #ish% who is the &ing o# men and gods% [who

existeth] in one Form% [to whom] periods o# one hundred and twent' 'ears axe as single 'ears% whose names b' reason o# their multitude are un&nowable% #or [e"en] the gods &now them not. .ehold% the goddess /sis li"ed in the #orm% o# a woman% who had the &nowledge o# words [o# power]. (er heart turned awa' in disgust #rom the millions o# men% and she chose #or hersel# the millions o# the gods% but esteemed more highl' the millions o# the spirits. -as it not possible to become e"en as was Ra in hea"en and upon earth% and to ma&e [hersel#] mistress o# the earth% and a [might'] goddess::thus she meditated in her heart::b' the &nowledge o# the 4ame o# the hol' godL .ehold% Ra entered [hea"en] each da' at the head o# his mariners% establishing himsel# upon the double throne o# the two hori0ons. 4ow the di"ine one had become old% he dribbled at the mouth% and he let his emissions go #orth #rom him upon the earth% and his spittle #ell upon the ground. This /sis &neaded in her hand%[F4#AA] with [some] dust% and she #ashioned it in the #orm o# a sacred serpent% and made it to ha"e the #orm o# a dart% so that none might be able to escape ali"e #rom it% and she le#t it l'ing upon the road whereon the great god tra"elled% according to his desire% about the two lands. Then the hol' god rose up in the tabernacle o# the gods in the great double house Eli#e% strength% healthPF among those who were in his train% and [as] he )ourne'ed on his wa' according to his dail' wont% the hol' serpent shot its #ang into him% and the li"ing #ire was departing #rom the god=s own bod'% and the reptile destro'ed the dweller among the cedars. nd the might' god opened his mouth% and the cr' o# (is *a)est' Eli#e% strength% healthPF reached unto the hea"ens% and the compan' o# the gods said% "-hat is itL" and his gods said% "-hat is the matterL" nd the god #ound [no words] wherewith to answer concerning himsel#. (is )aws shoo&% his lips trembled% and the poison too& possession o# all his #lesh )ust as (api Ei.e.% the 4ileF ta&eth possession o# the land through which he #loweth. Then the great god made #irm his heart Ei.e.% too& courageF and he cried out to those who were in his #ollowing:::"!ome 'e unto me% 8 'e who ha"e come into being #rom m' members%[F4#A6] 'e gods who ha"e proceeded #rom me% #or / would ma&e 'ou to &now what hath happened. / ha"e been smitten b' some deadl' thing% o# which m' heart hath no &nowledge% and which / ha"e neither seen with m' e'es nor made with m' handI and / ha"e no &nowledge at all who hath done this to me. / ha"e ne"er be#ore #elt an' pain li&e unto it% and no pain can be worse than this [is]. / am a Prince% the son o# a Prince% and the di"ine emanation which was produced #rom a god. / am a 3reat 8ne% the son o# a 3reat 8ne% and m' #ather hath determined #or me m' name. / ha"e multitudes o# names% and / ha"e multitudes o# #orms% and m' being existeth in e"er' god. / ha"e been in"o&ed Eor% proclaimedLF b' Temu and (eru:(e&ennu. *' #ather and m' mother uttered m' name% and [the'] hid it in m' bod' at m' birth so that none o# those who would use against me words o# power might succeed in ma&ing their enchantments ha"e dominion o"er me.[F4#A@] / had come #orth #rom m' tabernacle to loo& upon that which / had made% and was ma&ing m' wa' through the two lands which / had made% when a blow was aimed at me% but / &now not o# what &ind. .ehold% is it #ireL .ehold% is it waterL *' heart is #ull o# burning #ire% m' limbs are shi"ering% and m' members ha"e darting pains in them. +et there be brought unto me m' children the gods% who possess words o# magic% whose mouths are cunning [in uttering them]% and whose powers reach up to hea"en." Then his children came unto him% and e"er' god was there with his cr' o# lamentationI and /sis[F4#A7] came with her words o# magic% and the place o# her mouth [was #illed with] the breath o# li#e% #or the words

which she putteth together destro' diseases% and her words ma&e to li"e those whose throats are cho&ed Ei.e.% the deadF. nd she said% "-hat is this% 8 di"ine #atherL -hat is itL (ath a serpent shot his "enom into theeL (ath a thing which thou hast #ashioned li#ted up its head against theeL ;eril' it shall be o"erthrown b' bene#icent words o# power% and / will ma&e it to retreat in the sight o# th' ra's." The hol' god opened his mouth% [sa'ing]% / was going along the road and passing through the two lands o# m' countr'% #or m' heart wished to loo& upon what / had made% when / was bitten b' a serpent which / did not seeI behold% is it #ireL .ehold% is it waterL / am colder than water% / am hotter than #ire% all m' members sweat% / m'sel# ,ua&e% mine e'e is unstead'. / cannot loo& at the hea"ens% and water #orceth itsel# on m' #ace as in the time o# the /nundation."[F4#6?] nd /sis said unto Ra% "8 m' di"ine #ather% tell me th' name% #or he who is able to pronounce his name li"eth." [ nd Ra said]% "/ am the ma&er o# the hea"ens and the earth% / ha"e &nit together the mountains% and / ha"e created e"er'thing which existeth upon them. / am the ma&er o# the -aters% and / ha"e made *eht:ur to come into beingI / ha"e made the .ull o# his *other% and / ha"e made the )o's o# lo"e to exist. / am the ma&er o# hea"en% and / ha"e made to be hidden the two gods o# the hori0on% and / ha"e placed the souls o# the gods within them. / am the .eing who openeth his e'es and the light comethI / am the .eing who shutteth his e'es and there is dar&ness. / am the .eing who gi"eth the command% and the waters o# (api Ethe 4ileF burst #orth% / am the .eing whose name the gods &now not. / am the ma&er o# the hours and the creator o# the da's. / am the opener Ei.e.% inauguratorF o# the #esti"als% and the ma&er o# the #loods o# water. / am the creator o# the #ire o# li#e whereb' the wor&s o# the houses are caused to come into being. / am 9hepera in the morning% and Ra Eat the time o# his culmination Ei.e.% noonF% and Temu in the e"ening."[F4#65] 4e"ertheless the poison was not dri"en #rom its course% and the great god #elt no better. Then /sis said unto Ra% " mong the things which thou hast said unto me th' name hath not been mentioned. 8 declare thou it unto me% and the poison shall come #orthI #or the person who hath declared his name shall li"e." *eanwhile the poison burned with bla0ing #ire and the heat thereo# was stronger than that o# a bla0ing #lame. Then the *a)est' o# Ra% said% "/ will allow m'sel# to be searched through b' /sis% and m' name shall come #orth #rom m' bod' and go into hers." Then the di"ine one hid himsel# #rom the gods% and the throne in the .oat o# *illions o# <ears[F4#6B] was empt'. nd it came to pass that when it was the time #or the heart to come #orth [#rom the god]% she said unto her son (orus% "The great god shall bind himsel# b' an oath to gi"e his two e'es."[F4#6J] Thus was the great god made to 'ield up his name% and /sis% the great lad' o# enchantments% said% "Flow on% poison% and come #orth #rom RaI let the E'e o# (orus come #orth #rom the god and shineELF outside his mouth. / ha"e wor&ed% and / ma&e the poison to #all on the ground% #or the "enom hath been mastered. ;eril' the name hath been ta&en awa' #rom the great god. +et Ra li"e% and let the poison dieI and i# the poison li"e then Ra shall die. nd similarl'% a certain man% the son o# a certain man% shall li"e and the poison shall die." These were the words which spa&e /sis% the great lad'% the mistress o# the gods% and she had &nowledge o# Ra in his own name. The abo"e words shall be said o"er an image o# Temu and an image o# (eru:(e&ennu%[F4#6D] and o"er an image o# /sis and an image o# (orus.

[F4#AA] (ere we ha"e another instance o# the important part which the spittle pla'ed in magical ceremonies that were intended to produce e"il e##ects. The act o# spitting% howe"er% was intended sometimes to carr' a curse with it% and sometimes a blessing% #or a man spat in the #ace o# his enem' in order to la' the curse o# impurit' upon him% and at the present time% men spit upon mone' to &eep the de"ils awa' #rom it. [F4#A6] The gods were% according to one belie#% nothing more than the "arious names o# Ra% who had ta&en the #orms o# the "arious members o# his bod'. [F4#A@] Thus the god=s own name became his most important talisman. [F4#A7] The position o# /sis as the "great enchantress" is well de#ined% and se"eral instances o# her magical powers are recorded. .' the utterance o# her words o# power she succeeded in raising her dead husband 8siris to li#e% and she enabled him b' their means to beget (orus o# her. 4othing could withstand them% because the' were o# di"ine origin% and she had learned them #rom Thoth% the intelligence o# the greatest o# the gods. [F4#6?] 8r% "the period o# the summer." The season $hemmu% began soon a#ter the beginning o# pril and lasted until nearl' the end o# Nul'. [F4#65] 9hepera% Rd% and Temu were the three principal #orms o# the $un:god according to the theological s'stem o# the priests o# (eliopolis. [F4#6B] The name b' which the .oat o# Ra is generall' &nown in Eg'ptian texts. /t was this boat which was stopped in its course when Thoth descended #rom the s&' to impart to /sis the words o# power that were to raise her dead child (orus to li#e. [F4#6J] i.e.% the #luid o# li#e o# the sun% and the #luid o# li#e o# the moon. The sun and the moon were the "isible% material s'mbols o# the $un god. [F4#6D] The attributes o# this god are not well de#ined. (e was a god o# the Eastern 2elta% and was associated with the cities where Temu was worshipped.

T(E +E3E42 8F (8R1$ 8F .E(1TET

42 T(E -/43E2 2/$9.

>//. /n the three hundred and sixt':third 'ear o# Ra:(eru:9huti% who li"eth #or e"er and #ore"er% (is *a)est' was in Ta:9ens%[F4#6C] and his soldiers were with himI [the enem'] did not conspire EauuF against their lord% and the land [is called] 1auatet unto this da'. nd Ra set out on an expedition in his boat% and his #ollowers were with him% and he arri"ed at 1thes:(eru%[F4#6A] [which la' to] the west o# this nome% and to the east o# the canal Pa&hennu% which is called [ . . . . . . .

to this da']. nd (eru:.ehutet was in the boat o# Ra% and he said unto his #ather Ra:(eru:9huti Ei.e.% Ra:(armachisF% "/ see that the enemies are conspiring against their lordI let th' #ier' serpent gain the master' . . . . . o"er them."

[F4#6C] i.e.% in 4ubia% probabl' the portion o# it which lies round about the modern 9alabsha. /n ancient da's Ta:&ens appears to ha"e included a portion o# the 4ile ;alle' to the north o# swan.

>///. Then the *a)est' o# Ra (armachis said unto th' di"ine 9 % "8 (eru:.ehutet% 8 son o# Ra% thou exalted one% who didst proceed #rom me% o"erthrow thou the enemies who are be#ore thee straightwa'." nd (eru: .ehutet #lew up into the hori0on in the #orm o# the great -inged 2is&% #or which reason he is called "3reat god% lord o# hea"en%" unto this da'. nd when he saw the enemies in the heights o# hea"en he set out to #ollow a#ter them in the #orm o# the great -inged 2is&% and he attac&ed with such terri#ic #orce those who opposed him% that the' could neither see with their e'es nor hear with their ears% and each o# them slew his #ellow. /n a moment o# time there was not a single creature le#t ali"e. Then (eru .ehutet% shining with "er' man' colours% came in the #orm o# the great -inged 2is& to the .oat o# Ra: (armachis% and Thoth said unto Ra% "8 +ord o# the gods% .ehutet hath returned in the #orm o# the great -inged 2is&% shining [with man' colours] . . . . . . childrenI" #or this reason he is called (eru: .ehutet unto this da'. nd Thoth said% "The cit' Teb shall be called the cit' o# (eru:.ehutet%" and thus is it called unto this da'. nd Ra embraced the . . . . . o# Ra% and said unto (eru:.ehutet% "Thou didst put grapes[F4#66] into the water which cometh #orth #rom it%[F4#6@] and th' heart re)oiced thereatI" and #or this reason the water Eor% canalF o# (eru:.ehutet is called "[3rape:-ater]" unto this da'% and the . . . . . . . . . . . unto this da'. nd (eru:.ehutet said% " d"ance% 8 Ra% and loo& thou upon thine enemies who are l'ing under thee on this landI" thereupon the *a)est' o# Ra set out on the wa'% and the goddess sthertet E= shtorethLF was with him% and he saw the enemies o"erthrown on the ground% each one o# them being #ettered. Then said Ra to (eru: .ehutet% "There is sweet li#e in this place%" and #or this reason the abode o# the palace o# (eru:.ehutet is called "$weet +i#e" unto this da'. nd Ra% said unto Thoth% "[(ere was the slaughter] o# mine enemiesI "and the place is called Teb[F4#67] unto this da'. nd Thoth said unto (eru:.ehutet% "Thou art a great protector Ema&aaFI" and the .oat o# (eru:.ehutet is called *a&aa[F4#@?] unto this da'. Then said Ra unto the gods who were in his #ollowing% ".ehold now% let us sail in our boat upon the water% #or our hearts are glad because our enemies ha"e been o"erthrown on the earthI" and the water where the great god sailed is called P:9hen:1r[F4#@5] unto this da'. nd behold the enemies [o# Ra] rushed into the water% and the' too& the #orms o# [crocodiles and] hippopotami% but ne"ertheless Ra:(eru:9huti sailed o"er the waters in his boat% and when the crocodiles and the hippopotami had come nigh unto him% the' opened wide their )aws in order to destro' Ra:(eru:9huti. nd when (eru:.ehutet arri"ed and his #ollowers who were behind him in the #orms o# wor&ers in metal% each ha"ing in his hands an iron spear and a chain% according to his name% the' smote the crocodiles and the hippopotamiI and there were brought

in there straightwa' six hundred and #i#t':one crocodiles% which had been slain be#ore the cit' o# Ed#u. Then spa&e Ra:(armachis unto (eru: .ehutet% "*' /mage shall be [here] in the land o# the $outh% Ewhich is a house o# "ictor' Eor% strengthFI "and the (ouse o# (eru:.ehutet is called 4e&ht:(et unto this da'.

[F4#6A] i.e.% pollinopolis% the modern Ed#u. [F4#66] i.e. drops o# blood. [F4#6@] i.e.% #rom the cit'. [F4#67] i.e.% Ed#u. [F4#@?] i.e.% 3reat Protector. [F4#@5] i.e.% "3reat !anal."

>/;. Then the god Thoth spa&e% a#ter he had loo&ed upon the enemies l'ing upon the ground% sa'ing% "+et 'our hearts re)oice% 8 'e gods o# hea"enP +et 'our hearts re)oice% 8 'e gods who are in the earthP (orus% the <outh#ul 8ne% cometh in peace% and he hath made mani#est on his )ourne' deeds o# "er' great might% which he hath per#ormed according to =the .oo& o# $la'ing the (ippopotamus.=" nd #rom that da' #igures o# (eru:.ehutet in metal ha"e existed. Then (eru:.ehutet too& upon himsel# the #orm o# the -inged 2is&% and he placed himsel# upon the #ront o# the .oat o# Ea. nd he placed b' his side the goddess 4e&hebet[F4#@B] and the goddess 1atchet%[F4#@J] in the #orm o# two serpents% that the' might ma&e the enemies to ,ua&e in [all] their limbs when the' were in the #orms o# crocodiles and hippopotami in e"er' place wherein be came in the +and o# the $outh and in the +and o# the 4orth. Then those enemies rose up to ma&e their escape #rom be#ore him% and their #ace was towards the +and o# the $outh. nd their hearts were stric&en down through #ear o# him. nd (eru:.ehutet was at the bac& Eor% sideF o# them in the .oat o# Ra% and there were in his hands a metal lance and a metal chainI and the metal wor&ers who were with their lord were e,uipped #or #ighting with lances and chains. nd (eru:.ehutet saw them[F4#@D] to the south:east o# the cit' o# 1ast EThebesF some distance awa'. Then Ra said to Thoth% "Those enemies shall be smitten with blows that &illI" and Thoth said to Ra% "[That place] is called the cit' Tchet:*et unto this da'." nd (eru:.ehutet made a great o"erthrow among them% and Ra said% "$tand still% 8 (eru:.ehutet%" and [that place] is called "(et:Ra" to this da'% and the god who dwelleth therein is (eru:.ehutet:Ra: msu Eor% *inF. Then those enemies rose up to ma&e their escape #rom be#ore him% and the #ace o# the god was towards the +and o# the 4orth% and their hearts were stric&en through #ear o# him. nd (eru:.ehutet was at the bac& Eor% sideF o# them in the .oat o# Ra% and those who were #ollowing him had spears o# metal and chains o# metal in their handsI and the god himsel# was e,uipped #or battle with the weapons o# the metal wor&ers which the' had with them. nd he passed a whole da' be#ore he saw them to the north:east o# the nome o# Tent'ra E2enderaF. Then Ra said unto

Thoth% "The enemies are resting . . . . . . . their lord." nd the *a)est' o# Ra:(armachis said to (eru:.ehutet% "Thou art m' exalted son who didst proceed #rom 4ut. The courage o# the Eenemies hath #ailed in a moment." nd (eru:.ehutet made great slaughter among them. nd Thoth said "The -inged 2is& shall be called. . . . . in the name o# this atI" and is called (eru:.ehutet . . . . . its mistress. (is name is to the $outh in the name o# this god% and the acacia and the s'camore shall be the trees o# the sanctuar'. Then the enemies turned aside to #lee #rom be#ore him% and their #aces were [towards the 4orth% and the' went] to the swamps o# 1atch:ur Ei.e.% the *editerraneanF% and [their courage #ailed through #ear o# him]. nd (eru:.ehutet was at the bac& Eor% sideF o# them in the .oat o# Ra% and the metal spear was in his hands% and those who were in his #ollowing were e,uipped with the weapons #or battle o# the metal wor&ers. nd the god spent #our da's and #our nights in the water in pursuit o# them% but he did not see one o# the enemies% who #led #rom be#ore him in the water in the #orms o# crocodiles and hippopotami. t length he #ound them and saw them. nd Ra said unto (orus o# (eben% "8 -inged 2is&% thou great god and lord o# hea"en% sei0e thou them . . . . . .I" and he hurled his lance a#ter them% and he slew them% and wor&ed a great o"erthrow o# them. nd he brought one hundred and #ort':two enemies to the #orepart o# the .oat [o# Ra]% and with them was a male hippopotamus which had been among those enemies. nd he hac&ed them in pieces with his &ni#e% and he ga"e their entrails to those who were in his #ollowing% and he ga"e their carcases to the gods and goddesses who were in the .oat o# Ra on the ri"er:ban& o# the cit' o# (eben. Then Ra said unto Thoth% "$ee what might' things (eru:.ehutet hath per#ormed in his deeds against the enemies: "eril' he hath smitten themP nd o# the male hippopotamus he hath opened the mouth% and he hath speared it% and he hath mounted upon its bac&." Then said Thoth to Ra% "(orus shall be called =-inged 2is&% 3reat 3od% $miter o# the enemies in the town o# (eben= #rom this da' #orward% and he shall be called =(e who standeth on the bac&= and =prophet o# this god%= #rom this da' #orward." These are the things which happened in the lands o# the cit' o# (eben% in a region which measured three hundred and #ort':two measures on the south% and on the north% on the west% and on the east.

[F4#@B] The goddess 4e&hebet was incarnate in a special &ind o# serpent% and the centre o# her worship was in the cit' o# 4e&heb% which the 3ree&s called Eileith'iaspolis% and the rabs l:9ab. [F4#@J] The centre o# the worship o# 1atchet% or 1atchit% was at Per: 1atchet% a cit' in the 2elta. [F4#@D] i.e.% the enemies.

>;. Then the enemies rose up be#ore him b' the +a&e o# the 4orth% and their #aces were set towards 1atch:ur[F4#@C] which the' desired to reach b' sailingI but the god smote their hearts and the' turned and #led in the water% and the' directed their course to the water o# the nome o# *ertet: ment% and the' gathered themsel"es together in the water o# *ertet in order to )oin themsel"es with the enemies [who ser"e] $et and who are in this region. nd (eru:.ehutet #ollowed them%

being e,uipped with all his weapons o# war to #ight against them. nd (eru:.ehutet made a )ourne' in the .oat o# Ra% together with the great god who was in his boat with those who were his #ollowers% and he pursued them on the +a&e o# the 4orth twice% and passed one da' and one night sailing down the ri"er in pursuit o# them be#ore he percei"ed and o"ertoo& them% #or he &new not the place where the' were. Then he arri"ed at the cit' o# Per:Rehu. nd the *a)est' o# Ra said unto (eru: .ehutet% "-hat hath happened to the enemiesL The' ha"e gathered together themsel"es in the water to the west ELF o# the nome o# *ertet in order to unite themsel"es with the enemies [who ser"e] $et% and who are in this region% at the place where are our sta## and sceptre." nd Thoth said unto Ra% "1ast in the nome o# *ertet is called 1aseb because o# this unto this da'% and the +a&e which is in it is called Tempt." Then (eru:.ehutet spa&e in the presence o# his #ather Ra% sa'ing% "/ beseech thee to set th' boat against them% so that / ma' be able to per#orm against them that which Ra willethI" and this was done. Then he made an attac& upon them on the +a&e which was at the west o# this district% and he percei"ed them on the ban& o# the cit' . . . . . . which belongeth to the +a&e o# *ertet. Then (eru:.ehutet made an expedition against them% and his #ollowers were with him% and the' were pro"ided with weapons o# all &inds #or battle% and he wrought a great o"erthrow among them% and he brought in three hundred and eight':one enemies% and he slaughtered them in the #orepart o# the .oat o# Ra% and he ga"e one o# them to each o# those who were in his train. Then $et rose up and came #orth% and raged loudl' with words o# cursing and abuse because o# the things which (eru:behutet had done in respect o# the slaughter o# the enemies. nd Ra said unto Thoth% "This #iend 4ehaha:hra uttereth words at the top o# his "oice because o# the things which (eru:.ehutet hath done unto himI" and Thoth said unto Ra% "!ries o# this &ind shall be called 4ehaha:hra unto this da'." nd (eru: .ehutet did battle with the Enem' #or a period o# time% and he hurled his iron lance at him% and he throw him down on the ground in this region% which is called Pa:Rerehtu unto this da'. Then (eru:.ehutet came and brought the Enem' with him% and his spear was in his nec&% and his chain was round his hands and arms% and the weapon o# (orus had #allen on his mouth and had closed itI and he went with him be#ore his #ather Ra% who said% "8 (orus% thou -inged 2is&% twice great E1rui: TentenF is the deed o# "alour which thou hast done% and thou hast cleansed the district." nd Ra% said unto Thoth% "The palace o# (eru: .ehutet shall be called% =+ord o# the district which is cleansed= because o# thisI" and [thus is it called] unto this da'. nd the name o# the priest thereo# is called 1r:Tenten unto this da'. nd Ra said unto Thoth% "+et the enemies and $et be gi"en o"er to /sis and her son (orus% and let them wor& all their heart=s desire upon them." nd she and her son (orus set themsel"es in position with their spears in him at the time when there was storm Eor% disasterF in the district% and the +a&e o# the god was called $he:En: ha #rom that da' to this. Then (orus the son o# /sis cut o## the head o# the Enem' [$et]% and the heads o# his #iends in the presence o# #ather Ra and o# the great compan' o# the gods% and he dragged him b' his #eet through his district with his spear dri"en through his head and bac&. nd Ra said unto Thoth% "+et the son o# 8siris drag the being o# disaster through his territor'I" and Thoth said% "/t shall be called teh%" and this hath been the name o# the region #rom that da' to this. nd /sis% the di"ine lad'% spa&e be#ore Ra% sa'ing% "+et the exalted -inged 2is& become the amulet o# m' son (orus% who hath cut o## the head o# the Enem' and the heads o# his #iends."

[F4#@C] i.e.% the *editerranean.

>;/. Thus (eru:.ehutet and (orus% the son o# /sis% slaughtered that e"il Enem'% and his #iends% and the inert #oes% and came #orth with them to the water on the west side o# this district. nd (eru:.ehutet was in the #orm o# a man o# might' strength% and he had the #ace o# a haw&% and his head was crowned with the -hite !rown and the Red !rown% and with two plumes and two uraei% and he had the bac& o# a haw&% and his spear and his chain were in his hands. nd (orus% the son o# /sis% trans#ormed himsel# into a similar shape% e"en as (eru:.ehutet had done be#ore him. nd the' slew the enemies all together on the west o# Per: Rehu% on the edge o# the stream% and this god hath sailed o"er the water wherein the enemies had banded themsel"es to:ether against him #rom that da' to this. 4ow these things too& place on the 6th da' o# the #irst mouth o# the season Pert. nd Thoth said% "This region shall be called T:$( TET%" and this hath been the name o# the region #rom that da' unto thisI and the +a&e which is close b' it hath been called Temt #rom that da' to this% and the 6th da' o# the #irst month o# the season Pert hath been called the Festi"al o# $ailing #rom that da' to this. Then $et too& upon himsel# the #orm o# a hissing serpent% and he entered into the earth in this district without being seen. nd Ra said% "$et hath ta&en upon himsel# the #orm o# a hissing serpent. +et (orus% the son o# /sis% in the #orm o# a haw&:headed sta##% set himsel# o"er the place where he is% so that the serpent ma' ne"er more appear." nd Thoth said% "+et this district be called (emhemet[F4#@A] b' nameI" and thus hath it been called #rom that da' to this. nd (orus% the son o# /sis% in the #orm o# a haw&:headed sta##% too& up his abode there with his mother /sisI in this manner did these things happen.

[F4#@A] This name means "the place o# the Roarer%" (emhemti% being a well:&nown name o# the E"il 8ne. $ome texts seem to indicate that peals o# thunder were caused b' the #iend $et.

Then the .oat o# Ra arri"ed at the town o# (et: haI its #orepart was made o# palm wood% and the hind part was made o# acacia woodI thus the palm tree and the acacia tree ha"e been sacred trees #rom that da' to this. Then (eru:.ehutet embar&ed in the .oat o# Ra% a#ter he had made an end o# #ighting% and sailedI and Ra said unto Thoth% "+et this .oat be called . . . . . . .I" and thus hath it been called #rom that da' to this% and these things ha"e been done in commemoration in this place #rom that da' to this. nd Ra said unto (eru:.ehutet% ".ehold the #ighting o# the $mait #iend

and his two:#old strength% and the $mai #iend $et% are upon the water o# the 4orth% and the' will sail down stream upon . . . . . ." [ nd] (eru:.ehutet said% "-hatsoe"er thou commandest shall ta&e place% 8 Ra% +ord o# the gods. 3rant thou% howe"er% that this th' .oat ma' pursue them into e"er' place whithersoe"er the' shall go% and / will do to them whatsoe"er pleaseth Ra." nd e"er'thing was done according to what he had said. Then this .oat o# Ra was brought b' the winged $un: dis& upon the waters o# the +a&e o# *eh%[F4#@6] [and] (eru:.ehutet too& in his hands his weapons% his darts% and his harpoon% and all the chains [which he re,uired] #or the #ight.

[F4#@6] /t is probable that the +a&e o# *eh% i.e.% the +a&e o# the 4orth% was situated in the north:east o# the 2elta% not #ar #rom +a&e *an0alah.

nd (eru:.ehutet loo&ed and saw one [onl'] o# these $ebau[F4#@@] #iends there on the spot% and he was b' himsel#. nd he threw one metal dart% and brought Eor% draggedF them along straightwa'% and he slaughtered them in the presence o# Ra. nd he made an end [o# them% and there were no more o# the #iends] o# $et in this place at [that] moment.

[F4#@@] "$ebiu" is a common name #or the associates o# $eti% and this #iend is himsel# called "$eba%" a word which means something li&e "rebel."

>;//. nd Thoth said% "This place shall be called st: b:(eru"[F4#@7] because (eru:.ehutet wrought his desire upon them Ei.e.% the enem'FI and he passed six da's and six nights coming into port on the waters thereo# and did not see one o# them. nd he saw them #all down in the water' depths% and he made read' the place o# st:ab:(eru there. /t was situated on the ban& o# the water% and the #ace Ei.e.% directionF thereo# was #ull:#ront towards the $outh. nd all the rites and ceremonies o# (eru:.ehutet were per#ormed on the #irst da' o# the #irst month[F4#7?] o# the season &het% and on the #irst da' o# the #irst month[F4#75] o# the season Pert% and on the twent':#irst and twent': #ourth da's o# the second month[F4#7B] o# the season Pert. These are the #esti"als in the town o# st:ab% b' the side o# the $outh% in n: rut:#.[F4#7J] nd he came into port and went against them% &eeping watch as #or a &ing o"er the 3reat 3od in n:rut:#% in this place% in order to dri"e awa' the Enem' and his $maiu #iends at his coming b' night #rom the region o# *ertet% to the west o# this place.

[F4#@7] i.e.% place o# the desire o# (orus.

[F4#7?] The month Thoth. [F4#75] The month T'bi. [F4#7B] The month *e&hir. [F4#7J] m'thological localit' originall' placed near (era&leopolis. The name means "the place where nothing grows." $e"eral #orms o# the name occur in the older literature% e.g. in the Theban Recension o# the .oo& o# the 2ead.

nd (eru:.ehutet was in the #orm o# a man who possessed great strength% with the #ace o# a haw&I and he was crowned with the -hite !rown%[F4#7D] and the Red !rown%[F4#7C] and the two plumes% and the 1rerit !rown% and there were two uraei upon his head. (is hand grasped #irml' his harpoon to sla' the hippopotamus% which was [as hard] as the &henem[F4#7A] stone in its mountain bed.

[F4#7D] The !rown o# the $outh. [F4#7C] The !rown o# the 4orth. [F4#7A] &ind o# )asper ELF.

nd Ra said unto Thoth% "/ndeed [(eru:].ehutet is li&e a *aster:#ighter in the slaughter o# his enemies . . . . . ." nd Thoth said unto Ra% "(e shall be called =4eb: hau=" Ei.e.% *aster: #ighterFI and #or this reason he hath been thus called b' the priest o# this god unto this da'. nd /sis made incantations o# e"er' &ind in order to dri"e awa' the #iend Ra #rom n:rut:#% and #rom the 3reat 3od in this place. nd Thoth said [unto Ra]% "The priestess o# this god shall be called b' the name o# =4ebt:(e&a= #or this reason." nd Thoth said unto Ra% ".eauti#ul% beauti#ul is this place wherein thou hast ta&en up th' seat% &eeping watch% as #or a &ing% o"er the 3reat 3od who is in n:rut:#[F4#76] in peace."

[F4#76] i.e.% 8siris.

nd Thoth said% "This 3reat (ouse in this place shall there#ore be called = st:4e#ert=[F4#7@] #rom this da'. /t is situated to the south:west o# the cit' o# 4art% and [co"ereth] a space o# #our schoinoi." nd Ra (eru:.ehutet said unto Thoth% "(ast thou not searched through this water #or the enem'L" nd Thoth said% "The water o# the 3od:house in this place shall be called b' the name o# =(eh= Ei.e.% sought outF." nd Ra said% "Th' ship% 8 (eru:.ehutet% is great ELF upon nt:mer ELF . . . . . . nd Thoth said% "The name o# [th' ship] shall be called =1r=% and this stream shall be called = nt:mer ELF.=" s concerning Eor% nowF the place b:.at ELF is situated on the shore o# the water. " st:ne#ert" is the name o# the 3reat house% "4eb: ha" [is the name o#] the priest . . . . . . . . is the name o# the priestess% "(eh" is the name o# the la&e . . . . . . . [is the name] o# the water% " m:her:net" is the name o# the hol' ELF acacia tree% "4eter het" is the name o# the domain o# the god% "1ru" is the name o# the sacred boat% the gods therein are (eru:.ehutet% the smiter o# the lands% (orus% the son o# /sis [and] 8siris . . . . . . . . his blac&smiths[F4#77] are to him% and those who are in his #ollowing are to him in his territor'% with his metal lance% with his [mace]% with his dagger% and with all his chains Eor% #ettersF which are in the cit' o# (eru:.ehutet.

[F4#7@] i.e.% ".eauti#ul Place." [F4#77] 8r perhaps #ighting men who were armed with metal weapons.

[ nd when he had reached the land o# the 4orth with his #ollowers% he #ound the enem'.] 4ow as #or the blac&smiths who were o"er the middle regions% the' made a great slaughter o# the enem'% and there were brought bac& one hundred and six o# them. 4ow as #or the blac&smiths o# the -est% the' brought bac& one hundred and six o# the enem'. 4ow as #or the blac&smiths o# the East% among whom was (eru:.ehutet% he slew them Ei.e.% the enem'F in the presence o# Ra in the *iddle 2omains.[F4#5??]

[F4#5??] /n the sculptures E4a"ille% *'the% pl. 56F (eru:.ehutet is seen standing in a boat spearing a crocodile% and immediatel' behind d him in the boat is Ra:(armachis in his shrine. The *esentiu o# the -est are represented b' an armed warrior in a boat% who is spearing a crocodile% and leads the wa' #or (eru:.ehutet. /n a boat behind the great god is a representati"e o# the *esentiu o# the East spearing a crocodile.

nd Ra% said unto Thoth% "*' heart [is satis#ied] with the wor&s o# these blac&smiths o# (eru:.ehutet who are in his bod'guard. The' shall dwell in sanctuaries% and libations and puri#ications and o##erings shall be made to their images% and [there shall be appointed #or them]

priests who shall minister b' the month% and priests who shall minister b' the hour% in all their 3od:houses whatsoe"er% as their reward because the' ha"e slain the enemies o# the god." nd Thoth said% "The [*iddle] 2omains shall be called a#ter the names o# these blac&smiths #rom this da' onwards% and the god who dwelleth among them% (eru:.ehutet% shall be called the =+ord o# *esent= #rom this da' onwards% and the domain shall be called =*esent o# the -est= #rom this da' onwards." s concerning *esent o# the -est% the #ace Eor% #rontF thereo# shall be towards [the East]% towards the place where Ra riseth% and this *esent shall be called "*esent o# the East" #rom this da' onwards. s concerning the double town o# *esent% the wor& o# these blac&smiths o# the East% the #ace Eor% #rontF thereo# shall be towards the $outh% towards the cit' o# .ehutet% the hiding:place o# (eru:.ehutet. nd there shall be per#ormed therein all the rites and ceremonies o# (eru: .ehutet on the second da' o# the #irst month[F4#5?5] o# the season o# &het% and on the twent':#ourth da' o# the #ourth month[F4#5?B] o# the season o# &het% and on the se"enth da' o# the #irst month[F4#5?J] o# the season Pert% and on the twent':#irst da' o# the second month[F4#5?D] o# the season Pert% #rom this da' onwards. Their stream shall be called " sti%" the name o# their 3reat (ouse shall be called " bet%" the [priest ELF] shall be called "Qen:aha%" and their domain shall be called "9au:*esent" #rom this da' onwards.

[F4#5?5] The month Thoth. [F4#5?B] The month !hoia&. [F4#5?J] The month T'bi. [F4#5?D] The mouth *echir.

>;///. nd Ra said unto (eru:.ehutet% "These enemies ha"e sailed up the ri"er% to the countr' o# $etet% to the end o# the pillar:house o# (at% and the' ha"e sailed up the ri"er to the east% to the countr' or Tchalt Eor% TchartF%[F4#5?C] which is their region o# swamps." nd (eru:.ehutet said% "E"er'thing which thou hast commanded hath come to pass% Ra% +ord o# the 3odsI thou art the lord o# commands." nd the' untied the .oat o# Ra% and the' sailed up the ri"er to the east. Then he loo&ed upon those enemies whereo# some o# them had #allen into the sea Eor% ri"erF% and the others had #allen headlong on the mountains.

[F4#5?C] Goan:Tanis.

nd (eru:.ehutet trans#ormed himsel# into a lion which had the #ace o# a man% and which was crowned with the triple crown.[F4#5?A] (is paw was li&e unto a #lint &ni#e% and he went round and round b' the side o# them% and brought bac& one hundred and #ort':two [o# the enem']% and be rent them in pieces with his claws. (e tore out their tongues% and their blood #lowed on the ridges o# the land in this placeI and he made them the propert' o# those who were in his #ollowing [whilst] he was upon the mountains.

[F4#5?A] /n the sculpture E4a"ille% *'the% pl. 5@F% we see a representation o# this lion% which is standing o"er the bodies o# slain enemies upon a rectangular pedestal% or bloc&.

nd Ra said unto Thoth% ".ehold% (eru:.ehutet is li&e unto a lion in his lair [when] he is on the bac& o# the enem' who ha"e gi"en unto him their tongues." nd Thoth said% "This domain shall be called =9hent:abt%= and it shall [also] be called =Tchalt= Eor% TchartF #rom this da' onwards. nd the bringing o# the tongues #rom the remote places o# Tchalt Eor% TchartF [shall be commemorated] #rom this da' onwards. nd this god shall be called =(eru:.ehutet% +ord o# *esent%= #rom this da' onwards."

nd Ra said unto (eru:.ehutet% "+et us sail to the south up the ri"er% and let us smite the enemies [who are] in the #orms o# crocodiles and hippopotami in the #ace o# Eg'pt."

nd (eru:.ehutet said% "Th' di"ine 9a% 8 Ra% +ord o# the godsP +et us sail up the ri"er against the remainder::one third::o# the enemies who are in the water Eor% ri"erF." Then Thoth recited the !hapters o# protecting the .oat [o# Ra] and the boats o# the blac&smiths% [which he used] #or ma&ing tran,uil the sea at the moment when a storm was raging on it. nd Ra said unto Thoth% "(a"e we not )ourne'ed throughout the whole landL $hall we not )ourne' co"er the whole sea in li&e mannerL" nd Thoth said% "This water shall be called the =$ea o# )ourne'ing%= #rom this da' onward." nd the' sailed about o"er the water during the night% and the' did not see an' o# those enemies at all. Then the' made a )ourne' #orth and arri"ed in the countr' o# Ta: sti%[F4#5?6] at the town o# $has:hertet% and he percei"ed the most able o# their enemies in the countr' o# 1aua%[F4#5?@] and the' were uttering treason against (orus their +ord.

[F4#5?6] 4orthern 4ubiaI the name means "+and o# the .ow." [F4#5?@] portion o# 4orthern 4ubia.

nd (eru:.ehut changed his #orm into that o# the -inged 2is&% [and too& his place] abo"e the bow o# the .oat o# Ra. nd he made the goddess 4e&hebit[F4#5?7] and the goddess 1atchit[F4#55?] to be with him in the #orm o# serpents% so that the' might ma&e the $ebau #iends to ,ua&e in [all] their limbs Eor% bodiesF. Their boldness Ei.e.% that o# the #iendsF subsided through the #ear o# him% the' made no resistance whatsoe"er% and the' died straightwa'.

[F4#5?7] The goddess o# the $outh. [F4#55?] The goddess o# the 4orth.

Then the gods who were in the #ollowing o# the .oat o# (eru:&huti said% "3reat% great is that which he hath done among them b' means o# the two $erpent 3oddesses%[F4#555] #or he hath o"erthrown the enem' b' means o# their #ear o# him."

[F4#555] i.e.% 4e&hebit and 1atchit.

nd Ra (eru:&huti said% "The great one o# the two $erpent 3oddesses o# (eru:.ehutet shall be called =1r:1atchti=[F4#55B] #rom this da' onwards."

[F4#55B] "3reat one o# the Two 1raei:goddessesI" these goddesses had their places abo"e the brow o# the god% or at the right and le#t o# the solar dis&.

>/>. nd (eru:&huti tra"elled on in his boat% and landed at the cit' o# Thes:(eru E pollinopolis *agnaF. nd Thoth said% "The being o# light who hath come #orth #rom the hori0on hath smitten the enem' in the #orm which he hath made% and he shall be called .eing o# light who hath come #orth #rom the hori0on #rom this da' onwards."[F4#55J]

[F4#55J] /n the sculpture E4a"ille% *'the% pl. 57F we see the god% who

is haw&:headed% and wears the crowns o# the $outh and 4orth% seated in a shrine set upon a pedestal. /n the right hand he holds the sceptre and in the le#t the an&h.

nd Ra (eru:&huti ERa (armachisF said to Thoth% "Thou shalt ma&e this -inged 2is& to be in e"er' place wherein / seat m'sel# Eor% dwellF% and in [all] the seats o# the gods in the $outh% and in [all] the seats o# the gods in the +and o# the 4orth . . . . . . . in the !ountr' o# (orus% that it ma' dri"e awa' the e"il ones #rom their domains." Then Thoth made the image o# the -inged 2is& to be in e"er' sanctuar' and in e"er' temple% where the' now are% wherein are all the gods and all the goddesses #rom this da' onwards. 4ow through the -inged 2is& which is on the temple:buildings o# all the gods and all the goddesses o# the +and o# the +il'%[F4#55D] and the +and o# the Pap'rus%[F4#55C] [these buildings] become shrines o# (eru:.ehutet.

[F4#55D] i.e.% the 4orth% especiall' the 2elta. [F4#55C] i.e.% the $outh.

s concerning (eru:.ehutet% the great god% the lord o# hea"en% the president o# the ter o# the $outh%[F4#55A] he it is who is made to be on the right hand. This is (eru:.ehutet on whom the goddess 4e&hebit is placed in the #orm o# a serpent Eor% uraeusF. s concerning (eru: .ehutet% the great god% the lord o# hea"en% the lord o# *esent% the president o# the ter o# the 4orth%[F4#556] he it is who is made to be on the le#t hand. This (eru:.ehutet on whom the goddess 1atchit is placed is in the #orm o# a serpent.

[F4#55A] i.e.% the southern hal# o# hea"en. [F4#556] i.e.% the northern hal# o# hea"en.

s concerning (eru:.ehutet% the great god% the lord o# hea"en% the lord o# *esent% the president o# the two terti o# the $outh and 4orth% Ra (eru:&huti set it Ei.e.% the -inged 2is&F in his e"er' place% to o"erthrow the enemies in e"er' place wherein the' are. nd he shall be called President o# the two terti o# the $outh and 4orth because o# this #rom this da' onwards.[F4#55@]

[F4#55@] /n the sculpture which illustrates this portion o# the text at Ed#u% two -inged 2is&s are represented. The #irst has #### on each side o# it. The dis& has an uraeus on each side. The second winged s'mbol o# the god consists o# a beetle with outstretched wings% which

holds between his #orelegs the solar dis&% and between his hind legs the s'mbol o# the orbit o# the sun.

(<*4 T8 8$/R/$ 42

+E3E42 8F T(E 8R/3/4 8F (8R1$.

(omage to thee% 8siris% +ord o# eternit'% 9ing o# the gods% whose names are mani#old% whose trans#ormations are sublime% whose #orm is hidden in the temples whose 9a is hol'% the 3o"ernor o# Tetut%[F4#557] the might' one o# possessions ELFin the shrine%[F4#5B?] the +ord o# praises[F4#5B5] in the nome o# netch%[F4#5BB] President o# the tche#a #ood in nu%[F4#5BJ] +ord who art commemorated in [the town o#] *aati%[F4#5BD] the m'sterious Eor% hiddenF $oul% the +ord o# Qerret%[F4#5BC] the sublime one in -hite -all%[F4#5BA] the $oul o# Ra [and] his "er' bod'% who hast th' dwelling in (enensu%[F4#5B6] the bene#icent one% who art praised in 4art%[F4#5B@] who ma&est to rise up th' $oul% +ord o# the 3reat (ouse in the cit'[F4#5B7] o# the Eight 3ods%[F4#5J?] [who inspirest] great terror in $has:hetep%[F4#5J5] +ord o# eternit'% 3o"ernor o# btu E b'dosF.

[F4#557] *ore #ull' Pa: sar:neb:Tetut% the .usiris o# the 3ree&sI .usiris R Pa: sar% "(ouse o# 8siris%" par excellence. The "ariant Tataut also occurs. [F4#5B?] n allusion% perhaps% to the town $e&hem% the capital o# the second nome E+etopolitesF o# +ower Eg'pt. [F4#5B5] i.e.% lord whose praises are sung. [F4#5BB] +etopolites. [F4#5BJ] (eliopolis. [F4#5BD] i.e.% a #amous sanctuar' in the +etopolite nome where Ptah was worshipped. [F4#5BC] The region o# the First !ataract% where the 4ile was belie"ed to rise. [F4#5BA] *emphis. [F4#5B6] (era&leopolis% the Shbw >a4e$K o# /saiah. [F4#5B@] name o# (era&leopolis.

[F4#5B7] 9hemenu or (ermopolis% the cit' o# Thoth. [F4#5J?] These gods were: 4u and 4utI (ehu and (ehutI 9e&ui and 9e&uitI 9erh and 9erhet.

[F4#5J5] The capital o# $et% the ele"enth nome o# 1pper Eg'ptI the chie# local deit' was 9hnemu.

Th' seat Eor% domainF reacheth #ar into Ta:tchesert%[F4#5JB] and th' name is #irml' stablished in the mouth[s] o# men. Thou art the two: #old substance o# the Two +ands[F4#5JJ] e"er'where ELF% and the di"ine #ood Etche#F o# the 9au%[F4#5JD] the 3o"ernor o# the !ompanies[F4#5JC] o# the 3ods% and the bene#icent Eor% per#ectF $pirit:soul[F4#5JA] among $pirit:souls. The god 4u draweth his waters #rom thee%[F4#5J6] and thou bringest #orth the north wind at e"entide% and wind #rom th' nostrils to the satis#action o# th' heart. Th' heart #lourisheth% and thou bringest #orth the splendour o# tche# #ood.

[F4#5JB]

name o# the 8ther -orld.

[F4#5JJ] i.e.% the two Eg'pts% 1pper and +ower. [F4#5JD] The 2oubles o# the beati#ied who are #ed b' 8siris in the 8ther -orld. [F4#5JC] Three !ompanies are distinguished: the gods o# (ea"en% the gods o# Earth% and the gods o# the 8ther -orld. [F4#5JA] The indestructible% immortal $pirit:soul as opposed to the .a:soul or animal:soul. [F4#5J6] (ere and in other places / ha"e changed the pronoun o# the third person into that o# the second to a"oid the abrupt changes o# the original.

The height o# hea"en and the stars [thereo#] are obedient unto thee% and thou ma&est to be opened the great gates [o# the s&']. Thou art the lord to whom praises are sung in the southern hea"en% thou art he to whom than&s are gi"en in the northern hea"en. The stars which ne"er diminish are under the place o# th' #ace%[F4#5J@] and th' seats are the stars which ne"er rest.[F4#5J7] 8##erings appear be#ore thee b' the command o# 9eb. The !ompanies o# the 3ods ascribe praise unto thee% the $tar:gods o# the Tuat smell the earth be#ore thee%[F4#5D?] the domains [ma&e] bowings [be#ore thee]% and the ends o# the earth ma&e supplication to thee [when] the' see thee.

[F4#5J@] i.e.% the' are under th' inspection and care. [F4#5J7] i.e.% the stars which ne"er set. The allusion is probabl' to certain circumpolar stars. [F4#5D?] i.e.% do homage.

Those who are among the hol' ones are in terror o# him% and the Two +ands% all o# them% ma&e acclamations to him when the' meet (is *a)est'. Thou art a shining 4oble at the head o# the nobles% permanent in [th'] high ran&% stablished in [th'] so"ereignt'% the bene#icent Power o# the !ompan' o# the 3ods. -ell:pleasing [is th'] #ace% and thou art belo"ed b' him that seeth thee. Thou settest the #ear o# thee in all lands% and because o# their lo"e #or thee [men] hold th' name to be pre:eminent. E"er' man ma&eth o##erings unto thee% and thou art the +ord who is commemorated in hea"en and upon earth. *ani#old are the cries o# acclamation to thee in the 1a&[F4#5D5] #esti"al% and the Two +ands shout )o'ousl' to thee with one accord. Thou art the eldest% the #irst o# th' brethren% the Prince o# the !ompan' o# the 3ods% and the stablisher o# Truth throughout the Two +ands. Thou settest [th'] son upon the great throne o# his #ather 9eb. Thou art the belo"ed one o# th' mother 4ut% whose "alour is most might' [when] thou o"erthrowest the $eba Fiend. Thou hast slaughtered th' enem'% and hast put the #ear o# thee into th' d"ersar'.

[F4#5D5] 8ne o# the chie# #esti"als o# 8siris% during which the god made a periplus.

Thou art the bringer in o# the remotest boundaries% and art stable o# heart% and th' two #eet are li#ted up ELFI thou art the heir o# 9eb and o# the so"ereignt' o# the Two +ands% and he Ei.e.% 9ebF hath seen th' splendid ,ualities% and hath commanded thee to guide the lands Ei.e.% the worldF b' th' hand so long as times [and seasons] endure. Thou hast made this earth with th' hand% the waters thereo#% the winds thereo#% the trees and herbs thereo#% the cattle thereo# o# e"er' &ind% the birds thereo# o# e"er' &ind% the #ish thereo# o# e"er' &ind% the creeping things thereo#% and the #our:#ooted beasts thereo#. The land o# the desert[F4#5DB] belongeth b' right to the son o# 4ut% and the Two +ands ha"e contentment in ma&ing him to rise[F4#5DJ] upon the throne o# his #ather li&e Ra.

[F4#5DB] This ma' also represent the mountainous districts o# Eg'pt% or e"en #oreign countries in general. [F4#5DJ] To ma&e him rise li&e the sun% or to enthrone him.

Thou rollest up into the hori0on% thou settest the light abo"e the dar&ness% thou illuminest [the Two +ands] with the light #rom th' two plumes% thou #loodest the Two +ands li&e the 2is& at the beginning o# the dawn. Th' -hite !rown pierceth the height o# hea"en saluting the stars%[F4#5DD] thou art the guide o# e"er' god. Thou art per#ect[F4#5DC] in command and word. Thou art the #a"oured one o# the 3reat !ompan' o# the 3ods% and thou art the belo"ed one o# the +ittle

!ompan' o# the 3ods.

[F4#5DD] 8r% "becoming a brother to the stars%" or the $tar:gods. [F4#5DC] 8r% bene#icent.

Th' sister [/sis] acted as a protectress to thee. $he dro"e [th'] enemies awa'% she a"erted seasons [o# calamit' #rom thee]% she recited the word Eor% #ormulaF with the magical power o# her mouth% [being] s&illed o# tongue and ne"er halting #or a word% being per#ect in command and word. /sis the magician a"enged her brother. $he went about see&ing #or him untiringl'. $he #lew round and round o"er this earth uttering wailing cries o# grie#% and she did not alight on the ground until she had #ound him. $he made light [to come #orth] #rom her #eathers% she made air to come into being b' means o# her two wings% and she cried out the death cries #or her brother. $he made to rise up the helpless members o# him whose heart was at rest% she drew #rom him his essence% and she made there#rom an heir. $he suc&led the child in solitariness and none &new where his place was% and he grew in strength. (is hand is might' Eor% "ictoriousF within the house o# 9eb% and the !ompan' o# the 3ods re)oice greatl' at the coming o# (orus% the son o# 8siris% whose heart is #irml' stablished% the triumphant one% the son o# /sis% the #lesh and bone o# 8siris. The Tchatcha[F4#5DA] o# Truth% and the !ompan' o# the 3ods% and 4eb:er:tcher[F4#5D6] himsel#% and the +ords o# Truth% gather together to him% and assemble therein.[F4#5D@] ;eril' those who de#eat ini,uit' re)oice[F4#5D7] in the (ouse o# 9eb to bestow the di"ine ran& and dignit' upon him to whom it belongeth% and the so"ereignt' upon him whose it is b' right.

[F4#5DA] +iterall'% the "(eads%" /.e.% the di"ine so"ereign !hie#s at the court o# 8siris% who acted as administrators o# the god% and e"en as tas&:masters. [F4#5D6] "(e who is the lord to the end Eor% limitF o# the world%" a name o# 8siris. [F4#5D@] i.e.% in the (ouse o# 9eb. [F4#5D7] 8r perhaps "ta&e their seats in the (ouse o# 9eb."

+E3E42 8F PT ( 4EFER:(ETEP 42 T(E PR/4!E$$ 8F .E9(TE4.

The (orus: "*ight' .ull% the #ormELF o# risings[F4#5C?]% stablished in so"ereignt' li&e Tem." The 3olden (orus: "*ight' one o#

strength[F4#5C5]% destro'er o# the 4ine 4ations o# the .ow."[F4#5CB] 9ing o# the $outh and 4orth: "The +ord o# the Two +ands% 1ser:*aat:Ra: setep:en:Ra $on o# Ra: 8# his bod'% Ra:meses:meri: men% o# men: RaI[F4#5CJ] the +ord o# the thrones o# the Two +ands% and o# the !ompan' o# the 3ods% the +ords o# Thebes% the belo"ed one. The bene#icent god% the son o# men% born o# *ut% begotten o# (eru:&huti% the glorious o##spring o# 4eb:tchert%[F4#5CD] begetting [as] the .ull o# his *other% [F4#5CC] &ing o# Eg'pt% 3o"ernor o# the deserts% the $o"ereign who hath ta&en possession o# the 4ine 4ations o# the .owI [who] on coming #orth #rom the womb ordained might' things% who ga"e commands whilst he was in the egg% the .ull% stable o# heart% who hath sent #orth his seedI the &ing who is a bull% [and] a god who cometh #orth on the da' o# battle li&e *enthu%[F4#5CA] the might' one o# strength li&e the son o# 4ut."[F4#5C6]

[F4#5C?] i.e.% the image who rises li&e the sun da' b' da'% or the image o# [man'] crowns. [F4#5C5] 8r% might' one o# the thigh% i.e.% he o# the might' thigh. [F4#5CB] The nations o# 4ubia who #ought with bows and arrows. [F4#5CJ] /n this "ersion o# the protocol o# Rameses //. the second "strong name" o# the &ing is omitted. [F4#5CD] i.e.% 4eb:er:tcher. [F4#5CC] 9a:mut:#% the Sgree& &amhT#icK o# the 3ree&s. [F4#5CA] The -ar:god o# Thebes. [F4#5C6] i.e.% 8siris.

.ehold% (is *a)est' was in the countr' o# 4eheru[F4#5C@] according to his custom e"er' 'ear% and the chie#s o# e"er' land% e"en as #ar as the swamps% came [to pa'] homage% bearing o##erings to the $ouls o# (is *a)est'I and the' brought their gi#ts% gold% lapis:la0uli% tur,uoise% bars o# wood o# e"er' &ind o# the +and o# the 3od%[F4#5C7] on their bac&s% and each one surpassed his neighbour.

[F4#5C@] The "countr' o# the ri"ers%" the Shbw aRam 4a(aRa<imK o# 3en. xxi". 5?% the #### o# $'rian writers. [F4#5C7] o# #rica. name including -estern sia and a portion o# the East !oast

nd the Prince o# .e&hten [also] caused his gi#ts to be brought% and he set his eldest daughter at the head o# them all% and he addressed words

o# praise to (is *a)est'% and pra'ed to him #or his li#e. nd the maiden was beauti#ul% and (is *a)est' considered her to be the most lo"el' [woman] in the world% and he wrote down as her title% "3reat Ro'al -i#e% Ra:ne#eru"I and when (is *a)est' arri"ed in Eg'pt% he did #or her whatsoe"er was done #or the Ro'al -i#e. 8n the twent':second da' o# the second month o# the season o# $hemu%[F4#5A?] in the #i#teenth 'ear [o# his reign]% behold% (is *a)est' was in Thebes% the *ight' [cit']% the *istress o# cities% per#orming the praises o# Father men% the +ord o# the thrones o# the Two +ands% in his beauti#ul Festi"al o# the $outhern pt%[F4#5A5] which was the seat o# his heart Ei.e.% the chosen spotF #rom primae"al time% [when] one came to sa' to (is *a)est'% " n ambassador o# the Prince o# .e&hten hath arri"ed bearing man' gi#ts #or the Ro'al -i#e."

[F4#5A?] The summer. The !opts called the second month o# this season Paoni. [F4#5A5] The modern Temple o# +uxor.

nd ha"ing been brought into the presence o# (is *a)est' with his gi#ts% he spa&e words o# adoration to (is *a)est'% sa'ing% "Praise be unto thee% 8 thou $un ERaF o# the 4ine 4ations o# the .ow% permit us to li"e be#ore theeP" nd when he had spo&en% and had smelt the earth be#ore (is *a)est'% he continued his speech be#ore (is *a)est'% sa'ing% "/ ha"e come unto thee% m' 9ing and +ord% on behal# o# .ent:Resht% the 'ounger sister o# the Ro'al -i#e Ra:ne#eru. [$ome] disease hath penetrated into her members% and / beseech Th' *a)est' to send a man o# learning to see her." nd (is *a)est' said% ".ring to me the magicians Eor% scribesF o# the (ouse o# +i#e% and the nobles o# the palace." nd ha"ing been brought into his presence straightwa'% (is *a)est' said unto them% ".ehold% / ha"e caused 'ou to be summoned [hither] in order that 'e ma' hear this matter. 4ow bring to me [one] o# 'our compan' whose heart is wise[F4#5AB]% and whose #ingers are de#t." nd the ro'al scribe Tehuti:em:heb came into the presence o# (is *a)est'% and (is *a)est' commanded him to depart to .e&hten with that ambassador.

[F4#5AB] 8r% a s&illed cra#tsman.

nd when the man o# learning had arri"ed in .e&hten% he #ound .ent: Resht in the condition o# a woman who is possessed b' a spirit% and he #ound 5B this spirit to be an e"il one% and to be hostile in his disposition towards him.

nd the Prince o# .e&hten sent a messenger a second time into the presence o# (is *a)est'% sa'ing% "8 9ing% m' +ord% / pra' (is Ei.e.% Th'F *a)est' to command that a god be brought hither to contend against the spirit." 4ow when the messenger came to (is *a)est' in the #irst month[F4#5AJ] o# the season o# $hemu% in the twent':sixth 'ear [o# his reign]% on the da' which coincided with that o# the Festi"al o# men% (is *a)est' was in the palace Eor% templeLF o# Thebes. nd (is *a)est' spa&e a second time[F4#5AD] in the presence o# 9hensu in Thebes% [called] "4e#er: (etep%" sa'ing% "8 m' #air +ord% / present m'sel# be#ore thee a second time on behal# o# the daughter o# the Prince o# .e&hten." Then 9hensu% in Thebes% [called] "4e#er:(etep"% was carried to 9hensu% [called] "Pa: ari:se&her%" the great god who dri"eth awa' the spirits which attac&. nd (is *a)est' spa&e be#ore 9hensu in Thebes% [called] "4e#er:(etep%" sa'ing% "8 m' #air +ord% i# thou wilt gi"e Ei.e.% turnF th' #ace to 9hensu% [called] =Pa:ari:se&her%= the great god who dri"eth awa' the spirits which attac&% permit thou that he ma' depart to .e&htenI" [and the god] inclined his head with a deep inclination twice. nd (is *a)est' said% "+et% / pra'% th' protecti"e Eor% magicalF power [go] with him% so that / ma' ma&e (is *a)est' to go to .e&hten to deli"er the daughter o# the Prince o# .e&hten [#rom the spirit]."

[F4#5AJ] The month Pa&hon o# the !opts. [F4#5AD] The text ma&es no mention o# the #irst application to 9hensu.

nd 9hensu in Thebes% [called] "4e#er:(etep%" inclined his head with a deep inclination twice. nd he made [his] protecti"e power to pass into 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast%" in a #our#old measure. Then (is *a)est' commanded that 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em: 1ast%" should set out on his )ourne' in a great boat% [accompanied b'] #i"e smaller boats% and chariots% and a large number o# horses [which marched] on the right side and on the le#t. nd when this god arri"ed in .e&hten at the end o# a period o# one 'ear and #i"e months% the Prince o# .e&hten came #orth with his soldiers and his chie#[s] be#ore 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her%" and he cast himsel# down upon his bell'% sa'ing% "Thou hast come to us% and thou art welcomed b' us% b' the commands o# the 9ing o# the $outh and 4orth% 1ser:*aat:Ra:setep:en:RaP" nd when this god had passed o"er to the place where .ent:Resht was% he wor&ed upon the daughter o# the Prince o# .e&hten with his magical power% and she became better Ei.e.% was healedF straightwa'. nd this spirit which had been with her said% in the presence o# 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast%" "!ome in peace Ei.e.% -elcomePF% 8 great god% who dost dri"e awa' the spirits which attac&P .e&hten is th' cit'% the people thereo#% both men and women% are th' Eser"ants%

and / m'sel# am th' ser"ant. / will [now] depart unto the place whence / came% so that / ma' cause th' heart to be content about the matter concerning which thou hast come. / pra' that Th' *a)est' will command that a happ' da' Ei.e.% a #esti"al% or da' o# re)oicingF be made with me% and with the Prince o# .e&hten." nd this god inclined his head [in appro"al] to his priest% sa'ing% "+et the Prince o# .e&hten ma&e a great o##ering in the Epresence o# this spirit." 4ow whilst 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast%" was arranging these [things] with the spirit% the Prince o# .e&hten and his soldiers were standing there% and the' #eared with an exceedingl' great #ear. nd the Prince o# .e&hten made a great o##ering in the presence o# 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast%" and the spirit o# the Prince o# .e&hten% and he made a happ' da' Ei.e.% #esti"alF on their behal#% and [then] the spirit departed in peace unto the place which he lo"ed% b' the command o# 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast." nd the Prince o# .e&hten% and e"er' person who was in the countr' o# .e&hten% re)oiced "er' greatl'% and he too& counsel with his heart% sa'ing% "/t hath happened that this god hath been gi"en as a gi#t to .e&hten% and / will not permit him to depart to Eg'pt." nd [when] this god had tarried #or three 'ears and nine months in .e&hten% the Prince o# .e&hten% who was l'ing down asleep on his bed% saw this god come #orth outside his shrine Enow he was in the #orm o# a golden haw&F% and he #lew up into the hea"ens and departed to Eg'ptI and when the Prince wo&e up he was trembling. nd he said unto the prophet o# 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast%" "This god who tarried with us hath departed to Eg'ptI let his chariot also depart to Eg'pt." nd the Prince o# .e&hten permitted [the image o#] the god to set out #or Eg'pt% and he ga"e him man' great gi#ts o# beauti#ul things o# all &inds% and a large number o# soldiers and horses [went with him]. nd when the' had arri"ed in peace in Thebes% 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari: se&her:em:1ast%" went into the Temple o# 9hensu in Thebes% [called] "4e#er:(etep%" and he placed the o##erings which the Prince o# .e&hten had gi"en unto him% beauti#ul things o# all &inds% be#ore 9hensu in Thebes% [called] "4e#er:(etep%" and he ga"e nothing thereo# whatsoe"er to his [own] temple. Thus 9hensu% [called] "Pa:ari:se&her:em:1ast%" arri"ed in his temple in peace% on the nineteenth da' o# the second month[F4#5AC] o# the season Pert% in the thirt':third 'ear o# the [reign o# the] 9ing o# the $outh and 4orth% 1ser:*aat:en:Ra:setep:en:Ra% the gi"er o# li#e% li&e Ra% #or e"er.

[F4#5AC] The month *e&hir o# the !optsI the season Pert is the Eg'ptian spring.

+E3E42 8F T(E 382 9(4E*1 42 8F

$E;E4 <E R$= F */4E.

/n the eighteenth 'ear o# the (orus% 4eter:9hat% o# the 9ing o# the $outh and 4orth% 4eter:9hat% o# the +ord o# the $hrines o# 1atchit and 4e&hebit% 4eter:9hat% o# the 3olden (orus Tcheser%[F4#5AA] when *atar was (a Prince% and Erpa% and 3o"ernor o# the temple:cities in the +and o# the $outh% and director o# the 9henti[F4#5A6] #ol& in btu%[F4#5A@] there was brought unto him the #ollowing ro'al despatch: "This is to in#orm thee that miser' hath laid hold upon me [as / sit] upon the great throne b' reason o# those who dwell in the 3reat (ouse.[F4#5A7] *' heart is grie"ousl' a##licted b' reason o# the exceedingl' great e"il [which hath happened] because (api Ei.e.% the 4ileF hath not come #orth[F4#56?] in m' time to the [proper] height #or se"en 'ears. 3rain is "er' scarce% "egetables are lac&ing altogether% e"er' &ind o# thing which men eat #or their #ood hath ceased% and e"er' man [now] plundereth "his neighbour. *en wish to wal&% but are unable to mo"e% the child waileth% the 'oung man draggeth his limbs along% and the hearts o# the aged #ol& are crushed with despairI their legs gi"e wa' under them% and the' sin& down to the ground% and their hands are laid upon their bodies [in pain]. The shennu[F4#565] nobles are destitute o# counsel% and [when] the storehouses which should contain supplies are opened% there cometh #orth there#rom nothing but wind. E"er'thing is in a state o# ruin. *' mind hath remembered% going bac& to #ormer time% when / had an ad"ocate% to the time o# the gods% and o# the /bis:god% and o# the chie# 9her:heb priest /:em:hetep%[F4#56B] the son o# Ptah o# his $outhern -all."

[F4#5AA] Tcheser was a &ing o# the ///rd 2'nast'% and is #amous as the builder o# the $tep P'ramid at $a&&arah. (is tomb was disco"ered b' *r. N. 3arstang at .et 9halla# in 1pper Eg'pt in 57?5. [F4#5A6] i.e.% the people who were in #ront o#% that is% to the $outh o# Eg'pt% or the population o# the countr' which lies between 2a&&ah and swan. [F4#5A@] The ancient Eg'ptian name #or Elephantine /sland% which appears to ha"e gained this name because it resembled an elephant in shape. [F4#5A7] i.e.% the palace. [F4#56?] i.e.% risen. [F4#565] i.e.% the high court o##icials and administrators. [F4#56B] The #amous priest and magician% who was subse,uentl' dei#ied

and became one o# the chie# gods o# *emphis.

"-here is the place o# birth o# (api Ethe 4ileFL -hat god% or what goddess% presideth ELF o"er itL -hat manner o# #orm hath heL /t is he who stablisheth re"enue #or me% and a #ull store o# grain. / would go to the !hie# o# (et:$e&het[F4#56J] whose bene#icence strengtheneth all men in their wor&s. / would enter into the (ouse o# +i#e%[F4#56D] / would un#old the written rolls [therein]% and / would la' m' hand upon them."

[F4#56J] (ermopolis. [F4#56D] Per:an&h% or Pa:an&h% was a name gi"en to one o# the temple: colleges o# priests and scribes.

Then [*atar] set out on his )ourne'% and he returned to me straightwa'. (e ga"e me instruction concerning the increase o# (api%[F4#56C] and told me all things which men had written concerning it% and he re"ealed to me the secret doors ELF whereto m' ancestors had beta&en themsel"es ,uic&l'% the li&e o# which has ne"er been% to [an'] &ing since the time o# Ra% ELF. nd he said unto me: "There is a cit' in the middle o# the stream where#rom (api ma&eth his appearanceI "= bu=[F4#56A] was its name in the beginningI it is the !it' o# the .eginning% and it is the 4ome o# the !it' o# the .eginning. [/t reacheth] to 1aua%[F4#566] which is the beginning o# the land. There is too a #light o# steps%[F4#56@] which reareth itsel# to a great height% and is the support o# Ra% when he ma&eth his calculation to prolong li#e to e"er'oneI =4etchemtchem n&h=[F4#567] is the name o# its abode. =The two Qerti=[F4#5@?] is the name o# the water% and the' are the two breasts #rom which e"er' good thing cometh #orth ELF.

[F4#56C] i.e.% the /nundation% or 4ile Flood. [F4#56A] The Elephant !it'% i.e.% Elephantine. [F4#566] portion o# 4orthern 4ubia.

[F4#56@] This is probabl' an allusion to the #amous 4ilometer on the /sland o# Philae. [F4#567] i.e.% "$weet% sweet li#e." [F4#5@?] The Qerti were the two openings through which the 4ile entered this world #rom the great celestial ocean.

"(ere is the bed o# (api Ethe 4ileF% wherein he reneweth his 'outh [in his season]% wherein he causeth the #looding o# the land. (e cometh and hath union as he )ourne'eth% as a man hath union with a woman. nd again he pla'eth the part o# a husband and satis#ieth his desire. (e riseth to the height o# twent':eight cubits [at bu]% and he droppeth at $ma:.ehutet[F4#5@5] to se"en cubits. The unionELF there is that o# the god 9hnemu in [ bu. (e smiteth the ground] with his sandals% and [its] #ulness becometh abundantI he openeth the bolt o# the door with his hand% and he throweth open the double door o# the opening through which the water cometh."

[F4#5@5] 2iospolis o# +ower Eg'pt% or "Thebes o# the 4orth."

"*oreo"er% he dwelleth there in the #orm o# the god $hu%[F4#5@B] as one who is lord o"er his own territor'% and his homestead% the name o# which is = a= Ei.e.% the =/sland=F. There he &eepeth an account o# the products o# the +and o# the $outh and o# the +and o# the 4orth% "in order to gi"e unto e"er' god his proper share% and he leadeth to each [the metals]% and the [precious stones% and the #our:#ooted beasts]% and the #eathered #owl% and the #ish% and e"er' thing whereon the' li"e. nd the cord [#or the measuring o# the land] and the tablet whereon the register is &ept are there.

[F4#5@B] The god who separated the $&':goddess 4ut #rom the embrace o# her husband% the Earth:god 9eb% and who holds her abo"e him each da'.

" nd there is an edi#ice o# wood there% with the portals thereo# #ormed o# reeds% wherein he dwelleth as one who is o"er his own territor'% and he ma&eth the #oliage o# the trees ELF to ser"e as a roo#. "(is 3od:house hath an opening towards the south:east% and Ra Eor% the $unF standeth immediatel' opposite thereto e"er' da'. The stream which #loweth along the south side thereo# hath danger [#or him that attac&eth it]% and it hath as a de#ence a wall which entereth into the region o# the men o# 9ens[F4#5@J] on the $outh. (uge mountains [#illed with] masses o# stone are round about its domain on the east side% and shut it in. Thither come the ,uarr'men with things EtoolsLF o# e"er' &ind% [when] the' "see& to build a (ouse #or an' god in the +and o# the $outh% or in the +and o# the 4orth% or [shrines] as abodes #or sacred animals% or ro'al p'ramids% and statues o# all &inds. The' stand up in #ront o# the (ouse o# the 3od and in the sanctuar' chamber% and their sweet smelling o##erings are presented be#ore the #ace o# the god 9hnemu during his circuit% e"en as [when the' bring] "garden herbs and

#lowers o# e"er' &ind. The #ore parts thereo# are in bu EElephantineF% and the hind parts are in the cit' o# $unt ELF.[F4#5@D] 8ne portion thereo# is on the east side[F4#5@C] o# the ri"er% and another portion is on the west side[F4#5@A] o# the ri"er% and another portion is in the middle[F4#5@6] o# the ri"er. The stream dec&eth the region with its waters during a certain season o# the 'ear% and it is a place o# delight #or e"er' man. nd wor&s are carried on among these ,uarries [which are] on the edges [o# the ri"erL]% "#or the stream immediatel' #aceth this cit' o# bu itsel#% and there existeth the granite% the substance whereo# is hard ELFI =$tone o# bu= it is called.

[F4#5@J] 9ens extended south #rom Philae as #ar as 9oros&o. [F4#5@D] Perhaps $unut% R the $'ene o# the 3ree&s% and the Shbw $u-e4e(K o# the (ebrews. [F4#5@C] i.e.% $'ene. [F4#5@A] i.e.% !ontra $'ene. [F4#5@6] i.e.% the /sland o# Elephantine.

"[(ere is] a list o# the names o# the gods who dwell in the 2i"ine (ouse o# 9hnemu. The goddess o# the star $ept E$othisF% the goddess n,et% (ap Ethe 4ile:godF% $hu% 9eb% 4ut% 8siris% (orus% /sis% and 4ephth's. "[(ere are] "the names o# the stones which lie in the heart o# the mountains% some on the east side% some on the west side% and some in [the midst o#] the stream o# bu. The' exist in the heart o# bu% the' exist in the countr' on the east ban&% and in the countr' on the west ban&% and in the midst o# the stream% namel'% ".e&hen:stone% *eri Eor *eliF:stone% tbe&hab ELF:stone% Ra&es:stone% and white 1tshi:stoneI these are #ound on the east ban&. Per:tchani:stone is #ound on the west ban&% and the Teshi:stone in the ri"er. "[(ere are] the names o# the hard Eor% hiddenF precious stones% which are #ound in the upper side% among them being the . . . . . stone% the name[F4#5@@] o# which hath spread abroad through [a space o#] #our atru measures: 3old% $il"er% !opper% /ron% +apis:la0uli% Emerald% Thehen E!r'stalLF% 9henem ERub'F% 9ai% *ennu% .et&a ELF% Temi% 4a ELF. The #ollowing come #orth #rom the #ore part[F4#5@7] o# the land: *ehi: stone% [(e]ma&i:stone% bheti:stone% iron ore% alabaster #or statues% mother:o#:emerald% antimon'% seeds Eor% gumF o# the sehi plant% seeds Eor% gumF o# the amem plant% and seeds Eor% gumF o# the incense plantI these are #ound in the #ore parts o# its double cit'." These were the things which / learned there#rom Ei.e.% #rom *atarF.

[F4#5@@] i.e.% the stone was "er' #amous. [F4#5@7] The "#ore part%" or "#ront%" o# the land means the countr' l'ing to the south o# 4ubia% and probabl' some part o# the modern Eg'ptian $udan.

4ow m' heart was "er' happ' when / heard these things% and / entered into [the temple o# 9hnemu]. The o"erseers unrolled the documents which were #astened up% the water o# puri#ication was sprin&led [upon me]% a progress was made [through] the secret places% and a great o##ering [consisting] o# bread:ca&es% beer% geese% oxen Eor% bullsF% and beauti#ul things o# all &inds were o##ered to the gods and goddesses who dwell in bu% whose names are proclaimed at the place [which is called]% "!ouch o# the heart in li#e and power." nd / #ound the 3od standing in #ront o# me% and / made him to be at peace with me b' means o# the than&:o##ering which / o##ered unto him% and / made pra'er and supplication be#ore him. Then he opened his e'es% and his heart was inclined [to hear] me% and his words were strong [when he said]% "/ am 9hnemu%[F4#57?] who #ashioned thee. *' two hands were about thee and &nitted together th' bod'% and "made health' th' membersI and it is / who ga"e thee th' heart. <et the minerals Eor% precious stonesF [lie] under each other% [and the' ha"e done so] #rom olden time% and no man hath wor&ed them in order to build the houses o# the god% or to restore those which ha"e #allen into ruin% or to hew out shrines #or the gods o# the $outh and o# the 4orth% or to do what he ought to do #or his lord% notwithstanding that / am the +ord and the !reator.

[F4#57?] (e was the "builder o# men% ma&er o# the gods% the Father who was #rom the beginning% the ma&er o# things which are% the creator o# things which shall be% the source o# things which exist% Father o# #athers% *other o# mothers% Father o# the #athers o# the gods and goddesses% lord o# created things% ma&er o# hea"en% earth% Tuat% water and mountains" E+an0one% 2i0ionario% p. 7C6F.

"/ am [he] who created himsel#% 4u% the 3reat [3od]% who came into being at the beginning% [and] (api% who riseth according to his will% in order to gi"e health to him that laboureth #or me. / am the 2irector and 3uide o# all men at their seasons% the *ost 3reat% the Father o# the 3ods% $hu% the 3reat 8ne% the !hie# o# the Earth. The two hal"es o# the s&' Ei.e.% the East and the -estF are as a habitation below me. la&e o# water hath been poured out #or me% [namel'%] (ap Ei.e.% the 4ileF% which embraceth the #ield:land% and his embrace pro"ideth the [means o#] li#e #or "B5 e"er' nose Ei.e.% e"er' oneF% according to the extent o# his embrace o# the #ield:land. -ith old age [cometh] the condition o# wea&ness. / will ma&e (ap Ei.e.% the 4ileF rise #or thee% and [in] no

'ear shall [he] #ail% and he shall spread himsel# out in rest upon e"er' land. 3reen plants and herbs and trees shall bow beneath [the weight o#] their produce. The goddess Renenet[F4#575] shall be at the head o# e"er'thing% and e"er' product shall increase b' hundreds o# thousands% according to the cubit o# the 'ear. The people shall be #illed% "eril' to their hearts= desire% "and e"er'one. *iser' shall pass awa'% and the emptiness o# their store:houses o# grain shall come to an end. The land o# Ta:*ert Ei.e.% Eg'ptF shall come to be a region o# culti"ated land% the districts [thereo#] shall be 'ellow with grain crops% and the grain [thereo#] shall be goodl'. nd #ertilit' shall come according to the desire [o# the people]% more than there hath e"er been be#ore."

[F4#575] The goddess o# the har"est.

Then / wo&e up at [the mention o#] crops% m' heart Eor% courageF came [bac&]% and was e,ual to m' [#ormer] despair% and / made the #ollowing decree in the temple o# m' #ather 9hnemu::: The &ing gi"eth an o##ering to 9hnemu[F4#57B] the +ord o# the cit' o# Qebhet%[F4#57J] the 3o"ernor o# Ta:$ti%[F4#57D] in return #or those things which thou hast done #or me. There shall be gi"en unto thee on th' right hand [the ri"er ban&] o# *anu%[F4#57C] and on th' le#t hand the ri"er ban& o# bu% together with the land about the cit'% #or a space o# twent' measures%[F4#57A] on the east side and on the west side% with the gardens% and the ri"er #ront "e"er'where throughout the region included in these measures. From e"er' husbandman who tilleth the ground% and ma&eth to li"e again the slain% and placeth water upon the ri"er ban&s and all the islands which are in #ront o# the region o# these measures% shall be demanded a #urther contribution #rom the growing crops and #rom e"er' storehouse% as "th' share.

[F4#57B] 8r perhaps% 9hnemu:Ra. [F4#57J] Qebhet is the name gi"en to the whole region o# the First !ataract. [F4#57D] The "+and o# the .ow%" i.e.% the 4orthern $udan. [F4#57C] The +and o# the setting sun% the -est. [F4#57A] $choinos.

"-hatsoe"er is caught in the nets b' e"er' #isherman and b' e"er' #owler% and whatsoe"er is ta&en b' the catchers o# #ish% and b' the snarers o# birds% and b' e"er' hunter o# wild animals% and b' e"er' man who snareth lions in the mountains% when these things enter [the cit'] one tenth o# them shall be demanded. " nd o# all the cal"es which are cast throughout the regions which are included in these measures% one tenth o# their number "shall be set apart as animals which are sealed #or all the burnt o##erings which are o##ered up dail'. " nd% moreo"er% the gi#t o# one tenth shall be le"ied upon the gold% i"or'% ebon'% spices% carnelians ELF% sa wood% seshes spice% dum palm #ruit ELF% ne# wood% and upon woods and products o# e"er' &ind whatsoe"er% which the 9hentiu% [F4#576] and the 9hentiu o# (en: Resu%[F4#57@] and the Eg'ptians% and e"er' person whatsoe"er [shall bring in].

[F4#576] The inhabitants o# the 4orthern $udan% probabl' as #ar to the south as 4apata. [F4#57@] The people o# the /sland o# *eroU% and probabl' those li"ing on the .lue and -hite 4iles.

" nd [e"er'] hand shall pass them b'% and no o##icer o# the re"enue whatsoe"er shall utter a word be'ond these places to demand Eor% le"' onF things #rom them% or to ta&e things o"er and abo"e [those which are intended #or] th' capital cit'. " nd / will gi"e unto thee the land belonging to the cit'% which beareth stones% and good land #or culti"ation. 4othing thereo# shall be [diminished] or withheld% "o# all these things in order to decei"e the scribes% and the re"enue o##icers% and the inspectors o# the &ing% on whom it shall be incumbent to certi#' e"er'thing. " nd #urther% / will cause the masons% and the hewers o# ore ELF% and the wor&ers in metal% and the smelters ELF o# gold% and the sculptors in stone% "and the ore:crushers% and the #urnace:men ELF% and handicra#tsmen o# e"er' &ind whatsoe"er% who wor& in hewing% and cutting% and polishing these stones% and in gold% and sil"er% and copper% and lead% and e"er' wor&er in wood who shall cut down an' tree% or carr' on a trade o# an' &ind% or wor& which is connected with the wood trade% to "pa' tithe upon all the natural products ELF% and also upon the hard stones which are brought #rom their beds abo"e% and ,uarried stones o# all &inds.

" nd there shall be an inspector o"er the weighing o# the gold% and sil"er% and copper% and real Ei.e.% preciousF stones% and the [other] things% which the metal:wor&ers re,uire #or the (ouse o# 3old% "and the sculptors o# the images o# the gods need in the ma&ing and repairing o# them% and [these things] shall be exempted #rom tithing% and the wor&men also. nd e"er'thing shall be deli"ered Eor% gi"enF in #ront o# the storehouse to their children% a second time% #or the protection o# e"er'thing. nd whatsoe"er is be#ore th' 3od:house shall be in abundance% )ust as it hath e"er been #rom the earliest time. " nd a cop' o# this decree shall be inscribed upon a stele% [which shall be set up] in the hol' place% according to the writing o# the [original] document which is cut upon wood% and [#igures o#] this god and the o"erseers o# the temple shall be [cut] thereon. -hosoe"er shall spit upon that which is on it shall be admonished b' the rope. nd the o"erseers o# the priests% and e"er' o"erseer o# the people o# the (ouse o# the 3od% shall ensure the perpetuation o# m' name in the (ouse o# the god 9hnemu:Ra% the lord o# bu EElephantineF% #or e"er."

T(E +E3E42 8F T(E 2E T( 8F (8R1$ T(R813( T(E $T/43 8F $!8RP/84 42 8F (/$ RE$1RRE!T/84 T(R813( T(8T(% 42 8T(ER * 3/! + TE>T$.

/.::/4! 4T T/84$ 3 /4$T REPT/+E$ 42 48>/81$ !RE T1RE$ /4 3E4ER +.

3et thee bac&% pep% thou enem' o# Ra% thou winding serpent in the #orm o# an intestine% without arms [and] without legs. Th' bod' cannot stand upright so that thou ma'est ha"e therein being% long is th'[F4#577] tail in #ront o# th' den% thou enem'I retreat be#ore Ra. Th' head shall be cut o##% and the slaughter o# thee shall be carried out. Thou shalt not li#t up th' #ace% #or his Ei.e.% Ra=sF #lame is in th' accursed soul. The odour which is in his chamber o# slaughter is in th' members% and th' #orm shall be o"erthrown b' the slaughtering &ni#e o# the great god. The spell o# the $corpion:goddess $er, dri"eth bac& th' might. $tand still% stand still% and retreat through her spell.

[F4#577] +iterall'% "his."

.e "omited% 8 poison% / ad)ure thee to come #orth on the earth. (orus uttereth a spell o"er thee% (orus hac&eth thee in pieces% he spitteth upon theeI thou shalt not rise up towards hea"en% but shalt totter downwards% 8 #eeble one% without strength% cowardl'% unable to #ight% blind% without e'es% and with thine head turned upside down. +i#t not up th' #ace. 3et thee bac& ,uic&l'% and #ind not the wa'. +ie down in despair% re)oice not% retreat speedil'% and show not th' #ace because o# the speech o# (orus% who is per#ect in words o# power. The poison re)oiced% [but] the heart[s] o# man' were "er' sad thereat. (orus hath smitten it with his magical spells% and he who was in sorrow is [now] in )o'. $tand still then% 8 thou who art in sorrow% [#or] (orus hath been endowed with li#e. (e coineth charged% appearing himsel# to o"erthrow the $ebiu #iends which bite. ll men when the' see Ra praise the son o# 8siris. 3et thee bac&% -orm% and draw out th' poison which is in all the members o# him that is under the &ni#e. ;eril' the might o# the word o# power o# (orus is against thee. ;omit thou% 8 Enem'% get thee bac&% 8 poison.

7. T(E !( PTER 8F ! $T/43

$PE++ 84 T(E ! T.

Recite [the #ollowing #ormula]::: "(ail% Ra% come to th' daughterP scorpion hath stung her on a lonel' road. (er cr' hath penetrated the heights o# hea"en% and is heard along the paths. The poison hath entered into her bod'% and circulateth through her #lesh. $he hath set her mouth against itI[F4#B??] "eril' the poison is in her members.

[F4#B??] i.e.% she hath directed her words against it.

"!ome then with th' strength% with th' #ierce attac&% and with th' red powers% and #orce it to be hidden be#ore thee. .ehold% the poison hath entered into all the members o# this !at which is under m' #ingers. .e not a#raid% be not a#raid% m' daughter% m' splendour% [#or] / ha"e set m'sel# near Eor% behindF thee. / ha"e o"erthrown the poison which is in all the limbs o# this !at. 8 thou !at% th' head is the head o# Ra% the +ord o# the Two +ands% the smiter o# the rebellious peoples. Th'[F4#B?5] #ear is in all lands% 8 +ord o# the li"ing% +ord o# eternit'. 8 thou !at% th' two e'es are the E'e o# the +ord o# the 9hut uraeus% who illumineth the Two +ands with his E'e% and illumineth the #ace on the path o# dar&ness. 8 thou !at% th' nose is the nose o# Thoth% the Twice 3reat% +ord o# 9hemenu E(ermopolisF% the !hie# o# the Two +ands o# Ra% who putteth breath into the nostrils o# e"er' person.

8 thou !at% thine ears are the ears o# 4ebertcher% who hear&eneth unto the "oice o# all persons when the' appeal to him% and weigheth words Ei.e.% )udgethF in all the earth. 8 thou !at% th' mouth is the mouth o# Tem% the +ord o# li#e% the uniter ELF o# creation% who hath caused the union ELF o# creationI he shall deli"er thee #rom e"er' poison. 8 thou !at% th' nec& EnehebtF is the nec& o# 4eheb:&a% President o# the 3reat (ouse% "i"i#ier o# men and women b' means o# the mouth o# his two arms. 8 thou !at% th' breast is the breast o# Thoth% the +ord o# Truth% who hath gi"en to thee breath to re#resh ELF th' throat% and hath gi"en breath to that which is therein. 8 thou !at% th' heart is the heart o# the god Ptah% who healeth th' heart o# the e"il poison which is in all th' limbs. 8 thou !at% th' hands BC are the hands o# the 3reat !ompan' o# the gods and the +ittle !ompan' o# the gods% and the' shall deli"er th' hand #rom the poison #rom the mouth o# e"er' serpent. 8 thou !at% th' bell' is the bell' o# 8siris% +ord o# .usiris% the poison shall not wor& an' o# its wishes in th' bell'. 8 thou !at% th' thighs are the thighs o# the god *enthu% who shall ma&e th' thighs to stand up% and shall bring the poison to the ground. 8 thou !at% th' leg:bones are the leg:bones o# 9hensu%[F4#B?B] who tra"elleth o"er all the Two +ands b' da' and b' night% and shall lead the poison to the ground. 8 thou !at% th' legs Eor% #eetF are the legs o# men the 3reat% (orus% +ord o# Thebes% who shall stablish th' #eet on the earth% and shall o"erthrow the poison. 8 thou !at% th' haunches are the haunches o# (orus% the a"enger Eor% ad"ocateF o# his #ather 8siris% and the' shall place $et in the e"il which he hath wrought. 8 thou !at% th' soles are the soles o# Ra% who shall ma&e the poison to return to the earth. 8 thou !at% th' bowels are the bowels o# the !ow: goddess *eh:urt% who shall o"erthrow and cut in pieces the poison which is in th' bell' and in all the members in thee% and in [all] the members o# the gods in hea"en% and in [all] the members o# the gods on earth% and shall o"erthrow e"er' poison in thee. There is no member in thee without the goddess who shall o"erthrow and cut in pieces the poison o# e"er' male serpent% and e"er' #emale serpent% and e"er' scorpion% and e"er' reptile% which ma' be in an' member o# this !at which is under the &ni#e. ;eril' /sis wea"eth and 4ephth's spinneth against the poison. This wo"en garment strengtheneth this [being% i.e.% (orus]% who is per#ect in words o# power% through the speech o# Ra (eru:&huti% the great god% President o# the $outh and 4orth: =8 e"il poison which is in an' member o# this !at which is under the &ni#e% come% issue #orth upon the earth.="

[F4#B?5] +iterall' "his." [F4#B?B] (e was the messenger o# the gods% and tra"elled across the s&' under the #orm o# the *oonI he sometimes appears as a #orm o# Thoth.

48T(ER !( PTER.

$a' the [#ollowing] words::: "8 Ra:[9huti]% come to th' daughter. 8 $hu% come to th' wi#e. 8 /sis% come to th' sister% and deli"er her #rom the e"il poison which is in all her members. (ail% 8 'e gods% come 'e and o"erthrow 'e the e"il poison which is in all the members o# the !at which is under the &ni#e. "(ail% 8 aged one% who renewest th' 'outh in th' season% thou old man who ma&est th'sel# to be a bo'% grant thou that Thoth ma' come to me at [the sound o#] m' "oice% and behold% let him turn bac& #rom me 4etater. 8siris is on the water% the E'e o# (orus is with him. great .eetle spreadeth himsel# o"er him% great b' reason o# his grasp% produced b' the gods #rom a child. (e who is o"er the water appeareth in a health' #orm. /# he who is o"er the water shall be approached Eor% attac&edF% the E'e o# (orus% which weepeth% shall be approached. "3et 'e bac&% 8 'e who dwell in the water% crocodiles% #ish% that Enem'% male dead person and #emale dead person% male #iend and #emale #iend% o# e"er' &ind whatsoe"er% li#t not up 'our #aces% 8 'e who dwell in the waters% 'e crocodiles and #ish. -hen 8siris )ourne'eth o"er 'ou% permit 'e him to go to .usiris. +et 'our nostrils [be closed]% 'our throats stopped up. "3et 'e bac&% $eba #iendsP +i#t 'e not up 'our #aces against him that is on the water . . . . . 8siris:Ra% riseth up in his .oat to loo& at the gods o# 9her:ahat% and the +ords o# the Tuat stand up to sla' thee when [thou] comest% 8 4eha:her% against 8siris. [-hen] he is on the water the E'e o# (orus is o"er him to turn 'our #aces upside down and to set 'ou on 'our bac&s. "(ail% 'e who dwell in the water% crocodiles and #ish% Ra shutteth up 'our mouths% $e&het stoppeth up 'our throats% Thoth cutteth out 'our tongues% and ScontK (e&a blindeth 'our e'es. These are the #our great gods who protect 8siris b' their magical power% and the' e##ect the protection o# him that is on the water% o# men and women o# e"er' &ind% and o# beasts and animals o# e"er' &ind which are on the water b' da'. Protected are those who dwell in the waters% protected is the s&' wherein is Ra% protected is the great god who is in the sarcophagus% protected is he who is on the water. " "oice [which] crieth loudl' is in the (ouse o# 4et E4eithF% a loud "oice is in the 3reat (ouse% a great outcr' #rom the mouth o# the !at. The gods and the goddesses sa'% =-hat is itL -hat is itL= [/t] concerneth the btu Fish which is born. *a&e to retreat #rom me th' #ootsteps% 8 $ebau #iend. / am 9hnemu% the +ord o# (er:urt. 3uard th'sel# again #rom the attac& which is repeated% besides this which thou hast done in the presence o# the 3reat !ompan' o# the gods. 3et thee bac&% retreat thou #rom me. / am the god. 8h% 8h% 8 [Ra]% hast thou not heard the "oice which cried out loudl' until the e"ening on

the ban& o# 4etit% the "oice o# all the gods and goddesses which cried out loudl'% the outcr' concerning the wic&edness which thou hast done% 8 wic&ed $ebau #iendL ;eril' the lord Ra thundered and growled thereat% and he ordered th' slaughter to be carried out. 3et thee bac&% $eba #iendP (ailP (ailP"

//.::T(E 4 RR T/;E 8F /$/$.

/ am /sis% [and] / ha"e come #orth #rom the dwelling Eor% prisonF wherein m' brother $et placed me. .ehold the god Thoth% the great god% the !hie# o# *aat[F4#B?J] [both] in hea"en and on the earth% said unto me% "!ome now% 8 /sis% thou goddess% moreo"er it is a good thing to hear&en%[F4#B?D] [#or there is] li#e to one who shall be guided [b' the ad"ice] o# another. (ide thou th'sel# with [th'] son the child% and there shall come unto him these things. (is members shall grow%[F4#B?C] and two:#old strength o# e"er' &ind shall spring up [in him]. [ nd he] shall be made to ta&e his seat upon the throne o# his #ather% [whom] he shall a"enge%[F4#B?A] [and he shall ta&e possession o#] the exalted position o# (e,[F4#B?6] o# the Two +ands."[F4#B?@]

[F4#B?J] i.e.% +aw% or Truth. [F4#B?D] 8r% obe'. [F4#B?C] i.e.% #lourish. [F4#B?A] (e a"enged his #ather 8siris b' "an,uishing $et. [F4#B?6] i.e.% tribal chie#. [F4#B?@] i.e.% 1pper and +ower Eg'pt.

/ came #orth [#rom the dwelling] at the time o# e"ening% and there came #orth the $e"en $corpions which were to accompan' me and to stri&eELF #or me with [their] stings. Two scorpions% Te#en and .e#en% were behind me% two scorpions% *estet and *estete#% were b' m' side% and three scorpions% Petet% Thetet% and *aatet Eor% *artetF% were #or preparing the road #or me. / charged them "er' strictl' Eor% in a loud "oiceF% and m' words penetrated into their ears: "(a"e no &nowledge o# [an']% ma&e no cr' to the Tesheru beings% and pa' no attention to the

=son o# a man= Ei.e.% an'oneF who belongeth to a man o# no account%" [and / said%] "+et 'our #aces be turned towards the ground [that 'e ma' show me] the wa'." $o the guardian o# the compan' brought me to the boundaries o# the cit' o# Pa:$ui%[F4#B?7] the cit' o# the goddesses o# the 2i"ine $andals% [which was situated] in #ront o# the Pap'rus $wamps.[F4#B5?]

[F4#B?7] "The (ouse o# the !rocodile%" perhaps the same town as Pa: $ebe&t% a district in the ;//th nome o# +ower Eg'pt E*etelitesF. [F4#B5?] Perhaps a district in the *etelite nome.

-hen / had arri"ed at the place where the people li"ed[F4#B55] / came to the houses wherein dwelt the wi"es [and] husbands. nd a certain woman o# ,ualit' spied me as / was )ourne'ing along the road% and she shut her doors on me. 4ow she was sic& at heart b' reason o# those [scorpions] which were with me. Then [the $e"en $corpions] too& counsel concerning her% and the' all at one time shot out their "enom on the tail o# the scorpion Te#enI as #or me% the woman Taha[F4#B5B] opened her door% and / entered into the house o# the miserable lad'.

[F4#B55] /n Eg'ptian Teb% which ma' be the Tebut in the *etelite nome. [F4#B5B] Taha ma' be the name o# a woman% or goddess% or the word ma' mean a "dweller in the swamps%" as 3olenische## thin&s.

Then the scorpion Te#en entered in under the lea"es o# the door and smote Ei.e.% stungF the son o# 1sert% and a #ire bro&e out in the house o# 1sert% and there was no water there to extinguish itI [but] the s&' rained upon the house o# 1sert% though it was not the season #or rain.[F4#B5J]

[F4#B5J] i.e.% it was not the season o# the inundation.

.ehold% the heart o# her who had not opened her door to me was grie"ousl' sad% #or she &new not whether he Ei.e.% her sonF would li"e [or not]% and although she went round about through her town uttering cries [#or help]% there was none who came at [the sound o#] her "oice. 4ow mine own heart was grie"ousl' sad #or the sa&e o# the child% and [/ wished] to ma&e to li"e [again] him that was #ree #rom #ault. [Thereupon] / cried out to the noble lad'% "!ome to me. !ome to me. ;eril' m' mouth ELF possesseth li#e. / am a daughter [well] &nown in

her town% [and /] can destro' the demon o# death b' the spell Eor% utteranceF which m' #ather taught me to &now. / am his daughter% the belo"ed [o##spring] o# his bod'." Then /sis placed her two hands on the child in order to ma&e to li"e him whose throat was stopped% [and she said]% "8 poison o# the scorpion Te#ent% come #orth and appear on the groundP Thou shalt neither enter nor penetrate [#urther into the bod' o# the child]. 8 poison o# the scorpion .e#ent% come #orth and appear on the groundP / am /sis% the goddess% the lad' Eor% mistressF o# words o# power% and / am the ma&er o# words o# power Ei.e.% spellsF% and / &now how to utter words with magical e##ect.[F4#B5D] (ear&en 'e unto me% 8 e"er' reptile which possesseth the power to bite Ei.e.% to stingF% and #all headlong to the groundP 8 poison o# the scorpion *estet% ma&e no ad"ance [into his bod']. 8 poison o# the scorpion *estete#% rise not up [in his bod']. 8 poison o# the scorpions Petet and Thetet% penetrate not [into his bod']. [8 poison o#] the scorpion *aatet Eor% *artetF% #all down on the ground."

[F4#B5D] .' uttering spells /sis restored li#e to her husband 8siris #or a season% and so became with child b' him. $he made a magical #igure o# a reptile% and ha"ing endowed it with li#e% it stung Ra as he passed through the s&'% and the great god almost died. /n 3ree& times it was belie"ed that she disco"ered a medicine which would raise the dead% and she was reputed to be a great expert in the art o# healing men=s sic&nesses. s a goddess she appeared to the sic&% and cured them.

[(ere #ollows the] "!hapter o# the stinging [o# scorpions]." nd /sis% the goddess% the great mistress o# spells Eor% words o# powerF% she who is at the head o# the gods% unto whom the god 9eb ga"e his own magical spells #or the dri"ing awa' o# poison at noon:da' ELF% and #or ma&ing poison to go bac&% and retreat% and withdraw% and go bac&ward% spa&e% sa'ing% " scend not into hea"en% through the command o# the belo"ed one o# Ra% the egg o# the $men goose which cometh #orth #rom the s'camore. ;eril' m' words are made to command the uttermost limit o# the night. / spea& unto 'ou% [8 scorpions] / am alone and in sorrow because our names will su##er disgrace throughout the nomes. 2o not ma&e lo"e% do not cr' out to the Tesheru #iends% and cast no glances upon the noble ladies in their houses. Turn 'our #aces towards the earth and [#ind out] the road% so that we ma' arri"e at the hidden places in the town o# 9hebt.[F4#B5C] 8h the child shall li"e and the poison dieP Ra li"eth and the poison diethP ;eril' (orus shall be in good case Eor% health'F #or his mother /sis. ;eril' he who is stric&en shall be in good case li&ewise."

[F4#B5C] The island o# !hemmis o# classical writers.

nd the #ire [which was in the house o# 1sert] was extinguished% and hea"en was satis#ied with the utterance o# /sis% the goddess. Then the lad' 1sert came% and she brought unto me her possessions% and she #illed the house o# the woman Tah ELF% #or the 9a o# Tah ELF because [she] had opened to me her door. 4ow the lad' 1sert su##ered pain and anguish the whole night% and her mouth tasted Ei.e.% #eltF the sting [which] her son [had su##ered]. nd she brought her possessions as the penalt' #or not ha"ing opened the door to me. 8h the child shall li"e and the poison dieP ;eril' (orus shall be in good case #or his mother /sis. ;eril' e"er'one who is stric&en shall be in good case li&ewise. +o% a bread:ca&e [made] o# barle' meal shall dri"e out Eor% destro'F the poison% and natron shall ma&e it to withdraw% and the #ire [made] o# hetchet:plant shall dri"e out Eor% destro'F #e"er:heat #rom the limbs. "8 /sis% 8 /sis% come thou to th' (orus% 8 thou woman o# the wise mouthP !ome to th' son"::thus cried the gods who dwelt in her ,uarter o# the town::"#or he is as one whom a scorpion hath stung% and li&e one whom the scorpion 1hat% which the animal ntesh dro"e awa'% hath wounded." [Then] /sis ran out li&e one who had a &ni#e [stuc&] in her bod'% and she opened her arms wide% [sa'ing] ".ehold me% behold me% m' son (orus% ha"e no #ear% ha"e no #ear% 8 son m' glor'P 4o e"il thing o# an' &ind whatsoe"er shall happen unto thee% [#or] there is in thee the essence Eor% #luidF which made the things which exist. Thou art the son #rom the countr' o# *es,et%[F4#B5A] [thou hast] come #orth #rom the celestial waters 4u% and thou shalt not die b' the heat o# the poison. Thou wast the 3reat .ennu%[F4#B56] who art born Eor% producedF orI the top o# the balsam:trees[F4#B5@] which are in the (ouse o# the ged 8ne in nu E(eliopolisF. Thou art the brother o# the btu Fish%[F4#B57] who orderest what is to be% and art the nursling o# the !at[F4#BB?] who dwelleth in the (ouse o# 4eith. The goddess Reret%[F4#BB5] the goddess (at% and the god .es protect th' members. Th' head shall not #all to the Tchat #iend that attac&eth thee. Th' members shall not recei"e the #ire o# that which is th' poison. Thou shalt not go bac&wards on the land% and thou shalt not be brought low on the water. 4o reptile which biteth Eor% stingethF shall gain the master' o"er thee% and no lion shall subdue thee or ha"e dominion o"er thee. Thou art the son o# the sublime god @B who proceeded #rom 9eb. Thou art (orus% and the poison shall not gain the master' o"er th' members. Thou art the son o# the sublime god who proceeded #rom 9eb% and thus li&ewise shall it be with those who are under the &ni#e. nd the #our august goddesses shall protect th' members."

[F4#B5A] *es,et was originall' the name o# the bull=s s&in in which the deceased was wrapped in order to secure #or him the now li#eI later the name was applied to the 8ther -orld generall'. S$ee .oo& o# the 2ead% !hap. x"ii. 5B5.K [F4#B56] The .ennu who &ept the boo& o# destin'. $ee .oo& o# the 2ead% !hap. x"ii. BC. [F4#B5@] These are the balsam:trees #or which (eliopolis has been alwa's #amous. The' are described b' -ansleben% +=(istoire de l=Eglise% pp. @@:7J% and b' = bd al:+ati# Eed. de $ac'F% p. @@. [F4#B57] The btu and nt Fishes swam be#ore the .oat o# Ra and guided it. [F4#BB?] This is the !at who li"ed b' the Persea tree in (eliopolis. $ee .oo& o# the 2ead% !hap. x"ii. 5@. [F4#BB5] hippopotamus goddess.

[(ere the narrati"e is interrupted b' the #ollowing texts:] [/ am] he who rolleth up into the s&'% and who goeth down Ei.e.% settethF in the Tuat% whose #orm is in the (ouse o# height% through whom when he openeth his E'e the light cometh into being% and when he closeth his E'e it becometh night. [/ am] the -ater:god (et when he gi"eth commands% whose name is un&nown to the gods. / illumine the Two +ands% night beta&eth itsel# to #light% and / shine b' da' and b' night.[F4#BBB] / am the .ull o# .a&ha[F4#BBJ]% and the +ion o# *anu[F4#BBD]. / am he who tra"erseth the hea"ens b' da' and b' night without being repulsed. / ha"e come @C b' reason o# the "oice Eor% cr'F o# the son o# /sis. ;eril' the blind serpent 4a hath bitten the .ull. 8 thou poison which #loweth through e"er' member o# him that is under the &ni#e% come #orth% / charge thee% upon the ground. .ehold% he that is under the &ni#e shall not be bitten. Thou art *enu% the +ord o# !optos% the child o# the -hite $hat[F4#BBC] which is in nu E(eliopolisF% which was bitten [b' a reptile]. 8 *enu% +ord o# !optos% gi"e thou air unto him that is under the &ni#eI and air shall be gi"en to thee. (ail% di"ine #ather and minister o# the god 4ebun% [called] *er:Tem% son o# the di"ine #ather and minister o# the god 4ebun% scribe o# the -ater:god (et% [called] n&h:$empte& EsicF% son o# the lad' o# the house Tent:(et:nubP (e restored this inscription a#ter he had #ound it in a ruined state in the Temple o# 8siris:*ne"is% because he wished to ma&e to li"e her name . . . . . . . . . . and to gi"e air unto him that is under [the &ni#e]% and to gi"e li#e unto the ancestors o# all the gods. nd his +ord 8siris:*ne"is shall ma&e long his li#e with happiness o# heart% [and shall gi"e him] a beauti#ul burial a#ter [attaining to] an old age% because o# what he hath done #or the Temple o# 8siris:*ne"is.

[F4#BBB] i.e.% alwa's. [F4#BBJ] The land o# the sunrise% the East.

[F4#BBD] The land o# the sunset% the -est. [F4#BBC] Perhaps an animal o# the +'nx class.

@7. (orus was bitten Ei.e.% stungF in $e&het: n% to the north o# (etep: hemt% whilst his mother /sis was in the celestial houses ma&ing a libation #or her brother 8siris. nd (orus sent #orth his cr' into the hori0on% and it was heard b' those who were in . . . . . . Thereupon the &eepers o# the doors who were in the [temple o#] the hol' cacia Tree started up at the "oice o# (orus. nd one sent #orth a cr' o# lamentation% and (ea"en ga"e the order that (orus was to be healed. nd [the gods] too& counsel [together] concerning the li#e [o# (orus% sa'ing%] "8 goddess PaiELF% 8 god sten% who dwellest in at:9husELF . . . . .[F4#BBA] th' . . . . . . enter in . . . . . lord o# sleep . . . . . . the child (orus. 8h% 8h% bring thou the things which are thine to cut o## the poison which is in e"er' member o# (orus% the son o# /sis% and which is in e"er' member o# him that is under the &ni#e li&ewise."

[F4#BBA] The text appears to be corrupt in this passage.

5?5. (<*4 8F PR /$E T8 (8R1$ T8 3+8R/F< (/*% -(/!( /$ T8 .E $ /2 5?B 8;ER T(E - TER$ 42 8;ER T(E + 42.

Thoth spea&eth and this god reciteth [the #ollowing]::: "(omage to thee% god% son o# a god. (omage to thee% heir% son o# an heir. (omage to thee% bull% son o# a bull% who wast brought #orth b' a hol' goddess. (omage to thee% (orus% who comest #orth #rom 8siris% and wast brought #orth b' the goddess /sis. / recite th' words o# power% / spea& with th' magical utterance. / pronounce a spell in thine own words% which th' heart hath created% and all the spells and incantations which ha"e come #orth #rom th' mouth% which th' #ather 9eb commanded thee [to recite]% and th' mother 4ut ga"e to thee% and the ma)est' o# the 3o"ernor o# $e&hem taught thee to ma&e use o# #or th' protection% in order to double Eor% repeatF th' protecti"e #ormulae% to shut the mouth o# e"er' reptile which is in hea"en% and on the earth% and in the waters% to ma&e men and women to li"e% to ma&e the gods to be at peace [with thee]% and to ma&e Ra to emplo' his magical spells through th' chants o# praise. !ome to me this da'% ,uic&l'% ,uic&l'% as thou wor&est the paddle o# the .oat o# the god. 2ri"e thou awa'

#rom me e"er' lion on the plain% and e"er' crocodile in the waters% and all mouths which bite Eor% stingF in their holes. *a&e thou them be#ore me li&e the stone o# the mountain% li&e a bro&en pot l'ing about in a ,uarter o# the town. 2ig thou out #rom me the poison which riseth and is in e"er' member o# him that is under the &ni#e. 9eep thou watch o"er him . . . . . . b' means o# th' words. ;eril' let th' name be in"o&ed this da'. +et th' power E,e#auF come into being in him. Exalt thou th' magical powers. *a&e me to li"e and him whose throat is closed up. Then shall man&ind gi"e thee praise% and the righteous ELF shall gi"e than&s unto th' #orms. nd all the gods li&ewise shall in"o&e thee% and in truth th' name shall be in"o&ed this da'. / am (orus [o#] $het[enu] ELF. "8 thou who art in the ca"ern%[F4#BB6] 8 thou who art in the ca"ern. 8 thou who art at the mouth o# the ca"ern. 8 thou who art on the wa'% 8 thou who art on the wa'. 8 thou who art at the mouth o# the wa'. (e is 1rmer E*ne"isF who approacheth e"er' man and e"er' beast. (e is li&e the god $ep who is in nu E(eliopolisF. (e is the $corpion:[god] who is in the 3reat (ouse E(et:urF. .ite him not% #or he is Ra. $ting him not% #or he is Thoth. $hoot 'e not 'our poison o"er him% #or he is 4e#er:Tem. 8 e"er' male serpent% 8 e"er' #emale serpent% 8 e"er' antesh EscorpionLF which bite with 'our mouths% and sting with 'our tails% bite 'e him not with 'our mouths% and sting 'e him not with 'our tails. 3et 'e a#ar o## #rom him% ma&e 'e not 'our #ire to be against him% #or he is the son o# 8siris. ;omit 'e. [$a'] #our times::: "/ am Thoth% / ha"e come #rom hea"en to ma&e protection o# (orus% and to dri"e awa' the poison o# the scorpion which is in e"er' member o# (orus. Th' head is to thee% (orusI it shall be stable under the 1rert !rown. Thine e'e is to thee% (orus% [#or] thou art (orus% the son o# 9eb% the +ord o# the Two E'es% in the midst o# the !ompan' [o# the gods]. Th' nose is to thee% (orus% [#or] thou art (orus the Elder% the son o# Ra% and thou shalt not inhale the #ier' wind. Thine arm is to thee% (orus% great is th' strength to slaughter the enemies o# th' #ather. Th' two thighs[F4#BB@] are to thee% (orus. Recei"e thou the ran& and dignit' o# th' #ather 8siris. Ptah hath balanced #or thee th' mouth on the da' o# th' birth. Th' heart Eor% breastF is to thee% (orus% and the 2is& ma&eth th' protection. Thine e'e is to thee% (orusI th' right e'e is li&e $hu% and th' le#t e'e li&e Te#nut% who are the children o# Ra. Th' bell' is to thee% (orus% and the !hildren are the gods who are therein% and the' shall not recei"e the essence Eor% #luidF o# the scorpion. Th' strength is to thee% (orus% and the strength o# $et shall not exist against thee. Th' phallus is to thee% (orus% and thou art 9amute#% the protector o# his #ather% who ma&eth an answer #or his children in the course o# e"er' da'. Th' thighs are to thee% (orus% and th' strength shall slaughter the enemies o# th' #ather. Th' cal"es are to thee% (orusI the god 9hnemu hath builded [them]% and the goddess /sis hath co"ered them with #lesh. The soles o# th' #eet are to thee% (orus% and the nations who #ight with the bow EPetiF #all under th' #eet. Thou rulest the $outh% 4orth% -est% and East% and thou seest li&e Ra. [$a'] #our times. nd li&ewise him that is under the &ni#e."

[F4#BB6] 8r% den or hole.

[F4#BB@] -e ought% perhaps% to translate this as "#orearms."

.eauti#ul god% $enetchem:ab:Ra:setep:[en]: men% son o# Ra% 4e&ht:(eru: (ebit% thou art protected% and the gods and goddesses are protected% and con"ersel'. .eauti#ul god% $enetchem:ab:Ra:setep:[en]:Ra% son o# Ra% 4e&ht:(eru:(ebit% thou art protected% and (eru:$het[enu]% the great god% is protected% and con"ersel'.

48T(ER !( PTER +/9E 14T8 /T. "Fear not% #ear not% 8 .ast% the strong o# heart% at the head o# the hol' #ield% the might' one among all the gods% nothing shall gain the master' o"er thee. !ome thou outside% #ollowing m' speech Eor% mouthF% 8 e"il poison which is in all the members o# the lion Eor% catF which is under the &ni#e." [The narrati"e o# the stinging o# (orus b' a scorpion is continued thus]: "/ am /sis% who concei"ed a child b' her husband% and she became hea"' with (orus% the di"ine [child]. / ga"e birth to (orus% the son o# 8siris% in a nest o# pap'rus plants.[F4#BB7] / re)oiced exceedingl' o"er this% because / saw [in him one] who would ma&e answer #or his #ather. / hid him% and / concealed him through #ear o# that [#iend ELF].[F4#BJ?] / went awa' to the cit' o# m% [where] the people ga"e than&s [#or me] through [their] #ear o# m' ma&ing trouble [#or them]. / passed the da' in see&ing to pro"ide #ood #or the child% [and] on returning to ta&e (orus into m' arms / #ound him% (orus% the beauti#ul one o# gold% the bo'% the child% without [li#e]. (e had bedewed the ground with the water o# his e'e% and with #oam #rom his lips. (is bod' was motionless% his heart was powerless to mo"e% and the sinews Eor% musclesF o# his members were [helpless]. / sent #orth a cr'% [sa'ing]:

[F4#BB7] 8r% teh% the pap'rus swamp. [F4#BJ?] i.e.% $et.

"=/% e"en /% lac& a son to ma&e answer [#or me].[F4#BJ5] [*'] two breasts are #ull to o"er#lowing% [but] m' bod' is empt'. [*'] mouth wished #or that which concerned him.[F4#BJB] cistern o# water and a stream o# the inundation was /. The child was the desire o# m' heart% and / longed to protect him ELF. / carried him in m' womb% / ga"e birth to him% / endured the agon' o# the birth pangs% / was all alone% and

the great ones were a#raid o# disaster and to come out at the sound o# m' "oice. *' #ather is in the Tuat%[F4#BJJ] m' mother is in ,ert%[F4#BJD] and m' elder brother is in the sarcophagus. Thin& o# the enem' and o# how prolonged was the wrath o# his heart against me% [when] /% the great lad'% was in his house.=

[F4#BJ5] i.e.% to be m' ad"ocate. [F4#BJB] +iterall' "his thing." [F4#BJJ] Tuat is a "er' ancient name o# the 8ther -orld% which was situated either parallel with Eg'pt or across the celestial ocean which surrounded the world. [F4#BJD] The "per#ect place%" i.e.% the 8ther -orld.

"/ cried then% [sa'ing%] =-ho among the people will indeed let their hearts come round to meL= / cried then to those who dwelt in the pap'rus swamps Eor% tehF% and the' inclined to me straightwa'. nd the people came #orth to me #rom their houses% and the' thronged about me at [the sound o#] m' "oice% and the' loudl' bewailed with me the greatness o# m' a##liction. There was no man there who set restraint ELF on his mouth% e"er' person among them lamented with great lamentation. There was none there who &new how to ma&e [m' child] to li"e. " nd there came #orth unto me a woman who was [well] &nown in her cit'% a lad' who was mistress o# her [own] estate.[F4#BJC] $he came #orth to me. (er mouth possessed li#e% and her heart was #illed with the matter which was therein% [and she said%] =Fear not% #ear not% 8 son (orusP .e not cast down% be not cast down% 8 mother o# the god. The child o# the 8li"e:tree is b' the mountain o# his brother% the bush is hidden% and no enem' shall enter therein. The word o# power o# Tem% the Father o# the gods% who is in hea"en% ma&eth to li"e. $et shall not enter into this region% he shall not go round about it. The marsh o# (orus o# the 8li"e:tree is b' the mountain o# his brotherI those who are in his #ollowing shall not at an' time . . . . . . it. This shall happen to him: (orus shall li"e #or his mother% and shall salute ELF [her] with his mouth. scorpion hath smitten Ei.e.% stungF him% and the reptile un:ab hath wounded him.="

[F4#BJC] 8r perhaps% "a lad' who was at the head o# her district."

Then /sis placed her nose in his mouth[F4#BJA] so that she might &now whether he who was in his co##in breathed% and she examined the wound[F4#BJ6] o# the heir o# the god% and she #ound that there was poison in it. $he threw her arms round him% and then ,uic&l' she leaped about with him li&e #ish when the' are laid upon the hot coals% [sa'ing]:

[F4#BJA] i.e.% the mouth o# (orus. [F4#BJ6] +iterall'% "pain" or "disease."

"(orus is bitten% 8 Ra. Th' son is bitten% [8 8siris]. (orus is bitten% the #lesh and blood o# the (eir% the +ord o# the diadems ELF o# the &ingdoms o# $hu. (orus is bitten% the .o' o# the marsh cit' o# teh% the !hild in the (ouse o# the Prince. The beauti#ul !hild o# gold is bitten% the .abe hath su##ered pain and is not.[F4#BJ@] (orus is bitten% he the son o# 1n:4e#er% who was born o# uh:mu ELF. (orus is bitten% he in whom there was nothing abominable% the son% the 'outh among the gods. (orus is bitten% he #or whose wants / prepared in abundance% #or / saw that he would ma&e answer[F4#BJ7] #or his #ather. (orus is bitten% he #or whom [/] had care [when he was] in the hidden woman [and #or whom / was a#raid when he was] in the womb o# his mother. (orus is bitten% he whom / guarded to loo& upon. / ha"e wished #or the li#e o# his heart. !alamit' hath be#allen the child on the water% and the child hath perished."

[F4#BJ@] (e is nothing% i.e.% he is dead. [F4#BJ7] i.e.% become an ad"ocate #or.

Then came 4ephth's shedding tears and uttering cries o# lamentation% and going round about through the pap'rus swamps. nd $er, [came also and the' said]: ".ehold% behold% what hath happened to (orus% son o# /sis% and who [hath done it]L Pra' then to hea"en% and let the mariners o# Ra cease their labours #or a space% #or the .oat o# Ra cannot tra"el onwards [whilst] son (orus [lieth dead] on his place." nd /sis sent #orth her "oice into hea"en% and made supplication to the .oat o# *illions o# <ears% and the 2is& stopped[F4#BD?] in its )ourne'ing% and mo"ed not #rom the place whereon it rested. Then came #orth Thoth% who is e,uipped with his spells Eor% words o# powerF% and possesseth the great word o# command o# maa:&heru%[F4#BD5] [and said:] "-hat [aileth thee]% what [aileth thee]% 8 /sis% thou goddess who hast magical spells% whose mouth hath understandingL ssuredl' no e"il

thing hath be#allen [th'] son (orus% [#or] the .oat o# Ra hath him under its protection. / ha"e come this da' in the 2i"ine .oat o# the 2is& #rom the place where it was 'esterda'%::now dar&ness came and the light was destro'ed::in order to heal (orus #or his mother /sis and e"er' person who is under the &ni#e li&ewise."

[F4#BD?] +iterall'% "alighted." [F4#BD5] -hen a god or a man was declared to be maa:&heru% "true o# "oice%" or "true o# word%" his power became illimitable. /t ga"e him rule and authorit'% and e"er' command uttered b' him was immediatel' #ollowed b' the e##ect re,uired.

nd /sis% the goddess% said: "8 Thoth% great things [are in] th' heart% [but] dela' belongeth to th' plan. (ast thou come e,uipped with th' spells and incantations% and ha"ing the great #ormula o# maa:&heru% and one [spell] a#ter the other% the numbers whereo# are not &nownL ;eril' (orus is in the cradleELF o# the poison. E"il% e"il is his case% death% [and] miser' to the #ullest [extent]. The cr' o# his mouth is towards his motherELF. / cannot [bear] to see these things in his train. *' heart [hath not] rested because o# them since the beginningELF [when] / made haste to ma&e answer [#or] (orus:Ra ELF% placing [m'sel#] on the earth% [and] since the da' [when] / was ta&en possession o# b' him. / desired 4eheb:&a . . . . . . ." [ nd Thoth said:] "Fear not% #ear not% 8 goddess /sis% #ear not% #ear not% 8 4ephth's% and let not anxiet' [be to 'ou]. / ha"e come #rom hea"en ha"ing li#e to healELF the child #or his mother% (orus is . . . +et th' heart be #irmI[F4#BDB] he shall not sin& under the #lame. (orus is protected as the 2weller in his 2is&%[F4#BDJ] who lighteth up the Two +ands b' the splendour o# his two E'esI[F4#BDD] and he who is under the &ni#e is li&ewise protected. (orus is protected as the First:born son in hea"en%[F4#BDC] who is ordained to be the guide o# the things which exist and o# the things which are not 'et createdI and he who under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as that great 2war# EnemuF[F4#BDA] who goeth round about the Two +ands in the dar&nessI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as the +ord ELF in the night% who re"ol"eth at the head o# the +and o# the $unset E*anuFI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as the *ight' Ram[F4#BD6] who is hidden% and who goeth round about in #ront o# his E'esI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as the 3reat (aw&[F4#BD@] which #lieth through hea"en% earth% and the 8ther -orld ETuatFI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as the (ol' .eetle% the might' ELF wings o# which are at the head o# the s&'I[F4#BD7] and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as the (idden .od'%[F4#BC?] and as he whose mumm' is in his sarcophagusI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected [as the 2weller] in the 8ther -orld [and in the] Two +ands% who goeth round about =Those who are o"er (idden Things=I and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected as the 2i"ine .ennu[F4#BC5] who alighteth

in #ront o# his two E'esI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected BJ? in his own bod'% and the spells which his mother /sis hath wo"en protect him. (orus is protected b' the names o# his #ather [8siris] in his #orms in the nomesI[F4#BCB] and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected b' the weeping o# his mother% and b' the cries o# grie# o# his brethrenI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise. (orus is protected b' his own name and heart% and the gods go round about him to ma&e his #uneral bedI and he who is under the &ni#e is protected li&ewise."

[F4#BDB] i.e.% ".e o# good courage." [F4#BDJ] The $un:god. [F4#BDD] The $un and *oon. [F4#BDC] 8siris ELF. [F4#BDA] .es ELF. [F4#BD6] Probabl' the Ram% +ord o# Tattu% or the Ram o# *endes. [F4#BD@] (eru:.ehutet. [F4#BD7] The beetle o# 9hepera% a #orm o# the $un:god when he is about to rise on this earth. [F4#BC?] The (idden .od' is 8siris% who la' in his sarcophagus% with /sis and 4ephth's weeping o"er it. [F4#BC5] The .ennu was the soul o# Ra and the incarnation o# 8siris. [F4#BCB] $ee the names o# 8siris and his sanctuaries in !hapter !>+//. o# the .oo& o# the 2ead.

[ nd Thoth said:] "-a&e up% (orusP Th' protection is established. *a&e thou happ' the heart o# th' mother /sis. The words o# (orus shall bind up hearts% he shall cause to be at peace him who is in a##liction. +et 'our hearts be happ'% 8 'e who dwell in the hea"ens E4utF. (orus% he who hath a"enged Eor% protectedF his #ather shall cause the poison to retreat. ;eril' that which is in the mouth o# Ra shall go round about Ei.e.% circulateF% and the tongue o# the 3reat 3od shall repulse [opposition]. The .oat [o# Ra] standeth still% and tra"elleth not onwards. The 2is& is in the [same] place where it was 'esterda' to heal (orus #or his mother /sis% and to heal him that is under the &ni#e o# his mother[F4#BCJ] li&ewise. !ome to the earth% draw nigh% 8 .oat o# Ra% ma&e the boat to tra"el% 8 mariners o# hea"en% transport pro"isions ELF o# . . . . . . $e&hem[F4#BCD] to heal (orus #or his mother /sis% and to heal him that is under the &ni#e o# his mother li&ewise. (asten awa'% 8 pain which is in the region round about% and

let it Ei.e.% the .oatF descend upon the place where it was 'esterda' to heal (orus #or his mother /sis% and to heal him that is under the &ni#e o# his mother li&ewise. 3et thee round and round% 8 bald ELF #iend% without horns at the seasons ELF% not seeing the #orms through the shadow o# the two E'es% to heal (orus #or his mother /sis% and to heal him that is under the &ni#e li&ewise. .e #illed% 8 two hal"es o# hea"en% be empt'% 8 pap'rus roll% return% 8 li#e% into the li"ing to heal (orus #or his it mother /sis% and to heal him that is under the &ni#e li&ewise. !ome thou to earth% 8 poison. +et hearts be glad% and let radiance Eor% lightF go round about.

[F4#BCJ] -e should probabl' stri&e out the words "o# his mother." [F4#BCD] The cit' in the 2elta called b' the 3ree&s +etopolis.

"/ am Thoth%[F4#BCC] the #irstborn son% the son o# Ra% and Tem and the !ompan' o# the gods ha"e commanded me to heal (orus #or his mother /sis% and to heal him that is under the &ni#e li&ewise. 8 (orus% 8 (orus% th' 9a protecteth thee% and th' /mage wor&eth protection #or thee. The poison is as the daughter o# its [own] #lameI [it is] destro'ed [because] it smote the strong son. <our temples are in good condition #or 'ou% [#or] (orus li"eth #or his mother% and he who is under the &ni#e li&ewise."

[F4#BCC] Thoth stood b' during the #ight between (orus and $et% and healed the wounds which the' in#licted on each other.

nd the goddess /sis said: "$et thou his #ace towards those who dwell in the 4orth +and E tehF% the nurses who dwell in the cit' Pe:Tept E.utoF% #or the' ha"e o##ered "er' large o##erings in order to cause the child to be made strong #or his mother% and to ma&e strong him that is under the &ni#e li&ewise. 2o not allow them to recogni0e the di"ine 9a in the $wamp +and% in the cit' ELF o# 4emhettu ELF [and] in her cit'." Then spa&e Thoth unto the great gods who dwell in the $wamp:+and [sa'ing]: "8 'e nurses who dwell in the cit' o# Pe% who smite [#iends] with 'our hands% and o"erthrow [them] with 'our arms on behal# o# that 3reat 8ne who appeareth in #ront o# 'ou [in] the $e&tet .oat%[F4#BCA] let the *atet[F4#BC6] E*antchetF .oat tra"el on. (orus is to 'ou% he is counted up #or li#e% and he is declared #or the li#e o# his #ather [8siris]. / ha"e gi"en gladness unto those who are in the $e&tet .oat% and the mariners [o# Ra] ma&e it to )ourne' on. (orus li"eth #or his mother /sis and he who is under the &ni#e li"eth #or his mother li&ewise. s #or the poison% the strength thereo# has been made powerless. ;eril' / am a #a"oured one% and / will )oin m'sel# to his

hour[F4#BC@] to hurl bac& the report o# e"il to him that sent it #orth. The heart o# Ra:(eru:9huti re)oiceth. Th' son (orus is counted up #or li#e [which is] on this child to ma&e him to smite% and to retreat ELF #rom those who are abo"e% and to turn bac& the paths o# the $ebiu #iends #rom him% so that he ma' ta&e possession o# the throne o# the Two +ands. Ra is in hea"en to ma&e answer on BC5 behal# o# him and his #ather. The words o# power o# his mother ha"e li#ted up his #ace% and the' protect him and enable him to go round about wheresoe"er he pleaseth% and to set the terror o# him in celestial beings. / ha"e made haste . . . . . ." [F4#BCA] The boat in which Ra tra"elled #rom noon to sunset% or perhaps until midnight. [F4#BC6] The boat in which Ra tra"elled #rom dawn% or perhaps #rom midnight% to noon. [F4#BC@] i.e.% / will be with him at the moment o# his need.

T(E (/$T8R< 8F /$/$ 42 8$/R/$% -/T( E>P+ 4 T/84$ 8F T(E $ *E% !8++E!TE2 .< P+1T R!(% 42 $1PP+E*E4TE2 .< (/$ 8-4 ;/E-$.

/. Though it be the wise man=s dut'% 8 !lea%[F4#BC7] to appl' to the gods #or e"er' good thing which he hopes to en)o'% 'et ought he more especiall' to pra' to them #or their assistance in his search a#ter that &nowledge which more immediatel' regards themsel"es% as #ar as such &nowledge ma' be attained% inasmuch as there is nothing which the' can bestow more trul' bene#icial to man&ind% or more worth' themsel"es% than truth. For whate"er other good things are indulged to the wants o# men% the' ha"e all% properl' spea&ing% no relation to% and are o# a nature ,uite di##erent #rom% that o# their di"ine donors. For =tis not the abundance o# their gold and sil"er% nor the command o# the thunder% but wisdom and &nowledge which constitute the power and happiness o# those hea"enl' beings. /t is there#ore well obser"ed b' (omer E/liad% xiii. JCDF% and indeed with more propriet' than be usuall' tal&s o# the gods% when% spea&ing o# Geus and Poseidon% he tells us that both were descended #rom the same parents% and born in the same region% but that Geus was the elder and &new mostI plainl' intimating thereb' that the empire o# the #ormer was more august and honourable than that o# his brother% as b' means o# his age he was his superior% and more ad"anced in wisdom and science. 4a'% =tis m' opinion% / own% that e"en the blessedness o# that eternit' which is the portion o# the 2eit' himsel# consists in that uni"ersal &nowledge o# all nature which accompanies itI #or setting this aside% eternit' might be more properl' st'led an endless duration than an en)o'ment o# existence.

[F4#BC7] $he is said to ha"e been a priestess o# /sis and o# pollo 2elphicus.

//. To desire% there#ore% and co"et a#ter truth% those truths more especiall' which concern the di"ine nature% is to aspire to be parta&ers o# that nature itsel#% and to pro#ess that all our studies and in,uiries are de"oted to the ac,uisition o# holiness. This occupation is surel' more trul' religious than an' external puri#ications or mere ser"ice o# the temple can be. .ut more especiall' must such a disposition o# mind be highl' acceptable to that goddess to whose ser"ice 'ou are dedicated% #or her especial characteristics are wisdom and #oresight% and her "er' name seems to express the peculiar relation which she bears to &nowledge. For "/sis"[F4#BA?] is a 3ree& word% and means "&nowledge%" and "T'phon%"[F4#BA5] the name o# her pro#essed ad"ersar'% is also a 3ree& word% and means "pride and insolence." This latter name is well adapted to one who% #ull o# ignorance and error% tears in pieces and conceals that hol' doctrine which the goddess collects% compiles% and deli"ers to those who aspire a#ter the most per#ect participation in the di"ine nature. This doctrine inculcates a stead' perse"erance in one uni#orm and temperate course o# li#e% and an abstinence #rom particular &inds o# #oods% as well as #rom all indulgence o# the carnal appetite% and it restrains the intemperate and "oluptuous part within due bounds% and at the same time habituates her "otaries to undergo those austere and rigid ceremonies which their religion obliges them to obser"e. The end and aim o# all these toils and labours is the attainment o# the &nowledge o# the First and !hie# .eing% who alone is the ob)ect o# the understanding o# the mindI and this &nowledge the goddess in"ites us to see& a#ter% as being near and dwelling continuall' with her. nd this also is what the "er' name o# her temple promiseth to us% that is to sa'% the &nowledge and understanding o# the eternal and sel#:existent .eing Etou ontasF:now% it is called "/seion%" which suggests that i# we approach the temple o# the goddess rightl'% and with purit'% we shall obtain the &nowledge o# that eternal and sel#:existent .eing Eto onF.

[F4#BA?] The Eg'ptian #orm o# the name is s:T% ####% ####% or ####. Plutarch wishes to deri"e the name #rom some #orm o# Sgree& oidaK. [F4#BA5] /n Eg'ptian% Tebh.

///. The goddess /sis is said b' some authors to be the daughter[F4#BAB] o# (ermes% [F4#BAJ] and b' others o# Prometheus% both o# them #amous #or their philosophic turn o# mind. The latter is supposed to ha"e #irst taught man&ind wisdom and #oresight% as the #ormer is reputed to ha"e in"ented letters and music.

[F4#BAB] ccording to the Eg'ptian (eliopolitan doctrine% /sis was the daughter o# 9eb% the Earth:god% and 4ut% the $&':goddessI she was the wi#e o# 8siris% mother o# (orus% and sister o# $et and 4ephth's. [F4#BAJ] The Eg'ptian. Tehuti% or Thoth% who in"ented letters% mathematics% Mc. (e was the "heart o# Ra%" the scribe o# the gods% and he uttered the words which created the worldI he composed the "words o# power%" or magical #ormulae which were bene#icial #or the dead% and the religious wor&s which were used b' souls in their )ourne' #rom this world to the next.

The' li&ewise call the #ormer o# the two *uses at (ermopolis[F4#BAD] /sis as well as 2i&aiosune%[F4#BAC] she being none other% it is said% than -isdom pointing out the &nowledge o# di"ine truths to her "otaries% the true (ierophori and (ierostoli. 4ow% b' the #ormer o# these are meant such who carr' about them loo&ed up in their souls% as in a chest% the sacred doctrine concerning the gods% puri#ied #rom all such super#luities as superstition ma' ha"e added thereto. nd the hol' apparel with which the (ierostoli adorn the statues o# these deities% which is partl' o# a dar& and gloom' and partl' o# a more bright and shining colour% seems aptl' enough to represent the notions which this doctrine teaches us to entertain o# the di"ine nature itsel#% partl' clear and partl' obscure. nd inasmuch as the de"otees o# /sis a#ter their decease are wrapped up in these sacred "estments% is not this intended to signi#' that this hol' doctrine still abides with them% and that this alone accompanies them in another li#eL For as =tis not the length o# the beard or the coarseness o# the habit which ma&es a philosopher% so neither will these #re,uent sha"ings% or the mere wearing o# a linen "estment% constitute a "otar' o# /sis. (e alone is a true ser"ant or #ollower o# this goddess who% a#ter he has heard% and has been made ac,uainted in a proper manner with the histor' o# the actions o# these gods% searches into the hidden truths which lie concealed under them% and examines the whole b' the dictates o# reason and philosoph'.

[F4#BAD] The (ermopolis here re#erred to is the cit' o# 9hemenu in 1pper Eg'pt% wherein was the great sanctuar' o# Thoth. [F4#BAC] i.e.% Righteousness% or Nustice. The goddess re#erred to is probabl' *aat.

/;. 4or% indeed% ought such an examination to be loo&ed on as unnecessar' whilst there are so man' ignorant o# the true reason e"en o# the most ordinar' rites obser"ed b' the Eg'ptian priests% such as their sha"ings[F4#BAA] and wearing linen garments. $ome% indeed% there are who ne"er trouble themsel"es to thin& at all about these matters%

whilst others rest satis#ied with the most super#icial accounts o# them: "The' pa' a peculiar "eneration to the sheep%[F4#BA6] there#ore the' thin& it their dut' not onl' to abstain #rom eating its #lesh% but li&ewise #rom wearing its wool. The' are continuall' mourning #or their gods% there#ore the' sha"e themsel"es. The light a0ure blossom o# the #lax resembles the clear and bloom' colour o# the ethereal s&'% there#ore the' wear linen"I whereas the true reason o# the institution and obser"ation o# these rites is but one% and that common to all o# them% namel'% the extraordinar' notions which the' entertain o# cleanliness% persuaded as the' are% according to the sa'ing o# Plato% "none but the pure ought to approach the pure." 4ow% no super#luit' o# our #ood% and no excrementitious substance% is loo&ed upon b' them as pure and cleanI such% howe"er% are all &inds o# wool and down% our hair and our nails. /t would be the highest absurdit'% there#ore% #or those who% whilstI the' are in a course o# puri#ication% are at so much pains to ta&e o## the hair #rom e"er' part o# their own bodies% at the same time to clothe themsel"es with that o# other animals. $o when we are told b' (esiod "not to pare our nails whilst we are present at the #esti"als o# the gods%"[F4#BA@] we ought to understand that he intended hereb' to inculcate that purit' wherewith we ought to come prepared be#ore we enter upon an' religious dut'% that we ha"e not to ma&e oursel"es clean whilst we ought to be occupied in attending to the solemnit' itsel#. 4ow% with regard to #lax% this springs out o# the immortal earth itsel#I and not onl' produces a #ruit #it #or #ood% but moreo"er #urnishes a light and neat sort o# clothing% extremel' agreeable to the wearer% adapted to all the seasons o# the 'ear% and not in the least sub)ect% as is said% to produce or nourish "erminI but more o# this in another place.

[F4#BAA] rubric in the pap'rus o# 4es:*enu in the .ritish *useum orders the priestesses o# /sis and 4ephth's to ha"e "the hair o# their bodies sha"ed o##" E4o. 5?%5@@% col. 5F% but the' are also ordered to wear #illets o# rams= wool on their heads. [F4#BA6] Probabl' the ram o# men. nimal sacri#ices were in"ariabl' bulls and cows. [F4#BA@] This sa'ing is b' P'thagoras::Sgree& Para dusian mhOonuxi0ouK. The sa'ing o# (esiod E-or&s and 2a's% 6D?F is rendered b' 3oodwin::: "4ot at a #east o# 3ods #rom #i"e:branched tree% -ith sharp:edged steel to part the green #rom dr'."

;. 4ow% the priests are so scrupulous in endea"ouring to a"oid e"er'thing which ma' tend to the increase o# the abo"e:mentioned excrementitious substances% that% on this account% the' abstain not onl' #rom most sorts o# pulse% and #rom the #lesh o# sheep and swine% but li&ewise% in their more solemn puri#ications% the' e"en exclude

salt #rom their meals. This the' do #or man' reasons% but chie#l' because it whets their appetites% and incites them to eat more than the' otherwise would. 4ow% as to salt being accounted impure because% as ristagoras tells us% man' little insects are caught in it whilst it is hardening% and are thereb' &illed therein:this "iew is wholl' tri#ling and absurd. From these same moti"es also the' gi"e the pis .ull his water #rom a well speciall' set apart #or the purpose%[F4#BA7] and the' pre"ent him altogether #rom drin&ing o# the 4ile% not indeed that the' regard the ri"er as impure% and polluted because o# the crocodiles which are in it% as some pretend% #or there is nothing which the Eg'ptians hold in greater "eneration than the 4ile% but because its waters are obser"ed to be particularl' nourishing[F4#B6?] and #attening. nd the' stri"e to pre"ent #atness in pis as well as in themsel"es% #or the' are anxious that their bodies should sit as light and eas' about their souls as possible% and that their mortal part should not oppress and weigh down the di"ine and immortal.

[F4#BA7] /t is ,uite possible that pis dran& #rom a special well% but the water in it certainl' came #rom the 4ile b' in#iltration. /n all the old wells at *emphis the water sin&s as the 4ile sin&s% and rises as it rises. [F4#B6?] 8n account o# the large amount o# animal matter contained in it.

;/. The priests o# the $un at (eliopolis[F4#B65] ne"er carr' wine into their temples% #or the' regard it as indecent #or those who are de"oted to the ser"ice o# an' god to indulge in the drin&ing o# wine whilst the' are under the immediate inspection o# their +ord and 9ing.[F4#B6B] The priests o# the other deities are not so scrupulous in this respect% #or the' use it% though sparingl'. 2uring their more solemn puri#ications the' abstain #rom wine wholl'% and the' gi"e themsel"es up entirel' to stud' and meditation% and to the hearing and teaching o# those di"ine truths which treat o# the di"ine nature. E"en the &ings% who are li&ewise priests% onl' parta&e o# wine in the measure which is prescribed #or them in the sacred boo&s% as we are told b' (ecataeus. This custom was onl' introduced during the reign o# Psammetichus% and be#ore that time the' dran& no wine at all. /# the' used it at an' time in pouring out libations to the gods% it was not because the' loo&ed upon it as being acceptable to them #or its own sa&e% but the' poured it out o"er their altars as the blood o# their enemies who had in times past #ought against them. For the' belie"e the "ine to ha"e #irst sprung out o# the earth a#ter it was #attened b' the bodies o# those who #ell in the wars against the gods. nd this% the' sa'% is the reason wh' drin&ing its )uice in great ,uantities ma&es men mad and beside themsel"es% #illing them% as it were% with the blood o# their own ancestors. These things are thus related b' Eudoxus in the second boo& o# his Tra"els% as he had them #rom the priests themsel"es.

[F4#B65] !alled 41 in the Eg'ptian textsI it was the centre o# the great solar cult o# Eg'pt. /t is the "8n" o# the .ible. [F4#B6B] The $un:god was called Ra.

;//. s to sea:#ish% the Eg'ptians in general do not abstain #rom all &inds o# them% but some #rom one sort and some #rom another. Thus% #or example% the inhabitants o# 8x'rh'nchus[F4#B6J] will not touch an' that ha"e been ta&en with an angleI #or as the' pa' especial re"erence to the 8x'rh'nchus Fish%[F4#B6D] #rom whence the' deri"e their name% the' are a#raid lest perhaps the hoo& ma' be de#iled b' ha"ing been at some time or other emplo'ed in catching their #a"ourite #ish. The people o# $'ene[F4#B6C] in li&e manner abstain #rom the Phagrus Fish[F4#B6A]I #or as this #ish is obser"ed b' them to ma&e his #irst appearance upon their coasts )ust as the 4ile begins to o"er#low% the' pa' special regard to these "oluntar' messengers as it were o# that most )o'#ul news. The priests% indeed% entirel' abstain #rom all sorts in general.[F4#B66] There#ore% upon the ninth da' o# the #irst month% when all the rest o# the Eg'ptians are obliged b' their religion to eat a #ried #ish be#ore the door o# their houses% the' onl' burn them% not tasting them at all. For this custom the' gi"e two reasons: the #irst and most curious% as #alling in with the sacred philosoph' o# 8siris and T'phon% will be more properl' explained in another place. The second% that which is most ob"ious and mani#est% is that #ish is neither a daint' nor e"en a necessar' &ind o# #ood% a #act which seems to be abundantl' con#irmed b' the writings o# (omer% who ne"er ma&es either the delicate Pheacians or the /thacans Ethough both peoples were islandersF to #eed upon #ish% nor e"en the companions o# 1l'sses during their long and most tedious "o'age% till the' were reduced thereto b' extreme necessit'. /n short% the' consider the sea to ha"e been #orced out o# the earth b' the power o# #ire% and there#ore to lie out o# nature=s con#inesI and the' regard it not as a part o# the world% or one o# the elements% but as a preternatural and corrupt and morbid excrement.

[F4#B6J] The Per:*atchet. [F4#B6D] Probabl' the pi&e% or "#ighting #ish." [F4#B6C] /n Eg'ptian% $141% the $eweneh o# the .ible% and the modern swan. [F4#B6A] &ind o# bream% the an o# the Eg'ptian texts.

[F4#B66] !ompare !hap. !>>>;// o# the .oo& o# the 2ead. " nd behold% these things shall be per#ormed b' a man who is clean% and is ceremoniall' pure% one who hath eaten neither meat nor #ish% and who hath not had intercourse with women" Ell. CB% CJF.

;///. This much ma' be depended upon: the% religious rites and ceremonies o# the Eg'ptians were ne"er instituted upon irrational grounds% ne"er built upon mere #able and superstition% but #ounded with a "iew to promote the moralit' and happiness o# those who were to obser"e them% or at least to preser"e the memor' o# some "aluable piece o# histor'% or to represent to us some o# the phenomena o# nature. s concerning the abhorrence which is expressed #or onions% it is wholl' improbable that this detestation is owing to the loss o# 2i&t's% who% whilst he was under the guardianship o# /sis% is supposed to ha"e #allen into the ri"er and to ha"e been drowned as he was reaching a#ter a bunch o# them. 4o% the true reason o# their abstinence #rom onions is because the' are obser"ed to #lourish most and to be in the greatest "igour at the wane o# the moon% and also because the' are entirel' useless to them either in their #easts[F4#B6@] or in their times o# abstinence and puri#ication% #or in the #ormer case the' ma&e tears come #rom those who use them% and in the latter the' create thirst. For much the same reason the' li&ewise loo& upon the pig as an impure animal% and to be a"oided% obser"ing it to be most apt to engender upon the decrease o# the moon% and the' thin& that those who drin& its mil& are more sub)ect to lepros' and such:li&e cutaneous diseases than others. The custom o# abstaining #rom the #lesh o# the pig[F4#B67] is not alwa's obser"ed% #or those who sacri#ice a sow to T'phon once a 'ear% at the #ull moon% a#terwards eat its #lesh. The reason the' gi"e #or this practice is this: T'phon being in pursuit o# this animal at that season o# the moon% accidentall' #ound the wooden chest wherein was deposited the bod' o# 8siris% which he immediatel' pulled to pieces. This stor'% howe"er% is not generall' admitted% there being some who loo& upon it% as the' do man' other relations o# the same &ind% as #ounded upon some mista&e or misrepresentation. ll agree% howe"er% in sa'ing that so great was the abhorrence which the ancient Eg'ptians expressed #or whate"er tended to promote luxur'% expense% and "oluptuousness% that in order to expose it as much as possible the' erected a column in one o# the temples o# Thebes% #ull o# curses against their &ing *einis% who #irst drew them o## #rom their #ormer #rugal and parsimonious course o# li#e. The immediate cause #or the erection o# the pillar is thus gi"en: Technatis%[F4#B@?] the #ather o# .occhoris% leading an arm' against the rabians% and his baggage and pro"isions not coming up to him as soon as he expected% was there#ore obliged to eat some o# the "er' poor #ood which was obtainable% and ha"ing eaten% he la' down on the bare ground and slept "er' soundl'. This ga"e him a great a##ection #or a mean and #rugal diet% and induced him to curse the memor' o# *einis% and with the permission o# the priests he made these curses public b' cutting them upon a pillar.[F4#B@5]

[F4#B6@] .unches o# onions were o##ered to the dead at all periods o# Eg'ptian histor'% and the' were regarded as t'pical o# the "white teeth" o# (orus. The onion was largel' used in medicine. [F4#B67] The pig was associated with $et% or T'phon% and the blac& "ariet' was speciall' abominated because it was a blac& pig which struc& (orus in the e'e% and damaged it se"erel'. $ee .oo& o# the 2ead% !hap. !>//. [F4#B@?] /n Eg'ptian% T F4E9(T% the #irst &ing o# the >>/;th 2'nast'.

[F4#B@5]

n unli&el' stor'% #or Ta#ne&ht had no authorit' at Thebes.

/>. 4ow% the &ings o# Eg'pt were alwa's chosen either out o# the soldier' or priesthood% the #ormer order being honoured and respected #or its "alour% and the latter #or its wisdom. /# the choice #ell upon a soldier% he was immediatel' initiated into the order o# priests% and b' them instructed in their abstruse and hidden philosoph'% a philosoph' #or the most part in"ol"ed in #able and allegor'% and exhibiting onl' dar& hints and obscure resemblances o# the truth. This the priesthood hints to us in man' instances% particularl' b' the sphinxes% which the' seem to ha"e placed designedl' be#ore their temples as t'pes o# the enigmatical nature o# their theolog'. To this purpose% li&ewise% is that inscription which the' ha"e engra"ed upon the base o# the statue o# thene[F4#B@B] at $ais% whom the' identi#' with /sis: "/ am e"er'thing that has been% that is% and that shall be: and m' "eil no man hath raised." /n li&e manner the word " moun%" or as it is expressed in the 3ree& language% " mmon%" which is generall' loo&ed upon as the proper name o# the Eg'ptian Geus% is interpreted b' *anetho[F4#B@J] the $ebennite[F4#B@D] to signi#' "concealment" or "something which is hidden."[F4#B@C] (ecataeus o# bdera indeed tells us that the Eg'ptians ma&e use o# this term when the' call out to one another. /# this be so% then their in"o&ing moun is the same thing as calling upon the supreme being% whom the' belie"e to be "hidden" and "concealed" in the uni"ersal nature% to appear and mani#est itsel# to them. $o cautious and reser"ed was the Eg'ptian wisdom in those things which appertained to religion.

[F4#B@B] The Eg'ptian goddess 4et% in 3ree& Sgree& 4hidK% the great goddess o# $ais% in the -estern 2elta. $he was sel#:existent% and produced her son% the $un:god% without union with a god. /n an address to her% ,uoted b' *allet E!ulte de 4eit% p. 5D?F% are #ound the words% "th' garment hath not been unloosed%" thus Plutarch=s ,uotation is correct. [F4#B@J] (e compiled a (istor' o# Eg'pt #or Ptolem' //.% and #lourished about ..!. B6?I onl' the 9ing:+ist #rom this wor& is preser"ed. [F4#B@D] (e was a nati"e o# the town o# $ebenn'tus. [F4#B@C] men means "hidden%" and *E4 is the "hidden god."

>. nd this is still #arther e"inced #rom those "o'ages which ha"e been made into Eg'pt b' the wisest men among the 3ree&s% namel'% b' $olo% Thales Plato% Eudoxus% P'thagoras% and% as some sa'% e"en b' +'curgus himsel#% on purpose to con"erse with the priests. nd we are also told that Eudoxus was a disciple o# !hnouphis the *emphite% $olo o# $onchis the $aite% and P'thagoras o# 8inuphis the (eliopolite. .ut none o# these philosophers seems either to ha"e been more admired and in greater #a"our with the priests% or to ha"e paid a more especial

regard to their method o# philosophising% than this last named% who has particularl' imitated their m'sterious and s'mbolical manner in his own writings% and li&e them con"e'ed his doctrines to the world in a &ind o# riddle. For man' o# the precepts o# P'thagoras come nothing short o# the hierogl'phical representations themsel"es% such as% "eat not in a chariot%" "sit not on a measure EchoenixF%" "plant not a palm:tree%" and "stir not the #ire with a sword in the house." nd / m'sel# am o# the opinion that% when the P'thagoreans appropriated the names o# se"eral o# the gods to particular numbers% as that o# pollo to the unit% o# rtemis to the duad% o# thene to the se"en% and o# Poseidon to the #irst cube% in this the' allude to something which the #ounder o# their sect saw in the Eg'ptian temples% or to some ceremonies per#ormed in them% or to some s'mbols there exhibited. Thus% their great &ing and lord 8siris is represented b' the hierogl'phics #or an e'e and a sceptre%[F4#B@A] the name itsel# signi#'ing "man':e'ed%" as we are told b' some[F4#B@6] who would deri"e it #rom the words os%[F4#B@@] "man'%" and iri%[F4#B@7] an "e'e%" which ha"e this meaning in the Eg'ptian language. $imilarl'% because the hea"ens are eternal and are ne"er consumed or wax old% the' represent them b' a heart with a censer placed under it. *uch in the same wa' are those statues o# the Nudges at Thebes without hands% and their chie#% or president% is represented with his e'es turned downwards% which signi#ies that )ustice ought not to be obtainable b' bribes% nor guided b' #a"our or a##ection. 8# a li&e nature is the .eetle which we see engra"en upon the seals o# the soldiers% #or there is no such thing as a #emale beetle o# this speciesI #or the' are all males% and the' propagate their &ind b' casting their seed into round balls o# dirt% which a##ord not onl' a proper place wherein the 'oung ma' be hatched% but also nourishment #or them as soon as the' are born.

[F4#B@A] The oldest #orm o# the name is s: r% ####I the #irst sign% ####% is a throne% and the second% ####% is an e'e% but the exact meaning represented b' the two signs is not &nown. /n late times a sceptre% #### too& the place o# the throne% but onl' because o# its phonetic "alue as or us. Thus we ha"e the #orms #### and ####. [F4#B@6] This is a mista&e. [F4#B@@] /n Eg'ptian% #### ash% "man'." [F4#B@7] /n Eg'ptian% #### art% !optic ####% "e'e."

>/. -hen 'ou hear% there#ore% the m'thological tales which the Eg'ptians tell o# their gods% their wanderings% their mutilations% and man' other disasters which be#ell them% remember what has )ust been said% and be assured that nothing o# what is thus told 'ou is reall' true% or e"er happened in #act. For can it be imagined that it is the dog[F4#B7?] itsel# which is re"erenced b' them under the name o# (ermes[F4#B75]L /t is the ,ualities o# this animal% his constant "igilance% and his acumen in distinguishing his #riends #rom his #oes%

which ha"e rendered him% as Plato sa's% a meet emblem o# that god who is the chie# patron o# intelligence. 4or can we imagine that the' thin& that the sun% li&e a newl' born babe% springs up e"er' da' out o# a lil'. /t is ,uite true that the' represent the rising sun in this manner%[F4#B7B] but the reason is because the' wish to indicate thereb' that it is moisture to which we owe the #irst &indling o# this luminar'. /n li&e manner% the cruel and blood' &ing o# Persia% 8chus% who not onl' put to death great numbers o# the people% but e"en slew the pis .ull himsel#% and a#terwards ser"ed him up in a ban,uet to his #riends% is represented b' them b' a sword% and b' this name he is still to be #ound in the catalogue o# their &ings. This name% there#ore% does not represent his person% but indicates his base and cruel ,ualities% which were best suggested b' the picture o# an instrument o# destruction. /#% there#ore% 8 !lea% 'ou will hear and entertain the stor' o# these gods #rom those who &now how to explain it consistentl' with religion and philosoph'% i# 'ou will steadil' persist in the obser"ance o# all these hol' rites which the laws re,uire o# 'ou% and are moreo"er #ull' persuaded that to #orm true notions o# the di"ine nature is more acceptable to them than an' sacri#ice or mere external act o# worship can be% 'ou will b' this means be entirel' exempt #rom an' danger o# #alling into superstition% an e"il no less to be a"oided than atheism itsel#.

[F4#B7?] The animal here re#erred to must be the dog:headed ape% ####% which we see in pictures o# the Nudgment assisting Thoth to weigh the heart o# the dead. This dog:headed ape is a wonder#ull' intelligent creature% and its weird cle"erness is astonishing. [F4#B75] The Eg'ptian Tehuti% or Thoth. [F4#B7B] ####.

>//. 4ow% the stor' o# /sis and 8siris% its most insigni#icant and super#luous parts being omitted% runs thus::: The goddess Rhea%[F4#B7J] the' sa'% ha"ing accompanied with 9ronos[F4#B7D] b' stealth% was disco"ered b' (elios[F4#B7C] who straightwa' cursed her% and declared that she should not be deli"ered in an' month or 'ear. (ermes% howe"er% =being also in lo"e with the same goddess% in return #or the #a"ours which he had recei"ed #rom her% went and pla'ed at dice with $elene%[F4#B7A] and won #rom her the se"entieth part o# each da'. These parts he )oined together and made #rom them #i"e complete da's% and he added them to the three hundred and sixt' da's o# which the 'ear #ormerl' consisted. These #i"e da's are to this da' called the "Epagomenae%"[F4#B76] that is% the superadded% and the' are obser"ed b' them as the birthda's o# their gods.[F4#B7@] 8n the #irst o# these% the' sa'% 8siris was born% and as he came into the world a "oice was heard sa'ing% "The +ord o# ll[F4#B77] is born." $ome relate the matter in a di##erent wa'% and sa' that a certain person named Pam'les% as he was #etching water #rom the temple o# 2ios at Thebes% heard a "oice commanding him to proclaim aloud that the good and great &ing 8siris was then born% and that #or this reason 9ronos committed the education o# the child to him% and

that in memor' o# this e"ent the Pam'lia were a#terwards instituted% which closel' resemble the Phallephoria or Priapeia o# the 3ree&s. 1pon the second o# these da's was born roueris%[F4#J??] whom some call pollo% and others the Elder (orus. 1pon the third da' T'phon was born% who came into the world neither at the proper time nor b' the right wa'% but he #orced a passage through a wound which he made in his mother=s side. 1pon the #ourth da' /sis was born% in the marshes o# Eg'pt%[F4#J?5] and upon the #i#th da' 4ephth's% whom some call Teleute% or phrodite% or 4i&e% was born. s regards the #athers o# these children% the #irst two are said to ha"e been begotten b' (elios% /sis b' (ermes% and T'phon and 4ephth's b' 9ronos. There#ore% since the third o# the superadded da's was the birthda' o# T'phon% the &ings considered it to be unluc&'%[F4#J?B] and in conse,uence the' neither transacted an' business in it% nor e"en su##ered themsel"es to ta&e an' re#reshment until the e"ening. The' #urther add that T'phon married 4ephth's%[F4#J?J] and that /sis and 8siris% ha"ing a mutual a##ection% en)o'ed each other in their mother=s womb be#ore the' were born% and that #rom this commerce sprang roueris% whom the Eg'ptians li&ewise call (orus the Elder% and the 3ree&s pollo.

[F4#B7J] i.e.% 4ut% the $&':goddess. [F4#B7D] i.e.% 9eb% the Earth:god. [F4#B7C] i.e.% Ra. [F4#B7A] i.e.% ah. [F4#B76] /n Eg'ptian% "the #i"e da's o"er the 'ear%" [F4#B7@] /n Eg'ptian thus::: /. .irthda' o# 8siris% //. .irthda' o# (orus% ///. .irthda' o# $et% /;. .irthda' o# /sis% ;. .irthda' o# 4ephth's [F4#B77] 8ne o# the chie# titles o# 8siris was 4eb er tcher% i.e.% "lord to the uttermost limit o# e"er'thing." [F4#J??] i.e.% (eru:ur% "(orus the Elder." [F4#J?5] /t was (orus% son o# /sis% who was born in the marshes o# Eg'pt. [F4#J?B] This da' is described as unluc&' in the hierogl'phic texts. [F4#J?J] $et and 4ephth's are regarded as husband and wi#e in the textsI their o##spring was nubis% npu.

>///. 8siris ha"ing become &ing o# Eg'pt% applied himsel# to ci"ili0ing his countr'men b' turning them #rom their #ormer indigent and barbarous course o# li#e. (e taught them how to culti"ate and

impro"e the #ruits o# the earth% and he ga"e them a bod' o# laws whereb' to regulate their conduct% and instructed them in the re"erence and worship which the' were to pa' to the gods. -ith the same good disposition he a#terwards tra"elled o"er the rest o# the world% inducing the people e"er'where to submit to his discipline% not indeed compelling them b' #orce o# arms% but persuading them to 'ield to the strength o# his reasons% which were con"e'ed to them in the most agreeable manner% in h'mns and songs% accompanied with instruments o# music. From this last circumstance the 3ree&s identi#ied him with their 2ion'sos% or .acchus. 2uring the absence o# 8siris #rom his &ingdom% T'phon had no opportunit' o# ma&ing an' inno"ations in the state% /sis being extremel' "igilant in the go"ernment% and alwa's upon her guard. #ter his return% howe"er% ha"ing #irst persuaded se"ent': two other people to )oin with him in the conspirac'% together with a certain ,ueen o# Ethiopia called so% who chanced to be in Eg'pt at that time% he #ormed a cra#t' plot against him. For ha"ing pri"il' ta&en the measure o# the bod' o# 8siris% he caused a chest to be made o# exactl' the same si0e% and it was "er' beauti#ul and highl' decorated. This chest he brought into a certain ban,ueting room% where it was greatl' admired b' all who were present% and T'phon% as i# in )est% promised to gi"e it to that man whose bod' when tried would be #ound to #it it. Thereupon the whole compan'% one a#ter the other% went into it% but it did not #it an' o# themI last o# all 8siris himsel# la' down in it. Thereupon all the conspirators ran to the chest% and clapped the co"er upon it% and then the' #astened it down with nails on the outside% and poured melted lead o"er it. The' next too& the chest to the ri"er% which carried it to the sea through the Tanaitic mouth o# the 4ileI and #or this reason this mouth o# the 4ile is still held in the utmost abomination b' the Eg'ptians% and is ne"er mentioned b' them except with mar&s o# detestation. These things% some sa'% too& place on the se"enteenth da' o# the month o# (athor% when the sun was in $corpio% in the twent':eighth 'ear o# the reign o# 8siris% though others tell us that this was the 'ear o# his li#e and not o# his reign.

>/;. The #irst who had &nowledge o# the accident which had be#allen their &ing were the Pans and $at'rs% who inhabited the countr' round about !hemmis%[F4#J?D] and the' ha"ing in#ormed the people about it% ga"e the #irst occasion to the name o# Panic Terrors% which has e"er since been made use o# to signi#' an' sudden #right or ama0ement o# a multitude. s soon as the report reached /sis% she immediatel' cut o## one o# the loc&s o# her hair% and put on mourning apparel in that "er' place where she happened to beI #or this reason the place has e"er since been called "9optos%" or the "cit' o# mourning%" though some are o# opinion that this word rather signi#ies "depri"ation." #ter this she wandered round about through the countr'% being #ull o# dis,uietude and perplexit'% searching #or the chest% and she in,uired o# e"er' person she met% including some children whom she saw% whether the' &new what was become o# it. 4ow% it so happened that these children had seen what T'phon=s accomplices had done with the bod'% and the' accordingl' told her b' what mouth o# the 4ile it had been con"e'ed to the sea. For this reason the Eg'ptians loo& upon children as endued with a &ind o# #acult' o# di"ining% and in conse,uence o# this notion are "er' curious in obser"ing the accidental prattle which the' ha"e with one another whilst the' are at pla'% especiall' i# it be in a

sacred place% #orming omens and presages #rom it. /sis meanwhile ha"ing been in#ormed that 8siris% decei"ed b' her sister 4ephth's% who was in lo"e with him% had unwittingl' en)o'ed her instead o# hersel#% as she concluded #rom the melilot:garland which he had le#t with her% made it her business li&ewise to search out the child% the #ruit o# this unlaw#ul commerce E#or her sister% dreading the anger o# her husband T'phon% had exposed it as soon as it was bornF. ccordingl'% a#ter much pains and di##icult'% b' means o# some dogs that conducted her to the place where it was% she #ound it and bred it upI and in process o# time it became her constant guard and attendant% and obtained the name o# nubis% and it is thought that it watches and guards the gods as dogs do men.

[F4#J?D] /n Eg'ptian% 9hebt% in the ;///th nome o# +ower Eg'pt.

>;. t length /sis recei"ed more particular news that the chest had been carried b' the wa"es o# the sea to the coast o# .'blos% and there gentl' lodged in the branches o# a bush o# tamaris&% which in a short time had grown up into a large and beauti#ul tree% and had grown round the chest and enclosed it on e"er' side so completel' that it was not to be seen. *oreo"er% the &ing o# the countr'% ama0ed at its unusual si0e% had cut the tree down% and made that part o# the trun& wherein the chest was concealed into a pillar to support the roo# o# his house. These things% the' sa'% ha"ing been made &nown to /sis in an extraordinar' manner b' the report o# demons% she immediatel' went to .'blos% where% setting hersel# down b' the side o# a #ountain% she re#used to spea& to an'bod' except the ,ueen=s women who chanced to be there. These% howe"er% she saluted and caressed in the &indest manner possible% plaiting their hair #or them% and transmitting into them part o# that wonder#ul odour which issued #rom her own bod'. This raised a great desire in the ,ueen their mistress to see the stranger who had this admirable #acult' o# trans#using so #ragrant a smell #rom hersel# into the hair and s&in o# other people. $he there#ore sent #or her to court% and% a#ter a #urther ac,uaintance with her% made her nurse to one o# her sons. 4ow% the name o# the &ing who reigned at this time at .'blos was *el&ander E*el&arthLF% and that o# his wi#e was starte% or% according to others% $aVsis% though some call her 4emanoun% which answers to the 3ree& name thenais.

>;/. /sis nursed the child b' gi"ing it her #inger to suc& instead o# the breast. $he li&ewise put him each night into the #ire in order to consume his mortal part% whilst% ha"ing trans#ormed hersel# into a swallow% she circled round the pillar and bemoaned her sad #ate. This she continued to do #or some time% till the ,ueen% who stood watching her% obser"ing the child to be all o# a #lame% cried out% and thereb' depri"ed him o# some o# that immortalit' which would otherwise ha"e been con#erred upon him. The goddess then made hersel# &nown% and as&ed that the pillar which supported the roo# might be gi"en to her. (a"ing ta&en the pillar down% she cut it open easil'% and ha"ing ta&en out what she wanted% she wrapped up the remainder o# the trun& in #ine linen% and ha"ing poured per#umed oil o"er it% she deli"ered it again

into the hands o# the &ing and ,ueen. 4ow% this piece o# wood is to this da' preser"ed in the temple% and worshipped b' the people o# .'blos. -hen this was done% /sis threw hersel# upon the chest% and made at the same time such loud and terrible cries o# lamentation o"er it% that the 'ounger o# the &ing=s sons who heard her was #rightened out o# his li#e. .ut the elder o# them she too& with her% and set sail with the chest #or Eg'pt. 4ow% it being morning the ri"er Phaedrus sent #orth a &een and chill air% and becoming angr' she dried up its current.

>;//. t the #irst place where she stopped% and when she belie"ed that she was alone% she opened the chest% and la'ing her #ace upon that o# her dead husband% she embraced him and wept bitterl'. Then% seeing that the little bo' had silentl' stolen up behind her% and had #ound out the reason o# her grie#% she turned upon him suddenl'% and% in her anger% ga"e him so #ierce and terrible a loo& that he died o# #right immediatel'. 8thers sa' that his death did not happen in this manner% but% as alread' hinted% that he #ell into the sea. #terwards he recei"ed the greatest honour on account o# the goddess% #or this *aneros% whom the Eg'ptians so #re,uentl' call upon at their ban,uets% is none other than he. This stor' is contradicted b' those who tell us that the true name o# this child was Palaestinus% or Pelusius% and that the cit' o# this name was built b' the goddess in memor' o# him. nd the' #urther add that this *aneros is thus honoured b' the Eg'ptians at their #easts because he was the #irst who in"ented music. 8thers again state that *aneros is not the name o# an' particular person% but a were customar' #orm o# complimentar' greeting which the Eg'ptians use towards each other at their more solemn #easts and ban,uets% meaning no more b' it than to wish "that what the' were then about might pro"e #ortunate and happ' to them." This is the true import o# the word. /n li&e manner the' sa' that the human s&eleton which is carried about in a box on #estal occasions% and shown to the guests% is not designed% as some imagine% to represent the particular mis#ortunes o# 8siris% but rather to remind them o# their mortalit'% and thereb' to excite them #reel' to ma&e use o# and to en)o' the good things which are set be#ore them% seeing that the' must ,uic&l' become such as the' there saw. This is the true reason #or introducing the s&eleton at their ban,uets. .ut to proceed with the narrati"e.

>;///. -hen /sis had come to her son (orus% who was being reared at .uto%[F4#J?C] she deposited the chest in a remote and un#re,uented place. 8ne night% howe"er% when T'phon was hunting b' the light o# the moon% he came upon it b' chance% and recogni0ing the bod' which was enclosed in it% he tore it into se"eral pieces% #ourteen[F4#J?A] in all% and scattered them in di##erent places up and down the countr'. -hen /sis &new what had been done% she set out in search o# the scattered portions o# her husband=s bod'I and in order to pass more easil' through the lower% marsh' parts o# the countr'% she made use o# a boat made o# the pap'rus plant. For this reason% the' sa'% either #earing the anger o# the goddess% or else "enerating the pap'rus% the crocodile ne"er in)ures an'one who tra"els in this sort o# "essel.[F4#J?6] nd this% the' sa'% hath gi"en rise to the report that there are "er' man' di##erent sepulchres o# 8siris in Eg'pt% #or

where"er /sis #ound one o# the scattered portions o# her husband=s bod'% there she buried it. 8thers% howe"er% contradict this stor'% and tell us that the "ariet' o# sepulchres o# 8siris was due rather to the polic' o# the ,ueen% who% instead o# the real bod'% as she pretended% presented to these cities onl' an image o# her husband. This she did in order to increase the honours which would b' these means be paid to his memor'% and also to de#eat T'phon% who% i# he were "ictorious in his #ight against (orus in which he was about to engage% would search #or the bod' o# 8siris% and being distracted b' the number o# sepulchres would despair o# e"er being able to #ind the true one. -e are told% moreo"er% that notwithstanding all her e##orts% /sis was ne"er able to disco"er the phallus o# 8siris% which% ha"ing been thrown into the 4ile immediatel' upon its separation #rom the rest o# the bod'%[F4#J?@] had been de"oured b' the +epidotus% the Phagrus% and the 8x'rh'nchus% #ish which abo"e all others% #or this reason% the Eg'ptians ha"e in more especial a"oidance. /n order% howe"er% to ma&e some amends #or the loss% /sis consecrated the phallus made in imitation o# it% and instituted a solemn #esti"al to its memor'% which is e"en to this da' obser"ed b' the Eg'ptians.

[F4#J?C] /n Eg'ptian% the double cit' Pe:Tep. $ee the texts #rom the *etternich $tele printed in this "olume. [F4#J?A] The #ourteen members are: head% #eet% bones% arms% heart% interior% tongue% e'es% #ists% #ingers% bac&% ears% loins% and bod'. $ome o# the lists in Eg'ptian add the #ace o# a ram and the hair. The cities in which /sis buried the portions o# his bod' are: 9optos% Philae in Elephantine% (era&leopolis *agna% 9usae% (eliopolis% 2iospolis o# +ower Eg'pt% +etopolis% $ais% (ermopolis o# +ower Eg'pt% thribis% , E$chediaF% b in the +ib'an nome% 4etert% pis. [F4#J?6] *oses was laid in an ar& o# bulrushes% i.e.% pap'rus% and was #ound unin)ured. [F4#J?@] -e meet with a similar statement in the Tale o# the Two .rothers% where we are told that the 'ounger brother% ha"ing declared his innocence to the elder brother% out o## his phallus and threw it into the ri"er% where it was de"oured b' the naru #ish.

>/>. #ter these things 8siris returned #rom the other world% and appeared to his son (orus% and encouraged him to #ight% and at the same time instructed him in the exercise o# arms. (e then as&ed him what he thought was the most glorious action a man could per#orm% to which (orus replied% "To re"enge the in)uries o##ered to his #ather[F4#J?7] and mother." 8siris then as&ed him what animal he thought most ser"iceable to a soldier% and (orus replied% " horse." 8n this 8siris wondered% and he ,uestioned him #urther% as&ing him wh' he pre#erred a horse to a lion% and (orus replied% "Though the lion is the more ser"iceable creature to one who stands in need o# help% 'et is the horse more use#ul in o"erta&ing and cutting o## a #l'ing enem'."[F4#J5?] These replies caused 8siris to re)oice greatl'% #or the' showed him that his son was su##icientl' prepared #or his enem'. -e are% moreo"er% told that amongst the great numbers who were

continuall' deserting #rom T'phon=s part' was his concubine Thoueris%[F4#J55] and that a serpent which pursued her as she was coming o"er to (orus was slain b' his soldiers. The memor' o# this action is% the' sa'% still preser"ed in that cord which is thrown into the midst o# their assemblies% and then chopped in pieces. #terwards a battle too& place between (orus and T'phon% which lasted man' da's% but (orus was at length "ictorious% and T'phon was ta&en prisoner. (e was deli"ered o"er into the custod' o# /sis% who% instead o# putting him to death% loosed his #etters and set him #ree. This action o# his mother incensed (orus to such a degree that he sei0ed her% and pulled the ro'al crown o## her headI but (ermes came #orward% and set upon her head the head o# an ox instead o# a helmet.[F4#J5B] #ter this T'phon accused (orus o# illegitimac'% but% b' the assistance o# (ermes% his legitimac' was #ull' established b' a decree o# the gods themsel"es.[F4#J5J] #ter this two other battles were #ought between (orus and T'phon% and in both T'phon was de#eated. *oreo"er% /sis is said to ha"e had union with 8siris a#ter his death%[F4#J5D] and she brought #orth (arpo&rates%[F4#J5C] who came into the world be#ore his time% and was lame in his lower limbs.

[F4#J?7] The texts gi"e as a "er' common title o# (orus% "(orus% the a"enger o# his #ather." [F4#J5?] There is no e"idence that the Eg'ptians emplo'ed the horse in war be#ore the >;///th 2'nast'% a #act which pro"es that the dialogue here gi"en is an in"ention o# a much later date than the original legend o# 8siris. [F4#J55] /n Eg'ptian% T :1RT% the hippopotamus goddess. [F4#J5B] ccording to the legend gi"en in the Fourth $allier Pap'rus% the #ight between (orus and $et began on the BAth da' o# the month o# Thoth% and lasted three da's and three nights. /t was #ought in or near the hall o# the lords o# 9her:aha% i.e.% near (eliopolis% and in the presence o# /sis% who seems to ha"e tried to spare both her brother $et and her son (orus. For some reason (orus became enraged with his mother% and attac&ing her li&e a "leopard o# the south%" he cut o## the head o# /sis. Thereupon Thoth came #orward% and using words o# power% created a substitute in the #orm o# a cow=s head% and placed it on her bod' E$allier% i".% p. BI see $elect Pap'ri% pl. cxl".F. [F4#J5J] (orus inherited the throne b' his #ather=s will% a #act which is so o#ten emphasi0ed in the texts that it seems there ma' be some ground #or Plutarch=s "iew. [F4#J5D] This "iew is con#irmed b' the words in the h'mn to 8siris% "she mo"ed the inacti"it' o# the $till:(eart E8sirisF% she drew #rom him his essence% she made an heir." [F4#J5C] /n Eg'ptian% (ER1:P :9( RT% "(orus the !hild."

>>. $uch then are the principal circumstances o# this #amous stor'% the more harsh and shoc&ing parts o# it% such as the cutting up o#

(orus and the beheading o# /sis% being omitted. 4ow% i# such could be supposed to be the real sentiments o# the Eg'ptians concerning those di"ine .eings whose most distinguishing characteristics are happiness and immortalit'% or could it be imagined that the' actuall' belie"ed what the' thus tell us e"er to ha"e actuall' ta&en place% / should not need to warn 'ou% 8 !lea% 'ou who are alread' su##icientl' a"erse to such impious and absurd notions o# the 3od% / should not% / sa'% ha"e need to caution 'ou% to testi#' 'our abhorrence o# them% and% as esch'lus expresses it% "to spit and wash 'our mouth" a#ter the recital o# them. /n the present case% howe"er% it is not so. nd / doubt not that 'ou 'oursel# are conscious o# the di##erence between this histor' and those light and idle #ictions which the poets and other writers o# #ables% li&e spiders% wea"e and spin out o# their own imaginations% without ha"ing an' substantial ground or #irm #oundation to wor& upon. There must ha"e been some real distress% some actual calamit'% at the bottom as the ground:wor& o# the narrationI #or% as mathematicians assure us% the rainbow is nothing else but a "ariegated image o# the sun% thrown upon the sight b' the re#lection o# his beams #rom the cloudsI and thus ought we to loo& upon the present stor' as the representation% or rather re#lection% o# something real as its true cause. nd this notion is still #arther suggested to us as well b' that solemn air o# grie# and sadness which appears in their sacri#ices% as b' the "er' #orm and arrangement o# their temples% which extend into long a"enues and open aisles in some portions%[F4#J5A] and in others retreating into dar& and gloom' chapels which resembled the underground "aults which are allotted to the dead. That the histor' has a substantial #oundation is pro"ed b' the opinion which obtains generall' concerning the sepulchres o# 8siris. There are man' places wherein his bod' is said to ha"e been deposited% and among these are b'dos and *emphis% both o# which are said to contain his bod'. /t is #or this reason% the' sa'% that the richer and more prosperous citi0ens wish to be buried in the #ormer o# these cities% being ambitious o# l'ing% as it were% in the gra"e with 8siris.[F4#J56] The title o# *emphis to be regarded as the gra"e o# 8siris seems to rest upon the #act that the pis .ull% who is considered to be the image o# the soul o# 8siris% is &ept in that cit' #or the express purpose that it ma' be as near his bod' as possible.[F4#J5@] 8thers again tell us that the interpretation o# the name *emphis[F4#J57] is "the ha"en o# good men%" and that the true sepulchre o# 8siris lies in that little island which the 4ile ma&es at Philae.[F4#JB?] This island is% the' sa'% inaccessible% and neither bird can alight on it% nor #ish swim near it% except at the times when the priests go o"er to it #rom the mainland to solemni0e their customar' rites to the dead% and to crown his tomb with #lowers% which% the' sa'% is o"ershadowed b' the branches o# a tamaris&:tree% the si0e o# which exceeds that o# an oli"e:tree.

[F4#J5A] Plutarch re#ers to the long colonnaded courts which extend in a straight line to the sanctuar'% which o#ten contains more than one shrine% and to the chambers wherein temple properties% "estments% Mc.% were &ept. [F4#J56] /n what cit' the cult o# 8siris originated is not &nown% but it is ,uite certain that be#ore the end o# the ;/th 2'nast' b'dos became the centre o# his worship% and that he dispossessed the local god n:(er in the a##ections o# the people. Tradition a##irmed that

the head o# 8siris was preser"ed at b'dos in a box% and a picture o# it% #### became the s'mbol o# the cit'. t b'dos a sort o# miracle pla'% in which all the su##erings and resurrection o# 8siris were commemorated% was per#ormed annuall'% and the raising up o# a model o# his bod'% and the placing o# his head upon it% were the culminating ceremonies. t b'dos was the #amous sha#t into which o##erings were cast #or transmission to the dead in the 8ther -orld% and through the 3ap in the hills close b' souls were belie"ed to set out on their )ourne' thither. 8ne tradition places the El'sian Fields in the neighbourhood o# b'dos. #ine stone bier% a restoration probabl' o# the >>;/th 2'nast'% which represented the original bier o# 8siris% was disco"ered there b' *. melineau. /t is now in the Eg'ptian *useum at !airo. [F4#J5@] pis is called the "li#e o# 8siris%" ####% and on the death o# the .ull% its soul went to hea"en and )oined itsel# to that o# 8siris% and it #ormed with him the dual:god sar:(ep% i.e.% 8siris: pis% or $arapis. The #amous $erapeum at *emphis was called ####. [F4#J57] /n Eg'ptian% *en:4e#er% i.e.% "#air ha"en." [F4#JB?] 8siris and /sis were worshipped at Philae until the reign o# Nustinian% when his general% 4arses% closed the temple and carried o## the statues o# the gods to !onstantinople% where the' were probabl' melted down.

>>/. Eudoxus indeed asserts that% although there are man' pretended sepulchres o# 8siris in Eg'pt% the% place where his bod' actuall' lies is .usiris%[F4#JB5] where li&ewise he was born.[F4#JBB] s to Taphosiris% there is no need to mention it particularl'% #or its "er' name indicates its claim to be the tomb o# 8siris. There are li&ewise other circumstances in the Eg'ptian ritual which hint to us the realit' upon which this histor' is grounded% such as their clea"ing the trun& o# a tree% their wrapping it up in linen which the' tear in pieces #or that purpose% and the libations o# oil which the' a#terwards pour upon itI but these / do not insist on% because the' are intermixed with such o# their m'steries as ma' not be re"ealed.

[F4#JB5] /n Eg'ptian% Pa: sar:neb:Tetu% "the house o# 8siris% the lord o# Tetu." /n the temple o# 4eb:$e&ert% the bac&bone o# the god was preser"ed% according to one text% but another sa's it was his )awsELF and interior. [F4#JBB] This "iew represents a late tradition% or at all e"ents one which sprang up a#ter the deca' o# b'dos.

[F/R$T E>P+ 4 T/84 8F T(E $T8R<.]

>>//. 4ow as to those who% #rom man' things o# this &ind% some o#

which are proclaimed openl'% and others are dar&l' hinted at in their religious institutions% would conclude that the whole stor' is no other than a mere commemoration o# the "arious actions o# their &ings and other great men% who% b' reason o# their excellent "irtue and the mightiness o# their power% added to their other titles the honour o# di"init'% though the' a#terwards #ell into man' and grie"ous calamities% those% / sa'% who would in this manner account #or the "arious scenes abo"e:mentioned% must be owned indeed to ma&e use o# a "er' plausible method o# eluding such di##iculties as ma' arise about this sub)ect% and ingeniousl' enough to trans#er the most shoc&ing parts o# it #rom the di"ine to the human nature. *oreo"er% it must be admitted that such a solution is not entirel' destitute o# an' appearance o# historical e"idence #or its support. For when the Eg'ptians themsel"es tell us that (ermes had one hand shorter than another% that T'phon was o# red complexion% (orus #air% and 8siris blac&% does not this show that the' were o# the human species% and sub)ect to the same accidents as all other menL[F4#JBJ] 4a'% the' go #arther% and e"en declare the particular wor& in which each was engaged whilst ali"e. Thus the' sa' that 8siris was a general% that !anopus% #rom whom the star too& its name% was a pilot% and that the ship which the 3ree&s call rgo% being made in imitation o# the ship o# 8siris% was% in honour o# him% turned into a constellation and placed near 8rion and the 2og:star% the #ormer being sacred to (orus and the latter to /sis.

[F4#JBJ] Red is the colour attributed to all #iends in the Eg'ptian texts. 8ne o# the #orms o# (orus is described as being "blue:e'ed%" and the colour o# the #ace o# 8siris is o#ten green% and sometimes blac&.

>>///. .ut / am much a#raid that to gi"e in to this explanation o# the stor' will be to mo"e things which ought not to be mo"edI and not onl'% as $imonides sa's% "to declare war against all anti,uit'%" but li&ewise against whole #amilies and nations who are #ull' possessed with the belie# in the di"init' o# these beings. nd it would be no less than dispossessing those great names o# their hea"en% and bringing them down to the earth. /t would be to sha&e and loosen a worship and #aith which ha"e been #irml' settled in nearl' all man&ind #rom their in#anc'. /t would be to open a wide door #or atheism to enter in at% and to encourage the attempts o# those who would humani0e the di"ine nature. *ore particularl' it would gi"e a clear sanction and authorit' to the impostures o# Euhemerus the *essenian% who #rom mere imagination% and without the least appearance o# truth to support it% has in"ented a new m'tholog' o# his own% asserting that "all those in general who are called and declared to be gods are none other than so man' ancient generals and sea:captains and &ings." 4ow% he sa's that he #ound this statement written in the Panchaean dialect in letters o# gold% though in what part o# the globe his Panchaeans dwell% an' more than the Tr'phillians% whom he mentions at the same time with them% he does not in#orm us. 4or can / learn that an' other person% whether 3ree& or .arbarian% except himsel#% has e"er 'et been so #ortunate as to meet with these imaginar' countries.

[/n $ec. >>/;. Plutarch goes on to sa' that the ss'rians commemorate $emiramis% the Eg'ptians $esostris% the Phr'gians *anis or *asdis% the Persians !'rus% and the *acedonians lexander% 'et these heroes are not regarded as gods b' their peoples. The &ings who ha"e accepted the title o# gods ha"e a#terwards had to su##er the reproach o# "anit' and presumption% and impiet' and in)ustice.]

[$E!842 E>P+ 4 T/84 8F T(E $T8R<.]

>>;. There is another and a better method which some emplo' in explaining this stor'. The' assert that what is related o# T'phon% 8siris% and /sis is not to be regarded as the a##lictions o# gods% or o# mere mortals% but rather as the ad"entures o# certain great 2aemons. These beings% the' sa'% are supposed b' some o# the wisest o# the 3ree& philosophers% that is to sa'% Plato% P'thagoras% >enocrates% and !hr'sippus% in accordance with what the' had learned #rom ancient theologians% to be stronger and more power#ul than men% and o# a nature superior to them. The' are% at the same time% in#erior to the pure and unmixed nature o# the gods% as parta&ing o# the sensations o# the bod'% as well as o# the perceptions o# the soul% and conse,uentl' liable to pain as well as pleasure% and to such other appetites and a##ections% as #low #rom their "arious combinations. $uch a##ections% howe"er% ha"e a greater power and in#luence o"er some o# them than o"er others% )ust as there are di##erent degrees o# "irtue and "ice #ound in these 2aemons as well as in man&ind. /n li&e manner% the wars o# the 3iants and the Titans which are so much spo&en o# b' the 3ree&s% the detestable actions o# 9ronos% the combats between pollo and the P'thon% the #lights o# 2ion'sos% and the wanderings o# 2emeter% are exactl' o# the same nature as the ad"entures o# 8siris and T'phon. There#ore% the' all are to be accounted #or in the same manner% and e"er' treatise o# m'tholog' will readil' #urnish us with an abundance o# other similar instances. The same thing ma' also be a##irmed o# those other things which are so care#ull' concealed under the co"er o# m'steries and imitations.

[/n $ec. >>;/. Plutarch points out that (omer calls great and good men "god:li&e" and "3od=s compeers%" but the word 2aemon is applied to the good and bad indi##erentl' Esee 8d'sse'% "i. 5BI /liad% xiii. @5?% ". DJ@% i". J5% Mc.F. Plato assigns to the 8l'mpian 3ods good things and the odd numbers% and the opposite to the 2aemons. >enocrates belie"ed in the existence o# a series o# strong and power#ul beings which ta&e pleasure in scourgings and #astings% Mc. (esiod spea&s o# "hol' daemons" E-or&s and 2a's% 5BAF and "guardians o# man&ind%" and "bestowers o# wealth%" and these are regarded b' Plato as a "middle order o# beings between the gods and men% interpreters o# the wills o# the gods to men% and ministering to their wants% carr'ing the pra'ers and supplications o# mortals to hea"en% and bringing down thence in return oracles and all other blessings o# li#e." Empedocles thought

that the 2aemons underwent punishment% and that when chastened and puri#ied the' were restored to their original state.]

[$ec. >>;//. To this class belonged T'phon% who was punished b' /sis. /n memor' o# all she had done and su##ered% she established certain rites and m'steries which were to be t'pes and images o# her deeds% and intended these to incite people to piet'% and% to a##ord them consolation. /sis and 8siris were translated #rom good 2aemons into gods% and the honours due to them are rightl' o# a mixed &ind% being those due to gods and 2aemons. 8siris is none other than Pluto% and /sis is not di##erent #rom Proserpine.]

[$ec. >>>. T'phon is held b' the Eg'ptians in the greatest contempt% and the' do all the' can to "ili#' him. The colour red being associated with him% the' treat with contumel' all those who ha"e a rudd' complexionI the ass[F4#JBD] being usuall' o# a reddish colour% the men o# 9optos are in the habit o# sacri#icing asses b' casting them down precipices. The inhabitants o# .usiris and +'copolis ne"er use trumpets% because their sounds resemble the bra'ing o# an ass. The ca&es which are o##ered at the #esti"als during Paoni and Paopi are stamped with the #igure o# a #ettered ass. The P'thagoreans regarded T'phon as a daemon% and according to them he was produced in the e"en number #i#t':sixI and Eudoxus sa's that a #igure o# #i#t':six angles t'pi#ies the nature o# T'phon.]

[F4#JBD] The ass is associated with $et% or T'phon% in the texts% but on account o# his "irilit' he also t'pi#ies a #orm o# the $un:god. /n a h'mn the deceased pra's% "*a' / smite the ss% ma' / crush the serpent:#iend $ebau%" but the >+th !hapter o# the .oo& o# the 2ead is entitled% "!hapter o# dri"ing bac& the Eater o# the ss." The "ignette shows us the deceased in the act o# spearing a monster serpent which has #astened its )aws in the bac& o# an ass. /n !hapter !>>;. there is a dialogue between the !at and the ss.

[$ec. >>>/. The Eg'ptians onl' sacri#ice red:coloured bulls% and a single blac& or white hair in the animal=s head dis,uali#ies it #or sacri#ice. The' sacri#ice creatures wherein the souls o# the wic&ed ha"e been con#ined% and through this "iew arose the custom o# cursing the animal to be sacri#iced% and cutting o## its bead and throwing it into the 4ile. 4o bulloc& is sacri#iced which has not on it the seal o# the priests who were called "$ealers." The impression #rom this seal represents a man upon his &nees% with his hands tied behind him% and a sword pointed at his throat. The ass is identi#ied with T'phon not onl' because o# his colour% but also because o# his stupidit' and the sensualit' o# his disposition. The Persian &ing 8chus was nic&named the " ss%" which made him to sa'% "This ass shall dine upon 'our ox%" and accordingl' he slew pis. T'phon is said to ha"e escaped #rom (orus b' a #light o# se"en da's on an ass.]

[T(/R2 E>P+ 4 T/84 8F T(E $T8R<.]

>>>//. $uch then are the arguments o# those who endea"our to account #or the abo"e:mentioned histor' o# /sis and 8siris upon a supposition that the' were o# the order o# 2aemonsI but there are others who pretend to explain it upon other principles% and in more philosophical manner. To begin% then% with those whose reasoning is the most simple and ob"ious. s the 3ree&s allegori0e their 9ronos into Time% and their (era into ir% and tell us that the birth o# (ephaistos is no other but the change o# air into #ire% so these philosophers sa' that b' 8siris the Eg'ptians mean the 4ile% b' /sis that part o# the countr' which 8siris% or the 4ile% o"er#lows% and b' T'phon the sea% which% b' recei"ing the 4ile as it runs into it% does% as it were% tear it into man' pieces% and indeed entirel' destro's it% excepting onl' so much o# it as is admitted into the bosom o# the earth in its passage o"er it% which is thereb' rendered #ertile. The truth o# this explanation is con#irmed% the' sa'% b' that sacred dirge which the' ma&e o"er 8siris when the' bewail "him who was born on the right side o# the world and who perished on the le#t."[F4#JBC] For it must be obser"ed that the Eg'ptians loo& upon the east as the #ront or #ace o# the world%[F4#JBA] upon the north as its right side%[F4#JB6] and upon the south as its le#t.[F4#JB@] s% there#ore% the 4ile rises in the south% and running directl' northwards is at last swallowed up b' the sea% it ma' rightl' enough be said to be born on the right and to perish on the le#t side. This conclusion% the' sa'% is still #arther strengthened #rom that abhorrence which the priests express towards the sea% as well as salt% which the' call "T'phon=s #oam." nd amongst their prohibitions is one which #orbids salt being laid on their tables. nd do the' not also care#ull' a"oid spea&ing to pilots% because this class o# men ha"e much to do with the sea and get their li"ing b' itL nd this is not the least o# their reasons #or the great disli&e which the' ha"e #or #ish% and the' e"en ma&e the #ish a s'mbol o# "hatred%" as is pro"ed b' the pictures which are to be seen on the porch o# the temple o# 4eith at $ais. The #irst o# these is a child% the second is an old man% the third is a haw&% and then #ollow a #ish and a hippopotamus. The meaning o# all these is e"identl'% "8 'ou who are coming into the world% and 'ou who are going out o# it Ei.e.% both 'oung and oldF% 3od hateth impudence." For b' the child is indicated "all those who are coming into li#e"I b' the old man% "those who are going out o# it"I b' the haw&% "3od"I b' the #ish% "hatred%" on account o# the sea% as has been be#ore statedI and b' the hippopotamus% "impudence%" this creature being said #irst to sla' his sire% and a#terwards to #orce his dam.[F4#JB7] The P'thagoreans li&ewise ma' be thought perhaps b' some to ha"e loo&ed upon the sea as impure% and ,uite di##erent #rom all the rest o# nature% and that thus much is intended b' them when the' call it the "tears o# 9ronos."

[F4#JBC] Plutarch here re#ers to 8siris as the *oon% which rises in the -est.

[F4#JBA] ccording to the texts the #ront o# the world was the south% &hent% #### and #rom this word is #ormed the "erb #### #### "to sail to the south." [F4#JB6] /n the texts the west is the right side% unemi% #### in !optic% ####. [F4#JB@] /n the texts the east is the le#t side% abti. [F4#JB7] Each o# these signs% ####% except the last% does mean what Plutarch sa's it means% but his method o# reading them together is wrong% and it pro"es that he did not understand that hierogl'phics were used alphabeticall' as well as ideographicall'.

[$ecs. >>>///.% >>>/;. $ome o# the more philosophical priests assert that 8siris does not s'mboli0e the 4ile onl'% nor T'phon the sea onl'% but that 8siris represents the principle and power o# moisture in general% and that T'phon represents e"er'thing which is scorching% burning% and #ier'% and whate"er destro's moisture. 8siris the' belie"e to ha"e been o# a blac&[F4#JJ?] colour% because water gi"es a blac& tinge to e"er'thing with which it is mixed. The *ne"is .ull[F4#JJ5] &ept at (eliopolis is% li&e 8siris% blac& in colour% "and e"en Eg'pt[F4#JJB] itsel#% b' reason o# the extreme blac&ness o# the soil% is called b' them =!hemia%= the "er' name which is gi"en to the blac& part or pupil o# the e'e.[F4#JJJ] /t is% moreo"er% represented b' them under the #igure o# a human heart." The $un and *oon are not represented as being drawn about in chariots% but as sailing round the world in ships% which shows that the' owe their motion% support% and nourishment to the power o# humidit'.[F4#JJD] (omer and Thales both learned #rom Eg'pt that "water was the #irst principle o# all things% and the cause o# generation."[F4#JJC]]

[F4#JJ?] Experiments recentl' conducted b' +ord Ra'leigh indicate that the true colour o# water is blue. [F4#JJ5] /n Eg'ptian% 4em:ur% or *en:ur% and he was "called the li#e o# Ra." [F4#JJB] The commonest name o# Eg'pt is 9emt% "blac& land%" as opposed to the reddish:'ellow sand' deserts on each side o# the ""alle' o# blac& mud." The word #or "blac&" is &am. [F4#JJJ] Plutarch seems to ha"e erred here. The earl' texts call the pupil o# the e'e "the child in the e'e%" as did the $emitic peoples Esee m' +iturg' o# Funerar' 8##erings% p. 5JAF. The !opts spo&e o# the "blac& o# the e'e%" deri"ed #rom the hierogl'phic "dar&ness%" "blac&ness." [F4#JJD] There is no support #or this "iew in the texts. [F4#JJC] /t was a "er' common belie# in Eg'pt that all things arose #rom the great celestial ocean called 4u% whence came the 4ile.

[$ec. >>>;/. The 4ile and all &inds o# moisture are called the "e##lux o# 8siris." There#ore a water:pitcher[F4#JJA] is alwa's carried #irst in his processions% and the lea# o# a #ir:tree represents both 8siris and Eg'pt.[F4#JJ6] 8siris is the great principle o# #ecundit'% which is pro"ed b' the Pam'lia #esti"als% in which a statue o# the god with a triple phallus is carried about.[F4#JJ@] The three:#old phallus merel' signi#ies an' great and inde#inite number.]

[F4#JJA] Plutarch re#ers to the "essel o# water% with which the priest sprin&les the ground to puri#' it. [F4#JJ6] (e seems to re#er here to the oli"e:tree: .e,et% "oli"e land%" was one o# the names o# Eg'pt. [F4#JJ@] Plutarch seems to be con#ounding 8siris with *enu% the god o# generation% who is generall' represented in an ith'phallic #orm. The #esti"al o# the phallus sur"i"ed in Eg'pt until ,uite recentl'.

[$ec. >>>;///. The $un is consecrated to 8siris% and the lion is worshipped% and temples are ornamented with #igures o# this animal% because the 4ile rises when the sun is in the constellation o# the +ion. (orus% the o##spring o# 8siris% the 4ile% and /sis% the Earth% was born in the marshes o# .uto% because the "apour o# damp land destro's drought. 4ephth's% or Teleute% represents the extreme limits o# the countr' and the sea:shore% that is% barren land. 8siris Ei.e.% the 4ileF o"er#lowed this barren land% and nubis[F4#JJ7] was the result.[F4#JD?]]

[F4#JJ7] The Eg'ptian npu. The texts ma&e one #orm o# him to be the son o# $et and 4ephth's. [F4#JD?] Plutarch=s explanations in this chapter are unsupported b' the texts.

[$ec. >>>/>. /n the #irst part o# this chapter Plutarch continues his identi#ication o# T'phon with drought% and his all' so% Queen o# Ethiopia% he considers to be the Etesian or north winds% which blow #or a long period when the 4ile is #alling. (e goes on to sa':::] s to what the' relate o# the shutting up o# 8siris in a box% this appears to mean the withdrawal o# the 4ile to its own bed. This is the more probable as this mis#ortune is said to ha"e happened to 8siris in the month o# (athor% precisel' at that season o# the 'ear when% upon the cessation o# the Etesian or north winds the 4ile returns to its own bed% and lea"es the countr' e"er'where bare and na&ed. t this time also the length o# the nights increases% dar&ness pre"ails% whilst light is diminished and o"ercome. t this time the priests celebrate

dole#ul rites% and the' exhibit as a suitable representation o# the grie# o# /sis a gilded ox co"ered with a #ine blac& linen cloth. 4ow% the ox is regarded as the li"ing image o# 8siris. This ceremon' is per#ormed on the se"enteenth and three #ollowing da's%[F4#JD5] and the' mourn: 5. The #alling o# the 4ileI B. The cessation o# the north windsI J. The decrease in the length o# the da'sI D. The desolate condition o# the land. 8n the nineteenth o# the month Pachons the' march in procession to the sea% whither the priests and other o##icials carr' the sacred chest% wherein is enclosed a small boat o# goldI into this the' #irst pour some water% and then all present cr' out with a loud "oice% "8siris is #ound." This done% the' throw some earth% scent% and spices into the water% and mix it well together% and wor& it up into the image o# a crescent% which the' a#terwards dress in clothes. This shows that the' regard the gods as the essence and power o# water and earth.

[F4#JD5] The 56th da' is "er' unluc&'I the 5@th is "er' luc&'I the 57th and B?th are "er' unluc&'. 8n the 56th da' /sis and 4ephth's made great lamentation #or their brother 1n:ne#er at $aisI on the 57th no man should lea"e the houseI and the man born on the B?th would die o# the plague.

[$ec. >+. Though T'phon was con,uered b' (orus% /sis would not allow him to be destro'ed. T'phon was once master o# all Eg'pt% i.e.% Eg'pt was once co"ered b' the sea% which is pro"ed b' the sea:shells which are dug out o# the mines% and are #ound on the tops o# the hills. The 4ile 'ear b' 'ear creates new land% and thus dri"es awa' the sea #urther and #urther% i.e.% 8siris triumphs o"er T'phon.]

[F81RT( E>P+ 4 T/84 8F T(E $T8R<.]

[$ec. >+/. 8siris is the *oon% and T'phon is the $unI T'phon is there#ore called $eth%[F4#JDB] a word meaning ""iolence%" "#orce%" Mc. (era&les accompanies the $un% and (ermes the *oon. /n $ec. >+//. Plutarch connects the death:da' o# 8siris% the se"enteenth o# (athor% with the se"enteenth da' o# the *oon=s re"olution% when she begins to wane. The age o# 8siris% twent':eight 'ears% suggests the comparison with the twent':eight da's o# the *oon=s re"olution. The tree:trun& which is made into the shape o# a crescent at the #uneral o# 8siris re#ers to the crescent moon when she wanes. The #ourteen pieces into which 8siris was bro&en re#er to the #ourteen da's in which the moon wanes.]

[F4#JDB] /n Eg'ptian% ####% or #### which Plutarch seems to connect with set% ####.

[$ec. >+///. The height o# the 4ile in #lood at Elephantine is twent': eight cubits% at *endes and >ois low 4ile is se"en cubits% and at *emphis middle 4ile is #ourteen cubitsI these #igures are to be compared with the twent':eight da's o# the *oon=s re"olution% the se"en:da' phase o# the *oon% and the #ourteen da's= *oon% or #ull moon. pis was begotten b' a ra' o# light #rom the *oon% and on the #ourteenth da' o# the month Phamenoth[F4#JDJ] 8siris entered the *oon. 8siris is the power o# the *oon% /sis the producti"e #acult' in it.]

[F4#JDJ] *ar&ed in the pap'rus $allier /;. as a particularl' unluc&' da'.

[F/FT( E>P+ 4 T/84 8F T(E $T8R<.]

[$ec. >+/;. The philosophers sa' that the stor' is nothing but an enigmatical description o# the phenomena o# Eclipses. /n $ec. >+;. Plutarch discusses the #i"e explanations which he has described% and begins to state his own "iews about them. /t must be concluded% he sa's% that none o# these explanations ta&en b' itsel# contains the true explanation o# the #oregoing histor'% though all o# them together do. T'phon means e"er' phase o# 4ature which is hurt#ul and destructi"e% not onl' drought% dar&ness% the sea% Mc. /t is impossible that an' one cause% be it bad or e"en good% should be the common principle o# all things. There must be two opposite and ,uite di##erent and distinct Principles. /n $ec. >+;/.% Plutarch compares this "iew with the *agian belie# in 8rma0d and hriman% the #ormer springing #rom light E$ec. >+;//.F% and the latter #rom dar&ness. 8rma0d made six good gods% and hriman six o# a ,uite contrar' nature. 8rma0d increased his own bul& three times% and adorned the hea"en with stars% ma&ing the $un to be the guard o# the other stars. (e then created twent':#our other gods% and placed them in an egg% and hriman also created twent':#our godsI the latter bored a hole in the shell o# the egg and e##ected an entrance into it% and thus good and e"il became mixed together. /n $ec. >+;///. Plutarch ,uotes Empedocles% naxagoras% ristotle% and Plato in support o# his h'pothesis o# the Two Principles% and re#ers to Plato=s Third Principle. $ec. >+/>. 8siris represents the good ,ualities o# the uni"ersal $oul% and T'phon the badI .ebo[F4#JDD] is a malignant being li&e T'phon% with whom *anetho identi#ies him. $ec. +. The ass% crocodile% and hippopotamus are all associated with T'phonI in the #orm o# a crocodile T'phon escaped #rom (orus.[F4#JDC]

[F4#JDD] /n Eg'ptian% .ebi% or .aba% or .abai% he was the #irst:born $on o# 8siris. [F4#JDC] $ee the +egend o# (eru:.ehutet% Spr. A6K.

The ca&es o##ered on the se"enth da' o# the month T'bi ha"e a

hippopotamus stamped on them. $ec. +/. 8siris s'mboli0es wisdom and power% and T'phon all that is malignant and bad.] The remaining sections contain a long series o# #anci#ul statements b' Plutarch concerning the religion and manners and customs o# the Eg'ptians% o# which the Eg'ptian texts now a"ailable gi"e no proo#s.