consulte o site:

http://www.clubedoconcreto.com.br/
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program. =)
****====DESIGN OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALL====****
1. Soil or gravel without fine particles,
highly permeable.
2. Sand or gravel with silt mixture, low
permeability
3. Silty sand, sand and gravel with high
clay content
4. Medium or stiff clay
5. Soft clay, silt
Table 1: Unit weights w, effective angles of internal friction , and coefficients of friction with concrete f.

0.5 m
qs = 20 kPa
3.50 m
1.10 m 0.60 m
Solution: (Use class 2 of the table given above)
Composite Section
3.50 m
1.10 m
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal soil surface
= 30 Passive soil pressure coefficient
w = 18.85 kN/m
qs = 20.00 kPa = 3.00
h' = 1.061 m
Distances computation
Active soil pressure coefficient c
1
= B/2 = 2.0000 m
c
2
= e/2 = 0.1250 m
= 0.3333 c
3
= e + a/2 = 0.5000 m
c
4
= (B - 2e - a)/3 + e + a = 1.7500 m
c
5
= B - e + e/2 = 3.8750 m
c
6
= (B - 2e - a)2/3 + e + a = 2.7500 m
c
7
= (B - e - a)/2 + e + a = 2.3750 m
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
15.70 - 18.85 25 - 35 0.2 - 0.4
14.10 - 17.25 20 -25 0.2 - 0.3
17.25 - 18.85 23 - 30 0.3 - 0.4
18.85 - 20.40 25 - 35 0.4 - 0.5
w, kN/m , degrees f, coefficient
17.25 - 18.85 33 -40 0.5 -0.6
7
W
7
c
a
3
W 5
c
1
W
2
W
4
W
5
W
6
W
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
c
6
c
' h
h
e
B
d
|
|
sin 1
sin 1
+

=
ah
C
|
|
sin 1
sin 1

+
=
ph
C
Given retaining wall dimensions:
a = 0.50 m Passive soil pressure:
b = 1.10 m h = b= 1.10 m
c = 3.50 m
d = 0.60 m = 34.213 kN
e = 0.25 m
Active soil pressure: = 0.3667 m
h = b + c = 4.60 m Tentative wall base dimension:
= 97.144 kN B = 4.00 m
= 1.7754 m
Check retaining wall stability: w
c
= 23.60 kN/m
Friction coeff., f = 0.50
component weights W
i
c
i
RM=W
i
c
i
W
1
= Bdw
c
= 56.640 2.0000 113.280
W
2
= e(b - d)w
s
= 2.356 0.1250 0.295
W
3
= a(b + c - d)w
c
= 47.200 0.5000 23.600
W
4
= (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)w
c
/2 = 141.600 1.7500 247.800
W
5
= (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)w
s
/2 = 113.100 3.8750 438.263
W
6
= e(b + c - d)w
s
= 18.850 2.7500 51.838
W
7
= q
s
(B - e - a) = 65.000 2.3750 154.375
W
i
= 444.746 W
i
c
i
= 1029.450
Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:
OM = P
ah
y
ah
= 172.47 kN-m
Location of resultant with respect to toe: = 5.969008 > 2.00, ok!
= 1.9269 m Factor of safety against sliding:
= 0.0731 m = 2.641285 > 1.50, ok!
B/3 = 1.33 m
the middle third of the base. No tension will occur on the foundation.
q
max
= 121.61 kPa
q
min
= 100.76 kPa
q
a
= 143 kPa
qmax < qa, the wall is safe against soil bearing.
0.5 m
Retaining Wall Details qs = 20 kPa
3.50 m
1.10 m 0.60 m
4.00 m
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
( ) ' 2
2
1
h h wh C P
ah ah
+ =
( ) ' 2 3
' 3
2
h h
hh h
y
ah
+
+
=
2
2
1
wh C P
ph ph
=
3
h
y
ph
=

=
i v
W R
OM RM
x
x
B
e =
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
min
max
6
1
B
e
B
R
q
v
ah ah
i i
g overturnin
y P OM
c W RM
FS
=
=
=

( )
ah
ph i v
sliding
P
P W f fR
FS
+ =
=

CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program
****====DESIGN OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALL====****
Table 1: Unit weights w, effective angles of internal friction , and coefficients of friction with concrete f.
1. Soil or gravel without fine particles,
highly permeable.
2. Sand or gravel with silt mixture, low
permeability
3. Silty sand, sand and gravel with high
clay content
4. Medium or stiff clay
5. Soft clay, silt
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by
computed by the program. 0.5 m
qs = 20 kPa
3.50 m
1.10 m 0.60 m
Solution: (Use class 2 of the table given above)
Composite Section
3.50 m
1.10 m
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal soil surface
= 30 Passive soil pressure coefficient
w = 18.85 kN/m
qs = 20.00 kPa = 3.00
h' = 1.061 m
Distances computation
Active soil pressure coefficient c
1
= B/2 = 2.0000
c
2
= e/2 = 0.1250
= 0.33333 c
3
= e + a/2 = 0.5000
c
4
= (B - 2e - a)/3 + e + a = 1.7500
c
5
= B - e + e/2 = 3.8750
c
6
= (B - 2e - a)2/3 + e + a = 2.7500
c
7
= (B - e - a)/2 + e + a = 2.3750
15.70 - 18.85 25 - 35
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0.2 - 0.4
14.10 - 17.25 20 -25 0.2 - 0.3
17.25 - 18.85 23 - 30 0.3 - 0.4
18.85 - 20.40 25 - 35 0.4 - 0.5
w, kN/m , degrees f, coefficient
17.25 - 18.85 33 -40 0.5 -0.6
7
W
7
c
a
3
W 5
c
1
W
2
W
4
W
5
W
6
W
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
c
6
c
' h
h
e
B
d
|
|
sin 1
sin 1
+

=
ah
C
|
|
sin 1
sin 1

+
=
ph
C
7
W
7
c
a
3
W 5
c
1
W
2
W
4
W
5
W
6
W
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
c
6
c
' h
h
e
B
d
Given retaining wall dimensions:
a = 0.50 m Passive soil pressure:
b = 1.10 m h = b= 1.10
c = 3.50 m
d = 0.60 m = 34.2128
e = 0.25 m
Active soil pressure: = 0.36667
h = b + c = 4.60 m Tentative wall base dimension:
= 97.1443 kN B = 4.00 m
= 1.77536 m
Check retaining wall stability: w
c
= 23.60 kN/m
Friction coeff., f = 0.50
component weights W
i
c
i
RM=W
i
c
i
W
1
= Bdw
c
= 56.640 2.0000 113.280
W
2
= e(b - d)w
s
= 2.356 0.1250 0.295
W
3
= a(b + c - d)w
c
= 47.200 0.5000 23.600
W
4
= (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)w
c
/2 = 141.600 1.7500 247.800
W
5
= (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)w
s
/2 = 113.100 3.8750 438.263
W
6
= e(b + c - d)w
s
= 18.850 2.7500 51.838
W
7
= q
s
(B - e - a) = 65.000 2.3750 154.375
W
i
= 444.746 W
i
c
i
= 1029.450
Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:
OM = P
ah
y
ah
= 172.47 kN-m
Location of resultant with respect to toe: = 5.969008 > 2.00, ok!
= 1.9269 m Factor of safety against sliding:
= 0.0731 m = 2.641285 > 1.50, ok!
B/3 = 1.33 m
the middle third of the base. No tension will occur on the foundation.
q
max
= 121.6103 kPa
q
min
= 100.7628 kPa
q
a
= 143 kPa
0.5 m
Retaining Wall Details qs = 20.00
3.50 m
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
1.10 m 0.60 m
4.00 m
( ) ' 2
2
1
h h wh C P
ah ah
+ =
( ) ' 2 3
' 3
2
h h
hh h
y
ah
+
+
=

=
i v
W R
OM RM
x
x
B
e =
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
min
max
6
1
B
e
B
R
q
v
ah ah
i i
g overturnin
y P OM
c W RM
FS
=
=
=

( )
ah
ph i v
sliding
P
P W f fR
FS
+ =
=

2
2
1
wh C P
ph ph
=
3
h
y
ph
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
min
max
6
1
B
e
B
R
q
v
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall====****
Right Side Loading
Given:
fc' = 20.70 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions:
fy = 414.00 Mpa a = 0.30 m

s
= 18.82 kN/m3 c = 4.50 m
= 40
o
= 0.50 Tentative dimentions:

c
= 23.60 kN/m3 B = 3.20 m
q
a
= 143.50 kPa b = 0.40 m
q
s
= 19.30 kPa d = 0.50 m
3.65 m
b(main) = 25 mm Use Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H
b(temp) = 16 mm
a
Es = 200000 Mpa

shear
= 0.85 qs = 19.30 kPa

flexure
= 0.9
s
max
= [ 3t , 450 ]
min
c
h' = 1.026 m
Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:
d
b
Property Line
a
h'
c h


d
b
B
backfill height =
W
1
C
1
W
2
C
2
W
3
W
4
W
5
C
3
C
4
C
5
W
6
C
6
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:
Active soil pressure coeffecient: C
ah
=
0.217443
Active soil pressure: h = 5.00 m
P
ah
= 1 C
ah
h(h+2h') =
2 72.137 kN
y
ah
=
h
2
+ 3hh' =
3(h + 2h') 1.9091 m
Check the retaining wall stability:
components weights W
i
c
i
RM = W
i
c
i
W
1
= 37.760 1.6000 60.4160
W
2
= 31.860 0.1500 4.7790
W
3
= 5.310 0.3333 1.7700
W
4
= 237.132 1.8000 426.8376
W
5
= 4.235 0.3333 1.4115
W
6
= 55.97 1.75 97.9475
W
i
= 372.267 RM = 593.1616
Overturning moment: OM = 137.7138 kN-m
Factor of safety against overturning:
FS
overturning
= RM = 4.307 > 2.00 safe!!!!
OM
Factor of safety against sliding:
FS
sliding
= (f W
i
) = 2.580 > 1.50 safe!!!!
P
ah
Check for bearing pressure: q
a
= 143.50 kPa
Location of resultant with respect to toe:
x = RM - OM = 1.2234 m
W
i
e = B - x = 0.376554 m
2
B / 3 = 1.07 m
The middle third of the base where No tension will occur on the foundation.
q =
Wi 1 + 6e
q
max
= 142.001 kPa
B B
2
q
min
= 90.666 kPa
Since q
max
< q
a
, wall is safe againts soil bearing.
Design of stem:
V
e
p
1
=q
s
P
1
P
2
p
2
= C
ah
w
s
y
y/2
y
M
V
d
V
max
M
max
Stem P M V
Soil pressure at y: Moment equation at level y:
p
1
= q
s
= 19.30 kPa My = p
1
y
1
+ p
2
y
2
= q
s
y
2
/2 + 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
3
/3
p
2
= c
ah
w
s
y = 4.0923 y kPa M
1
= q
s
y
2
/2 = 9.65
M
2
= 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
3
/3 = 0.682
Shear equation at level y:
V
y
= p
1
+ p
2
= q
s
y + 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
2
At level y = 4.50 m
p
1
= q
s
y = 19.30 y V
u
= 218.083 kN
2.0461
y
2
M
u
= 437.859 kN-m
D
b
2
= 490.874
mm
2

min
= 1.4 / f
y
=
4 max =
.75 .85fc'b1 600
=
A
temp
= D
temp
2
= 201.062
mm
2
fy 600+fy
4
Try d = 400 mm ; b = 1000 mm
Ru = Mu = 3.040685
fbd
2
=
.85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru =
0.00812
fy .85f
c
'
Use: = 0.00812
A
s,flexure
= bd = 3248.172
mm
2
/m
s = 1000A
o
= 151.1231 mm cc
As
A
s,temp
= bd =0.002bd = 800
mm
2
/m
s
temp
= 1000 A
temp
= 251.3274 mm cc
A
s
Check for shear: V
uc
= fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m
6
At d distance from the bottom of stem:
y
d
= 4.10 m
V
ud
= 192.993 kN/m < Vuc,
At y = 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.209270
fbd
2

=
.85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru =
0.005722
fy .85f
c
'
Use: = 0.00572
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1716.459
mm
2
/m
s = 1000A
o
= 285.9805 mm cc
As
A
s,temp
= bd =0.002bd = 600
mm
2
/m
s
temp
= 1000 A
temp
= 335.1032 mm cc
A
s
p
2
= 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
2
=
Stem P M V
Design of Base:
19.30
5.00
0.50
Note: The expected worst condition of loading, the passive earth pressure of soil is generally
neglected due to erosion of top soil, and the soil bearing at the toe is neglected due to
the empending action to overturn.
Use: 1.4 for DL
1.7 for LL and service load bearing pressure
q
max
x 1.7 = 241.401 kPa V = (-W
s
-W
c
-q
s
)L = -470.11
q
min
x 1.7 = 154.132 kPa M = (-W
s
-W
c
-q
s
)L
2
/2 = -658.15
W
s
= 1.4
s
c = 118.566 kPa
q
s
x 1.7 = 32.810 kPa
W
c
= 1.4
c
d = 16.520 kPa
e = 0.377 m
L

= B - b) = 2.800 m
Try d = 400 mm
b = 1000 mm
Ru = Mu = 4.570502 A
s,flexure
= bd = 5216.20
fbd
2
s = 1000A
o
= 94.11
As
=
.85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru =
0.013041 A
s,temp
= bd =0.002bd = 800.00
fy .85f
c
' s
temp
= 1000 A
temp
= 251.33
A
s
Use: = 0.01304
Check for shear: V
uc
= fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m > V, safe!!!!
6
q
min
q
max
q
s
=

Retaining Wall Details:
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
0.30
25 mm @
16 mm temp. @ 16
260 oc bw mm temp @
5.00 25 mm @
m
25 mm @
0.50
16 mm temp. bars
250 oc bw
0.40 meters
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall===****
Left Side Loading
Given:
fc' = 27.50 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions: Tentative dimentions:
fy = 275.00 Mpa a = 0.30 m B = 3.00

c
= 23.60 kN/m3 H = 3.20 m b = 0.40

s
= 17.25 kN/m3 h = 1.00 m D = 0.50
= 35
o
= 0.45 Surcharge load: Es = 200000
qa = 120.00 kPa q
s2
= 19.50 kPa
shear
= 0.85
b(main) =
25 mm q
s1
= 19.20 kPa
flexure
= 0.9
b(temp) = 16 mm
s
max
= [ 3t , 450 ]
min
Minimun factor safety requirements:
Overturning = 2.00
Sliding = 1.50
Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:
qs2 = 19.50 kPa
a
h' = 1.11 m
H' = 1.13 m
H
qs1 = 19.20
b
B
Property Line
a
H' q
s2
H
q
s1
h'
h
D
x
b
B
W
3
W
4
W
5
W2
W1
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:
Active soil pressure coeffecient: Passive soil pressure coefficient:
C
ah
= 0.271 C
ph
= 3.690
h = 3.20 m h = 1.61
Active soil pressure:
P
ah
= 51.549 kN Passive soil pressure:
y
ah
= 1.467 m P
ph
= 177.889
y
ph
= 1.079
Check the retaining wall stability:
components weights W
i
x
i
M
i
B-xi Mx
W
1
= 22.656 0.1500 3.3984 2.850 64.5696
W
2
= 3.776 0.3333 1.2587 2.667 10.069333
W
3
= 35.400 1.5000 53.1000 1.500 53.1
W
4
= 144.690 1.7000 245.9730 1.300 188.097
W
5
= 18.225 0.3780 6.8890 2.622 47.785952
Total = 202.091 310.6191 RM = 363.62189
Overturning moment: OM = 75.6346 kN-m
= 0.031239833 x = 0.066
Factor of safety against overturning:
FS
overturning
= RM = 4.808 > 2.00 safe!!!
OM
Factor of safety against sliding:
FS
sliding
= (f W
i
)+P
ph
= 5.215 > 1.50 safe!!!
P
ah
Check for bearing pressure:
B / 3 = 1.000 m
x = RM - OM = 1.4250 m within 1/3 of base
W
i
q = 2W
T
, when x < 1/3 B = 94.543 kPa
3x
q
max
= [4B - 6x]W
T
/B
2
= 77.46 kPa safe!!!
q
min
= [6x - 2B]W
T
/B
2
= 57.26 kPa safe!!!
Design of stem:
V
u
= 1.7 [q
s
H + 0.5C
ah
w
s
H
2
= 146.768 kN/m
M
u
= 1.7 Mmax = 220.696 kN-m/m
M = q
s
y
2
/2 + 1/3C
ah
w
s
y
3
y M
Amain =
D
main
2
= 490.874
0.50 2.693 kN-m 4
1.00 11.797 kN-m A
temp
= D
temp
2
= 201.062
1.50 27.196 kN-m 4
2.00 51.466 kN-m
min
= 0.5 [1.4/f
y
, f
c
'/4f
y
] = 0.0023837
2.50 85.284 kN-m max =
.75 .85fc'b1 600
= 0.0371571
3.00 129.821 kN-m fy 600+fy
V
uc
= fc' = 0.7429
6
Depth as required by shear: b = 1000 mm
d = V
u
= 197.56 mm
V
uc
b
Design for flexure:
Try h = = 400 mm
d = h - (100+
s
/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.966719
fbd
2
= .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.011576
fy .85f
c
'
Use: = 0.011576376
A
s
= bd = 3328.208
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
o
/A
s
, 3t,450]
min
= 147 mm oc
A
temp
= 0.0018bd = 517.50
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
temp
/A
s
, 5t,450]
min
= 388 mm oc
Design of Toe:
V
u
= 1.7b [(qmax + qmin)/2 - (wcd + ws (h+h'))]
= 97.4797 kN/m
M
u
= 1.7 [(B-b)
2
/2][q
min
+2/3(B-b)(
qmax
- q
min
) - [w
c
(d)-w
s
(h+h')]]
= 253.0727332 kN-m/m

min
= 0.5 [1.4/f
y
, f
c
'/4f
y
] = 0.002383656
max = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = = 0.037157143
fy 600+fy
V
uc
= fc' = 0.7866 kN/m
6
Depth as required by shear: b = 1000 mm
d = V
u
= 123.9243 mm
V
uc
b
Design for flexure:
Try h = 400 mm
d = h - (100+
s
/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 3.401944
fbd
2
= .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.013432 Use: =
fy .85f
c
'
A
s
= bd = 3861.697
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
o
/A
s
, 3t,450]min = 127.00 mm oc
3t = 1200.00
450 = 450
Compare: 1000Ao/A
S
AND 3t, compare 3t and 450 whichever is smallest.
SINCE 127.00 mm < 450.00 mm
Use: 127.00 mm
A
temp
= 0.0018bd = 517.50
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
temp
/A
s
, 5t,450]
min
= 489 mm oc
Retaining Wall Details:
0.30
25
137
16
3.70 338
25
117.00
0.50
3.00
16 mmtemp @
0.40 338 oc
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
****====DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL===****
(with shear key)
f
c
' = 20.7 Mpa Figure: x=1.5m
f
y
= 414 Mpa
w
s
= 18.82 kN/m q
a
= 19.2 kPa
= 35
f = 0.5
w
c
= 23.6 kN/m e=3.65m
q
a
= 143.5 kPa
q
s
= 19.2 kPa
backfill height = 3.65 m
Use W
u
= 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H c=1.0m
Use 25mm for main rebars, 16mm for
temperature bars.
Solution:
Composite section and location of forces
e
c
d
f
Given retaining wall dimensions:
a = 0.20 m Distances:
c = 1.00 m x
1
= B/2 = 1.5000
e = 3.65 m x
2
=x
h
+ a/2 = 1.6000
x
h
= 1.50 m x
3
= x
h
+ a + (b - a)/3 = 1.7667
x
4
= x
h
/2 = 0.7500
Tentative dimensions: x
5
= x
h
+ b + (B - x
h
- b)/2 = 2.4500
B = 3.00 m x
6
= x
h
+ a + 2(b - a)/3 = 1.8333
b = 0.40 m x
7
= x
h
+ a + (B - x
h
- a)/2 = 2.3500
d = 0.50 m x
8
= x
h
+ g/2 = 1.7000
f = 0.40 m H = d + c + e = 5.1500
g = 0.40 m h' = q
s
/w
s
= 1.0202
h = 0.20 m
Active soil pressure coefficient Passive soil pressure coefficient
= 0.27099 = 3.69
Active soil pressure: h = 5.15 m Passive soil pressure: h = 1.50
h

H


a x
e
b
B
|
|
sin 1
sin 1
+

=
ah
C
|
|
sin 1
sin 1

+
=
ph
C
7
W
6
W
5
W
4
W 3
W
2
W
1
W
8
W
a
h
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
2
x
4
x
3
x
1
x
8
x
= 94.42831 kN = 78.13017
= 1.960 m = 0.500
Check retaining wall stability:
Component weights W
i
x
i
RM=W
i
x
i
W
1
= Bdw
c
= 35.4 1.5000 53.1
W
2
= a(c + e)w
c
= 21.948 1.6000 35.1168
W
3
= 0.5(b - a)(c + e)w
c
= 10.974 1.7667 19.3874
W
4
= c(x)w
s
= 28.23 0.7500 21.1725
W
5
= (B - x - b)(c + e)w
s
= 96.2643 2.4500 235.847535
W
6
= 0.5(b - a)(c + e)w
s
= 8.7513 1.8333 16.04405
W
7
= q
s
(B - x - a) = 24.96 2.3500 58.656
W
8
= 0.5f(g +h)q
s
= 2.304 1.7000 3.9168
W
i
= 228.8316 W
i
x
i
= 443.241085
Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:
OM = P
ah
y
ah
= 185.101 kN-m
Location of resultant with respect to toe: = 2.39458534 > 2.00, ok!
= 1.12808 m Factor of safety against sliding:
= 0.37192 m = 2.03907049 > 1.50, ok!
B/3 = 1.00 m > e, Rv will fall within the middle third of the base.
No tension will occur on the foundation.
q
max
= 95.19002 kPa
q
min
= 57.36438 kPa
q
a
= 143.5 kPa
qmax < qa, the wall is safe against soil bearing
Design of stem:
p
1
= q
s
P
1
M y y/2 P
2
V y/3
p
2
= C
ah
w
s
x
V
e
d
V
max
M
max
STEM P V M
Soil pressure at level y: Shear equation at level y:
p
1
= q
s
= 19.2 kPa V
y
= P
1
+ P
2
= q
s
y + 0.5C
ah
w
s
y
p
2
= C
ah
w
s
x = 5.10003 y kPa P
1
= q
s
y = 19.2
P
2
= 0.5Cahw
s
y = 2.55
( ) ' 2
2
1
h h wh C P
ah ah
+ =
2
2
1
wh C P
ph ph
=
( ) ' 2 3
' 3
2
h h
hh h
y
ah
+
+
=
3
h
y
ph
=

=
i v
W R
OM RM
x
x
B
e =
2
ah ah
i i
g overturnin
y P OM
c W RM
FS
=
=
=

( )
ah
ph i v
sliding
P
P W f fR
FS
+ =
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
min
max
6
1
B
e
B
R
q
v
Moment equation at level y:
M
y
= P
1
y
1
+P
2
y
2
= q
s
y/2 + 0.5C
ah
w
s
y/3
M
1
= P
1
y
1
= q
s
y/2 = 9.6 y
M
2
= P
2
y
2
= 0.5C
ah
w
s
y/3 = 0.85000547 y
Given:
Level, y V
y
V
u
=1.7V
y
M
y
M
u
=1.7M
y
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 E
s
= 200
0.50 10.238 17.404 2.506 4.261 f
y
= 414
1.00 21.750 36.975 10.450 17.765 f
c
' = 20.7
1.50 34.538 58.714 24.469 41.597 f
shear
= 0.85
2.00 48.600 82.620 45.200 76.840 f
flexure
= 0.90
2.50 63.938 108.694 73.281 124.578 D
b
= 25
3.00 80.550 136.935 109.350 185.895 D
temp
= 16
3.50 98.438 167.344 154.044 261.875 S
max
= [3t, 450]
min
4.00 117.600 199.920 208.000 353.601
4.50 138.038 234.664 271.857 462.156
4.65 144.418 245.510 293.039 498.167
Compute:
490.874 mm 201.062 mm
= 0.0033816
= 0.01603
try d = 400 mm
= 3.4595
= 0.00939 ok!
A
s,flexure
= bd = 3757.84 mm/m
= 130.627 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 800 mm/m
= 251.327 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 257.818 kN/m
At d distance from bottom of stem:
y = 4.25 m
V
ud
= 1.7(19.2y + 3.13667y) = 235.03537 kN/m
At 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
= 2.29500
= 0.00596 ok!
= =
2
4
b o
D A
t
= =
2
4
temp temp
D A
t
y
f
4 . 1
min
=
(
(

+
=
y s
s
y
c
f E
E
f
f
003 .
003 . ' 85 .
75 .
1
max
|

2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

A
s,flexure
= bd = 1788.48 mm/m
= 274.464 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 600 mm/m
= 335.103 mm oc
Design of heel and toe:
w
s2
Q
s
subject to erosion w
s1
a b
heel toe
a b
L
1
L
2


Use load factor:
1.4 for DL q
max
qmin
1.7 for ll and service load bearing pressures q1 q2
q
max
x 1.7 = 161.823 kPa e = 0.371923
q
min
x 1.7 = 97.51944 kPa At a, x =B/2 - x
h
= 0
w
s1
= 1.4(w
s
)c = 26.348 kPa
q
1
=
129.6712
w
s2
= 1.4(w
s
)(c + e) = 122.5182 kPa At b, x = [B/2 - (x
h
+ b)] = -0.4
q
s
x 1.7 = 32.64 kPa
q
2
=
103.9498
W
c
= 1.4(w
c
)d = 16.52 kPa L
1
= x
h
= 1.50
L
2
= B - (x
h
+ b) = 1.10
V
a
= .5(q
max
- q
1
)L
1
+ q
1
L
1
- (w
s1
=0)L
1
- W
c
L
1
= 193.840711 kN
M
a
= (q
max
- q
1
)L
1
/3 + (q
1
- (w
s1
= 0) - W
c
)L
1
/2 = 151.408996 kN-m
V
b
= (.5(q
2
- q
min
)L2 = 0) + [(q
min
= 0) - w
s2
- w
c
- q
s
]L
2
= -188.84602 kN
M
b
= [(q
2
- q
min
) = 0]L
2
/6 + [(q
min
= 0) - w
s2
- w
c
- q
a
]L
2
/2 = -103.86531 kN-m
w
s1
is taken equal to zero due to erosion of top soil at the heel, the expected worst condition of loading.
At the toe, the worst condition of loading is when the wall is at empending action to overturn, soil bearing
at the heel is assumed to be zero.
At Heel:
try d = 400 mm
= 1.0514514
= 0.0026205 not ok!-use pmin
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1352.657 mm/m
= 362.896026 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 800 mm/m
= 251.327412 mm oc
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
Check for shear:
= 257.81777 kN/m > Va, safe
At Toe:
try d = 400 mm
= 0.72129
= 0.0017795 not ok!-use pmin
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1352.657 mm/m
= 362.896026 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 800 mm/m
= 251.327412 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 257.81777 kN/m > Va, safe
Design of Key:
pph1 pah1
f
pph2 h pah2
C
ah
= 0.27099 C
ph
= 3.69
At p
ah1
: At pph1:
y
ah
= h' + c + e + d = 6.170 m y
ph
= c = 1.00
p
ah1
= C
ah
w
s
y
ah1
= 31.468178 kPa p
ph1
= C
ph
w
s
y
ph1
= 69.44904
At p
ah2
: At pph2:
y
ah
= h' + c + e + d + f = 6.5702 m y
ph
= c + f = 1.40
p
ah2
= C
ah
w
s
y
ah2
= 33.508191 kPa p
ph2
= C
ph
w
s
y
ph2
= 97.22866
V
ah
= 1.7[p
ah1
f + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/2] V
ph
= 1.7[p
ah1
f + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/2]
V
ah
= 22.091966 kN V
ph
= 56.67042
M
ah
= 1.7[p
ah1
f/2 + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/3] M
ph
= 1.7[p
ah1
f/2 + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/3]
M
ah
= 4.465 kN-m M
ph
= 11.964
Net Shear:
V
u
= V
ph
- V
ah
= 34.5784538 kN
Net Moment:
M
u
= M
ph
- M
ah
= 7.499 kN-m
try d = 300 mm
= 0.09258
= 0.00022 not ok!-use pmin
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
( ) ' h h w C p
ah ah
+ = wh C p
ph ph
=
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

A
s,flexure
= bd = 1014.49275 mm/m
= 483.861369 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 600 mm/m
= 335.103216 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 193.36332 kN/m > Va, safe
Details:
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
1.00 m
1.50 m
0
mmtemp @ 250 oc bw
3.65
0
mmtemp @ 250 oc bw
0.40
m
0.40
m
0.00 m 0.50 -0.10 m
0 mmtemp @
0.00 m 250 oc bw
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
18-Aug-09
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
0.2 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
f, coefficient
0.5 -0.6
m
kN
m
> 2.00, ok!
> 1.50, ok!
PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
P
ah
y
ah
My = p
1
y
1
+ p
2
y
2
= q
s
y
2
/2 + 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
3
/3
y
2
y
3
0.003382
0.016032
safe!!!!
kN
kN-m
mm
2
/m
mm cc
mm
2
/m
mm cc
240 oc
250 oc
250 oc
360 oc
meters
PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
m
m
m
Mpa
kPa
D
m
kN
m
within 1/3 of base
mm
2
mm
2
kN/m
0.013431989
mm @
oc
mmtemp @
oc
mm @
oc
m
PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
kN
m
y
y
GPa
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
m
m
kPa
m
m
m
m
kPa
m
kPa
kN
kN-m
mm @
25
240 oc
16
250 oc
mmtemp @
16
120 oc
16
360 oc
mm @
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall===****
Right Side Loading
Given:
fc' = 20.70 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions:
fy = 414.00 Mpa a = 0.30 m

s
= 18.82 kN/m3 c = 4.50 m
= 40
o
= 0.50 Tentative dimentions:

c
= 23.60 kN/m3 B = 3.20 m
q
a
= 143.50 kPa b = 0.40 m
q
s
= 19.30 kPa d = 0.50 m
3.65 m
b(main) = 25 mm Use Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H
b(temp) = 16 mm
a
Es = 200000 Mpa

shear
= 0.85 qs = 19.30 kPa

flexure
= 0.9
s
max
= [ 3t , 450 ]
min
c
h' = 1.026 m
Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:
d
b
Property Line
a
h'
c h
P
ah

y
ah
d
b
B
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:
Active soil pressure coeffecient: C
ah
=
0.217443
Active soil pressure: h = 5.00 m
P
ah
= 1 C
ah
h(h+2h') =
2 72.137 kN
y
ah
=
h
2
+ 3hh' =
3(h + 2h') 1.9091 m
backfill height =
W
1
C
1
W
2
C
2
W
3
W
4
W
5
C
3
C
4
C
5
W
6
C
6
Check the retaining wall stability:
components weights W
i
c
i
RM = W
i
c
i
W
1
= 37.760 1.6000 60.4160
W
2
= 31.860 0.1500 4.7790
W
3
= 5.310 0.3333 1.7700
W
4
= 237.132 1.8000 426.8376
W
5
= 4.235 0.3333 1.4115
W
6
= 55.97 1.75 97.9475
W
i
= 372.267 RM = 593.1616
Overturning moment: OM = 137.7138 kN-m
Factor of safety against overturning:
FS
overturning
= RM = 4.307 > 2.00 safe!!!!
OM
Factor of safety against sliding:
FS
sliding
= (f W
i
) = 2.580 > 1.50 safe!!!!
P
ah
Check for bearing pressure: q
a
= 143.50 kPa
Location of resultant with respect to toe:
x = RM - OM = 1.2234 m
W
i
e = B - x = 0.376554 m
2
B / 3 = 1.07 m
The middle third of the base where No tension will occur on the foundation.
q =
Wi 1 + 6e
q
max
= 142.001 kPa
B B
2
q
min
= 90.666 kPa
Since q
max
< q
a
, wall is safe againts soil bearing.
Design of stem:
Soil pressure at y: Moment equation at level y:
p
1
= q
s
= 19.30 kPa My = p
1
y
1
+ p
2
y
2
= q
s
y
2
/2 + 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
3
/3
p
2
= c
ah
w
s
y = 4.09227 y kPa M
1
= q
s
y
2
/2 = 9.65
y
2
M
2
= 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
3
/3 = 0.682
y
3
Shear equation at level y:
V
y
= p
1
+ p
2
= q
s
y + 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
2
At level y = 4.50 m
p
1
= q
s
y = 19.30 y V
u
= 218.1 kN
2.04614
y
2
M
u
= 437.9 kN-m
D
b
2
= 490.874
mm
2

min
= 1.4 / f
y
= 0.003382
p
2
= 0.5c
ah
w
s
y
2
=
V
e
p
1
=q
s
P
1
P
2
p
2
= C
ah
w
s
y
y/2
y
M
V
d
V
max
M
max
Stem P M V
4 max = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = 0.016032
A
temp
= D
temp
2
= 201.062
mm
2
fy 600+fy
4
Try d = 400 mm ; b = 1000 mm
Ru = Mu = 3.040685
fbd
2
= .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.00812
fy .85f
c
'
Use: = 0.00812
A
s,flexure
= bd = 3248.172
mm
2
/m
s = 1000A
o
= 151.1231 mm cc
As
A
s,temp
= bd =0.002bd = 800
mm
2
/m
s
temp
= 1000 A
temp
= 251.3274 mm cc
A
s
Check for shear: V
uc
= fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m
6
At d distance from the bottom of stem:
y
d
= 4.10 m
V
ud
= 192.9935 kN/m < Vuc, safe!!!!
At y = 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.209270
fbd
2

= .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.005722
fy .85f
c
'
Use: = 0.005722
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1716.459
mm
2
/m
s = 1000A
o
= 285.9805 mm cc
As
A
s,temp
= bd =0.002bd = 600
mm
2
/m
s
temp
= 1000 A
temp
= 335.1032 mm cc
A
s
Design of Base:
19.30
5.00
0.50
Note: The expected worst condition of loading, the passive earth pressure of soil is generally
neglected due to erosion of top soil, and the soil bearing at the toe is neglected due to
the empending action to overturn.
q
min
q
max
q
s
=

Use: 1.4 for DL
1.7 for LL and service load bearing pressure
q
max
x 1.7 = 241.401 kPa V = (-W
s
-W
c
-q
s
)L = -470.11 kN
q
min
x 1.7 = 154.132 kPa M = (-W
s
-W
c
-q
s
)L
2
/2 = -658.15 kN-m
W
s
= 1.4
s
c = 118.566 kPa
q
s
x 1.7 = 32.810 kPa
W
c
= 1.4
c
d = 16.520 kPa
e = 0.377 m
L

= B - b) = 2.800 m
Try d = 400 mm
b = 1000 mm
Ru = Mu = 4.570502 A
s,flexure
= bd = 5216.20
mm
2
/m
fbd
2
s = 1000A
o
= 94.11 mm cc
As
=
.85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru =
0.013041 A
s,temp
= bd =0.002bd = 800.00
mm
2
/m
fy .85f
c
' s
temp
= 1000 A
temp
= 251.33 mm cc
A
s
Use: = 0.01304
Check for shear: V
uc
= fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m > V, safe!!!!
6
Retaining Wall Details:
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
0.30
25 mm @ 240 oc
16 mm temp. @ 16
260 oc bw mm temp @ 250 oc
5.00 25 250 oc
m
25 mm @ 360 oc
0.50 meters
16 mm temp. bars
250 oc bw
0.40 meters
PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall===****
Left Side Loading
Given:
fc' = 27.50 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions: Tentative dimentions:
fy = 275.00 Mpa a = 0.30 m B = 3.00 m

c
= 23.60 kN/m3 H = 3.20 m b = 0.40 m

s
= 17.25 kN/m3 h = 1.00 m D = 0.50 m
= 35
o
= 0.45 Surcharge load: Es = 200000 Mpa
qa = 120.00 kPa q
s2
= 19.50 kPa
shear
= 0.85
b(main) =
25 mm q
s1
= 19.20 kPa
flexure
= 0.9
b(temp) = 16 mm
s
max
= [ 3t , 450 ]
min
Minimun factor safety requirements:
Overturning = 2.00
Sliding = 1.50
Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:
qs2 = 19.50 kPa
a
h' = 1.11 m
H' = 1.13 m
H
qs1 = 19.20 kPa
b
B
Property Line
a
H' q
s2
H
q
s1
h'
h
D
x
b
B
D
W
3
W
4
W
5
W2
W1
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:
Active soil pressure coeffecient: Passive soil pressure coefficient:
C
ah
= 0.271 C
ph
= 3.690
h = 3.20 m h = 1.61 m
Active soil pressure:
P
ah
= 51.549 kN Passive soil pressure:
y
ah
= 1.467 m P
ph
= 177.889 kN
y
ph
= 1.079 m
Check the retaining wall stability:
components weights W
i
x
i
M
i
B-xi Mx
W
1
= 22.656 0.1500 3.3984 2.850 64.5696
W
2
= 3.776 0.3333 1.2587 2.667 10.06933
W
3
= 35.400 1.5000 53.1000 1.500 53.1
W
4
= 144.690 1.7000 245.9730 1.300 188.097
W
5
= 18.225 0.3780 6.8890 2.622 47.78595
Total = 202.091 310.6191 RM = 363.6219
Overturning moment: OM = 75.6346 kN-m
= 0.03124 x = 0.066
Factor of safety against overturning:
FS
overturning
= RM = 4.808 > 2.00 safe!!!
OM
Factor of safety against sliding:
FS
sliding
= (f W
i
)+P
ph
= 5.215 > 1.50 safe!!!
P
ah
Check for bearing pressure:
B / 3 = 1.000 m
x = RM - OM = 1.4250 m within 1/3 of base
W
i
q = 2W
T
, when x < 1/3 B = 94.543 kPa
3x
q
max
= [4B - 6x]W
T
/B
2
= 77.46 kPa safe!!!
q
min
= [6x - 2B]W
T
/B
2
= 57.26 kPa safe!!!
Design of stem:
V
u
= 1.7 [q
s
H + 0.5C
ah
w
s
H
2
= 146.768 kN/m
M
u
= 1.7 Mmax = 220.696 kN-m/m
M = q
s
y
2
/2 + 1/3C
ah
w
s
y
3
y M
Amain =
D
main
2
= 490.874
mm
2
0.50 2.693 kN-m 4
1.00 11.797 kN-m A
temp
= D
temp
2
= 201.062
mm
2
1.50 27.196 kN-m 4
2.00 51.466 kN-m
min
= 0.5 [1.4/f
y
, f
c
'/4f
y
] = 0.00238366
2.50 85.284 kN-m max = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = 0.03715714
3.00 129.821 kN-m fy 600+fy
V
uc
= fc' = 0.7429 kN/m
6
Depth as required by shear: b = 1000 mm
d = V
u
= 197.56 mm
V
uc
b
Design for flexure:
Try h = = 400 mm
d = h - (100+
s
/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.966719
fbd
2
= .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.011576
fy .85f
c
'
Use: = 0.011576
A
s
= bd = 3328.208
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
o
/A
s
, 3t,450]
min
= 147 mm oc
A
temp
= 0.0018bd = 517.50
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
temp
/A
s
, 5t,450]
min
= 388 mm oc
Design of Toe:
V
u
= 1.7b [(qmax + qmin)/2 - (wcd + ws (h+h'))]
= 97.4797 kN/m
M
u
= 1.7 [(B-b)
2
/2][q
min
+2/3(B-b)(
qmax
- q
min
) - [w
c
(d)-w
s
(h+h')]]
= 253.0727 kN-m/m

min
= 0.5 [1.4/f
y
, f
c
'/4f
y
] = 0.002384
max = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = = 0.037157
fy 600+fy
V
uc
= fc' = 0.7866 kN/m
6
Depth as required by shear: b = 1000 mm
d = V
u
= 123.9243 mm
V
uc
b
Design for flexure:
Try h = 400 mm
d = h - (100+
s
/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 3.401944
fbd
2
= .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.013432 Use: = 0.01343199
fy .85f
c
'
A
s
= bd = 3861.697
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
o
/A
s
, 3t,450]min = 127.00 mm oc
3t = 1200.00
450 = 450
Compare: 1000Ao/A
S
AND 3t, compare 3t and 450 whichever is smallest.
SINCE 127.00 mm < 450.00 mm
Use: 127.00 mm
A
temp
= 0.0018bd = 517.50
mm
2
/m
spacing, S = [1000A
temp
/A
s
, 5t,450]
min
= 489 mm oc
Retaining Wall Details:
0.30
25 mm @
137 oc
16 mmtemp @
3.70 338 oc
25 mm @
117.00 oc
0.50 m
3.00
16 mmtemp @
0.40 338 oc
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)
****====DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL===****
(with shear key)
f
c
' = 25 Mpa Figure: x=1.5m
f
y
= 500 Mpa
w
s
= 18.82 kN/m q
a
= 19.2 kPa
= 35
f = 0.5
w
c
= 23.6 kN/m e=3.65m
q
a
= 143.5 kPa
q
s
= 19.2 kPa
backfill height = 3.65 m
Use W
u
= 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H c=1.0m
Use 25mm for main rebars, 16mm for
temperature bars.
Solution:
Composite section and location of forces
e
c
d
f
Given retaining wall dimensions:
a = 0.20 m Distances:
c = 1.00 m x
1
= B/2 = 1.5000 m
e = 2.10 m x
2
=x
h
+ a/2 = 1.6000 m
x
h
= 1.50 m x
3
= x
h
+ a + (b - a)/3 = 1.7667 m
x
4
= x
h
/2 = 0.7500 m
Tentative dimensions: x
5
= x
h
+ b + (B - x
h
- b)/2 = 2.4500 m
B = 3.00 m x
6
= x
h
+ a + 2(b - a)/3 = 1.8333 m
b = 0.40 m x
7
= x
h
+ a + (B - x
h
- a)/2 = 2.3500 m
d = 0.50 m x
8
= x
h
+ g/2 = 1.7000 m
f = 0.40 m H = d + c + e = 3.6000 m
g = 0.40 m h' = q
s
/w
s
= 1.0202 m
h = 0.20 m
Active soil pressure coefficient Passive soil pressure coefficient
= 0.27099 = 3.69
Active soil pressure: h = 3.60 m Passive soil pressure: h = 1.50 m
h

H


a x
e
b
B
|
|
sin 1
sin 1
+

=
ah
C
|
|
sin 1
sin 1

+
=
ph
C
( ) ' 2
2
1
h h wh C P
ah ah
+ =
2
2
1
wh C P
ph ph
=
7
W
6
W
5
W
4
W 3
W
2
W
1
W
8
W
a
h
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
2
x
4
x
3
x
1
x
8
x
= 51.779 kN = 78.1302 kN
= 1.417 m = 0.500 m
Check retaining wall stability:
Component weights W
i
x
i
RM=W
i
x
i
W
1
= Bdw
c
= 35.4 1.5000 53.1
W
2
= a(c + e)w
c
= 14.632 1.6000 23.4112
W
3
= 0.5(b - a)(c + e)w
c
= 7.316 1.7667 12.9249
W
4
= c(x)w
s
= 28.23 0.7500 21.1725
W
5
= (B - x - b)(c + e)w
s
= 64.1762 2.4500 157.232
W
6
= 0.5(b - a)(c + e)w
s
= 5.8342 1.8333 10.696
W
7
= q
s
(B - x - a) = 24.96 2.3500 58.656
W
8
= 0.5f(g +h)q
s
= 2.304 1.7000 3.9168
W
i
= 182.852 W
i
x
i
= 341.109
Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:
OM = P
ah
y
ah
= 73.3734 kN-m
Location of resultant with respect to toe: = 4.64895 > 2.00, ok!
= 1.46422 m Factor of safety against sliding:
= 0.03578 m = 3.27461 > 1.50, ok!
B/3 = 1.00 m > e, Rv will fall within the middle third of the base.
No tension will occur on the foundation.
q
max
= 62.4048 kPa
q
min
= 59.4968 kPa
q
a
= 143.5 kPa
qmax < qa, the wall is safe against soil bearing
Design of stem:
p
1
= q
s
P
1
M y y/2 P
2
V y/3
p
2
= C
ah
w
s
x
V
e
d
V
max
M
max
STEM P V M
Soil pressure at level y: Shear equation at level y:
p
1
= q
s
= 19.2 kPa V
y
= P
1
+ P
2
= q
s
y + 0.5C
ah
w
s
y
p
2
= C
ah
w
s
x = 5.10003 y kPa P
1
= q
s
y = 19.2 y
P
2
= 0.5Cahw
s
y = 2.55 y
Moment equation at level y:
M
y
= P
1
y
1
+P
2
y
2
= q
s
y/2 + 0.5C
ah
w
s
y/3
M
1
= P
1
y
1
= q
s
y/2 = 9.6 y
( ) ' 2
2
1
h h wh C P
ah ah
+ =
2
2
1
wh C P
ph ph
=
( ) ' 2 3
' 3
2
h h
hh h
y
ah
+
+
=
3
h
y
ph
=

=
i v
W R
OM RM
x
x
B
e =
2
ah ah
i i
g overturnin
y P OM
c W RM
FS
=
=
=

( )
ah
ph i v
sliding
P
P W f fR
FS
+ =
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
min
max
6
1
B
e
B
R
q
v
M
2
= P
2
y
2
= 0.5C
ah
w
s
y/3 = 0.85001 y
Given:
Level, y V
y
V
u
=1.7V
y
M
y
M
u
=1.7M
y
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 E
s
= 200 GPa
0.50 10.238 17.404 2.506 4.261 f
y
= 414 MPa
1.00 21.750 36.975 10.450 17.765 f
c
' = 20.7 MPa
1.50 34.538 58.714 24.469 41.597 f
shear
= 0.85
2.00 48.600 82.620 45.200 76.840 f
flexure
= 0.90
2.50 63.938 108.694 73.281 124.578 D
b
= 25 mm
3.00 80.550 136.935 109.350 185.895 D
temp
= 16 mm
3.50 98.438 167.344 154.044 261.875 S
max
= [3t, 450]
min
4.00 117.600 199.920 208.000 353.601
4.50 138.038 234.664 271.857 462.156
4.65 144.418 245.510 293.039 498.167
Compute:
490.874 mm 201.062 mm
= 0.00338
= 0.01603
try d = 400 mm
= 3.4595
= 0.00939 ok!
A
s,flexure
= bd = 3757.84 mm/m
= 130.627 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 800 mm/m
= 251.327 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 257.818 kN/m
At d distance from bottom of stem:
y = 4.25 m
V
ud
= 1.7(19.2y + 3.13667y) = 235.035 kN/m
At 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
= 2.29500
= 0.00596 ok!
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1788.48 mm/m
= 274.464 mm oc
= =
2
4
b o
D A
t
= =
2
4
temp temp
D A
t
y
f
4 . 1
min
=
(
(

+
=
y s
s
y
c
f E
E
f
f
003 .
003 . ' 85 .
75 .
1
max
|

2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 600 mm/m
= 335.103 mm oc
Design of heel and toe:
w
s2
Q
s
subject to erosion w
s1
a b
heel toe
a b
L
1
L
2


Use load factor:
1.4 for DL q
max
qmin
1.7 for ll and service load bearing pressures q1 q2
q
max
x 1.7 = 106.088 kPa e = 0.03578 m
q
min
x 1.7 = 101.145 kPa At a, x =B/2 - x
h
= 0 m
w
s1
= 1.4(w
s
)c = 26.348 kPa
q
1
=
103.616 kPa
w
s2
= 1.4(w
s
)(c + e) = 81.6788 kPa At b, x = [B/2 - (x
h
+ b)] = -0.4 m
q
s
x 1.7 = 32.64 kPa
q
2
=
101.639
W
c
= 1.4(w
c
)d = 16.52 kPa L
1
= x
h
= 1.50 m
L
2
= B - (x
h
+ b) = 1.10 m
V
a
= .5(q
max
- q
1
)L
1
+ q
1
L
1
- (w
s1
=0)L
1
- W
c
L
1
= 132.498 kN
M
a
= (q
max
- q
1
)L
1
/3 + (q
1
- (w
s1
= 0) - W
c
)L
1
/2 = 99.8372 kN-m
V
b
= (.5(q
2
- q
min
)L2 = 0) + [(q
min
= 0) - w
s2
- w
c
- q
s
]L
2
= -143.923 kN
M
b
= [(q
2
- q
min
) = 0]L
2
/6 + [(q
min
= 0) - w
s2
- w
c
- q
a
]L
2
/2 = -79.1575 kN-m
w
s1
is taken equal to zero due to erosion of top soil at the heel, the expected worst condition of loading.
At the toe, the worst condition of loading is when the wall is at empending action to overturn, soil bearing
at the heel is assumed to be zero.
At Heel:
try d = 400 mm
= 0.69331
= 0.00141 not ok!-use pmin
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1352.66 mm/m
= 362.896 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 800 mm/m
= 251.327 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 283.333 kN/m > Va, safe
At Toe:
s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
try d = 400 mm
= 0.54970
= 0.00111 not ok!-use pmin
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1352.66 mm/m
= 362.896 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 800 mm/m
= 251.327 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 283.333 kN/m > Va, safe
Design of Key:
pph1 pah1
f
pph2 h pah2
C
ah
= 0.27099 C
ph
= 3.69
At p
ah1
: At pph1:
y
ah
= h' + c + e + d = 4.620 m y
ph
= c = 1.00 m
p
ah1
= C
ah
w
s
y
ah1
= 23.5631 kPa p
ph1
= C
ph
w
s
y
ph1
= 69.449 kPa
At p
ah2
: At pph2:
y
ah
= h' + c + e + d + f = 5.0202 m y
ph
= c + f = 1.40 m
p
ah2
= C
ah
w
s
y
ah2
= 25.6031 kPa p
ph2
= C
ph
w
s
y
ph2
= 97.2287 kPa
V
ah
= 1.7[p
ah1
f + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/2] V
ph
= 1.7[p
ah1
f + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/2]
V
ah
= 16.7165 kN V
ph
= 56.6704 kN
M
ah
= 1.7[p
ah1
f/2 + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/3] M
ph
= 1.7[p
ah1
f/2 + (p
ah2
- p
ah1
)f/3]
M
ah
= 3.390 kN-m M
ph
= 11.964 kN-m
Net Shear:
V
u
= V
ph
- V
ah
= 39.9539 kN
Net Moment:
M
u
= M
ph
- M
ah
= 8.574 kN-m
try d = 300 mm
= 0.10585
= 0.00021 not ok!-use pmin
A
s,flexure
= bd = 1014.49 mm/m
= 483.861 mm oc
A
s,temp
=
temp
bd = 0.002bd = 600 mm/m
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =
( ) ' h h w C p
ah ah
+ = wh C p
ph ph
=
2
/
bd
M
R
u
u
|
=
(

=
(
(

=
' 85 .
2
1 1
' 85 . 2
1 1
1
c
u
y
c
y
u
f
R
f
f
f
R e
e

s
o
A
A
s
1000
=
= 335.103 mm oc
Check for shear:
= 212.5 kN/m > Va, safe
Details:
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
0.20 m
2.10 m 25 mm @
240 oc
16 mmtemp @
16 250 oc
mmtemp @250 oc bw
25 mm @
1.00 120 oc
16 25
mmtemp @ 250 oc bw mm @ 360 oc
0.50
m
0.40
m
1.50 m 0.40 1.10 m
16 mmtemp @
0.20 m 250 oc bw
temp s
temp
temp
A
A
s
,
1000
=
bd
f
V
c
vc uc
6
'
| =