Strain and Strain Tensor

(Elastic) 1. Elastic Strain Tensor : and ij - (section 2.8) 2. Elastic Relations (section 2.11) 3. Elastic Stresses () from Strains ( ) (section 2.12) 4. Plane Stress (Eq. 2-77) and Plane Strain (Eq. 2-78) 5. Elastic Strain Energy (section 2-13 and Eq. 2-83)

Text : p.38
ex = L A' B' AB = L AB u dx + dx dx x = dx u = x u = e xx x + e xy y + e xz z v = e yx x + e yyy + e yzz

1-D:

Generalize for 3-D : w = e x + e y + e z (2-34) xz zy zz

u i = eij x j
u

Or, u = ex x (2-33)

Or, eij = x i , etc. j

Principal Strains : Similar in concept to principal stresses Can identify, principal axes along which there are no shear strains or rotations, only pure extension or contraction For isotropic solids, principal strain axes coincide with the principal stress axes Definition of principal strain axes: Three mutually perpendicular directions in the body which remain mutually perpendicular during deformation Remain unchanged if and only if ij=0

Dilatation, Volume change or dilatation : = (1+ 1) (1+ 2) (1+ 3) 1 = 1+ 2+ 3 for s<<1 Note is the first invariant of the strain tensor Mean Strain, m = /3
' Strain deviator, ij , is the part of the strain tensor that represents

' shape change at constant volume : ij = ij m = ( ij 3 ij )

Engineering Shear Strain, = a/h = tan ~

xy = e xy + e yx = xy + yx = 2 xy

Simple Shear

Rotation = (Fig. 2-15)

Pure Shear

Elasticity (for isotropic solids) Equations that relate stresses to strains are known as Constitutive Equations --------Hookes law: x=E x and Poissons Relation: y = z = - x = x/E

(p. 49) so that

(2-64)

xy = G xy ; zy = G yz ; zx = G zx (2-65) Or, xy = xy /2G etc.

Need only two elastic constants, E and since G, E and are related through (recall 1st class on Elasticity)
m p E Bulk Modulus : K = = and K = 3(1 2) (2-67)

1+ = kk ij ij Strains in terms of Stresses : ij E E

Stresses in terms of Strains : (Inversion of Eq. 2-69) :

(2-69)

E where is Lames constant : = (1 + )(1 2)

ij = E ij + kk ij 1+

(2-73)

Or
' = 2G ' ij = 'ij + 1 ij kk where Distortion: ij ij (2-75) 3

and

Dilatation: ii = 3 kk

(2-76)

Special Cases : Plane Stress (3=0) and Plane Strain ( 3=0) ----- Eqs. (2-77) and (2-78) Strain Energy: Elastic strain energy, U = energy spent by the external forces in deforming an elastic body (= P --- area under the loaddisplacement curve) 1 2 E 2 x x U0 = xx = = 2 2E 2 for simple uniaxial loading For generalized stresses and strains Uo = ij ij (Eq. 2-83) or Eq. 2-82 in expanded form

U0 =

1 2 2 + + x + 2 + y z y z z x 2E E x y 1 2 2 (2-84) + xy + 2 yz + zx 2G

Note that the derivative of Uo with respect to any strain component equals the corresponding stress component : U o U o = + 2G x = x and similarly = x Eq. 2-86 x x Generalized Hookes Law : ij = S ijkl kl Here Sijkl is Elastic Compliance Tensor (4th rank) ij = Cijkl kl Cijkl is Elastic Stiffness (or Elastic Constants) Crystal Symmetry reduces the number of independent terms : Cubic 3 Hexagonal 5 etc. (see table, p.58) --- are related to E and G ************************* Next ---- Ch. 3 on Plasticity