A DICTIONARY OF BASIC JAPANESE, GRAMMARADICTIONARY OF BASIC JAPANESE GRAMMAR ES eras! The Japan TimesPreface PL 679 M3 iseox “This ie © ivory of bic Japanese grammar desiqed prolly for Sst and second year Japanese sade and for teacher of Japanese Aer aving ‘amined major textbooks being wid i Japan andthe United States we have hoen what we Believe tobe basi grummuticliens, Our decrpins and ‘plantions have incorporated the resent Godgs in Japanese linguistic which tne fle were af practi signieanc. We have spent tee years and half preparing thin dcionary, Each of inly prepared half of the erga drat: apprxinatly 200 ents, Upon onmpletion of the frst daft ofthe detinsy ie, Ents, Appendixes, Chr- cect of Jopatene Grammar, sd Grammatical Terms) we doely examined, ince aed improved out individual drat. ‘Therefore, every part ofthis ‘cionary has ily Been writen by both of INaurly we owe great dal to our predecesat howe woke ate Iited in the references. Out hear-fl thanks oto them though we cal vo e owldge thom individaly in each entry where we une thir ight ex Planaione. We would ako like to acknowledge many prafable dacusons tri oor colleague tthe University of Hin, Urbant-Champugn snd the Summer Japanese School of Midlebuy College, Middlebury, Vermont. For fer ofominion, we would aber na tempt» camprebensve ling of mares Ben so we mould like to mention fur individuals whove techie auiance has made it posible to publish this tionary: Fist, Mr. Butr Neon ofthe Univesity of Mince and Ms, Sharon Tatu, who have eed our Engh seed provided with liable coments and suggestion frm the exe's i First cloticbound edition: March 1986 Frnt paperback eon: March 1989, ISBN -7590-054-6 CCopyitht © 1986 and 1989 by Seichi Makino and Micki Tat HYL(W) | | Cover: CADEC tne int lo, Mr: Mamora Yoshizawa, who he patently and entity tied with the proafeaings and, last but nt let Mr. Masayuki Ishida of All rights ceservd, including the ight reproduce this book The Japan Tims whe hs done such conscientious ein he has been & or portions there in any form, perfect mile for the bith of our progeny at our special thanks got ir. Published by The Japan ‘Times, Li Sh Shibnura 4hotne, Mito, Tokyo 106-023, Jpan Soriag 196 Sich Makion Printed in Japan Michio Tre‘TABLE OF CONTENTS "To the Render. List of Abbrevistion List of Syrbole Grammatical Terme Characins of Jepaese Grammar Word Order Toe pis Perocal Pronaune Politeness and Formalisy Seotence-Soal Pale Sound Symbaims-—ige and atago 8. Viewpoint 1. Basie Conjastions 2, Semantic Chsifeton of Verbs and Adjectives asa 6 Pairs ofItansiive and ‘ranve Verbs CConoecton Fors of npertant Expression, Kosnade Compound Ward Ipeoving Reoding Skil by Mensing an Fxtended Senta glish Inder Jepanese Index Retreces 8 so on. oy «aTo the Reader “This dictionary comnts ofthe following pat: A. Grammatical Terms covtin brief explanations ot informal defniions of ‘he grammatical tems Uequetl wed inthis Book te reader fins hat he isnt familiar with thee ten, we suggest he read this section exeflly 1B. Chore of Jpunne Grammar itadees the reader tothe major ‘characteris of Jopanse grammar and the important concepts valved "The render should ted though this section Before he starts to consul the itary. Some entree fom the Main Enis section refer the reader to ‘opie inthe seton which provide Broder perspectives on thoee ents. (Co Main Enis conten the cre of this Book. Each entry i organized 1 follows: © enery name) __@ [pat of speech] & (English counterpart [antony] (slated expressions) © {meaning / function (Key Sentencess) (Formation (@Examples Notes) ‘alRelated Expresson(s) © leony namel: Rach entry is ven in romanized seling followed by its Facog version. Entries are alphabetically exdeed based on their r0- smanzed spalling. [par of speech]: Hach entry i followed by its part of spech Iteaning function]: ‘The eneral meaning a fecton of the etry is sven in tbe bor below the entry name @ (each cautery: Boglh expressions equivalent to he entry ae fiven to the right ofthe ox. When the etry bas a anny, = Provide, ae in (ANT. wee) ee 7 . (© ‘elated expeson]; em which are related semantically tothe entry sre ited as (REL. aaa; bbb: exe (4d). Expressions in non-bold type lke aus ote explained in the entry under {Related Expression (i) prea in bold epe like exe contin competion othe entry utr [elted Expresio()] for ece.Pareathesied expen ike (8) ate ‘laine in the eee eoty (© #key Sentence(e): Key setences present base sentence puters in frames according to entence strate, ‘The part i red color are (Formation: The word fomtin ule conaeton forms fr cach iter se provided with examples (b Examples: Example sentences are provide foreach entry. (@ Notes): Notes contain important pnts concerning the we ofthe item (Related Expression(s]:_ Expressions which are semntelly dose to the entry ate computed a thelr diferencen ate expend 1. Apponiaes contains information auch a abies of ver | adjective cone ‘ons «Tit of eonneton ules for important expressions and a list of 1. Inde contsine tre indexes: the grammar inex, the Bogs index nd ‘te Jane indes. "The reader, therefore, hs thre mane of acess £0 the sword he is lak opList of Abbreviations Adi iaype atiective (2 tot “high, expensive yosu “inexpensive [Adkna)=na-ype ajetive (ex gongs “eat shizutads' quiet”) Advomadverd ‘Mf afiratie ANTonantonym Aux.~eaiiry Covi =eonunction (Cap Scop (= | ds, dt desis) asle=formal (=-aes-, -mae-) Gr.-Group IaGinformal Inereeglr (eg, fara “come, suru “do KS=Key Sentence TSW =Locntion Subject +e N=Nown Neg=oemtive Nom-=nominalizee INP= Nou Phrase 19 and koto) Phe-=phrase rl Pox = potential Probe (eg 0 0 pene: mathe’) Pre-=pronoun Pru =patile REL.CRelted Expresion S=Sentence Siaf=Sentence tha ns wth an informal rect e.g, ann kv of ion i ku mde 1 eth Tam going to Japan’) SLY Subjeet+ Location + Verb Steonething SOV=Subject Object Vero SV =Subject+Verb Stenstrstre| ce a Su-naie (ea, 30" vaVerh Yeon conditional tem af Gr. Verb (eg anase of hanszeb ifs. tall") Vint informal form of verbs (eg. Aonaay ‘tlk hanoahits aed”) Ynosu=masvstem of Verb (eg. hanach of hanachimas ‘tak) YVaeg= informa negative form of Gr. vee (ex. hana of anasana) “20. reset tlk) vatemastem of Gr. 2 Verb (eg. tbe of teary "ea”) Viewtmform of Ver (eg Manasite “talk and ~ tabte "eat and =i ‘vsol—vaitanl form of Verb (anaes “let's talk tbay “let's a’, Koy Tees come, shi "lets do”) Wibwordaninerrogative word (eg. mon/“wha’, doko where, ie who’ ts when’, 46 “bow, aar6 why") List of Symbols See oF rte a. The degre of unaccepabilty is indicated by the numberof question mais, thee being the highest, *Sungrarmatcal oc unaceeptble Gio otber words no ative spdker would cept the asterisk sentence) IAT BIC=AC a BC (eg. (VIAS(}in=Vint or Adjain) ss=sero (in other word, nothing should be used ata place whete occurs This, Adina) (8 dota) kamochrons ix either Adina) kamostreas ot Adis) a kamostvenai)Grammatical Terms “The following ae brief explanations of some praia! terms most frequeely sed inthis itonry AativeSentence sentence which describe an action rm the agen’ pint ‘view. (Cp. Pasive Sentence) In ative sentences, the subj isthe agent ‘Senenee (a) and (©) below ee an active anda pamie sentence, ceapetvely ) Ray ave Limon, (The teacher scalded Job) 0) Sava LHOnE, Lon wa sensi sik ‘oho wa ead By the teacher) ‘Agent One who ites and or competes action or an event. ‘The tent snot ays in the abject poston. Compare the postions ofthe agent Di in) and). (il Ke Mat ty vvinemiewtent. } Marka wae bit by Bi) Appostive Clause (Construction) A clue which modes «nun (or noun ‘hm) and explains wha the madied noun is. tna), Meo go Toman ta ‘Mary met Tem" is ab apposive clawe, and is wht ey “the fc” sees (RAT Ima eR TOS, (Uknow the fact that Mary pet Tom) Asiliary Adjective A dependent adjective tit is preceded by and at2 oxannaica, re tached toa verh or another adjective, ‘The Bold-printed parts of the flow- ing sentences ace typical auelary adjectives. (Baza verocRLN, Wats wo Jon mite hos (wane Jobs to go there) ) commnmere, (This dictionary i ey #0 we) © Bat LomRE, Wotan a sushi 99 tbeta (ant to est sh) ) balmoar| (Gresking of wniveitie, there are two of them a this town) ‘Oe Yaraawa healthy) X wa ¥ ga ~ ‘Speaking of X,Y ~ (opie epeienced | Pa] Y [Pe | Predicne RHEE = oss | * | BRET LEO Honda-san wo | tnisu | ae | jude | zvce (Or Hons god wt toni) Finally as shown inthe following diagram, any major element sted ver tial in (1) through can Be «topic marked by wa. ‘The semen with Tomer number ends to be wed towards the beianing fa sentence. ‘The order of elements within the peda fx wmully tach more gomplex than that show below An adverb, which i omited inthe chy, cam be pooned ‘a anyplace before the Cote Predicate at lng tis pstoned bare ater NP+Pe. The normal poston fr an adverb, however, eight elore the rd it modes,2. Topie ‘Topic i 2 key conept in undentanding Jupaiese. Roughly speatng, the topic ofa sentences what the sentence eat. For example, in (the opie is Henolo and the rst ofthe sentence provides information soot Hone i erage, i at n pln | (tnd as fe [Speaking of Hanako,) Hanako is u student.) 1S ‘Topics are presented using various topic-marking devices. Among these, : wr ine fog se ar at eget tet 4 & ‘When a topic is presented it must be something both the speaker and the oes ‘hearer can identify from their knowledge. Usually a topic is something that Z|. ‘hes been mentioned in a previous discourse, something the speaker and the bed ‘hearer perceive through their five senses, a proper noun or s generic noun, mmo Bn fe ShOSENS ASEM CORLE, BEOEMELT HET Uk, (Oxiesan wes metined previously) Mokashimutasb. teri no san ge sundo imeshis. O:f-an wa totem binbidesits (Once upon vie, thee lived sold ran. ‘The od man was very oot) be Shatin ee, (koe ie wh Kore wa wate pen des, (This 6 my pen) © WREAIBIAILC, (Suevb-an is «proper noun) Surukicsan we ritanin dest (Mr Suz is Japanese) | | 4 cesmmasiress tooo i gee man) the spesher and the heaters) Mes Lesion! Spam feet NP, ction TP tofu NP ae Keira wa honyssutsy des (Whales afe mamma) a ‘a In gener any nou phrase (NP) cn be topialize, although subjet NPs | ae the ones ost fequntytpiaied (3) presents ating examples. At seen below, when an NP is topeazd, the particle which fellows my oF may tm be retained depending othe partic22 cuamacransnics oF peANts caANDEN ALASLIRARAE ALI, (Me Smith went to Jepan) b. ZommIELINELT, Sono eiga we md mimosa (ateady saw the movie) fc TDRIS / DRE Poe Ene ion (ain) wa made ita Keo 30 (have Been to Japan yet) 4 soFiekE BIT. (To Mario, 1 gave book) TAD AMBIERE RS LIRR, Arie kara wa Sris-san go hit (ae for (in) Kom) Ameren, Mr Sith came (om thee)? Finally, in dacurse, oe a ope exblsed does not eed 10 Be = peed unless another topes preeeted. Consider the flloning pee, o0- Sing of fur sentences (a) ~ (8) in ‘Awe AV Rife Ese, (aro hae oe been 9 Armen yet) b. vobfseneBocnasinesnnnonstels Insome itr to omotte iru 99 ore 99 09 kara ian. (Ue aways thine he wants t0 go, But singe he has no mone, he ‘enna 50) & BEEAMCHREROEEDERD. Oca-aen wa foto 0-kane 0 tamenesa! 0 (tis tater tele him to work ad sve mone.) A. ChxMlaDeS Ais REML TRUM, Demo Tard wa o-ts90 ri erkane 0 dost has! no (But Tar wants his ater to give hen money) Here) ntrodues top, Tar. Sice is statement aboot Too and ar isa ested topic this pit, Tot a docs no have tobe repeted Tere), however, presents a nee toi, o:t-son, Since hi opie i till tet when the tpi eur 0 Tar (4) Tar wa hast be eintodce ‘A topic mnt ao be presente ia eetence i he Bist seateee of» new pas frorh, even ifthe lat sentence of the preceding pararaph hus the sume topic. 1 ‘oumrsns oF rawae oxen 23 3. Blips In language i is univerlly snerved that staepes exist to nimi the effort of conveying message. "The mont cornonstatgies a eligi, ont ion, abbreviation and the we of pronouts, Of thee elias 2, the ona ‘of words) isthe most efficent and ecu frequently in Japanese Generally speaking, elements which can be understood fom the context 1nd jo (rom the staton ean be omited in Japanese le lps makes the sentence ungrammatiel or example, a (DB does nat repeat Tord a and oro mise de because they ci be undertod WW Ay kita eowemenns Lime. Taré wa sono mise de nani o kamen ka (What did Tar bay a he stare?) Be evEMWhLn, Pen 0 kaimashis (Fe bought « pen simatic, hamever, canna be omited in normal conversion eve though itcan be undertod here, Bees Jpanee sentences (or lass) mated with 1 cre pact hats, ether a verb, an active or x noun phase which followed by # form of the cpu). Thetetore, without the core pect A this sentence is ungrmatis. {dn informal conversation, might in answer wo A's question, but sn anever of this sre cone pt} ‘The felling ae some gener rules of lips in Japan (4) IE fe the topic of a sentence (fen marked by Wa) ani sas the topic ofthe sentence which follows it, X cam be emitted in the second seen. (See in 2 Tope) (1) In question.andanswer discourse, if an element X is shated in the ‘question and the ansner,X cam be omited fn the answer uneesX i the core predicate. Example A: Whe Abaca Cae Lit, (Did Me Tanaka come to pick you up?) Be a, ee ChALR, (Yes, be aid)2 cnunscrotes OF jaanEsE cRaBuaR bb) As satiny a yaicitens, GreL a ‘Anata Amerika tts gatas dese ba (Wee you a dene when you were i Ameri?) Be wu, £51489 Lm. (Sis more commonly used) ai, 95 gokizs esti. (ie, Iwan) (ser agin to (Dy ye.no quetion situations, even preeates can be omit i very informal conversation) (6) IF the referent of X is someting very sloee to the speaker andthe hearer and Xe be undertod fom the context and te situation, Xecan be omitted as in (4) ~(), (The parents words can be omits) WA: Gamnntsato, (Ars wa) wim to (are you ging?) Br ne, havea. Ha. (woah 9) imase (ies, Ta) Ar hemes soo. (Wataniach wo) dkimosbe a? {Shall we #0?) Be we, (ite) LRU. Ine." (oatahtach a) yoshiesha, (No, ta ne) Io) As (ener enwyeres (re 9 | Sore v9) ran das ko (OMe thie) Bs (anit /chayermooreey rer. (Gere wa | Kore w9) Honako hare no putezonto desu (Chat | This sw preset from Hanako) (A) ~ (©) conceen the elpis of content word such #8 nous and verbs. reves lpi in Jpanee in ot limited to content words. ‘The following tre some general cues rearing the clip of pertiey in convertion (Dh IF the referent of X in X wait peycoloilly lee tothe sete and the hearer wo tend to dap unless X is unde foes. Examples: ic ‘oumcrinsrs oF araeee oesonn 25 bRC LODE LS Lat, Watashi (v2) Yards t0 mésinesu (Cit {all myself Yamada (=I am Yer) RDS weer, in (2) ima nan-naneo dos ko (What year (in schoa) ae you in nom?) comet Lss, Kono on (a) emoshrs yo. (This book i teresting} aoAwmers, ‘Ano ito (ve) dare desu ke, (Who ir thar peso’) (2) The subject marker go ean be omitted if the seotenee convey fforma- ton which is expeted by the Beazer or which i very eel related the hea. Examples: 2b RIC A. densa (ga) Kia (Ob, bece comes the tain) Ate hy BARC WKR L, Minas, o-shota (g9) detinashi, (Fala, the reli ready now.) SNS kane MI) of, Ky Taneka-son Fara kin ni dana (gs) ats yo (There was a phone ell fr you today tomy MT LLL, Cooakanauncers, Mostimost, kat na himo (gs) hedokete masu yo (Excuse me, yout shoelce is nied) (1 The diner bjeet marker o can be omited une the NP o i under focus lo (0 drops mre fequemly in questions) Examples mem (EAR EA, hi (0) nomimasan ta, (vould you like coe) ca, tne) boner, J, so (0) moran (hen, TH take)Pree eee eee ee et ee tontet and [or the situation, the main clase can be deleted, Examples: KEM CEB eoecemeceea tM A: 3038-7 4th oR, {con hito ni) atte moratta, (You didn’t come to the party yesterday.) way.) il ea (Vesh, {F coulde't come) because 1 ws busy) BpEsceottoon. i (dit iow wilt be you wk Pro Tanke? (=Why dost you ak Prof, Tasha?) to see SLAM ElomseTO), cota ge hamachi hed (tage des ba) (Lae Tenis ready nae, But hw would yu Hike 2) Adina, lpi ante plat for peyehologicl reasons, ‘That the peer may omit put oa sentence ther becase he consider it re, because be fec uncomfortable saying ito becsse be dow know ow 184 ee Tec example, if he is ofere food he cannot et, he may st, Sore chat, in) That i ite implying Sore wa choto raberaemen, “I can haly tor it On, ithe apecer hears soneones uahappy news, be my sy, Sote tee imo," i.) That very? meaning Sore wa Hanes koto dos "That nly, tote that sine ellipsis common in Jepsen, Japanese sen- teoce ate often abiguaue in ioaion. They are interpreted corey only if {hey ate in proper contents and Jo situstons. Examples: Mn ELBRERSE ONSTAR, LLU (Boks wa Yoho wo amt skijans.Shikashi (Goku wa) write, Haruko wa sukide (det ike Vika very much. Bu, 1 Hike HarakoySee seeeeesereeeeeeeeeeeee eter eee eeEeSEHEE 28 cuauacrinsnes oF JeANESE CRONIN 4. Personal Pronouns ‘One of the peulrties of Japanese persona pronouns is that thee is more than ove pronoun for the fat and second pect and that eratonaly there hie been no third peson pronoun ‘The most requenly wed ist apd second pion pronoun ate Tted below ae Tae 7 gah [ea ie | el ee Tor 4 [Nev tema BE = i tn : emt | Ba Spake wast —| EE | BS re) —“(female) | “(rale) @ he ml ae BEE 7 ale) ‘ale \pahahor [Fi Pore We 4 [erteml becage = i onthe = DRI URS ic teikte Yom | egeheiton | Daas ree Eden Intro Tay Taam | BREE TERE BLEED a we 1 — BEE, pane i| “aa Noe! (Male) (emule) means that the particular pronoun i sed by tale female spent, respectively t ‘nmicrenis OF jaranse orn 29 "The fist person singular pronoun taki heen sx contracted frm ‘The way the eonintion (i, omision of sound) takes place isa flows wowtsshi—watashi (oem watokushi— roku (ota, fale) digs 205hi Galore, female) seahigi-s ates (very aforral | vlga,ferale) api wash’ Grr older male) OWA —-osshi (ery Falta, adalt male ofthe Bay cea of Tokyo) ‘The fact that shere is mote thao coe pronoun for the fi and second person lends us to suspect that Japanese Bint and second pesen pronouns ae ‘ot pure pronouns but ae + Kid of noun Tn fat thee“ protoume canbe ftely modied by actives or by relative clus ss in (1) and cannot be te- pened ino Sis nh, hich apr he tha ny feLmos ve pone, Iogashi watashi 9 tre ma ieee Lit, Busy me cant see even TV. (= einnot even wach TV cau I'm 20 bu.) bee es REMIC HS, Ongaty go suns watashi ws ichinchid ongoky 0 ite iu (Cit T who like msi Tstening to moni al day Tong, (—Becase ike mi I ten toi all day Tong) © RosthcuEAMoRNeL ED. Wola! anata ni wo ads wakarana) dest (Lit Young you probably won't understand i young, you probably woo't undesund it) (Since you are TEuMoRMeKoKE HLTH, ‘Watashi wo watashi po heya do watashi no tmadichi to anaahit it. (vas talking with my fend in my room) in 0 mH 9 SEMEL THR, Watashi ws heya oo 8 tomedachi to hansahie i, b. ‘AtRnsos BEROMRCAtRORELME LCI LRE “Anata wa kind anata po heys de anata no tordachi #9 ani shite isinee 30. cuanacrmsncs oF peaNescxunoN (What were you doing yesterday wih your fiend i your room?) BRELIOS 6 Mie 0 KALMEL TOELEM. ‘Anata vs kind 9 hoy dew tomodooh fo nani shite fmasita 11 sh important to nate that Jepaese stand second pct provans are deleted une its every to emphasize mene of youre. Unde tual commuticave stuntians, who i peaking to whom is evi, 50 Japanese speders simply omit thee proaoune. Students of Japanese etfs, should avoiding fist and second petson pronouns whenever posible Tn addition to fst and toad person pronaurs, hee ae other ways 19 tele othe speaker or the sddreme, sv surmaied in the flowing eh. Kigdh &..,, | Sebald Forme | Aeraddress Frm Seed (your gape | Seis & Stes a (your eandoy| tz 3k eee aw uty [Sean ae Few otecomey BE letion ced = 4 Ccumcrmnsics oF arene cua SL Within a fail, ithe apester is considered supeia (primary in terms ‘of ag) to the adresee (Speiher> Addressee), he may wie a kihip term a form ofslt-adates, but if not, he en ue only «ist person pronoun nelle reas IE the ndrece ie considered superior tothe speaks (Addeeee> peste) the epater har 10 employ the kinahip tet ofthe addcerse when addtesing him, of he must use second person pronoun athe dese’: ame (optionally with 27 of -chom. Ost he fay, in an Addrese > Spester station, the spenker has to employ the sddese’ sca tle erm ‘when addeuing him. Ifthe sittin is Spesker> Addresee, the speaker ‘ante his own sci tle term av fom of slfadren, excep fr the {erm see! when it rler 19 elementary and junior high school tether ‘Occupational terms sch at cakans-ya°Bsh monger kya “butcher” and pana-ye "Briat” are wed address forms by stacing tn to them. (ya) Also, a female fst name is employed by a young gia a selFadres arm in very infral speech ax in B) Rob, RFIOI—BALEF-KLROE, ‘Ano ne. KyBko bind Iobréosan t9 dito shits 0 vo. (fou know what? 1 (=Kyoho) had a date with Tehico yesterday) "There is no real third person pronoun in Japanese. Ax shown in (fall English third penton pronotn have cecesponding fore in Tapes. Ga Mim Line 49 action, RUBLE ROR, Yamade-san wa kyonan Amity rita. Ego 98 benkyéshistate (Oe, Yamada went o Americas yer. He wanted tostudy English) bm ca HEMMiCN oPoICR RoHS, Usan wn jonen mse kata karums i made nots in. (Qe, oes is sill ving the ear which he bought ten yen) eA: k7Ba05RELEM, Boba wa kind kimashits ko, (id Bab come see you pester Bs 28, RELEE. Edimasts yo (Fes, fe did) co oe Tanaka99-teh. oso m2 nb (Oss Tanaka andthe people with her ate fe, set they?)eee 32 caamacriunes oF jane cRNA Bs EHcnsetannncs. {Under if they have fergaten about this) 6 Som BANE CHEMI Koto fara Oseke made Kuru de tenjikan kaka (it takes ene hour fom hee 0 Onska) b qewer, ina shcbi des (Uv teven so) During the pat century ors, however, the tirdpensn pronouns fare “the, tango “abe Avera "they ale)" and kanes "they (ema) have begun to be employed primarily in novel eanated ato Jopanese and in Japanese novel, "These pronouns ae sso rly widely wed in cure spoken Japanese Like fst and second person peonous, they are treated very much Tike nous, as seen in) a Rowe, Eee shOnEt, Boks no kano. temo hin 0 do (Oty il fend very prety, you kw) b. REMMI CALE, Daigoky 0 det kare Wa sugu kebtonsie. (it, He who Shed college got acid right away roared ight ater graduation fom college) "There i one conton governing the use of thd person pronoun: “The spear | writer i pyshoogcally somewhat distant fom the re rent ofthe pronoun. He got i ‘cumicrmsncs oF aravee cease 33 5. Passive ‘The concept of passive in Jaane, which i called uke’ Ci) it body ich receives something) i considerably feet fom ie Englsh count tart, The Japanese passive contsine two elements: an event (ewan atin by fomeone / something) abd a person oe thing which is acted by that even, For example, if someone curs away and i fects someone es, thet ston canbe exproned by the pave constuction, Or, if someobe smokes andi sets someone els, tat cn bes passive sitio, In aher word, he common ‘horatrste ofthe Jepnesepusive thet the evet ino under the cottel fof hase acted by i Note hat the perion inthe fet situation above hes mo ‘ontzl ver someones cunning away and the ane i the second his no conta ter someone's raking. ase stutons ae expresid in vtious mays according to the station. The most common way te the pie ferns of verbs. (arena) For insane, the above situations can be exprewed asin (Dy wing piv verb forms Wn ms orem Keer tte, Yamado-san we olusan 0 rgeraete it Me. Yamadts wife ran amay on him) b. sntepicmits eth, Tord wa Haruko i tobako 0 suware (ie Taro had «cigarette stoked By Haruko 00 ion) [Notice here tht in (a) the verb rigors “run away’ i ntastve and in (1b) there a direct abject taka ‘cigarette. Neither (Ia) no (Ib) ean Be xe proaed using the English psive corsrston "bes pastpatlle™. "Tha tape of construction, however, is fequently found in Japan and i cilled “the indirect passive’ In ladivce pave sentences the thing afeted by the ‘event i usualy hasan and how the person is aed i inverpeable ely from the context. ‘The sentences in (1) show stations where somecne is negatively aflected. The following isan example where the person is pstvely ected DAME LEACH RTS HED. Kimora-an wa bin ni yoko swarrete ures sid, (Lit Me. Kimura, having prety woman sit beside im, looks hap.) Im niece pusve sentences the agent of the event lly animate and ‘he action is voltionl. Therefor, the following examples ae all uecepable.4 cuumcnmsncs oF jranese ceannene Ce Wath wa ish atom ohareta (My hed wa fallen on by a rack) B.S hateiitao x oa omicies ott, ‘Toma wa kdsson no mannats de kurums ni tomsrarea, (Tom was stopped inthe middle of the intersection by bis car) ‘There ae, however, «very few exceptions seen in (4) CRE (Lie Ie eine on me) | “The piv forms of verb cana expres what cle dct pve, | (8) presents some examples Gh a Zavneeicsent, Jon wa Bi ri botreta, (on was hi by Bl) b come-bamicMmnat, Kono we jokyi-seki ni kakrat (This pctre wae painted inthe sietenth cesar.) HERES MORS, \ Soko wo tome bara tsulatarara (Sake ir made from eee) ‘As seen in (5, rect passive sentences have passive equivalents in English, ‘sated that indict piv sentences, to, the conditine mentioned above ae sated. That iin (theres apes, John, who was feted by an event, Pils hing, andthe event war ot under J's comel. ‘The diferenceerween cece pauve and nde psve i that im diet pasivesetenes «person | thing i dry ected by an event Ge, ptson | tinge the direct reeiver fof romeonc's somethings ation) sn 3, while i indict pusve sentences | the effet ofan event ona pesen fs indet (ie, peron irae the diet recsver of someone's somethings action, as seen in (I) ~ In general, whe & passive sentence is wed te about the person thing ‘which alec by the event, and whan ha i flected Haman the sentence fakes the viewpent ofthe peron rather than the agent of the event (Bee 9, Viewpoint.) om te a expe by the verb mera ge" an (6 Some pase sia ‘oucrosris OF jena cuAR 35 (hn vows MeO M IL r Ee ote Magara wo Peru 1 hing © moratte (ergaetgoe 4 pai of earings from Pal) Bar Initar (Tier Heke eB t, (Mary had Steve come to her apartment (Steve came to Mary patent for ber) e MaRen A7 EM oe Bote Woh’ wo chic i amore Kato mora (had my fther boy me a camer. (My father Bough «camera for me) ‘When meray is ase the event always afte the person porieely. (Thi ie ac the ease with sentences with rar) thin ce sho the speaker’ ew” Print i that af the person aft by the event (© morau') Naa become ca also express some passive situations. Compa the f= lowing pits of sentences with sur *da" and ars (a WNShUT ZY BCS EELE Yaraguchison 9 Ameria nhs koto i shite (Oe. Yaruguehi ba decided to go to America) bo UnsAcr sy oH Ce Eto, (as on decided that Me: Yamaguchi is going to Americ) I) a Reena ey Female Sense) wo Furedo 0 weigaty 0 shite (Phe teacher sxpended Feed from school) bo rye RRC ot, (fred was suapendd from school) ere ain, the vip the ()setenes that of he peson alle by the event andthe agent af the events nat the apse’ main concern. (kote ni nara; nara)36 caters anes case Ccumcronstcs oF pete cabuak 37 4 Politeness and Formal Eo BEL eas GT At tangunges ae eqined wth polite exrenions and Japan i 0 a, Wr ee ‘eepcan, hat mies Jenne pte exrenons disney direst fom ne oda Bao Show afer ngage tha he Jopare stem insoles gemma ell 2 Byers ts lexi items Baily, hee are two mas tobe polite i Jpabee; oe is to clevnte the speakers superar, = petson who is lder and bigher io soci oon then the speaker, Expressions ofthis type are called Honore Polite [Epresons, ‘The ther mth to Tower the speaker or his in-soup member, fed thin eevate it supe indie. Exprensians of this type ae ald me Polite Expression. "With Honore Pate Espen, the sbiet of te sentence is the pene sopetin and the form of the rai priest i an honorific frm, a showa I ‘elo (8) Horie Pate Verbs Regier Formation “The following at typical examples of sentences using hoof polite vet ls RRA y ORPCH AME AMR IET. Sense we Amrita no dboaky do nitonga 0 a-oshie ni narimasu, (The pros wil tach Japanese at an Aterca elle) b RT sy DOLE CUAMEMASRET, Sensei wa Amano no deigku de nitongo 0 oshlrarema (The peter wl each Japanese at an American college) © Rte EEE LODELE Sense) w gatats 2 masaru to osshaimashita, eee {he pea oldie tat Be ang “Honorific Polite ene: a Sentence with loge enti expen, is are polite ha (1), cost Hom [ar Via amare Posive Fam wich hahaa hoes expen, Nai th te ower fre or aK in'tyn the same othe pve frm,_Ae inporam hur of te Bi a ee toate ad pave ee ite, the ein of oor plese tee, won BR ae, | SASS, Seon) she rear vers ns “dt eto" ech Ee a ‘bra os snd vfs eich ae iaplr unt be eure an yoo Tesla Fre Naw ia the fling hens pate ven ae 1 verb bt eat Sawalig ane inthe cougars of formal nope ed imperative lms (widen eon Hendry Pal aE wo ey Taf Neg] Fa Nope [of Nospm]_Codtal | Taper ses ine ea Lenanneateuadnescedusstsndnest en Samtrveeener eae | \nsshaanat oshotmasy [rochon" [rather | asad is [es [FC Team Te) Tepurg, Reenerie ceqeeae cee rt karo srasaara" Gr.) |Aacwnor |avcerotmasy |roussary |ivaucarnte [aceon Che. tere (OT CEE tesa _|fcicate ten iE SESE coon fave |xavay leas nant [usw eal Ere Jtmwomt racine |e (fates [ec a BEES cu are en = 2 aiesen [aguenat [mauee [wotshl faausn = EEE oan eeswane!”" [Ssowidanr” [Rael ® [Schnee [Sau TRS TRE wom TwTT Geer be GD RTT aime38. camerenrics oF JRANesr cH he hove polite form af Vie iyi fred a shown in the flowing hae Henrie Pate Poms of Ves Nonpate Teworfe Pie ro lstacoung tbe renin) eas in asus ses | BEA | ebb oL 08 onde iverahoru | ovo da de iesshary aeery BENE date asthare ene heveahing| MEDD Lee [stein shoe irasehara ‘he se ofthe honorific polite Vie vis exemplified by @) below. Here asin the Tanger veri sate polite than the sorter one. Thus, the hierarchy of politeness isto» Vina de raatary> Vie aesharu’>o~ Vinau de a RRR CREAMACHES LODET Sensei wats go-hon © o-yom! de iasshalmass (The pressor ceding & Book) b RIERA CREMATED LET Sensei wa ina go-bon 0 yond frasshalmasu eka poke RANE Sensei wate goon 0 a-yoml de (Honore Pole Adjecives Reauar Formation (8850) ae ‘cmucronsris oF janes ono 39 Regeer Formation (Adina) a Honore Pale conpolte | _Monosle Pete __| 2 Aia)stem (dal de Urahara] HAE teathy) BREMIE) eB oU ea) penhiso ‘-gonki (da de ircsharu) BEANIE] eBaL a) ‘ct! (de de irasharul Shue ny voids ‘There are addon polite adjectival forms (uch wt o-wakd goaiesy (Grom waka’ "young" 2-0¥y8 pazximase (om t217t“acong but such hyperpolie forms ate how seldm used by younger mative speakers except in rentings such at ostoye gorsimacy (rom hay “ely o-medet povenes Congratulation!" (rom medea "auspicious and sigté gossmery Teak yu very much’ (frm arigaa "grateful Adjectives which canbe ued in hoooite polit sentences are Limited t thou which refer to geval hare teen Example flo: BELT, Onwakaidecy ro (Vou ae young te you?) b BRESKURR RTOS LevETD, (0-10-20 wo o-genkide irasshaimasy ke (Lit Te your father helehy? (How your father’s hele a. In terms of humble pate exprewions, the subject af the sentence is the Neopolie onerige Pale spesker of someone init ingroup rather than the speakers uperior. "The icionay Ferm) | _o- AGO Hol humble plitepediates ae lived below: Som aon (Hamble Polite Verbs Be Beat etal Formation ee a ‘Noopale Timble Pale [eserrel ceca ese ition Form) _| 02 Vinacy sur tasw Ireplor Forme aly BES ORF Wonpalie ovarife Plte nase -tanash suru | as — BAG Gea) BELTS ORE Thee em BEaSE exter vos suru osu40 canacramsnics oF jeaNese RAN regan Formation ode Fem ‘Humble Polite =) Ware yner ae Ion na (1 78 om ware WEF fone et ou te BE TEAS 05 Toa Tr) ORE pons eau mao toa Ge +3 = i hss eb elm @ zoe ars fon (Ge > eh 7 : ns 2 ea coer) ae me at 1) Goawee on) teat ta ve oo ae te fete) zal pie Go suas youl ages gut (2) ere Ga) wows inne Se i 2 "Typed sentences consning humble polite expressions fallow 4) a AconmmMEERSLET. att go sono o:nimotsa © o-mochi shimass (wil etry your logs) b mstMROR UE. oho ga o-ture Hashimasu (iy rater ill the you thee) a 8 OF JARNESE ORNOLAR 4 Sentence 4) with its longer humble expression i more humble thas) svt shorter humble exprestion, In dvon to the two msjor polite expressions Ge, Honore Polite and umble Polite Expressions), there what might be callod Neural Palit Exe rowion. Tc is elle “neue” heeane its preiente de gozaimasy can be honor, humble- oe estriol, shown in the falling chart (0) Nevral Poite Form of Cola ‘ce Nenpale ‘estat Pale ‘Speakers superior wage 0-1 g0-~ de po= i) sera, Pvstons Sense’ wa 6y8i co. | (Honore) (The profesor iit) RERSMMESEOET Sensei w9 go-bySti de gossimat Spoiler wa [go ~ de goraimery my supa Bia san cml (am ssn) | MBPCS ROSS, Wotahushi wa gotvei de gorsimesu, Thine ee wo ge ~ de gosaimane (0) mata et, if pe (Nest ‘Are wa aiid ds (That's the Diet building] PRERURCSEOST. |A7 ws 86 de gozelmasy In (Da the spate is being polite the person eet oy the sujet Tn (Db) the spear is being humble toma the addreee and in (De) the speaker is jst using polite speech; ir nt diected towards the itaiate object referred to bythe subject, In the ease of honoie polite expreions in gener the plite prefix o 90> is attacked ro someone of something belonging tthe human subject of "entene. Although the preGreeo- and go ae nacmally attached to Taper ese and Sino-Japanese nouns, respectively, the pre o- canbe attached to highly Japabized nouns uch a bank (hs) ‘study, ho (tea and don 9 (RI) “tephove”. Go, however, never stsched tains Japanese ours. Example sentences in which o- or go- are aed given below42 cumacrmsncs oF parse oun REM BME DHE TTD Sensei wa o-kurima 0 0.mochi dew Ha. (Do you have «ea, Profesor) b muprmackenmsicte ok Taraka-sonse! wo gacbon © oak 1 nat (Prot Tans bas ween ook) “The prefixes o- and go- ana be tached to things which ate treed to the speaks superag,epeily to asi items related to clothing, fond 0 Ihusing. ‘The purpose of sch usage to make a sentence sound more ele Female speakers td ote o- and goin this may more frequently than males. ample sentence flow (6) = otapnezdamewis ELD Konbon wa e-suiint 10 o-suimeno i shimashs ke (Shall we rake it shin dle soup tonight?) b. saRNREC orn Oster ws doto desu Fa (Over the washroom) 1 is also important co not that there i tlie tintin between the Informal and forma ses, independent ofthe honor, humble and etal polite distinctions. "The fra tle normaly used when ones NOT spe Foe inimatly or personally with someone eho belongs to his ingroup. ‘The Fafa syle sed when ove pening with or’s own ingroup ot when & sesh, an adjective or the copula i wed in specie grammtis!poition, such Tight before Rac do ‘he expectd 10" tumor do ntnd 0" x shown in o (ce Appendix # (© (Dy, (B,D and (K)) ng UMHS > Lee Oba Levert et. Sensei ma hyo henkyashit i draeshar | *Irasshaimesu hood ‘es, (the profesor is expected tobe a it fice today.) BRR [SM LET GIT ashi ge sone go-renrokusura | *go-ronrakushimesy ms (intend to contact you, Profesor) “The formal snes mated by =p: of -266- as shown in the fllowing hart — a ee pany Caucrenimics oF jess onsen 43 Sie Teena Famed aa Nowra] Pat | Nowpa | Pat ae naar | RonLE var | sow tnteneas | ttomestia en en | Vere SS ae [amor [aor uaones Ag | ror rvs — | acese [rrtanadess (5 widey | ra wie) |G wide [Ova wie) snow | suntan] sawed] San ece Ag co} trite | evens |hrtese | hrideaiio Gorey) | én ae) | prey | ae et ae ” | ory) | pe) ee Paton eer freee Noun | non a» | hon cs |non dos | non dese Gabon | (nan bok | Gea bol usa ba) Students of Japanese will null be exposed tothe formal style in their beginning textbook, because i i the rope tlic reine for als. "They should be avare, however, that the ifr stylet mare bai thatthe fecal styl, a eidened By the fet that naive children master the informal ie fis. Interesting tomate that whenever the speaker aks herve to he switches his tle fom fr tora, veh ral situation For example stodent speaking with his profesor would se the fra style during conversation. Buti he were stung bya ee while aking, he would we ‘he informal och’, rather than the fora form idsu, Benue Being stung is purely» speaet-arinted mater. ‘This an enere cme, but there te many sitions where the informal style must be sed do fo speaker tvietaon. This eu informal douse interspersed with informal vet Balsa non Finally in praccl terms, what are the appropriate station fr palit sentence? "Generally spedking an inferior sun ple speech fo an adesce ‘10 the peson presented the topic of wsntence, Typical satans ate the flowing