CHNG I: DAO NG C HC I. DAO NG IU HO 1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Asin( wt + j) 2. Vn tc tc thi: v = wAcos( wt + j) 3. Gia tc tc thi: a = - w2 Asin( wt + j) 4.

Vt VTCB: x = 0; |v|Max = wA; |a|Min = 0 Vt bin: x = A; |v|Min = 0; |a|Max = w2 A v 5. H thc c lp: A2 = x 2 + ( ) 2 w 2 a = -w x 6. Chiu di qu o: 2A 1 7. C nng: E = E + Et = mw 2 A2 2 1 Vi E = mw 2 A2 cos 2 (wt + j ) = Ecos 2 (wt + j ) 2 1 Et = mw 2 A2sin 2 (wt + j ) = E sin 2 (wt + j ) 2 8. Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l w, tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s gc 2w, tn s 2f, chu k T/2 9. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN*, T l chu k dao ng) l:
E 1 = mw 2 A2 2 4

10. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c to x1 n x2 x sin j1 = 1 Dj j2 - j1 p p A Dt = = vi v ( - j1 ,j2 ) 2 2 w w sin j = x2 2 A 11. Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt xut pht t VTCB hoc v tr bin (tc l j = 0; p; p/2) 12. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t1 n t 2. x = A sin(wt1 + j ) x = A sin(wt2 + j ) Xc nh: 1 (v1 v v2 ch cn xc nh du) v 2 v = w Ac os( w t + j ) v = w Ac os( w t + j ) 1 1 2 2 Phn tch: t2 t1 = nT + Dt (n N; 0 Dt < T) Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S1 = 4nA, trong thi gian Dt l S2. Qung ng tng cng l S = S 1 + S2 T Dt < 2 S 2 = x2 - x1 * Nu v1v2 0 Dt > T S = 4 A - x - x 2 2 1 2 v > 0 S 2 = 2 A - x1 - x2 * Nu v1v2 < 0 1 v1 < 0 S 2 = 2 A + x1 + x2

13. Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho: * Tnh w * Tnh A (thng s dng h thc c lp)
x = A sin(wt0 + j ) * Tnh j da vo iu kin u: lc t = t0 (thng t0 = 0) j v = w Acos(wt0 + j ) Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0 + Trc khi tnh j cn xc nh r j thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic (thng ly - < j ) 14. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, E, Et, E, F) ln th n * Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k ) * Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh) * Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n Lu : ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n 15. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, E, Et, E, F) t thi im t 1 n t 2. * Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim * T t1 < t t2 Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z) * Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr . 16. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li dao ng sau thi im t mt khong thi gian Dt. Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x0. * T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Asin( wt + j) cho x = x0 Ly nghim wt + j = a (ng vi x ang tng, v cos(wt + j) > 0) p p hoc wt + j = p - a (ng vi x ang gim) vi - a 2 2 * Li sau thi im Dt giy l: x = Asin( wDt + a) hoc x = Asin(p - a + wDt) = Asin( wDt - a) 17. Dao ng iu ho c phng trnh c bit: * x = a Asin( wt + j) vi a = const Bin l A, tn s gc l w, pha ban u j x l to , x0 = Asin( wt + j) l li . To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a A Vn tc v = x = x0, gia tc a = v = x = x0 H thc c lp: a = -w2 x0 v 2 A2 = x0 + ( )2 w 2 * x = a Asin ( wt + j) (ta h bc) Bin A/2; tn s gc 2 w, pha ban u 2j.

II. CON LC L XO k 2p m 1 w 1 = 2p = 1. Tn s gc: w = ; chu k: T = ; tn s: f = = m w k T 2p 2p 1 1 2. C nng: E = E + Et = mw 2 A2 = kA2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 Vi E = mv = kA cos (wt + j ) = Ecos 2 (wt + j ) 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 Et = kx = kA sin (wt + j ) = E sin 2 (wt + j ) 2 2

k m

mg Dl T = 2p k g * bin dng ca l xo nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing : mg sin a Dl T = 2p Dl = k g sin a m * Trng hp vt di: + Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: lCB = l0 + Dl (l0 l chiu di t nhin) k k + Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): lMin = l0 + Dl A + Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): lMax = l0 + Dl + A m lCB = (lMin + lMax)/2 Dj l + Khi A > Dl th thi gian l xo nn l D t = , vi cos = Vt di Vt trn A Thi gian l xo gin l T/2 - Dt, vi Dt l thi gian l xo nn (tnh nh trn) * Trng hp vt trn: lCB = l0 - Dl; lMin = l0 - Dl A; lMax = l0 - Dl + A lCB = (lMin + lMax)/2 4. Lc hi phc hay lc phc hi (l lc gy dao ng cho vt) l lc a vt v v tr cn bng (l hp lc ca cc lc tc dng ln vt xt phng dao ng), lun hng v VTCB, c ln Fhp = k|x| = mw2|x|. 5. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng. C ln Fh = kx* (x* l bin dng ca l xo) * Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc hi phc v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo khng bin dng) * Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing + ln lc n hi c biu thc: * Fh = k|Dl + x| vi chiu dng hng xung * Fh = k|Dl - x| vi chiu dng hng ln + Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): FMax = k(Dl + A) = FKMax + Lc n hi cc tiu: * Nu A < Dl FMin = k(Dl - A) = FKMin * Nu A Dl FMin = 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng) Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: FNmax = k(A - Dl) (lc vt v tr cao nht) Lu : Khi vt trn: * FNmax = FMax = k(Dl + A) * Nu A < Dl FNmin = FMin = k(Dl - A) * Nu A Dl FKmax = k(A - Dl) cn FMin = 0 6. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k1, k2, v chiu di tng ng l l1, l2, th ta c: kl = k1l1 = k2l2 = 7. Ghp l xo: 1 1 1 * Ni tip = + + ... cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T2 = T12 + T22 k k1 k2 1 1 1 * Song song: k = k1 + k2 + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: 2 = 2 + 2 + ... T T1 T2 8. Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m1 c chu k T1, vo vt khi lng m2 c T2, vo vt khi lng m1+m2 c chu k T3, vo vt khi lng m1 m2 (m1 > m2)c chu k T4. Th ta c: T32 = T12 + T22 v T42 = T12 - T22 m1 m1 9. Vt m1 c t trn vt m2 dao ng iu ho theo phng thng ng. ( Hnh 1) m2 k m1 lun nm yn trn m2 trong qu trnh dao ng th: g (m + m2 ) g k m2 AMax = 2 = 1 w k

3. * bin dng ca l xo thng ng: Dl =

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

10. Vt m1 v m2 c gn vo hai u l xo t thng ng, m1 dao ng iu ho.(Hnh 2) m2 lun nm yn trn mt sn trong qu trnh m1 dao ng th: (m + m2 ) g AMax = 1 k 11. Vt m1 t trn vt m2 dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang. H s ma st gia m1 v m2 l , b qua ma st gia m2 v mt sn. (Hnh 3) m1 k m1 khng trt trn m2 trong qu trnh dao ng th: m2 g (m1 + m2 ) g AMax = m 2 = m w k
Hnh 3

III. CON LC N g 1 w 1 g 2p l = 1. Tn s gc: w = ; chu k: T = ; tn s: f = = = 2p l T 2p 2p l w g 2. Phng trnh dao ng: s = S0sin( wt + j) hoc = 0sin( wt + j) vi s = l, S0 = 0l v 100 v = s = wS0cos( wt + j) = wl0cos(wt + j) a = v = - w2S0sin( wt + j) = -w2l0sin( wt + j) = -w2s = -w2l Lu : S0 ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x 3. H thc c lp: * a = -w2s = -w2l v * S02 = s 2 + ( ) 2 w v2 2 2 a = a + * 0 gl 1 1 mg 2 1 1 2 2 4. C nng: E = E + Et = mw 2 S02 = S0 = mgla 0 = mw 2la 0 2 2 l 2 2 1 Vi E = mv 2 = Ecos 2 (wt + j ) 2 Et = mgl (1 - cosa ) = E sin 2 (wt + j ) 5. Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l1 c chu k T1, con lc n chiu di l2 c chu k T2, con lc n chiu di l1 + l2 c chu k T2,con lc n chiu di l1 - l2 (l1>l2) c chu k T4. Th ta c: T32 = T12 + T22 v T42 = T12 - T22 6. Vn tc v lc cng ca si dy con lc n v2 = 2gl(cos cos0) v TC = mg(3cos 2cos0) 7. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h1, nhit t1. Khi a ti cao h2, nhit t2 th ta c: DT Dh lDt = + T R 2 Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l l h s n di ca thanh con lc. 8. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d1, nhit t1. Khi a ti su d2, nhit t2 th ta c: DT Dd lDt = + T 2R 2 9. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h, nhit t 1. Khi a xung su d, nhit t 2 th ta c: DT d h lDt = - + T 2R R 2 10. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d, nhit t 1. Khi a ln cao h, nhit t2 th ta c: DT h d lDt = + T R 2R 2

Lu : * Nu DT > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n) * Nu DT < 0 th ng h chy nhanh * Nu DT = 0 th ng h chy ng DT 86400( s ) * Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s): q = T 11. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i: Lc ph khng i thng l: * Lc qun tnh: F = - ma , ln F = ma ( F - a ) Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a -- v ( v c hng chuyn ng) + Chuyn ng chm dn u a - v * Lc in trng: F = qE , ln F = |q|E (Nu q > 0 F -- E ; cn nu q < 0 F - E ) * Lc y csimt: F = DgV ( F lung thng ng hng ln) Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh. g l gia tc ri t do. V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh . Khi : P ' = P + F gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc P ) F g ' = g + gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin. m l Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : T ' = 2p g' Cc trng hp c bit: F * F c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c: tga = P F + g ' = g 2 + ( )2 m F * F c phng thng ng th g ' = g m F + Nu F hng xung th g ' = g + m F + Nu F hng ln th g'= gm IV. TNG HP DAO NG 1. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x1 = A1sin( wt + j1) v x2 = A2 sin( wt + j2) c mt dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Asin( wt + j). 2 Trong : A2 = A12 + A2 + 2 A1 A2 cos(j 2 - j1 ) A sin j1 + A2 sin j 2 vi j1 j j2 (nu j1 j2 ) tgj = 1 A1cosj1 + A2 cosj 2 * Nu Dj = 2k (x1, x2 cng pha) AMax = A1 + A2 * Nu Dj = (2k+1) (x1, x2 ngc pha) AMin = |A1 - A2| ` 2. Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 = A1 sin(wt + j1) v dao ng tng hp x = Asin( wt + j) th dao ng thnh phn cn li l x2 = A2sin( wt + j2). 2 Trong : A2 = A2 + A12 - 2 AA1cos(j - j1 ) A sin j - A1 sin j1 vi j1 j j2 ( nu j1 j2 ) tgj2 = Acosj - A1cosj1

3. Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x1 = A1sin( wt + j1; x2 = A2sin( wt + j2) th dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Asin( wt + j). Ta c: Ax = A sin j = A1 sin j1 + A2 sin j2 + ... AD = Acosj = A1cosj1 + A2 cosj 2 + ... A 2 A = Ax2 + AD v tgj = x vi j [jMin;jMax] AD V. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG HNG 1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st . Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li kA2 w 2 A2 = l: S = 2 m mg 2 m g 4 m mg 4 m g 2. Mt vt dao ng tt dn th gim bin sau mi chu k l: DA = = 2 k w 2 A Ak w A = = s dao ng thc hin c N = DA 4 m mg 4 m g 3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f0 hay w = w0 hay T = T0 Vi f, w, T v f0, w0, T0 l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng.

CHNG II: SNG C HC I. SNG C HC 1. Bc sng: l = vT = v/f Trong : l: Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng v: Vn tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca l) 2. Phng trnh sng Ti im O: uO = asin( wt + j) Ti im M cch O mt on d trn phng truyn sng. * Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th uM = aMsin( wt + j - w * Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th
d1 - d 2 v d1 - d 2

d O M

d d ) = aMsin( wt + j - 2p ) v l d d uM = aMsin( wt + j + w ) = aMsin( wt + j + 2p ) v l

3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong d1, d2

Dj = w = 2p

Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong d th:

Dj = w

Lu : n v ca d, d1, d2, l v v phi tng ng vi nhau 4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s dng in l f th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f. II. GIAO THOA SNG Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp cch nhau mt khong l: Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d1, d2 Gi x l s nguyn ln nht nh hn x (v d: 6 = 5; 4,05 = 4; 6,97 = 6 ) 1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Bin dao ng ca im M: AM = 2aM|cos( p * im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = kl (kZ) S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): l l l +1 - < k < hoc N C =2 l l l
d1 - d 2 )| l

d d = 2p v l

* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = (2k+1) S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): l 1 l 1 l 1 + - - < k < - hoc N CT =2 l 2 l 2 l 2 2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Bin dao ng ca im M: AM = 2aM|cos( p * im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = (2k+1)

l (kZ) 2

l (kZ) 2

d1 - d 2 p + )| l 2

S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): l 1 l 1 l 1 + - - < k < - hoc N C =2 l 2 l 2 l 2 * im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = kl (kZ) S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun):

l +1 l l l 3. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:

<k<

hoc N CT =2

Bin dao ng ca im M: AM = 2aM|cos( p

l 1 l 1 - <k< l 4 l 4

d1 - d 2 p + )| l 4

S im (ng) dao ng cc i bng s im (ng) dao ng cc tiu (khng tnh hai ngun): Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d1M, d2M, d1N, d2N. t DdM = d1M - d2M ; DdN = d1N - d2N v gi s DdM < DdN. + Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Cc i: DdM < kl < DdN Cc tiu: DdM < (k+0,5)l < DdN + Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Cc i:DdM < (k+0,5)l < DdN Cc tiu: DdM < kl < DdN S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm. III. SNG DNG 1. * Gii hn c nh Nt sng * Gii hn t do Bng sng * Ngun pht sng c coi gn ng l nt sng * B rng bng sng 4a (vi a l bin dao ng ca ngun) 2. iu kin c sng dng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong l: l (k N * ) * Hai im u l nt sng: l = k 2 S bng sng = s b sng = k S nt sng = k + 1 l (k N * ) * Hai im u l bng sng: l = k 2 S b sng nguyn = k 1 S bng sng =k+1 S nt sng =k l (k N ) * Mt im l nt sng cn mt im l bng sng: l = (2k + 1) 4 S b sng nguyn = k S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1 3. Trong hin tng sng dng xy ra trn si dy AB vi u A l nt sng Bin dao ng ca im M cch A mt on d l: AM = 2a sin(2p ) vi a l bin dao ng ca ngun. IV. SNG M 1. Cng m: I=
E P = tS S
d l

Vi E (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun S (m2) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu S=4R2) 2. Mc cng m
L( B ) = lg I I Hoc L(dB) = 10.lg (cng thc thng dng ) I0 I0

Vi I0 = 10-12 W/m2 f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.

CHNG III: IN XOAY CHIU 1. Biu thc hiu in th tc thi v dng in tc thi: u = U0sin( wt + ju) v i = I0sin( wt + ji) p p Vi j = ju ji l lch pha ca u so vi i, c - j 2 2 2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I0sin(2p ft + ji) * Mi giy i chiu 2f ln * Nu pha ban u ji = 0 hoc ji = p th ch giy u tin i chiu 2f-1 ln. 3. Cng thc tnh khong thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k Khi t hiu in th u = U0sin( wt + ju) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi u U1. 4Dj U Vi cosDj = 1 , (0 < Dj < p/2) Dt = w U0 4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C * on mch ch c in tr thun R: uR cng pha vi i, (j = ju ji = 0) U U v I 0 = 0 I= R R U Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c I = R * on mch ch c cun thun cm L: uL nhanh pha hn i p/2, (j = ju ji = p/2) U U v I 0 = 0 vi ZL = wL l cm khng I= ZL ZL Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng cn tr). * on mch ch c t in C: uC chm pha hn i p/2, (j = ju ji = -p/2) U 1 U v I 0 = 0 vi Z C = l dung khng I= wC ZC ZC Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton). * on mch RLC khng phn nhnh
2 Z = R 2 + (Z L - ZC )2 U = U R + (U L - U C ) 2 U 0 = U 02R + (U 0 L - U 0C ) 2

Z L - ZC Z - ZC R p p ;sin j = L ; cosj = vi - j R Z Z 2 2 1 + Khi ZL > ZC hay w > j > 0 th u nhanh pha hn i LC 1 + Khi ZL < ZC hay w < j < 0 th u chm pha hn i LC 1 + Khi ZL = ZC hay w = j = 0 th u cng pha vi i. LC U Lc I Max = gi l hin tng cng hng dng in R 5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC: P = UIcosj = I2R. 6. Hiu in th u = U1 + U0sin( wt + j) c coi gm mt hiu in th khng i U1 v mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = U0sin( wt + j) ng thi t vo on mch. 7. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n vng/pht pht pn ra: f = Hz 60 T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in F = NBScos(wt +j) = F0cos(wt + j) tgj =

Vi F0 = NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca vng dy, w = 2p f Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = wNSBsin(wt + j) = E0sin( wt + j) Vi E0 = wNSB l sut in ng cc i. 8. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha i1 = I 0 sin(wt )

2p ) 3 2p i3 = I 0 sin(wt + ) 3 My pht mc hnh sao: Ud = 3 Up My pht mc hnh tam gic: Ud = Up Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: Id = Ip Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: Id = 3 Ip Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau. U E I N 9. Cng thc my bin th: 1 = 1 = 2 = 1 U 2 E2 I1 N 2 i2 = I 0 sin(wt 10. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng: DP = Thng xt: cosj = 1 khi DP =

P2 R U 2 cos 2j

P2 R U2 Trong : P l cng sut cn truyn ti ti ni tiu th U l hiu in th ni cung cp cosj l h s cng sut ca dy ti in l R = r l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in ( lu : dn in bng 2 dy) S gim th trn ng dy ti in: DU = IR P - DP Hiu sut ti in: H = .100% P 11. on mch RLC c L thay i: 1 * Khi L = 2 th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau wC 2 2 U R 2 + ZC R 2 + ZC * Khi Z L = th U LMax = R ZC 1 1 1 1 2 L1 L2 * Vi L = L1 hoc L = L2 th UL c cng gi tr th ULmax khi = ( + ) L= Z L 2 Z L1 Z L2 L1 + L2
* Khi Z L =
2 ZC + 4 R 2 + ZC

th U RLMax =

2UR
2 4 R + ZC - ZC 2

Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau

12. on mch RLC c C thay i: 1 * Khi C = 2 th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau w L 2 2 U R2 + ZL R2 + ZL * Khi Z C = th U CMax = R ZL

* Khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th UC c cng gi tr th UCmax khi 1 = 1 ( 1 + 1 ) C = C1 + C2 Z C 2 Z C1 Z C2 2

2 Z L + 4R2 + Z L 2UR th U RCMax = Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau 2 2 4R2 + Z L - ZL 13. Mch RLC c w thay i: 1 * Khi w = th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau LC 1 1 2U .L * Khi w = th U LMax = C L R2 R 4 LC - R 2C 2 C 2

* Khi Z C =

1 L R2 2U .L th U CMax = L C 2 R 4 LC - R 2C 2 * Vi w = w1 hoc w = w2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th IMax hoc PMax hoc URMax khi w = w1w2 tn s f = f1 f 2 * Khi w = 14. Hai on mch R1L1C1 v R2L2C2 cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau Dj Z L - Z C1 Z L - Z C2 Vi tgj1 = 1 v tgj 2 = 2 (gi s j1 > j2) R1 R2 tgj1 - tgj 2 C j1 j2 = Dj = tg Dj 1 + tgj1tgj2 Trng hp c bit Dj = p/2 (vung pha nhau) th tgj1tgj2 = -1.

CHNG IV: DAO NG IN T SNG IN T 1. Dao ng in t * in tch tc thi q = Q0sin( wt + j) * Dng in tc thi i = q = wQ0cos( wt + j) = I0cos(wt + j) q Q * Hiu in th tc thi u = = 0 sin(wt + j ) = U 0 sin(wt + j ) C C 1 Trong : w = l tn s gc ring, LC T = 2p LC l chu k ring 1 f = l tn s ring 2p LC Q I 0 = wQ0 = 0 LC

Q0 I L = 0 = I0 C wC C 1 1 q2 * Nng lng in trng E = Cu 2 = qu = 2 2 2C 2 Q E = 0 sin 2 (wt + j ) 2C Q2 1 * Nng lng t trng Et = Li 2 = 0 cos 2 (wt + j ) 2 2C * Nng lng in t E = E + Et U0 =

Q2 1 1 1 E = CU 02 = Q0U 0 = 0 = LI 02 2 2 2C 2 Ch : Mch dao ng c tn s gc w, tn s f v chu k T th nng lng in trng bin thin vi tn s gc 2w, tn s 2f v chu k T/2 2. Sng in t Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10-8m/s My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu bng tn s ring ca mch. v Bc sng ca sng in t l = = 2p v LC f Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t LMin LMax v C bin i t CMin CMax th bc sng l ca sng in t pht (hoc thu) lMin tng ng vi LMin v CMin lMax tng ng vi LMax v CMax

CHNG V: S PHN X V KHC X NH SNG 1. Hin tng phn x nh sng a) /n: L hin tng tia sng b i hng t ngt tr v mi trng c khi gp mt b mt nhn. b) nh lut phn x nh sng: * Tia phn x nm trong mt phng ti v bn kia php tuyn so vi tia ti * Gc phn x bng gc ti i = i 2. Gng phng a) /n: L mt phn ca mt phng phn x tt nh sng chiu ti n b) Cng thc ca gng phng * V tr: d + d = 0 A' B ' d' = - =1 * phng i: k = d AB * Khong cch vt - nh: L = |d d| = 2|d| = 2|d| Quy c du: Vt tht d > 0, vt o d < 0, nh tht d > 0, nh o d <0 c) Tnh cht vt nh * Lun c tnh tht o tri ngc nhau * Lun i xng vi nhau qua mt phng gng * Lun cng kch thc v cng chiu * Xt chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi gng th vt v nh lun chuyn ng ngc chiu * Xt chuyn ng theo phng song song vi gng th vt v nh lun chuyn ng cng chiu d) Cc tnh cht khc ca gng phng * Khi quay gng 1 gc a 1 quanh trc vung gc vi mt phng ti th i vi mt tia ti xc nh, tia phn x quay cng chiu mt gc 2a * Hai gng phng G1, G2 quay mt phn x vo nhau v hp vi nhau mt gc a, gc hp bi tia ti gng G1 v tia phn x t gng G2 l b. Nu 0 < a < 900 b = 2a Nu 900 < a < 1800 b = 3600 - 2a 3. Gng cu a) /n: L mt phn ca mt cu phn x tt nh sng chiu ti n b) Cc tia c bit * Tia ti song song vi trc chnh cho tia phn x c phng i qua tiu im chnh * Tia ti c phng i qua tiu im chnh cho tia phn x song song vi trc chnh * Tia ti nh gng cho tia phn x i xng qua trc chnh * Tia ti qua tm gng th cho tia phn x ngc li c) Tia bt k * Tia ti song song vi trc ph cho tia phn x c phng i qua tiu im ph thuc trc ph * Tia ti c phng i qua tiu im ph cho tia phn x song song vi trc ph cha tiu im ph d) Cng thc ca gng cu 1 * t: D = (ip - mt) f R * Tiu c: f = 2 R R Gng cu lm: f = > 0 , gng cu li f = - < 0 2 2 1 1 1 * V tr vt nh: + = d d' f dd ' d' f df f = ;d= ; d'= d +d' d '- f d- f

A' B ' d' f f -d' =- = = d f -d f AB 1 A ' B ' = k AB; d = (1 - ) f ; d ' = (1- k ) f k * Khong cch vt nh: L = |d d| Quy c du: d = OA; d ' = OA ' Vt tht d > 0; vt o d < 0 nh tht d > 0; nh o d < 0 Vt v nh cng chiu k > 0, vt v nh ngc chiu k < 0 Lu : T l din tch ca nh v vt bng bnh phng phng i e) S v tr vt nh * Gng cu lm: III I Vt II F O C +
* phng i: k = nh * Gng cu li: Vt + nh 2 1 4 2 1 4

IV - 3

II

III

IV - 3

f) Tnh cht vt nh * Vt v nh cng tnh cht th ngc chiu v cng pha i vi gng. * Vt v nh tri tnh cht th cng chiu v khc pha i vi gng. * Vt v nh l mt im nm ngoi trc chnh: Nu cng tnh cht th khc pha i vi trc chnh, cn nu tri tnh cht th cng pha i vi trc chnh. * Xt chuyn ng theo phng trc chnh th vt v nh lun chuyn ng ngc chiu (Lu : khi vt chuyn ng qua tiu im th nh t ngt i chiu chuyn ng v i tnh cht). * Xt chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi trc chnh: Nu vt v nh cng tnh cht th chuyn ng ngc chiu, cn nu tri tnh cht th chuyn ng cng chiu. * T l din tch ca nh v vt bng bnh phng phng i. * Vi gng cu lm: + Vt tht cho nh tht ln hoc nh hn vt + Vt tht cho nh o lun ln hn vt + Vt o lun cho nh tht nh hn vt * Vi gng cu li: + Vt tht lun cho nh o nh hn vt + Vt o cho nh tht lun ln hn vt + Vt o cho nh o ln hoc nh hn vt g) Th trng gng * Th trng ca gng ng vi mt v tr t mt l vng khng gian trc gng gii hn bi hnh nn (hnh chp) ct c nh l nh ca mt qua gng. * Th trng ca gng ph thuc vo v tr t mt, loi gng v kch thc gng * Vi cc gng c cng kch thc v cng v tr t mt th th trng ca gng cu li > gng phng > gng cu lm.

h) Cc dng ton c bn v gng cu: Ni dung bi ton

Phng php gii S dng cc cng thc: dd ' d' f df f = ;d= ; d'= d +d' d '- f d- f

Cho 2 trong 4 i lng d, d, f, k. Xc nh cc i lng cn li

k=

A' B ' d' f f -d' =- = = d f -d f AB 1 A ' B ' = k AB; d = (1 - ) f ; d ' = (1- k ) f k

Cho khong cch t vt v nh n tiu im chnh l a v b. Xc nh tiu c f

Cho f v L (khong cch vt nh) Xc nh d, d

Ta c cng thc Niutn f2 = a.b Lu : Trng hp vt tht v a b ch ng vi gng cu lm Gii h phng trnh: df d'= d- f L = |d - d| Gii h phng trnh: d' k =d L = |d - d| dd ' f = d +d' Gii h phng trnh: 1 d1 = (1 - k ) f (k - k ) 1 Dd = d 2 - d1 = 2 1 f k1k2 d = (1 - 1 ) f 2 k2
d1' = (1- k1 ) f Dd ' = d '2 - d '1 = (k1 - k2 ) f ' d 2 = (1- k2 ) f

Cho k v L Xc nh d, d, f

Cho phng i k1, k2 v dch chuyn ca vt Dd = d2-d1 (hoc dch chuyn ca nh Dd = d2-d1). Xc nh f, d1...

Lu : Dd, Dd c th m hoc dng Thay k2 = nk1 hoc k1 = nk2 vo biu thc ca Dd v Dd (n - 1) 2 f 2 Ta c Dd .Dd ' = n Lu : Khi 2 nh cng tnh cht th n > 0 Dd.Dd<0 Khi 2 nh tri tnh cht th n < 0 Dd.Dd>0
(k2 - k1 ) f Dd = d 2 - d1 = k k Gii h phng trnh: 1 2 Dd ' = d ' - d ' = (k - k ) f 2 1 1 2 Tnh c k1 v k2 ri thay vo cc phng trnh:

Cho dch chuyn ca vt Dd, dch chuyn ca nh Dd v t l cao ca 2 nh l n. Xc nh f, d1...

Cho dch chuyn ca vt Dd, dch chuyn ca nh Dd v tiu c f ca gng. Xc nh d1,d2 ...

Vt AB v mn M c nh cch nhau mt khong L. C 2 v tr ca gng cu cch nhau mt khong l (l > L) c 2 nh A1B1, A2B2 r nt trn mn. Xc nh f, cao AB...

1 d1 = (1 - k ) f 1 d = (1 - 1 ) f 2 k2 Gng v tr 1: Vt AB c v tr d1, nh A1B1 c v tr d1 Gng v tr 2: Vt AB c v tr d2, nh A1B1 c v tr d2 Theo nguyn l thun nghch v chiu truyn nh sng: ' d 2 = d1' l 2 - L2 L = d1 - d1 f = ' ' 4l d 2 = d1 l = d1 + d1

A1 B1 d' =- 1 k1 = d1 AB k1k2 = 1 AB = A1 B1. A2 B2 ' A B d d k = 2 2 = - 2 = - 1 2 d2 d1' AB

4. Hin tng khc x nh sng a) /n: L hin tng tia sng b i hng t ngt khi truyn qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut. b) nh lut khc x nh sng * Tia khc x nm trong mt phng ti v bn kia php tuyn so vi tia ti n sin i * = n21 = 2 s inr n1 Nu n2 > n1 r < i Mi trng 2 chit quang hn mi trng 1 (tia khc x lch gn php tuyn hn tia ti) Nu n2 < n1 r > i Mi trng 2 chit km hn mi trng 1 (tia khc x lch xa php tuyn hn tia ti) Nu i = 0 r = 0 nh sng chiu vung gc mt phn cch th truyn thng. c n v c) Chit sut tuyt i n = ; 2 = 1 v n1 v2 8 Trong c = 3.10 m/s v v l vn tc nh sng truyn trong chn khng v trong mi trng trong sut chit sut n. Lu : + /n khc v chit sut tuyt i: L t s gia vn tc nh sng trong chn khng v vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi trng trong sut . + ngha ca chit sut tuyt i: Cho bit vn tc nh snh truyn trong mi trng trong sut nh hn vn tc nh sng truyn trong chn khng bao nhiu ln. 5. Lng cht phng * /n: L h thng gm hai mi trng trong sut ngn cch nhau bi mt phng. * c im nh: nh v vt c cng ln, cng chiu, cng pha nhng tri tnh cht * Cng thc ca lng cht phng: OA OA / Vt tht A t trong mi trng c chit sut n1 = n1 n2 dch chuyn nh: 1 AA ' = (1 - )h n Vi n = n21, h = OA l khong cch t vt ti mt phn cch. 6. Bn mt song song * /n: L mt khi cht trong sut c gii hn bi hai mt phng song song * c im nh: nh v vt c cng ln, cng chiu nhng tri tnh cht

* dch chuyn nh: AA = e(1 -

1 ). n

Vi e l b dy bn mt song song n l chit sut t i ca bn i vi mi trng xung quanh Nu n > 1 th nh dch gn bn, cn nu n < 1 th nh dch xa bn (ch xt vt tht) 7. Hin tng phn x ton phn * /n: L hin tng khi chiu mt tia sng vo mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut m ch c tia phn x khng c tia khc x. * iu kin c hin tng phn x ton phn: + Tia sng c chiu t mi trng chit quang hn sang mi trng chit quang km. + Gc ti ln hn hoc bng gc gii hn phn x ton phn: i igh. 1 n Vi sin igh = n21 = 2 (khi chiu nh sng t mi trng trong sut chit sut n ra khng kh th sin igh = ) n n1 8. Lng knh a) /n: L khi cht trong sut hnh lng tr ng c tit din thng l mt tam gic Hoc: L khi cht trong sut c gii hn bi hai mt phng khng song song b) iu kin ca lng knh v tia sng qua lng knh * Chit sut lng knh n > 1 * nh sng n sc * Tia sng nm trong tit din thng * Tia sng t y i ln Khi m bo 4 iu kin trn th tia l ra khi lng knh lch v pha y c) Cng thc ca lng knh sini1 = nsinr1 sini2 = nsinr2 A = r1 + r2 D = i1 + i2 A Khi tia ti v tia l i xng vi nhau qua mt phng phn gic ca gc chit quang i1 = i2 r1 = r2 th DMin: D +A A sin( Min ) = n sin 2 2 Ch : Khi i, A 100 th i1 = nr1 i2 = nr2 A = r1 + r2 D = (n-1)A 9) Thu knh mng a) /n: L mt khi cht trong sut c gii hn bi hai mt cong thng l hai mt cu, mt trong hai mt c th l mt phng. b) Cc tia c bit * Tia ti song song vi trc chnh cho tia l c phng i qua tiu im nh chnh F. * Tia ti c phng i qua tiu im vt chnh F cho tia l song song vi trc chnh * Tia ti qua quang tm O th cho tia l truyn thng c) Tia bt k * Tia ti song song vi trc ph cho tia l c phng i qua tiu im nh ph Fn' thuc trc ph * Tia ti c phng i qua tiu im vt ph Fn cho tia l song song vi trc ph cha tiu im ph d) Cng thc ca thu knh 1 * t: D = (ip - mt) f

1 1 1 = (n - 1)( + ) f R1 R2 Trong : n l chit sut ca thu knh R1, R2 l bn knh cc mt cu (Mt li: R1, R2 > 0; mt lm R1, R2 < 0; mt phng R1, R2=) 1 1 1 * V tr vt nh: + = d d' f dd ' d' f df f = ;d= ; d'= d +d' d '- f d- f A' B ' d' f f -d' =- = = * phng i: k = d f -d f AB 1 A ' B ' = k AB; d = (1 - ) f ; d ' = (1- k ) f k * Khong cch vt nh: L = |d +d| Quy c du: d = OA; d ' = OA ' Vt tht d > 0; vt o d < 0 nh tht d > 0; nh o d < 0 Vt v nh cng chiu k > 0, vt v nh ngc chiu k < 0 Lu : T l din tch ca nh v vt bng bnh phng phng i e) S v tr vt nh * Thu knh hi t: D=
Vt + - nh * Thu knh phn k: Vt + - nh 3 4 1 2 I 2F F O II F III IV - + I II F III O 4 F 1 IV 2F 2 - +

2F

2F

f) Tnh cht vt nh * Vt v nh cng tnh cht th ngc chiu v khc pha i vi thu knh. * Vt v nh tri tnh cht th cng chiu v cng pha i vi thu knh. * Vt v nh l mt im nm ngoi trc chnh: Nu cng tnh cht th khc pha i vi trc chnh, cn nu tri tnh cht th cng pha i vi trc chnh. * Xt chuyn ng theo phng trc chnh th vt v nh lun chuyn ng cng chiu (Lu : khi vt chuyn ng qua tiu im vt th nh t ngt i chiu chuyn ng v i tnh cht). * Xt chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi trc chnh: Nu vt v nh cng tnh cht th chuyn ng ngc chiu, cn nu tri tnh cht th chuyn ng cng chiu. * T l din tch ca nh v vt bng bnh phng ca phng i. * Vi thu knh hi t: + Vt tht cho nh tht ln hoc nh hn vt + Vt tht cho nh o lun ln hn vt

+ Vt o lun cho nh tht nh hn vt * Vi thu knh phn k: + Vt tht lun cho nh o nh hn vt + Vt o cho nh tht lun ln hn vt + Vt o cho nh o ln hoc nh hn vt

h) Cc dng ton c bn v thu knh: Ni dung bi ton Cho 3 trong 4 i lng f, D, n, R1, R2 Xc nh cc i lng cn li

Phng php gii S dng cng thc 1 1 1 D = = (n - 1)( + ) f R1 R2 Lu : n l chit sut t i ca cht lm thu knh i vi mi trng xung quanh. S dng cc cng thc: dd ' d' f df f = ;d= ; d'= d +d' d '- f d- f

Cho 2 trong 4 i lng d, d, f, k. Xc nh cc i lng cn li

Cho f v L (khong cch vt nh) Xc nh d, d

A' B ' d' f f -d' =- = = d f -d f AB 1 A ' B ' = k AB; d = (1 - ) f ; d ' = (1- k ) f k Gii h phng trnh: df d'= v L = |d + d| d- f k=

Cho khong cch t vt n tiu im vt chnh Ta c cng thc Niutn F v khong cch t nh n tiu im nh f2 = a.b chnh F l a v b. Lu : Trng hp vt tht v a b ch ng vi TKHT Xc nh tiu c f Gii h phng trnh: d' k =Cho k v L d Xc nh d, d, f L = |d + d| dd ' f = d +d' Gii h phng trnh: 1 d1 = (1 - k ) f (k - k ) 1 Cho phng i k1, k2 v dch chuyn ca Dd = d 2 - d1 = 2 1 f k1k2 vt Dd = d2-d1 (hoc dch chuyn ca nh d = (1 - 1 ) f 2 k2 Dd = d2 - d1). ' Xc nh f, d1... d1 = (1- k1 ) f Dd ' = d '2 - d '1 = (k1 - k2 ) f ' d 2 = (1- k2 ) f Lu : Dd, Dd c th m hoc dng Thay k2 = nk1 hoc k1 = nk2 vo biu thc ca Dd v Dd Cho dch chuyn ca vt Dd, dch chuyn (n - 1) 2 f 2 Ta c Dd .Dd ' = ca nh Dd v t l cao ca 2 nh l n. n Xc nh f, d1... Lu : Khi 2 nh cng tnh cht th n > 0 Dd.Dd<0

Khi 2 nh tri tnh cht th n < 0 Dd.Dd>0 (k2 - k1 ) f Dd = d 2 - d1 = k k Gii h phng trnh: 1 2 Dd ' = d ' - d ' = (k - k ) f 2 1 1 2 Cho dch chuyn ca vt Dd, dch chuyn Tnh c k v k ri thay vo cc phng trnh: 1 2 ca nh Dd v tiu c f ca thu knh. 1 Xc nh d1,d2 ... d1 = (1 - k ) f 1 d = (1 - 1 ) f 2 k2 TK v tr 1: Vt AB c v tr d1, nh A1B1 c v tr d1 TK v tr 2: Vt AB c v tr d2, nh A1B1 c v tr d2 Theo nguyn l thun nghch v chiu truyn nh sng: ' ' Vt AB v mn M c nh cch nhau mt L2 - l 2 d 2 = d1 L = d1 + d1 f = ' khong L. C 2 v tr ca thu knh cch nhau ' 4L l = d d d 2 = d1 1 1 mt khong l (l < L) c 2 nh A1B1, A2B2 r nt trn mn. A1 B1 d1' k = = 1 Xc nh f, cao AB... d1 AB k1k2 = 1 AB = A1 B1. A2 B2 ' k = A2 B2 = - d 2 = - d1 2 d2 d1' AB 10. Quang h ng trc a) S to nh qua quang h ng trc * nh ca phn t trc s tr thnh vt i vi phn t sau
1 1 A1 B1 d A2 B2 .... S to nh: AB d d' d'

* Dng cng thc ca tng phn t cho mi ln to nh v cng thc chuyn tip 1 1 1 1 (Lu : Vi gng phng = 0 ) + ' = f dn dn fn dn + dn+1 = ln(n+1) , Vi ln(n+1) l khong cch gia 2 quang c th n v n1. VD: d1 + d2 = l12 = O1O2 * phng i ' ' ' An Bn A1 B1 A2 B2 An Bn n d1d 2 ...d n k= = ... = k1k2 ...kn = (-1) d1d 2 ...d n AB AB A1 B1 An -1 Bn -1 Vi n l s ln to nh (s nh) Ch : Nu k > 0: nh cui cng cng chiu vi vt Nu k < 0: nh cui cng ngc chiu vi vt Nu dn > 0: nh cui cng l nh tht Nu dn < 0: nh cui cng l nh o b) Mt s lu * Nu quang h c quang c phn x th vt phi t trc quang c ny v s ln to nh ln hn s quang c. * Nu vt t ngoi quang h th cho mt nh cui cng. Nu vt t gia h th cho 2 nh cui cng. * Vi h gm 2 gng th phi ch s ln to nh trn mi gng v to nh trn gng no trc. * Vi quang h ghp st: (khong cch gia cc quang c l = 0) + H thu knh ghp st: Tng ng 1 TK c t D = D1 + D2 + ... + H gm 1 thu knh v gng ghp st: Tng ng mt gng cu c t

D = 2DTK + Dg (Lu : Gng phng Dg = 0) c) H v tiu L h khng c tiu im. Chm tia ti song song th cho chm tia l khi h cng l chm song song nh to bi h v tiu c cao khng ph thuc vo v tr t vt Khong cch gia cc quang c v phng i ca h v tiu: f * H gm 2 thu knh: l = f1 + f2 v k = - 2 f1 * H gm thu knh v gng phng: l = f v k = -1 * H gm thu knh v gng cu: l = fTK + 2fg v k = 1 Hoc l = fTK v k = -1

CHNG VI: MT V CC DNG C QUANG HC 1. Mt * im cc cn CC: + Mt iu tit ti a + Tiu c ca mt fMin + OCC = : khong nhn r ngn nht * im cc vin CV: + Mt khng iu tit + Tiu c ca mt fMax + OCV: khong nhn r di nht * Mt khng c tt l mt khi khng iu tit c tiu im nm trn vng mc: OCC = 25cm, OCV = * Gii hn nhn r ca mt [CC;CV] * Khi chuyn t trng thi quan st vt v tr cch mt d1 sang trng thi quan st vt v tr cch mt d2 th bin thin t ca mt l: 1 1 Lu : d1 v d2 tnh bng n v mt (m) DD = d 2 d1 p dng: Khi chuyn t trng thi khng iu tit sang trng thi iu tit ti a th: 1 1 Lu : OCC v OCV tnh bng n v mt (m) DD = OCC OCV * mt khng nhn thy vt khi vt c t bt k v tr no trc knh th knh eo cch mt mt khong l c t: 1 D< OCC - l * Mt cn th l mt khi khng iu tit c tiu im nm trc vng mc. + fMax < OV vi OV l khong cch t quang tm thu tinh th ti vng mc + OCC = < 25cm + OCV c gi tr hu hn + Cch sa (c 2 cch, cch 1 c li nht thng c s dng) C1) eo thu knh phn k nhn xa nh ngi bnh thng, tc l vt v cc cho nh o qua knh nm im cc vin. d = , d = - OKCV = - (OCV l) vi l = OOK l khong cch t knh ti mt. Tiu c ca knh fk = d = - (OCV l) Knh eo st mt l = 0: fk = - OCV C2) eo thu knh phn k nhn gn nh ngi bnh thng, tc l vt t cch mt 25cm cho nh o qua knh nm im cc cn. d = (25- l)cm, d = - OKCC = -(OCC - l) dd ' <0 Tiu c ca knh: f K = d+ d' * Mt vin th l mt khi khng iu tit c tiu im nm sau vng mc. + fMax > OV + OCC = > 25cm + Khng c im CV (o nm sau mt) + Cch sa eo thu knh hi t nhn gn nh ngi bnh thng, tc l vt t cch mt 25cm cho nh o qua knh nm im cc cn. d = (25-l)cm, d = - OKCC = -(OCC - l) vi l = OOK l khong cch t knh ti mt. dd ' >0 Tiu c ca knh: f K = d+ d' * Mt lo (mt bnh thng khi v gi) l mt khng c tt + fMax = OV + OCC = > 25cm (ging mt vin th)

+ OCV = + Cch sa nh sa tt vin th. * Gc trng vt a: L gc hp bi hai tia sng i qua mp ca vt v quang tm ca thu tinh th Vi AB l on thng t vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt c gc trng a th tg a =
AB AB = ; l = OA OA l

* Nng sut phn li ca mt aMin L gc trng nh nht gia hai im m mt cn c th phn bit c hai im . Lu : mt phn bit c 2 im A, B th A, B [CC; CV] v a aMin * bi gic G ca mt dng c quang hc: L t s gia gc trng nh qua quang c v gc trng vt khi vt t im cc cn. a tg a A ' B ' G= = = . = k a 0 tg a 0 AB OA ' d'+ l Vi = OCC khong nhn r ngn nht ca mt ngi quan st. l l khong cch t quang c ti mt. k l phng i nh ca quang c . OA = |d| + l l khong cch t nh cui cng qua quang c ti mt. Lu : nh ngha v cng thc tnh bi gic trn khng ng vi knh thin vn. a tg a Knh thin vn th gc trng vt a0 l trc tip G = = a 0 tg a 0 2. Knh lp * L dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng nh ca cc vt nh. * Cch ngm chng: Thay i khong cch t vt AB n knh lp nh AB l nh o nm trong gii hn nhn r ca mt. Vt AB nm trong tiu im vt F ca knh lp. + Ngm chng im CC (mt iu tit ti a): nh qua quang c nm im CC + Ngm chng im CV (mt khng iu tit): nh qua quang c nm im C V Vi mt khng c tt CV nn ngm chng CV l ngm chng v cc mi mt th ngi quan st chn cch ngm chng im CV * bi gic + Cng thc tng qut: G = k d'+ l + Ngm chng CC: GC = k + Ngm chng CV: GV = k . OCV + Ngm chng v cc: G = , thng ly = OCC = 25cm. (khng ph thuc vo v tr t mt) f + Khi mt t ti tiu im nh ca knh lp th bi gic khng ph thuc vo cch ngm chng. G= vi = OCC ca mt ngi quan st. f Lu : - Vi l l khong cch t mt ti knh lp th khi: 0 l < f GC > GV l = f GC = GV l > f GC < GV 25 - Trn vnh knh thng ghi gi tr G = f (cm) 25 = 10 f = 2,5cm V d: Ghi X10 th G = f (cm)

3. Knh hin vi * L dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng nh ca cc vt rt nh. (c bi gic ln hn nhiu so vi s bi gic ca knh lp) * Cu to: + Vt knh O1 l TKHT c tiu c rt ngn. + Th knh O2 l TKHT c tiu c ngn (c tc dng nh knh lp). + Vt knh v th knh c t ng trc v c khong cch khng i. * S to nh:
O1 O1 AB d A1 B1 d A2 B2 d' d'
1 1 2 2

* Cch ngm chng: Thay i khong cch t vt AB n vt knh O1 nh cui cng A2B2 l nh o ngc chiu vi AB nm trong gii hn nhn r ca mt. AB nm ngoi v rt gn tiu im vt F1 ca vt knh O1 A1B1 l nh tht ngc chiu vi AB nm trong tiu im vt F2 ca th knh O2 * bi gic : + Cng thc tng qut: G = k ' d2 + l Vi l l khong cch t th knh ti mt ' ' d1 d2 + Ngm chng CC: GC = k = k1k2 = d1d 2

OCV d + Ngm chng v cc: G = c p dng cho mt c bt k v OCV = . f1 f 2

+ Ngm chng CV: GV = k Hoc G = k1 .G2 , ch tnh cho mt c = 25cm v OCV = . Vi k1 l s phng i nh A1B1 qua vt knh (thng ghi trn vnh vt knh) 25 l bi gic ca th knh khi ngm chng v cc (thng ghi trn vnh th knh) G2 = = f2 f 2 (cm) d = F1 F2 = O1O2 f1 f2 l di quang hc ca knh hin vi. VD: Trn vnh vt knh v th knh ca knh hin vi ghi X100 v X5 th vi ngi mt bnh thng ( = 25cm) c G = 500. 500.20cm Cn ngi mt c = 20cm v OCV = th G = = 400 25cm Lu : Mt s bi ton v knh lp v knh hin vi yu cu a a . AB.G - Xc nh gc trng a khi bit AB th t G = = a= a0 AB a a . .a Min - Xc nh ABMin khi bit nng sut phn li aMin: G = = ABMin = a0 AB G 4. Knh thin vn * L dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng nh ca cc vt rt xa. * Cu to: + Vt knh O1 l TKHT c tiu c di. + Th knh O2 l TKHT c tiu c ngn (c tc dng nh knh lp). + Vt knh v th knh c t ng trc v c khong cch thay i c. * S to nh:

O1 O1 AB d A1 B1 d A2 B2 d' d'
1 1 2 2

AB d1 = d1 = f1 v c O1O2 = d1 + d2 = f1 + d2 * Cch ngm chng: Thay i khong cch gia vt knh O1 v th knh O2 nh o cui cng A2B2 nm trong gii hn nhn r ca mt. A1B1 l nh tht nm ti tiu im vt F2 ca th knh O2 * bi gic : f + Cng thc tng qut: G = k2 ' 1 d2 + l
' d2 Vi k2 = l phng i nh A2B2 qua th knh O2 d2 l l khong cch t th knh ti mt f Trng hp c bit, mt st th knh l = 0 th G = 1 v O1O2 = f1 + d2 d2 f + Ngm chng v cc: G = 1 v O1O2 = f1 + f2 f2

CHNG VII: TNH CHT SNG CA NH SNG 1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng. * /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut. * nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu. v c l l c Bc sng ca nh sng n sc l = , truyn trong chn khng l 0 = 0= l = 0 f f l v n * Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh nht, mu tm l ln nht. * nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm. Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4 mm l 0,76 mm. 2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Ing). * /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng vch sng v nhng vch ti xen k nhau. M Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao thoa. d1 S 1 x * Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh) d 2 ax a I O D d = d 2 - d1 = D S2 Trong : a = S1S2 l khong cch gia hai khe sng D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S1, S2 n mn quan st S1M = d1; S2M = d2 x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt * V tr (to ) vn sng: Dd = kl x = k k = 0: Vn sng trung tm k = 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1 k = 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2 * V tr (to ) vn ti: Dd = (k + 0,5)l x = (k + 0,5) k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba
lD a * Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v khong vn: l l D i l n = in = n = n a n * Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S1S2 th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v khong vn i vn khng i. D di ca h vn l: x0 = d D1 Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn D1 l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng lD ,k Z a lD ,k Z a

* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip: i =

* Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S1 (hoc S2) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th h vn (n - 1)eD s dch chuyn v pha S1 (hoc S2) mt on: x0 = a * Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn trung tm) L + S vn sng (l s l): N S = 2 + 1 2i L + S vn ti (l s chn): N t = 2 + 0,5 2i Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7 * Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x1, x2 (gi s x1 < x2) + Vn sng: x1 < ki < x2 + Vn ti: x1 < (k+0,5)i < x2 S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 cng du. M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 khc du. * Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng. L + Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th: i = n- 1 L + Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th: i = n L + Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th: i = n - 0,5 * S trng nhau ca cc bc x l1, l2 ... (khong vn tng ng l i1, i2 ...) + Trng nhau ca vn sng: xs = k1i1 = k2i2 = ... k1l1 = k2l2 = ... + Trng nhau ca vn ti: xt = (k1 + 0,5)i1 = (k2 + 0,5)i2 = ... (k1 + 0,5)l1 = (k2 + 0,5)l2 = ... Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x. * Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 mm l 0,76 mm) D - B rng quang ph bc k: D x = k (l - l t ) vi l v lt l bc sng nh sng v tm a - Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x) lD ax + Vn sng: x = k l = , k Z a kD Vi 0,4 mm l 0,76 mm cc gi tr ca k l lD ax l = , k Z + Vn ti: x = (k + 0,5) a (k + 0,5) D Vi 0,4 mm l 0,76 mm cc gi tr ca k l - Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k: D DxMin = [klt - (k - 0,5)l ] a D DxMax = [kl + (k - 0,5)lt ] Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm. a D DxMax = [kl - (k - 0,5)lt ] Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm. a

CHNG VIII: LNG T NH SNG 1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn) hc e = hf = = mc 2 l Trong h = 6,625.10-34 Js l hng s Plng. c = 3.108m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. f, l l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x). m l khi lng ca phtn 2. Tia Rnghen (tia X) Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen hc l Min = E
2 mv 2 mv0 = eU+ l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc) 2 2 U l hiu in th gia ant v catt v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt v0 l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v0 = 0) m = 9,1.10-31 kg l khi lng electron 3. Hin tng quang in *Cng thc Anhxtanh 2 hc mv0 Max e = hf = = A+ l 2 hc Trong A = l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt l0 l0 l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt v0Max l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt f, l l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch * dng quang in trit tiu th UAK Uh (Uh < 0), Uh gi l hiu in th hm 2 mv0 Max eU h = 2 Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly Uh > 0 th l ln. * Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i VMax v khong cch cc i dMax m electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc: 1 2 e VMax = mv0 Max = e Ed Max 2 * Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, vA l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, vK = v0Max l vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th: 1 2 1 2 e U = mvA - mvK 2 2 * Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in) n H= n0 Vi n v n0 l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t. n e n hf n hc Cng sut ca ngun bc x: p = 0 = 0 = 0 t t lt

Trong E =

Cng dng quang in bo ho: I bh =

q ne = t t

I bh e I bh hf I hc = = bh pe pe pl e * Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B r r mv u R= , a = (v,B) e B sin a Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v0Max r u r mv Khi v ^ B sin a = 1 R = eB Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v0Max, hiu in th hm Uh, in th cc i VMax, u c tnh ng vi bc x c lMin (hoc fMax) 4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir Em * Tin Bo nhn phtn pht phtn hc e = hf mn = = Em - En hfmn hfmn l mn E H=
n

* Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: Em > E n rn = n2r0 Vi r0 =5,3.10-11 m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K) * Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir: 13, 6 En = (eV ) Vi n N*. n2 * S mc nng lng P - Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K O Lu : Vch di nht lLK khi e chuyn t L K N Vch ngn nht lK khi e chuyn t K. - Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt M phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy Pasen ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch: L Vch Ha ng vi e: M L Hd Hg Hb Ha Vch lam Hb ng vi e: N L Vch chm Hg ng vi e: O L Banme Vch tm Hd ng vi e: P L Lu : Vch di nht lML (Vch Ha ) Vch ngn nht lL khi e chuyn t L. K - Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi Laiman ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M Lu : Vch di nht lNM khi e chuyn t N M. Vch ngn nht lM khi e chuyn t M. Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:

n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3

n=2

n=1

1 1 1 = + v f13 = f12 +f23 (nh cng vct) l13 l12 l23

CHNG IX. VT L HT NHN 1. Hin tng phng x * S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
t

N = N 0 .2 T = N 0 .e- l t * S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht (a hoc e- hoc e+) c to thnh: D N = N 0 - N = N 0 (1- e- l t ) * Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t m = m0 .2 T = m0 .e- l t Trong : N0, m0 l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u T l chu k bn r ln 2 0, 693 l hng s phng x l = = T T l v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x. * Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t D m = m0 - m = m0 (1- e- l t ) Dm * Phn trm cht phng x b phn r: = 1- e- l t m0
t m = 2 T = e- l t m0 * Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t AN A DN m1 = A1 = 1 0 (1- e- l t ) = 1 m0 (1- e- l t ) NA NA A Trong : A, A1 l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh NA = 6,022.10-23 mol-1 l s Avgar. Lu : Trng hp phng x b+, b- th A = A1 m1 = Dm * phng x H L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn r trong 1 giy.

Phn trm cht phng x cn li:

H = H 0 .2 T = H 0 .e- l t = l N H0 = lN0 l phng x ban u. n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.1010 Bq Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H0 (Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s). 2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt * H thc Anhxtanh gia khi lng v nng lng Vt c khi lng m th c nng lng ngh E = m.c2 Vi c = 3.108 m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. * ht khi ca ht nhn ZA X Dm = m0 m Trong m0 = Zmp + Nmn = Zmp + (A-Z)mn l khi lng cc nucln. m l khi lng ht nhn X. * Nng lng lin kt DE = Dm.c2 = (m0-m)c2

* Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln): D E A Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng. 3. Phn ng ht nhn * Phng trnh phn ng: ZA11 X 1 + ZA22 X 2 ZA33 X 3 + ZA44 X 4 Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ... Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X1 X2 + X3 X1 l ht nhn m, X2 l ht nhn con, X3 l ht a hoc b * Cc nh lut bo ton + Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A1 + A2 = A3 + A4 + Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4 uu r uu r uu r uu r u r ur u r ur + Bo ton ng lng: p1 + p2 = p3 + p4 hay m1 v1 + m 2 v2 = m 4 v3 + m 4 v4 + Bo ton nng lng: K X1 + K X 2 + D E = K X 3 + K X 4 Trong : DE l nng lng phn ng ht nhn 1 2 l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X K X = mx v x 2 Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng. 2 - Mi quan h gia ng lng pX v ng nng KX ca ht X l: p X = 2mX K X - Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh u r uu r uu r uu r uu r r uu V d: p = p1 + p2 bit j = p1 , p2 p1 2 p 2 = p12 + p2 + 2 p1 p2 cosj hay (mv) 2 = (m1v1 ) 2 + (m2 v2 ) 2 + 2m1m2 v1v2 cosj hay mK = m1 K1 + m2 K 2 + 2 m1m2 K1 K 2 cosj uu r uu r r u r u Tng t khi bit 1 = p1 , p hoc 2 = p2 , p uu r uu r 2 Trng hp c bit: p1 ^ p2 p 2 = p12 + p2 uu r u r uu r u r Tng t khi p1 ^ p hoc p2 ^ p K v m A v = 0 (p = 0) p1 = p2 1 = 1 = 2 2 K 2 v2 m1 A1 Tng t v1 = 0 hoc v2 = 0. * Nng lng phn ng ht nhn DE = (M0 - M)c2 Trong : M 0 = mX1 + mX 2 l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.
M = mX 3 + mX 4 l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.

uu r p2

u r p

Lu : - Nu M0 > M th phn ng to nng lng DE di dng ng nng ca cc ht X3, X4 hoc phtn g. Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn. - Nu M0 < M th phn ng thu nng lng |DE| di dng ng nng ca cc ht X1, X2 hoc phtn g. Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng. * Trong phn ng ht nhn ZA11 X 1 + ZA22 X 2 ZA33 X 3 + ZA44 X 4 Cc ht nhn X1, X2, X3, X4 c: Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l e1, e2, e3, e4. Nng lng lin kt tng ng l DE1, DE2, DE3, DE4 ht khi tng ng l Dm1, Dm2, Dm3, Dm4 Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn

DE = A3e3 +A4e4 - A1e1 - A2e2 DE = DE3 + DE4 DE1 DE2 DE = (Dm3 + Dm4 - Dm1 - Dm2)c2 * Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x 4 4 A- 4 + Phng x a ( 2 He ): ZA X 2 He + Z - 2Y So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v. 0 + Phng x b- ( - 01e ): ZA X - 1 e + Z +A Y 1 So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi. Thc cht ca phng x b- l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht electrn v mt ht ntrin: n p + e- + v Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x b- l ht electrn (e-) - Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh) chuyn ng vi vn tc ca nh sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht. 0 + Phng x b+ ( +01e ): ZA X + 1 e + Z-A Y 1 So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi. Thc cht ca phng x b+ l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht ntrin: p n + e+ + v Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x b+ l ht pzitrn (e+) + Phng x g (ht phtn) Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E1 chuyn xung mc nng lng E2 ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng hc e = hf = = E1 - E2 l Lu : Trong phng x g khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x g thng i km theo phng x a v b. 4. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng * S Avgar: NA = 6,022.1023 mol-1 * n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10-19 J; 1MeV = 1,6.10-13 J * n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10-27kg = 931 MeV/c2 * in tch nguyn t: |e| = 1,6.10-19 C * Khi lng prtn: mp = 1,0073u * Khi lng ntrn: mn = 1,0087u * Khi lng electrn: me = 9,1.10-31kg = 0,0005u