!"#$"%&'( *#'+,%-'.

/
01!2 345 67689:;: 67< <1:;=7 >? !>7@A>8 :9:@10:
BC5BDEF6--'G#H,#. 5

!"#$ A nonllnear devlce ls represenLed by Lhe funcLlon
y=f(x)=e
x

where Lhe operaLlng polnL for Lhe lnpuL x ls
0
=1 x .
ueLermlne a llnear approxlmaLlon valld near Lhe operaLlng polnL.
%&'()*+ = y ex
!"#,- 1he Lransfer funcLlon of a sysLem ls
2
Y( ) 15( +1)
=
( ) +9 +14
s s
R s s s
.
ueLermlne ( ) y t when r( ) t ls a unlL sLep lnpuL.
%&'()*+

-2 -7
( )=1.07+1.5 -2.57 , 0
t t
y t e e t
!"#"/ 1he block dlagram of a sysLem ls shown ln llgure L2.24. ueLermlne Lhe Lransfer funcLlon
( )= ( )/R(s) T s Y s
10
+1 s
1
s
2
(s) R
Y(s)

0123*) !"#"/ 435615778 9)):;<=> '?'6)@
A"#,B Conslder Lhe sprlng-mass sysLem deplcLed ln llgure 2.13. ueLermlne a dlfferenLlal equaLlon Lo
descrlbe Lhe moLlon of Lhe mass m. CbLaln Lhe sysLem response ( ) x t wlLh Lhe lnlLlal condlLlons
0
(0)=x x and (0)=0 x

A"#/$ A load added Lo a Lruck resulLs ln a force l on Lhe supporL sprlng, and Lhe Llre flexes as shown ln
llgure 2.46(a). 1he model for Lhe Llre movemenL ls shown ln llgure 2.46(b). ueLermlne Lhe Lransfer
funcLlon
1
X ( )/F(s) s


A"#/- A closed-loop conLrol sysLem ls shown ln llgure 2.49
(a) ueLermlne Lhe Lransfer funcLlon
( )= ( )/R(s) T s Y s
.

(b) ueLermlne Lhe poles and zeros of ( ) T s
.

(c) use a unlL sLep lnpuL R(s)=1/s , and obLaln Lhe parLlal fracLlon expanslon for ( ) Y s and Lhe
value of Lhe resldues.

(d) loL y(t) and dlscuss Lhe effecL of Lhe real and complex poles of T(s) . uo Lhe complex poles
or Lhe real poles domlnaLe Lhe response?