/

2

2.1 .
1.
,
:
i.
3
ii.
3
iii.
(Km/h) 3 h
iv.
10 (cm2) , .
v.

4.
vi.
.
vii.
, , .
viii.
.
ix.
.
x.
.
/

( )
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
2.
:

3
-2
2 3

2
1
3
3
2 1 2
2 3
2

. ;
.
.
3.
: = -5 + 2 22
) ;
) ;
) = -1 = 2
1

4.
-4 3.
) ;
) ; ;
)
0; ;
5.
, .
.
2
2.
x
x
1


.
2
2

3 . .
23 3 33.
2004 . .
( 2 + 3 )x . .
-432 . ..
2 + 7 .
. ..
.
. .
. ..
. ..

6.
.
1 + 2 + 2 = -1 :
.: 4
.: 2
.: 0
.: .

.: 0

.:

.: -39

39
6

3 + 5
= -3 :
+3

.: .

-33 :
.: -326
.: 93
.: 926
.: -926.
2 8 :
.: 42
.: 4
.: 4
.: 82.
7.
, ( ):
i. 5 +3 2
ii. 2 + 2
iii.
23 0,53 + 1,253
iv.
v.
vi.

1
8
3 + 3 + 3
3
12
3 3 3

+ 2 3
2
6
3

+
2

8.
, ( ):
2

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

-5 3
0,53(-23)
1
1
2 ( 3 )
2
3

(5 x a )

4 2

3
x x

x 1,5 x

1
3
t 3c ( 5) ( tc )
2

9.
, ( ):
i. -5 :4
ii. 43:(-2)
iii.
-5:(33)
iv.

xt 3 x 3t
:
3
6

v.

:(-2)

vi.

2 xc 4

: x
3 9

10.
:
i.
( 2 3 2 ) 2 : 3
2 3 2 : ( 2 ) 2 ( 3 2 : 2 )
ii.
( 3 ) : (2) + 3 ( 2 ) ( )3 : ( 2 2 )
iii.
iv.

1 3
2
2
: 0,2 : ( 2) + 5 ( ( 3) )
5

2.2 .
1.
(: )
i. 3 5 + 2 -
ii. 2 + 2 +3 1
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

1 2
2
1
+ 2 2 2 + + 1
5
3
2

+ 2 +
2 3
3
2 + 2 2
2 3 + 2 + 5 3 + 7 2
3 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 3
( 2 ) + ( 3 4 ) (1 3 ) + 2
1 + + 2 1 + 2 2
(1 + ) + ( 2 + ) + ( 3 + ) + ..... + (100 + )

2.
= 32 -23-22+3
) .
3

2
) =
: = 0
3

3.
3

111111 :
3 555555 333333 - 5 222222 2002 .
4.
= 2 : = 3 + 3 + 22 22 22 +2000
2004.
5.
:

(1 + a ) ( 2 + 2a ) + ( 3 + 3a ) ( 4 + 4a ) + ........ + ( 4003 + 4003a ) ( 4004 + 4004a )

6.
5 , :
A = ( 2 + + 3 ) [ ( 2 ) 1] + 3 + 2
= [ 2 + 5 + ( 3 ) ] + 3
7.
.

1

3

3
3


4
4

.
) :
: . + .. .

: . + ..

...
...
= .
...
...

: . + .. -

...
...
= .
...
...

)
16
24 .
8.
= -2 + + , = 2 + , = + 2.
) + +
) (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ).
) ( + 2) ( + 2) + ( + 2) 2.
9.
, , : + + =20 3 + 2 + 3 =67 ,
= (2 + + 2)(4 +3 + 4)
(... 1998)

10.
3
3 9

=
,
, = 9 9 .

81 27
27
1
=
3 3
11.
+ = -3 , + = 2 + = 1 :
= ( ) (2 - ) + 4

= [ ( ) ( )] + 2 + 2
= 2 + {- -[- (-)]}
= 2 + 2 + 2

2.3 .
1.
:
( + ) = .. +
( ) = ...- .
( + )( + ) = ..+ + + .
2.
:
) 2( )
) 3(- + 2)
3
2

) (2 + 6 )
) 0,7(2 +3)
) ( +2)
) (2 3 + )
) ( +6)
) ( )
) ( + + )
) -3(3 2 + 5)
3.
:
) 2( ) + 2( ) 2(2 2)
) 3(3 2) 6(2 2) 9( + 1) + 20
) 2( 2) + (2 1) + (2 + 1)
) ( + 1) ( 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)
) ( ) (1 2) + (1 2) ( )
4.
:
) ( + 2)( + 3) ( + 5) 5
) ( 1)( + 4) + 6 ( + 3)
) ( 4)( 5) + (9 ) 17
) (2 + 3)(2 3) 4(2-

13
)
4

5.
:
) ( 2)( + ) ( + )( ) +( + )
) (3 2 5) + (3 + )( ) +2 5( -1)
) (2 3)(42 + 6 +92) 83 +273 +10
) (3 2)(3 2) 6( + )( + ) +15
6.
:
) ( 1)( 2)( + 1)( + 2) 2(2 5) + 6.
) (2 4 + 4)( 2) 3 + 108 +6(-2)
) ( + 10)(2 + 20 +100) 2( + 30) 300
) ( + 1)(4 3+ 2 + 1) 5 + 10001
7.
4 = 10 4 = 9 :
5

( )(3 + 2 + 2 + 3)
8.
, ,
4 , .
;
9.

, ,
.
10.
, : 3 - 3 = 3( ) :
= ( )(2 2 + 2) 0.
11.
2 + 5 = 2 + 10 = -24
= ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)( + 4) 0.

2.4 .
1.
:
i. ( - .) = 2 - .. + 2
ii. ( - .) = 3 - .. +.. 3
iii. ( + .) = 2 + .. + 2
iv. ( + .) = 3+ .. +.. + 3
v. ( )(. + .) = .. - ..
vi. 3 3 = (. - ..)(.. + .. + ..)
vii. 3 + 3 = (. + ..)(.. - .. + ..)
2.
6

1 2
2 .
1
2
2
2
.: -
1.: ( )3
.: 2- 2 +2
2.: ( + )2
2
2
.: + 2 +
3.: ( )2
.: 3 3
4.: ( )( + )
5.: ( )(2+ + 2)
6.: ( + )(2- + 2)

3.
, .
.
I.
.
.
II.
.
.
2
2
2
III. + 2 = ( ) . .
IV. + = 5 2 + 2 + 2 = 25 ..
V. 2 + 2 = 10 = 3 + = 4
VI. : 2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 .
VII. : 2 + 2 = ( - )2 + 2 .
VIII. : 3 + 3 + 3(+) = ( + )3 .
IX. : 3 - 3 - 3( - ) = ( - )3 .
X. : (- - 2)2 = -2-4-4
XI.
: (- - )( - ) = 2 2 .
4.
:
) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 2
) 2 + 2 = ( - )2 + 2
) ( + )3 = 3 + 3 +3( + )
) ( - )3 = 3 - 3 -3( - )
5.
:
i. ( + 3)2
ii. ( 4)2
iii. (2 + 5)2
iv. (1 3)2
v. (2 + 5)2

vi. (3 2)2
vii. (2 + 1)2
viii. (3 2)2
2

ix.

x5 3

5 + 3

x.
2
3

3
4

6.
:

1
x

i. x +

vi.
vii.
viii.

ii.

x
x

3 x

x 3

(1002 - 1)2
( )2
2

iii. (- + 5)2
iv. (-1 )2
v. (-2 - 5)2

ix.
x.

(2

7.
( + )( ) = 2 2:
i. ( + 3)( -3)
vi.
(3 2)(3 + 2)
ii. ( 1)( + 1)
vii.
(2 + 1)(2 1)
iii. (2 - 5)(2 +5)
viii.
(3 2)(3 + 2)
iv. (1 3)(1 + 3)
x5 3 x 5 3
+

ix.
v. (2 + 5)(2 5)
3 5
3
5
3 2
3
2
+
4
4 3
3

x.
8.
:
i. ( + 1)3
ii. ( + 2)3
iii. (2 + 3)3
iv. (1 + 3)3
v. ( + 5)3

vi.
vii.
viii.

(3 2)3
(2 - 1)3
(3 2)3
3

ix.

x
x

x.

9.
:

3+ 2

2 +1

3 2

) ,
) = 1
10.
:

2 1

) ,
) = 1
11.
3 = 5,
:
8

= ( 1)(2 + + 1)
= ( + 1)(2 - + 1)
= (2 1)(42 + 2 + 1)
= (2 + 3)(42 6 + 9)
12.
:
i. 2 . +1 = (. - .)2
ii. 42 + .. + 9 = (. + .)2
iii. 4 .. +2 = (. - .)2
iv. 100 + .+10 = (. + .)2
v. 252 - ..+162 = (. - .)2

9 2
1
x + ....... + = (. +.)2
4
9

vi.
vii.

1616 - +3636 = (. - .)2

viii.

6 + ..... +

2 - ..+2 = (. - .)2
22 + +2 = (. + ..)2

ix.
x.

13.
:
i. 2 - 4 + = (. - .)2
ii. 92 +6 +.. = (. + .)2
iii. 25 20 + = (. - .)2
iv. 2 + 2+.. = (. + .)2
v. 494 142+ = (. - .)2

vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

1
= (. + .)2
4

1 + 10 + .. = (. +.)2
6426 8023 + ..= (. - .)2
2 + 5 + ..= (. + .)2
4004- 2 += (. - .)2

x. 22 + 2 + = (. + ..)2

14.
:
i.
8x3 - . + . 27 = (.. - )3
ii.
1 + .. + .. + 33 = ( + ..)3
iii.
646 - .. + .. 9 = (. - )3
iv.
v.

3 + ....... + ...... +

= (...... + .....)

- + - 8 = (- )3
3

6 6

15.
:
i. ( + ) 2 4 = ( ) 2
ii. ( ) 2 + 4 = ( + ) 2
iii. 3 + 3 = ( + ) 3 3 ( + )
iv. 3 3 = ( ) 3 + 3 ( )
v. 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 = ( ) + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2
2

16.
2 2 =( )( + ) :
= 2002 1902 =
= 1112 - 112 =
= 472 432 =
= 7,552 2,452 =
17.
2 +2 + 2 =( + )2 , 2 - 2 + 2 =( - )2
:
= 992 + 198 + 1 =
= 10012 2002 +1 =
= ( 1)2 2(2 1) + ( + 1)2 =
= (3 )2 + (3 + )2 - 2(2 9) =
18.
a = 5 3 = 5 + 3
) , .
) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 2,
, .
) , .
19.
) ( + )2 ( )2 = 4.
) , : + =

1
=
, .
2

20.
2
) ( + ) = + + 2
) , = 3 + = 4
) 4 + 2 3 .
) 4 + 2 3
21.

( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2.

22.

( - )2 = 2 - 2 + 2.

10

23.

2 2 = ( )( + ).

24.
2 2 .

) .
)
)
) .
25.
:

12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 +6 2 +........ + 99 2 + 100 2 2 (1 2 + 3 4 + 5 6 + ......... + 99 100 )

26.
:

4 + 112 + 1012 + 10012 + 100012 + 1000012 9 2 + 992 + 9992 + 9999 2 + 999992

27.
+ = = 2 , , 4.
= (3 + 3) (2 + 2) + 4.
= (3 3) (2 + 2) 4
28.
8 = 8 + 2002 , :
( )( + )(2 + 2)(4 + 4)
29.
) ( + + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 +2 + 2 + 2.
11

) + + = + + ,
= ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 3 .
30.
) :
(2 + 2 + 2)(2 + 2 + 2) = ( + +)2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2.
) 14 141 3 .
) 14141 4

2.5
1.

.
i. 6 + 3
vi. 3x2 9x + 12
ii. 25 - 10
vii. 14 + 49 +70
iii. 24 16
viii. 4 63 + 8
iv. 15 + 20
ix. 262 39
v. 2202 +33t3
x. 25z 75 t + 100
2.
.
i.
6 + 3
vi. 3x2 9x + 12x3
ii.
25 10
vii. 142 + 49 +703
2
2
iii.
24 16
viii. 4 6 2 3 + 82
2
iv.
15 + 20
ix. 262 39
v.
2202 +333
x. 25z2 75 z
xi. 2
xii. 3 2
xiii. 2004 2003 2002
3.
, .
i. 2(22 4) + 3 2
vi.
(2 + 1)2 ( 2)
ii. ( + 1)( 1) ( 1)(2 + +1)
-1
iii. ( + )3 3 3
vii.
(2 + 3)(2 3) 4( 3)
iv. 2( + 6) 3 8
viii.
( + )2 ( )
12

v. ( + )3 ( )2 ( )2

( )2 - ( + )
( + )2 ( + )2
( )( + )

ix.
x.

4.
:
i. ( + 3) + 2( + 3)
vi.
(2 + 2)( 6) (3 + 3)(2 )
ii. 3( + 1) ( + 1)
vii.
( )3 + ( )
iii. ( + ) + ( + )
viii.
( )2( + 2) 2( )( + 2)2
iv. ( ) + ( )
ix.
2( )3 + ( )2
v. ( 1)( 2) - (1 )(2 + 1)
x.
( + + 1) + ( + +1) + ( + + 1)
5.
:
i.
2 + 4 + 6 +
vi.
2 - + +
3

ii.
+
vii.
5 44 + 33 122
+4
3 2
2
iii.
+ +
viii.
3 + 2 + ( + 1)( +
2 + 2
2)
2
iv.
4 + 10
ix.
+ + + 2 + (
2
6 - 15
+ )( + )
v.
+ + +
x.
2 + ( + ) +
+ +

6.
:
( : 2 2 = ( )( + ) , 3 3 = ( )(2 + +2)
3 + 3 = ( + )(2 + 2) )
i. 22 4
vi.
273 1000
ii. 164 812
vii.
2166 + 3
3
iii. 1 8
viii.
( + )2 1
iv. 64 +1253
ix.
4924 64
2
4
v. 36 - 10
2 2

x.
4

xi.
xii.

27

7.
:
i. 2 ( +3)2
ii. ( + )2 ( + )2
iii. ( + 2)3 ( + 2)3
iv. ( + 1)3 + 1
v. (5 + 3)2 (3 + 5)2

13

0,0013 0,0643
3 9
+1

8.
:
i. 2 2
vi. 753 27
3
3
ii.
vii. 4 4
6
6
iii.
viii. 243 + 813
iv. 23 + 163
ix. 6 3
4
2
v. 32 8
x. 24 182
9.
:
i. ( ) + 2 2
vi. 3 + 2 + 5 + 125
2
2
2
ii. ( ) +
vii. 44 + 86 + 3 2
4
2
iii. + + 1
viii. 3 22 + 273 + 182
iv. - 2 + 3 3
v. 5 82 + 4 16
10.
: ( )
i. 2 + 2 + 1
vi. 54 1002 + 500
ii. 42 4 + 1
vii. ( + )2 + 2( + 2) + 2
2
iii. 25 + 20 + 4
viii. ( + + 1)2 2( + + 1) + 1
iv. 2 +

1
4

v. 18 + 12 +22

ix.

1 10
+ 5 + 1
4

x. 3 4 2 + 4

11.
: ( ,
)
i. 2 + 2 + 1 92
ii. 252 2 + 4 - 42
iii. 492 + 642 112 4
iv. 2 2 2 2
v. 2 +6 + 92 (92 6 +2)
12.
:
,
.
.
32 - 5 - 22 ,
5 : - 6 + 1 , -61 = 3(-2).
: 32 - 5 - 22 = 32 - 6 + 1 - 22 = 3( 2) + ( 2) = ( 2)(3 + )
,
i. 22 7 + 32
xi. ( + )2 5( + ) + 6
2
ii. 6 5 1
xii. 6 + 73 8
iii. 12 + 2
xiii. 112 10
2
iv. 2
xiv. 2 + 110
14

3 3 + 2
2 10 + 16
-52 + 2 + 3
44 52 + 1
2 + 3 42
22 1

v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

xv.
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.

2 ( 2 + 3 ) + 6
16(2 + 7)2 2(2 + 7) 3
3(2 3)2 7(2 3) + 2
(2 + 2)2 2(2 + 2) 3
3 202 + 64
322 + 2+2 + 1

13.
: ( :
2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 2 + 2 = ( - )2 + 2 ).
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

4 + 4 722
4 + 4 1122
4 + 1 32
8 + 48
4 + 4

14.
) : 2 + 10 + 21.
) : (2 + 5 + 4)(2+5 + 6) 3 .
) : ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)( + 4) 3.
15.
:
i.
( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4) +1
ii.
( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4) +1 4
16.
:
( ) + ( ) + ( )
17.
) 4 + 4 + 4 + 222 222 222 .
) : (2 + 2 2)2 422.
) De Moivre:
4 + 4 + 4 + 222 222 222 = ( + + )( + )( + )( )
18.
+ + = 0 :
) 2 2 2 .
) 3 + 3 + 3
(.: .= 3)
3
) ( ) + ( )3 + ( )3.
19.
:
= x2 25y2
B = 12x2 3 ,
= 3( ) (2 2)

= 3 + 22 6

= 21 + 4 2

= 2 +2
15

= 2 + 4 2

= 3 + 1

= 22 + 2

= 4x2(y2 1) + 4y2(1 x2)

= x4 x8

M = x2y2 + xy y3 - x2y

N = (x + y)2 w2 + x + y + w

= x2 ( )x

O = x2 + 3xy + 2y2 + xz +yz

= x3 + x 2 2

= 6x2 + 5xy + y2

= 64x4 + y4

T = x2(y z) + y2(z x) + z2(x y) Y = x(y2 z2) + y(z2 x2) + z(x2 y2)

= x8 12x4 + 16

X = (x xy)2 + (x xy)4 (1 y)4

= x7 x5 x3 + x

= 4x4 + 3x2y2 + y4

20.
) uler :
3 + 3 + 3 3 = ( + + )(2 + 2 + 2 )
) :
i.
3 3 + 3 + 3
ii.
3 3 - 3 - 3
iii.
3 + 3 8 + 6
iv.
3 + 3 + 3 ( + + )(2 + 2 + 2 )

2.6

1.
, .
.
2
I.

( 1) = 0
2

1 .
II.
III.

2 4

= 2 .

+3
( 1)( + 3)( 3) = 1 = 3

= - 3 .
1

IV.

V.

1 1 0

.
2

= 1
1
0

16

VI.

3 +

( )( + ) 2 + 2

, . .
1
5 6
1 =
5.
5
6
+
= 1 + , 0 .

VII.

VIII.

+
= , 0 .

= 1 + , 0 .

= , 0 .

2
1 : 1 1

IX.
X.
XI.
XII.

2 + 4
.
2 2

XIII.

XIV.

:( 1)
1 .

,
1

:2 , 0 .

XVI.
,

, .
XV.

2.

2 8
2 5

( 9)
3

3.
:
a
a2
ax 3
ii.
xa 3
6(t +1)
iii.
2(t +1) 2

i.

vi.

14
7( +1)

vii.

9 x(c 9)
36(9 c) x 3

viii.

3 2 +1 ( + 1)
6 2

17

2 3
2 2
8( +1)( 2) 2
v.
24( 2)( +1) 2

iv.

ix.
x.

( x 1)( x +1)
x 2 1

2 + 2 + 2
( + ) 2

4.
: (
)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

2a 8
a 2 4a
x 2 1
x2 x

2 2
2 + 2
3 3
2 + 4
2
+ 4 + 4

vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

4x2 4x +1
1 4x2
15 2 6
25 3 4 2
5
3 2
2 3 2 3
2 + + 2
2 3 + 16
2 2 8

5.
: (
)
2 + 3 + 6 + 4
x 2 + 2a + x + 2ax
i. 3 + 3 + 2 + 2
iv.
x 4 x 2 4 a 2 x 2 + 4a 2
+ 4 4
3 2 2 + 3
ii. 4 + 4
v.
3 3 ( ) 3
+
iii.
3 + 2 1
2 2 + 2
vi.
4 1
6.
: (
)
3 2 + 5 + 2 2
2 2 +1
i.
iv.
9 2 + 12 + 4 2
3 3 + 2
5 2 + 5 + 1
x2 5x + 6
ii.
v.
5 3 4 1
x3 27
6 6
4 + 4
vi.
iii. 2
3 + 2 2
( + 2 )2 2 2
7.
:
1
i. 2

ii.

2 3 2

iv.
v.
18

1
5

3 2 25

10

9

2

iii.

4 2

3 2

vi.

8.
:
2
i. :
2

iv.

3 2 9
:
ii.

v.

iii. 1 :

7
2

(2 )
2
( 2) 14

: ( )

vi.

5
5

iv.

( 2 ) 1 1 2

9.
:
i.

( ) 2 ( + )

2 2
2

ii.
1
3

iii.

( )
2

2
3

v.
2

10.
:
i. (16 + 8 2 4 ) : 8
ii. ( ) : ( 2 2 )
iii. ( 2 + 3 ) : ( 6 2 + 13 + 6 2 )

vi.

iv.
v.
vi.

11.
:

i. +
( ) 2

+
ii.
( + )2

iv.

v.

19

+
+
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 2 + 2

3 + 3

6
3 9
: 2
+ 2 3 2
3
3 + 2 +
:
3 1
3
2
2
1 9 9 6 + 1
:
8
12 2 4

3
4 + 4
3
6 6
+1
1 2 + 2 + 1
:
1 2 2 + 1
+1

iii. +
2 1
2

12.

333334 666663 333331 + 333327

.
3333332

. (... 1998)
13.
, , , : = :
=

+
1
:
1.
2 2

14.
, , + + = 0 , 0
:
2 + 2 2
.
+
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2
+
+
)
0.
+
+
+

15.

2.7

5 3 1
= 2003
3

1.
:
i.
... , 2 , 3 ;
.: , .: 2 , .: 3 , .: 6
ii.
... , + 2 ;
.: , .: + 2 , .: 2 , .: ( + 2)
iii.
... 2 , 32 , 63 ;
.: 6 , .: 23 , .: 63 , .: 32
iv.
... + 1 , + 2 ;
.: ( + 1)( + 2) , .: 3 + 3 , .: 3 , .: 2
v.
... , ;
.: , .: ( )( ) , .: , .:
vi.
... 5( ) , 2( + ) , 2 2 ;
.: 2 2 , .: 10(2 2 ) , .: 10( + )2 , .: 10( )2
vii.
... 7 , 142 , ;
.: 142 , .: 1422 , .: 14 , .: 1432
2.
:
20

i.

1
1
1
+

x 2 x 3x
1

vi.

ii.

iii.

4 +

vii.

viii.

iv. +1

v. 1

1
4

+ +1

5
5
+
+1 + 1

ix.

3.
:

i. 2 + 1 + 2
1 1
1
ii. + 2 + 3

3

iv.

2
4
2 + 3

v.
2

iii. 2 + 3
4.
:
1
1

x x +1
1
1
+
ii.
x 1 x + 1
2
1
1
+

iii.
x 2 2 x x +2

i.

1
2
+
2 ( 2) 2
1
1

(2 1)( 1) (1 2 ) 2 ( 1)
1

2
+ 2 ( + 2)
( + 2)3

iv.
v.
vi.

5.
: ( )
1
1
1
+

2
+ +

+
2
2 2
2
+
ii. 2
2 + 2 ( ) 2

1
2

2
iii. 2
+ 2

i.

iv.

v.
vi.

1
1
+
2
+
+ 2

2 1
1
3

+1 +1 +1
5

2 + 1 + 1
2
5 + 6 2 6 6 3
2

6.
) ( )( ), ( )( ),
( )( ) ... . ;
)
+
+
+
+
+
0.
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

1.

7.
:
21

1
1

+1

i. ( + 1)

ii. ( ) :

iii.

1
1

1
1
2
2

1
+

iv.
v.

+ 1
1 1

+
3
3
+

1
1 1
1 + + 2 : 3 1

vi.

vii.

8.
:
8 8 1 1 1
1
1
1

2 4 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 4 + 4

22

1
1
1
1

1 + 21 + + 1 + 1

1
1

: 1 + 1