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(1) Abdallah Shehata khattab:The Imbact of Energy Subsidies on Energy

Intensive Industries In Egypt, The Egyptian Center for Economic
Studies, Working paper no 124, may 2007.
(2) Askew, M.F and,Holmes, C.A:The Potential for Biomass and Energy
Crops In Agriculture In Europe In Land Use, Policy and Economy
Terms, jornal article,Spanish,2002 .
(3) Carruthers, I, and Rodriquez, M:Tools for Agriculture a guide to
Appropriate Equipment for Smallholder Farmers, International
Technology Publications, London, 1992.
(4) Daniel ,G., Delatorre, u. :Developing Bioenergy Economic And Social
Issue, International Food Policy Research Institute, December 2006,
www.ifpri.org
(5) Dornburg, v.:Economic and Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis of
Bioenergy Production, Using Multiple Crops, Case Study for
Netherland 2005.
(6) Elmashed, H.: " Reuse Potential of Agricultural Wastes In Semi
Arid Regions, Egypt as a case study, Kluwer Academic
publishers, Netherland, 2003.
(7) FAO, The energy and agriculture nexus, environment and natural
resources, working paper no 4, Rome, 2000.
(8) FAO, World energy council:The challeng of rural energy poverty in
developing countries, 1999.
(9)J.M.Henderson

&

R.E.

Quandt,

"Microeconomic

Theory

Mathematical Approach", Third Edition International Student Edition,

1980, pp 65-66.

(10) Heady E.O.,"Johnston G.L., & Harden L.S.,"Resource Productivity

Return To Scale &Farm Sine " Iowa State, college, Press, 1956, P126.
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challenge, International Food Policy Research Institute, December
2006,www.ifpri.org .
(12) Piemental ,D . : Food, energy and society ,Edward Arnold press,
London. 1979.
(13) Piemental,D . : Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture, crc
press, inc, Florida, 1980.
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center for economic studies, distinguished lecture. series , September
2006.
(15) Slesser Malcolm :Energy In the economy. st Martin's press,
NewYork,1978.

SUMMARY
Energy from various sources is considered as one of the
most important economic resources. The increase of population
and rapid use of new advanced technology to achieve the targeted
growth rates caused increasing of global demand for energy, In
Egypt, the volume of consumption of petroleum products in 2008
was 58.03 million tons. the volume of consumption of electricity
was 107.33 billion kilowatt-hours. The progress in agricultural
production. both in plant and animal of led to a significant
increase in the use of energy. The need to produce more food
required the introduction of mechanization in the agricultural
field from soil tillage, irrigation, the collection and harvesting
crops in addition to fertilizer manufacturing, as well as the energy
is used in animal production. Agricultural sector consumption of
petroleum product in 2008 was about 6.3% of the total
consumption of different sectors, and the percentage of electricity
consumption was 4.4 % of the total consumption of all sectors.
The objectives of the present study were to determine the
impact of expansion of the use of agricultural machinery on
energy demand in agriculture, and to determine the combination
of machinery, animal and human work used in rice production,
and different amount of energy required. Also the cost of each of
the three sources according to the nature of the agricultural
process. As a result of the limited resources and rising energy
prices and the cost of use, which may cause failure to achieve
comprehensive rural development. Also assessment of efficient
use of energy from various sources in poultry production.

The obtained results can be summarized as follow:

1. Economic Indicators For Rice Production:
The variable total cost of the energy requirements for rice
production was 2566.79 LE\feddan.This means that the variable
total cost of energy represented 64.41% of the total cost. Energy
of Agricultural production requirements represented 34.56% of
variable cost and agricultural work represented 65.44% of the
variable cost of rice production. With regard to irrigation, the
highest rate of energy represented about 63.89% of the total
energy work used to rice production, which amounted to 1403.3
mijakalory. This reflects the volume of fuel in the process of
irrigation for rice crop. And less energy consuming processes,
fertilization rate of 0.04% of the total energy used in the
production of rice, with regard to the inputs mijakalory cost.
Study showed that economic efficiency of net revenue
amounted to Egyptian Pound spent was 33.14 pt for the sample as
a whole, according to categories of land owners, economic
efficiency rose to reached the maximum value in the third
category and reached the minimum in the first category.
With regard to revenue on used mijacalory, it was LE
42.76 as average for the sample, It had increased to reach the
maximum value in the third category of owners. and declined to
reach minimum in the first category.
2. Economic Indicators for Irrigation Machine:
The study showed that the average total operating energy
used in irrigation machine were about 49.936 and 10.148
mijacalory/hr for diesel, electricity respectively. The requirement
of energy to rise one cubic meter of water were about 0.116 and
0.023 mijacalory respectively for the same previous types. This

reflected the efficiency of electricity irrigation machine.

comparing with diesel machine.
Comparing the fuel average cost and depreciation and
maintenance, it reached 6.303 and 5.157 LE/hr for diesel,
electricity machine respectively. The cost of rising water was 1.5
and 1.2 pt/m3 for the same previous types and respectively.
3. Economic Indicators for Fattening Poultry Farms:
Comparing the cost items for the two types of heating for
poultry farms for capacity of five thousand poultry birds have
shown that the cost of heating by butane was represented about
45.75% of the cost heating by diesel.
With regard to economic and technical indicators, the cost
of heating energy of the sample amounted about LE 4326 and LE
1920 for diesel and butane respectively. The total energy used in
heating was 44.891 and 20.537 thousand mijacalory for diesel and
butane respectively. This showed that the average of the
mijacalory cost was 9.89 pt and 9.91 pt for diesel and butane
respectively. Finally the net revenue on mijacalory was 8.41 pt
and 29.23 pt for diesel and butane respectively.
4. Production Elasticity

The elasticity of production showed that all category land

possessor worked under decreasing economic of scale, that any
increase in input energy with one unit would lead to increase in
output but less than one mijacalory unit, The production elasticity
was 0.990,0.778 and 0.642 for third, first, second category
respectively.
The study recommended, continued expansion of the
introduction of agriculture mechanization, use of electricity in the
operations of agriculture machinery especially the process of

irrigation. Expansion in the use of butane in the heating of poultry

farms, and reconsidering the decision of reducing subsidies of
petroleum, which will cause a significant increase in the cost of
the use of machine, especially the process of irrigation in rice,
which depend mainly on diesel. Activating the role of the
machinery services stations which will contribute in reducing of
the amount of consumed fuel.

ECONOMIC UTILIZATION OF ENERGY IN

EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE

BY
EMAN RAGAB HASSAN SOLIMAN

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

in
Agriculture

(Agricultural Economics)

Department of Agricultural Economics

Faculty of Agriculture
Zagazig University

2010

ECONOMIC UTILIZATION OF ENERGY IN

EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE

BY
EMAN RAGAB HASSAN SOLIMAN
B.Sc. Agricultural Sciences (Agricultural Economics),
Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, (2003)

Under the Supervision of:

Prof. Dr. Sonia Mohamed Ali

Professor Emeritus of Agric. Economics,

Dept. of Agric. Economics, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig Univ.

Prof. Dr. El-Sayed Hassan Mahdy

Professor of Agric. Economics,

Dept. of Agric. Economics, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig Univ.

Dr. Said Mohamed Fouad Ahmed

Senior Researcher, Agric. Economics

Research Institute, Agric. Research Center.

Approval Sheet

ECONOMIC UTILIZATION OF ENERGY IN

EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE

BY
EMAN RAGAB HASSAN SOLIMAN
B.Sc. Agricultural Sciences (Agricultural Economic),
Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University (2003)

This thesis for M.Sc. degree has been

approved by:
Prof. Dr. Hamdy Abdo Ali El-Sawalhy
Prof. Emeritus of Agric. Economics, Agric.
Economics Dept., Nation Research center.

Prof. Dr. El-Sayed Hassan Mahdy

Prof. of Agric. Economics, Dept. of Agric.

Economics, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig University.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gaber Amer

Prof. of Agric. Economics, Dept. of Agric.

Economics, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig University.

Dr. Said Mohamed Fouad Ahmed ..

Senior Researcher, Agric. Economics
Research Institute, Agric. Research Center.
Date of examination:

/ 2010