32

CaCl2 : Na2CO3 - 2
.

:

.
. '
.
" .

' - :
:

gr 1200 )
( .
- "
. "
.

) ( .

. .

. 20nm
.0c 0.034

. ' "
:

T = 0.034C n

n - .

) ( .
' ' . "
' . :
.0.051C -

"

gr 250.50.1
gr 250.20.1
gr 1123.90.1

gr 1164.80.1

gr 578.00.1
gr 251.10.1

gr 540.00.1
gr 251.00.1

gr 1203.000.1

gr 1204.30.1

" :

:
m' water = ( m2 + m3 ) (3 m1 + m4 ) = (1123.9 + 578.0 ) ( 3 250.2 251.1) = 1203.0 gr

:
m' water = ( m2 + m3 ) (3 m1 + m4 ) = (1164.8 + 540.0 ) ( 3 250.5 + 251.0) = 1204.3 gr

60
120
180
240

1
[I [A
[U [volt
11.37
3.33
11.33
3.33
11.36
3.32
11.35
3.33

2
[I [A
[U [volt
11.37
3.33
11.36
3.33
11.38
3.31
11.35
3.32

300

'

11.36
3.34
11.35
3.33
gr 1202.340.1
1.80.0170C

11.37
3.33
11.37
3.32
gr 1202.340.1
2.20.0260C
J/0C 113.5

:
Q = U I t = mH 2 O CH 2 O T + m'C 'T

:
- [Q [J "
- [U [V .
- [I [A .
- [t [sec .
[T [C .
[C [J/g0C
' gr 1 .
]J/g0C] CH2O = 4.18
-

'C

- [m [g ) (.

Q = U I t = mH 2 O CH 2 O T + m'C 'T
11.35 3.33 300 1203 4.18 1.8
J
= 1270.7
1.8
C

U I t mH 2 O CH 2 O T
T

= ' m' C

:
Q = U I t = mH 2 O CH 2 O T + m'C 'T
11.37 3.32 300 1204.3 4.18 2.2
J
= 113.5
U I t
=
( mC )2H.2O
C
2

U I t mH 2 O CH 2 O T

=U I t mH 2 O CH 2 O T

= ' m' C

= ' m' C

U = 0.01V
I = 0.01A

t = 0.01s

( T )1 = 0.5 * 0.034 = 0.017 0 C

( T ) = 0.5 * 0.051 = 0.026C
m = 0.1g

+ CmH 2 O

UIt U
I
t
) ( T

+
+
+

T U
I
t
T

= ) ' ( m' C

+ 4.18 0.1 = 84.6 C

+ 4.18 0.1 = 81.4 C

11.35 3.33 300 0.01

0.01
0.01
0.017

+
+
+

1 .8
11.35
300
1 .8
3.33

= ) ' ( m' C

11.37 3.32 300 0.01

0.01
0.01
0.017

+
+
+

2.2
11.37
300
2 .2
3.32

:
J
C

( m' C ' )1 = 1270.7 84.6

J
C

( m' C ' ) 2 = 113.5 81.4

= ) ' ( m' C

 ' - CaCl
:2
:

.

.
.
.

.
.

)(
. )
(.

:
m(CaCl2 ) = n M W = 0.2mole ( 40.1 + 35.4 2 ) = 22.2 gr

. . gr 30.90.1 :

gr 53.10.1 CaCl2 0.2

.mol .

)
( .

) CaCl2( aq ) Ca 2 + ( aq ) + 2Cl ( aq

.
.
.

" .

.74 :
'
:

T = 0.034 74 = 2.516C 2.5C

"
.
. '
.

.
.

. ' )
+(
..

" :

[{

] H = Q = (m H 2O + mCaCl 2 ) C H 2O T + [ m' C ' T

H = Q = { [ (1203.0 + 22.2) 4.18 2.5] + [1270.7 2.5]} = 1.6 10 4 J = 16.0 KJ

) ( m H 2 O + m CaCl 2
)' ( m' C
( T )
(T )

(H ) = C H 2 O m H 2 O + m CaCl 2 T
+
+
+ m' C ' T
=

m
+
m

T
m
'
C
'

H
O
CaCl

2
2

0.017
0.017
0. 1 + 0. 1
84.6
(H ) = 4.18 * (1203.0 + 22.2) * 2.516
+
+
+ 1270.7 * 2.516
=
1203.0 + 22.2 2.516
1270.7 2.516

( H ) = 324 J = 0.343KJ

CaCl2 :

H = 16.0 0.3KJ

' -
CaCl2 :Na2CO3-
:

Na2CO3 .
2

Na2CO3(aq ) 2 Na + ( aq ) + CO3

Na2CO3:

) CaCO3( s

) ( aq

) ( aq

2Ca + ( aq ) + CO3

1:1

mole 0.2 ) ( Na2CO3 )(CaCl2

.
:
m( Na2CO3 ) = n M W = 0.2mole ( 23.0 2 +12.0 +16.0 3) = 21.2 gr

. . gr 34.40.1 :

gr 55.60.1 NaOl3 .mol 0.2

.

)
( .

.
.
.

" .

: .
'
.
.

' Na2CO3
.

 ' - Na2CO3 :
:

. .

) '(.

' ) .(CaCl2
) ( aq

Na2CO3(aq ) 2 Na + ( aq ) + CO3

:Na2CO3

m( Na2CO3 ) = n M W = 0.2mole ( 23.0 2 +12.0 +16.0 3) = 21.2 gr

' .1:1

. . gr 32.20.1 :

gr 53.40.1 NaOl3 .mol 0.2

.

)
( .

.
.
.

. .

" .

.8 :
'
:

T = 0.051 8 = 0.408C 0.41C

"
.
. '
.

.
.

. ' )
+(
..

" .

" :

[{

] H = Q = (m H 2O + m Na2 CO3 ) C H 2O T + [ m' C ' T

H = Q = { [ (1204.3 + 21.2) 4.18 0.41] + [113.5 0.41]} = 2.1 10 3 J = 2.1KJ

(m H 2 O + m NaCO32 ) (T ) 2
( m' C ') 2
(T ) 2

(H ) = C H 2 O m H 2 O + m NaCO32 T
+
+
+ ( m' C ') 2 T
T
T
( m' C ') 2
m H 2 O + m NaCO3

0.026
0.1 + 0.1
81.4 0.026
(H ) = 4.18 * (1204.3 + 21.2) * 0.408
+
+
+ 113.5 * 0.408

1204.3 + 21.2 0.408

113.5 0.408

( H ) = 170 J = 0.170 KJ

Na2CO3 :

H = 2.1 0.2 KJ

" .
.

.

:
) ( aq

+ 2Cl

) ( aq

CaC 0 3( S ) + 2 Na

) ( aq

+ 2Cl

) ( aq

2+

Na 2 CO3 + Ca

) 2 Na + ( aq ) + CO3( aq ) Na 2 CO3( aq

) CaCO3(S

: +
'

H = 0 ( 2.1) = 2.1 0.2 KJ

) ( aq

Ca 2+ (aq ) + CO3

Na2CO3

':

298K :
P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 5th edition, data section, table 2.12

Na2CO3 :
J.M. Smith, H.C.Van Ness, M.N.Abbott, Introduction to Chemical Engineering
.Thermodynamics, 7th edition, page 687
.

:CaCl2

:
KJ
mole
KJ
mole

H 0f = 542.83

) Ca 2 + ( aq

H 0f = 2 ( 167.16) = 334.32

) 2Cl ( aq

H = 795.8

) CaCl2 ( aq

KJ
mole

" :
KJ
mole

H 0f = 81.35

) CaCl2 ( s ) Ca 2 + ( aq ) + 2Cl ( aq

KJ
0.2mole = 16.3KJ
mole

H 0f = 81.35

0
H f = 16.0 KJ:

:Na2CO3

:
KJ
mole

) 2 Na4+ ( aq

H 0f = 2 (240.12) = 480.12
KJ
mole
KJ
0
H f = 1130.68
mole

) CO32 ( aq

H 0f = 677.14

) Na2CO3( aq

" :
KJ
H 0f = 26.58
mole

) Na2CO3 2 Na + ( aq ) + CO 2 ( aq

:
KJ
0.2mole = 5.316 KJ 5.3KJ
mole

H 0f = 26.58

0
H f = 2.1KJ:

.
.
' ' .

:CaCO3

:
KJ
mole
KJ
H 0f = 667.14
mole
KJ
H = 1206.9
mole

) Ca 2 + ( aq

H 0f = 542.83

H 0f = 3.07

) CaCO3( s ) Ca 2 + ( aq ) + 2CO32 ( aq

) CaCO3( aq

" :
KJ
mole

) ( aq

CO3

KJ
0.2mole = 0.614 KJ
mole

0
H f = 2.1KJ:

H 0f = 3.07

Fe 3+
>6
NH 2 OH

) (
' ) ' (
) ( .

)
(.

Na2CO3
.