Electrical Circuits and Simulation Lab

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LAB
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-2012 II B.Tech II SEMESTER
PADMASRI DR B. V. RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VISHNUPUR, NARSAPUR, MEDAK (DIST.) 502 313 Phone No: 08458 222031, www.bvrit.ac.in
Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab
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PREFACE
The significance of the Electrical Circuits and Simulation Lab is renowned in the various fields of engineering applications. For an Electrical Engineer, it is
obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Electrical Circuits and Simulation. By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for Electrical Circuits and Simulation.
The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the fundamental aspects of Electrical Circuits and Simulation in practical. The manual prepared very carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in executing an experiment.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is one of lifes simple pleasures to say thank you for all the help that one has extended their support. I wish to acknowledge and appreciate Assoc Prof J Bangarraju, P PrabhuDass, K Srinivasa Raju and G Suresh Raju for their sincere efforts made towards developing the Electrical Circuits and Simulation lab manual. I wish to thank students for their suggestions which are considered while preparing the lab manuals. I am extremely indebted to Sri. Col Dr. T. S. Surendra, Principal and Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVRIT for his valuable inputs and sincere support to complete the work. Specifically, I am grateful to the Management for their constant advocacy and incitement. Finally, I would again like to thank the entire faculty in the Department and those people who directly or indirectly helped in successful completion of this work.
Prof. N. BHOOPAL
HOD-EEE
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GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right side. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left side. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience. Result should always be in the ending. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments for theoretical or model calculations purpose.
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LAB CODE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled for the day. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the observation book is necessary. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in-charge. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a setup. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among different groups will be permitted later. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores incharge after duly filling in the requisition form. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously either by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the semester/year. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to Laboratory. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students groups should be maintained neatly and to be returned after the experiment.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13.
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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD II Year B.Tech. EEE-II Semester
L 0
T/P/D C -/3/- 2
(54603)ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & SIMULATION LAB PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

1) Thevinins and Nortons and Maximum Power Transfer theorems. 2) Superposition theorem and RMS value of complex wave. 3) Verification of compensation theorem. 4) Reciprocity and Millmans theorems 5) Locus diagram of RL & RC series circuits. 6) Series and Parallel resonance. 7) Determination of self and mutual inductances and co efficient of coupling. 8) Z and Y Parameters. 9) Transmission and hybrid parameters. 10) Measurement of Active power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads 11) Measurement of Reactive power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads. 12) Measurement of 3-phase power by two watt meter method for unbalanced loads.
PART-B: PSPICE SIMULATION

1) 2) 3) 4) Simulation of dc circuits DC Transient response Mesh analysis Nodal analysis PSPICE Software Package is necessary. Eight experiments are to be conducted from PART-A and any two from PART-B
NOTE:
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INDEX
PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Thevinins and Nortons and Maximum Power Transfer theorems. Superposition theorem and RMS value of complex wave. Verification of compensation theorem. Reciprocity and Millmans theorems. Locus diagram of RL & RC series circuits. Series and Parallel resonance. Determination of self and mutual inductances and co efficient of coupling. Z and Y Parameters. Transmission and hybrid parameters. Measurement of Active power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads. Measurement of Reactive power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads. PART-B : PSPICE SIMULATION Simulation of DC Circuits. DC Transient response. Mesh Analysis. Nodal Analysis. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS 1. 2. Time response of first order for RC & RL Circuits. Verification of KVL and KCL.
PG.No 1 10 15 17 20 24 29 32 36 40 44
1 2 3 4
47 48 54 57
59 62
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1. THEVENINS , NORTONS THEOREM AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS FOR THEVININ AND NORTONS:R1 R3 + A
+
Vs
R2
_ RL
Fig-1(Original circuit) R1 R3
R2
DM
_ RL
Fig-2 (Finding Rth) R1 R3
Vs
+ _
R2
Vth
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Fig-3 (Finding Vth)
R1
R3
A
+
Vs
+ _
R2
RL
Fig-3 (Finding IL) R1 R3
Vs
+ _
R2
Isc
Fig-4 (Finding Isc) Rth S A RL
Vth
+ _ V
+ -
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Fig-5 Circuit diagram for Thevenins equivalent circuit. + + IN A RN A -
RL
Fig-5 Circuit diagram for Nortons equivalent circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:-
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1. THEVENINS , NORTONS THEOREM AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.

AIM: Experimental determination of Thevenins and Nortons equivalent circuits and verifying theoretically and practically and To verify maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically. . APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
THEORY: STATEMENT OF THEVENINS THEOREM: Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vth in series with an impedance, Zth., where Vth is the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zth is the impedance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances. STATEMENT OF NORTONS THEOREM: Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of current source IN in parallel with an admittance, YN., where IN is the short circuit current through the load terminals and YN is the admittance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal admittance.
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CALCULATIONS FOR THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS:(i) For Rth- As for the circuit diagram, fig-2, Resisters R1 and R2 are in parallel so effective Resistance Rp = R1 R2 R1 + R2 .
Then Rp is in series with R3, so Rth = Rp +R3 . (ii) For Vth - As for the circuit diagram, fig-3, Resisters R1 and R2 are in series so total Resistance R = R1 + R2 . (R3 Will not play any roll because of open circuit.)
Total current of the circuit I = Vs R Amp. The current I will flow through R1 and R2 because of series connection. Then open circuit voltage Vth = I R2 Volts. (iii) For ILAs for the circuit diagram, fig-1, Resisters R3 and RL are in series so effective Resistance Rse = R3 +RL .
Then Rse is in parallel with R2 so effective Resistance Rp = Rse R2 Rse + R2 .
Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 . Total current of the circuit I = Vs R Amp . Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistance So the current through RL resistance branch IL =( Total current) I opposite resistance total Resistance --Amp
(iv) For Isc or IN - As for the circuit diagram, fig-4, Resisters R2 and R3 are in parallel so effective Resistance Rp = R2 R3 R2 + R3 .
Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 . Total current of the circuit I = Vs R Amp. Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistance So the current through R3 resistance branch
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Isc
=( Total current) I opposite resistance total Resistance Amp.
TabulationRth Theoretical Practical
Theoretical Practical
Vth
IL Theoretical Practical
Theoretical Practical
Isc or IN
Thevenins equalent circuit. I L
Nortons equalent circuit. IL
Theoretical
Practical
Theoretical
Practical
STATEMENT FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance. THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
PROCEDURE: Make the connections as shown in fig (1). By varying RL in steps, note down the reading of ammeter IL in each step. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2), measure the effective resistance Rth. with the help of digital multimeter. Calculate power delivered to load PL in each step. Draw a graph PL Vs RL and find the RL corresponding to maximum power from it. Verify that RL corresponding to maximum power from the graph is equal to the Rth( which is nothing but source resistance RS).
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MODEL GRAPH PL Pm
RL corresponding to Pm OBSERVATIONS: Tabular column: Theoretical values S.No RL IL PL= IL2RL
RL
Practical values
IL
PL= IL2RL
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully with out parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters. RESULT: Verified theoretically and practically Load current by using Thevinins and Nortons theorems and also verified Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
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2. SUPER POSITION THEOREM AND RMS VALUE OF COMPLEX WAVE:Circuit Diagram of Super Position Theorem:-
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Circuit Diagram of RMS value of complex wave.

DPST 230 115
Ph
1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply
(0-50)V MI
100/5A N Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-
CRO
1Transformer
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2. SUPER POSITION THEOREM AND RMS VALUE OF COMPLEX WAVE:-
AIM: Verification of Superposition theorem and To experimentally determine the RMS value of
a complex wave.
APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
THEORY: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM STATEMENT In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any element is equivalent to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources.
i.e. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.
PROCEDURE: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1) 2. Current through load resistor is noted as IX by applying both the voltages V1 and V2 through RPS. 3. Make the supply voltage V2 short circuited and apply V1 as shown in fig (2) and note down the current through load resistor as IY.
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4. Make the supply voltageV1 short circuited and apply V2 as shown in fig (3) and note down the current through load resistor as IZ. 5. Now verify that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves Superposition Theorem Procedure:-
1). Connect the circuit as for the fig (1). 2). Switch on the AC supply and observe the wave form in the C R O. 3). Take the wave form on tracing paper and draw it on the graph paper. 4). By dividing the time period of the wave form into equal intervals, note down the voltage and time at each interval. 5). Calculate the form factor, Peak factor and RMS value.
Observations:
When both the sources are acting: fig (1) acting: fig (2)
Theoretical V1 V2 IX Practical IX
When V1 source alone is

Theoretical Practical V1 V2 IZ IZ
When V2 source alone is acting: fig (3)

V1 V2 Theoretically Practical I
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Observations from the graph:S.No Voltage(v) Time(t)
Model Calculations:Average value= v1+v2+---------vnn. R M S Value= v12+v22+----------vn2n.
Expected graph:-
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully with out parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.
RESULT: - Verified Superposition theorem and determined the RMS voltage of a complex
wave.
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3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM:-
+
220v _
A RL
+
220v _
+ A RL+R
+ A -
RL
+
_ VC=I2 R
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3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM
Aim:-To verify Compensation theorem theoretically and practically. Apparatus Required:

S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
THEORY:-Compensation theorem states that in a linear network any impedance Z that carries a current I can be replaced by a voltage source with emf V=IZ with zero internal impedance. Similarly if the voltage across impedance V, then it can be replaced by a current source I=V/Z.
Procedures: Connect the circuit as in the fig (1). Switch on the power supply and note down the readings of ammeter (I1). Connect the circuit as in the fig (2) with increase value of resistance. Switch on the power supply and note down the readings of ammeter (I2). Connect the circuit as in the fig (3) Switch on the power supply and note apply compensated voltage Vc=-I2 R and note down the readings of ammeter (I3 ).
Result:-Verified Compensation Theorem Theoretically and Practically.
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4. RECIPROCITY THEOREM, MILLMANS THEOREM.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MILLMANS THEORM:-
A VS
+
_
Dmm(Req)
Req
+ v + -
+
Veq _
+ A RL
+
_
Veq
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4. VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY AND MILLMANS THEOREMS.
Aim:- To verify Reciprocity and Millmans theorems theoretically and practically. Apparatus:S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
THEORY:Reciprocity theorem:- In a linear bilateral single source network if voltage at any point in the network produces a current at same other point in the network , the same votage at other point produces same current at the first point in that net work. Millmans theorem:- Consider the N no of voltage sources (V1,V2-------Vn) having a series impedance(Z1,Z2-------Zn) are connected parallel as shown according to Millmans theorem all the voltage source of the current can be represented as a single voltage can be in series with the impedance . Veq=(V1G1+V2G2+V3G3)/(G1+G2+G3) Req=1/(G1+G2+G3)
Procedure:Reciprocity theorem1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1) 2. From fig (2) of Superposition theorem note down I2=IY. 3. Now interchange the source and ammeter as in fig (4).
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4. Note down the ammeter reading as I1. 5. Now verify that Vs/ I1 = Vs/ I2 theoretically and practically which proves reciprocity theorem. TABULAR COLUMN OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM:
Before interchanging the sources: fig (1)

Theoretical values Vs I2 Vs/ I2 Practical values I2 Vs/ I2
After interchanging the sources: fig (4)

Theoretical values Vs I1 Vs/ I1 Practical values I1 Vs/ I1
Millmans theorem: Connect the circuit as in the fig (1). Set the supply voltage as shown in circuit diagram. Note the reading ammeter (I2). Connect the circuit as in the fig (2). Note the reading of voltmeter (veg). Connect the circuit as in the fig (3) measure the equivalent resistance as Reg with help of multi meter. Connect the circuit as in the fig (4), Apply (veg). From source, see Reg value. Note the reading of Ammeter as (I12). Now verify IL= I1L Thus the Millmans therem is verified. Result:- Verified Reciprocity & Millmans theorems theoretically and practically.
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5. LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CICUITS.

CIRCUIT FOR CURRENT LOCUS DIAGRAM FOR CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT:(0-2.5)A MI A 5A, 150V, UPF M L V C 1- 230V 50 Hz AC Suppl y V (0-300V MI) 100/5A
DPST
Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0Fig -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CURRENT LOCUS DIAGRAM FOR INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT:(0-2.5)A MI A 5A, 150V,UPF M L V C 1- 230V 50 Hz AC Suppl y V (0-300V MI) 100/5A
DPST
Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (019
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Model graph:-
16
15
14 13 12 11
xy
y/r
X6=0
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5. LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CICUITS.

AIM:-To draw the current locus of RL and RC circuits with L & C variables respectively. APPARATUS:S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
PROCEDURE: RC circuit with C varying 1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Rheostat is kept in maximum position. The capacitor varied step by step. 3. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted. Zcos is constant. The locus diagram is a semi circle of a diagram V/R. RL Circuit with L varying 1. All Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Rheostat is kept in maximum position. The inductor is varied step by step. 3. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted. Zcos is constant. The locus diagram is a semi circle of a diagram V/R. Graph: A graph is drawn between ICos & I Sin which given the current locus diagram of RL circuit. The locus diagram is a semi circle with diameter V/XL. Multiplication factor for wattmeter = ((Connected voltage X Connected current)/(Full scale reading of wattmeter)) X Cos
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Observations: RL Circuits with L as variable:S.No V I W Z=V/I Cos=W/VI sin Zcos I Cos I Sin
RC Circuits with C as variable:S.No V I W Z=V/I Cos=W/VI sin Zcos I Cos I Sin
RESULT:- Current locus of RLandRC Circuits with l and C variables are drawn.
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6. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SERIES RESONANCE: Is
Function generato
Fig-1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PARALLEL RESONANCE:
Ip A
Function generato
Fig-2
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6. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM: To verify resonant frequency, bandwidth & quality factor of RLC series and parallel Resonant circuits. APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
THEORY:
In a series RLC circuit. The current lags behind or leads the applied voltage depending upon the values of XL and Xc. XL causes the total current to lag behind the applied voltage while Xc causes the total current to lead the applied voltage.When XL > Xc the circuit is predominantly inductive, and when XL < Xc the circuit is predominantly capacitive. In the series RLC circuit resonance may be produced by varying the frequency keeping L and C constant. Otherwise resonance may be produced by varying either L or C for fixed frequency .Parallel resonance occurs when XL = Xc. when XL = Xc the two branch currents are equal in magnitude and 180 deg out of phase with each other .Hence two currents cancel each other and net current is zero.
PROCEDURE: SERIES RESONANCE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig (1) 2. Apply a fixed voltage through function generator to the circuit. 3. The frequency of the signal is varied in steps and note down corresponding ammeter reading as Is. observe that current is maximum at resonant frequency. 4. Draw a graph between frequency f and current Is .Mark Resonant frequency and Current at half power frequencies.
Q = f0 f 2 f1
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5. Find Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor from graph. 6. Compare practical values of resonant frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth with theoretical values. PARALLEL RESONANCE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig (2) 2. Apply a fixed voltage through function generator to the circuit. 3. The frequency of the signal is varied in steps and note down corresponding ammeter reading as Is. Observe that current is minimum at resonant frequency. 4. Draw a graph between frequency f and current Is .Mark resonant frequency and current at half power frequencies. 5. Find Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor from graph.
Q = f0 f 2 f1
6. Compare practical values of resonant frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth with theoretical values.
MODEL GRAPH:
IS
I max
I max 2
OBSERVATIONS: series resonance
f1
fo
f2
S.No.
Frequency (f)
Current(Is)
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MODEL GRAPH: Parallel resonance IP
2 I min
I min
f1 fo f2 f
OBSERVATIONS Parallel resonance: S.No. Current(Is)
Frequency (f)
RESULT TABLE:
Series Resonance Theoretical Resonant frequency Bandwidth Q-factor Practical
Parallel Resonance Theoretical Practical
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.
RESULT: Resonant frequency, Bandwidth and Quality factor of R L C Series and parallel resonant circuits are calculated.
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7. Determination of self, Mutual Inductances and Coefficient of coupling.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
Ph
DPST
(0-2)A MI
2A, 150V, 60W, LPF A M L V C
115VV
230VV
1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply
(0-150)V MI
7.
Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V Fig -1 To find L1 (0-2)A MI A 2A,300V, 60W, LPF M
1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V
Ph
DPST
230V L V
115VV
C 1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply V (0-300)V MI V (0-300V)MI
Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V Fig -2 To find L2, M,K
1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V
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Determination of self, Mutual Inductances and Coefficient of coupling.

AIM:- To determine the self mutual induction of coupled circuit and to find coefficient coupling. Apparatus:S.No 1. 2. 3. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
Procedure: 1. To find the inductance of coil-1: a) All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. b) To determine L, the resistance R1 of coil is neglected. c) The Supply voltage is given and the reading of the voltmeter and ammeter are noted L1= x/2 f when X1=V1/I1. 2. To find Self inductance of coil 2: a) The determine L2 remove the connections by interchanging the windings as per the circuit diagram II. The voltage given and by varying dimmer stat required voltage is applied to coil and the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted. L2 = X2 / 2 f, X2 = V2/I2 3. To find mutual inductance: a) All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. b) The supply voltage is given by varying the dimmer stat and the reading of a ammeter and voltmeter are noted. M = -1/2[X3/2 f (L1+L2)] Where X3 = V3 / I3
Coefficient of coupling K= M/sqrt(L1L2)
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OBSEVATION TABLE:-
S.No V1
V2
Wi Io
COS= Wi/ V1* Io
I=IoSINo
S.No V1
V2
Wi I0
COS= Wi/ V1* Io
I=IoSINo
Result: Experimentally calculated Self and Mutual Inductances of the Coil.
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8. Z and Y Parameters.
Circuit Diagram Z and Y PARAMETERS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
+ Vs1 _
R2
Vs2
Fig-1
CALCULATION OF Z11 AND Z21:A I1

+
R2 V V V2
Vs1
Fig-2
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CALCULATION OF Z22 AND Z12 :A I2 V _ R2
+
+
+ + V2
V1
Fig-3 CALCULATION OF Y11 AND Y21 :A I1

+
R2 A V I2
+ Vs1 _
Fig-4 CALCULATION OF Y22 AND Y12 :-
+
+
A I2
+ + V2
I1 _
R2
Fig-5
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8. Z and Y PARAMETERS
AIM: To obtain experimentally Z parameters and Y parameters of a given two port network. APPARATUS: S.No 1 2 3 4 Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
PROCEDURE: 1. Open Circuiting Output Terminals (I2 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (2). Output terminals are kept Open via a voltmeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeter as I1 and Voltmeter as V2. 2. Short circuiting output terminals (V2 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (4). Output terminals are short circuited via an ammeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and I2. 3. Open circuiting input terminals (I1 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (3). Input terminals are kept open via an voltmeter. Supply is given to output terminals. Note the readings of ammeter as I2 and voltmeter as V1. 4. Short circuiting input terminals (V1=0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (5). Input terminals are short circuited via an ammeter. Supply is given to output port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and I2. 4. Calculate Z, Y Parameters values.
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OBSERVATIONS: When I1=0 When I2=0
S.No.
V1
I2
V2
S.No.
V1
I1
V2
When V1=0
When V2=0
S.No.
I2
I1
V2
S.No.
V1
I1
I2
RESULT TABLE: Z Parameters Z11 Theoretical Practical Z12 Z21 Z22 Y11 Y Parameters Y12 Y21 Y22
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters. RESULT: Experimentally Determined Z and Y Parameters of Two Port Networks
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9. ABCD and h-Parameters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
+ Vs1 _
R2
Vs2
Fig-1 CALCULATION OF A AND C:A I1

+
R2 V V V2
Vs1
Fig-2 CALCULATION OF B AND D :A I1

+
R2 A V I2
+ Vs1 _
Fig-3
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CALCULATION OF h11 AND h21 :A I1

+
R2 A V I2
+ Vs1 _
Fig-4 CALCULATION OF h12 AND h22 :-
+
+
V R2
IA 2
+ V2
V1 _
Fig-5
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9. ABCD AND HYBRID PARAMETERS
AIM: To obtain experimentally ABCD parameters and Hybrid parameters of a given two port network. APPARATUS: S.No 1 2 3 4 Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
PROCEDURE: 1. To find A and C Parameters (I2 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (2). Output terminals are kept Open via a voltmeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeter as V1 and Voltmeter as V2. 2. To find B and D Parameters (V2 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (3). Output terminals are short circuited via an ammeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and V2. 3. To find h11 and h21 (V2 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (4). Output terminals are short circuited via an ammeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and V1. 4. To find h12 and h22 (I1 = 0): Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (5).Input terminals current is zero. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1, V1 and I2. 5. ABCD, Hybrid parameters using formulae and verify them with theoretical values.
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OBSERVATIONS: When I1=0 When I2=0
S.No.
V1
I2
V2
S.No.
V1
I1
V2
When V1=0
When V2=0
S.No.
I2
I1
V2
S.No.
V1
I1
I2
RESULT TABLE: ABCD Parameters A Theoretical Practical B C D h11 Hybrid Parameters h12 h21 h22
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters. RESULT: Experimentally Determined ABCD and h-parameters
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10.MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA CONNECTED NETWORK

Circuit for Star connected network:
600V, 20A, UPF
M L
(0-20)A MI
W1
110
(0-600)V MI 110 110
600V, 20A, UPF
W2
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EEE-Department
Circuit for Delta connected network:

(0-20)A MI 600V, 20A, UPF
M L
W1
73
73
(0-600)V MI
73
600V, 20A, UPF
W2
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EEE-Department
10. MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA CONNECTED NETWORK Aim: To measure the active power for the given star and delta network. Apparatus:
S.No 1 2 3
Name of the equipment Wattmeter Rheostats Connecting wires
Range 0-10A/600V 0-200 ohms -
Type MI Wire wound -
Quantity 2 3 As per the requirement
Theory:
A three phase balanced voltage is applied on a balanced three phase load when the current in each of the phase lags by an angle behind corresponding phase voltages. Current through current coil of w1=Ir, current through current coil of W2=IB, while potential difference across voltage coil of W1=VRN-VYN=VRY(line voltage), and the potential difference across voltage coil of W2= VRN-VYN=VBY. Also , phase difference between IR and VRY is (300+ ).While that between IB and VBY is (300- ). Thus reading on wattmeter W1 is given by
W1=VRYIYCos(300+ )
While reading on wattmeter W2 is given by W2=VBYIBCos(300- ) Since the load is balanced, |IR|=|IY|=|IB|=I and |VRY|=|VBY|=VL
W1=VLICos(300+ ) W2=VLICos(300- ).
Thus total power P is given by

W= W1 +W2 = VLICos(300+ ) + VLICos(300- ) = VLI[Cos(300+ ) + Cos(300- )] = [3/2 *2Cos ]VLI = 3VLICos .
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EEE-Department
Procedure: (Star connection):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the loads of the balanced loads. 3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply. 4) A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of Bphase is connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load. 5) Another wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load. 6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.
(Delta connection):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the loads of the balanced loads. 3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply. 4) A wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load. 5) Another wattmeter is connected across R & Yphase, the extreme of R-phase is connected to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load. 6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.
Precautions:
1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
Result: Calculated Active and Reactive Powers for Star and Delta Networks
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EEE-Department
11. Measurement of 3- Reactive Power using 1- Wattmeter

Circuit Diagram:-Measurement of 3- Reactive Power using 1- Wattmeter
M R Fuse 10A L 3 I N V Y 1 2 D U C T B I V E L N 3 Auto Transformer O
A
C V
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EEE-Department
11.Measurement of 3- Reactive Power using 1- Wattmeter

Aim:- Measurement of Reactive power of an 3- balanced inductance load using one 1- Wattmeter. Apparatus:S.NO 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Theory:For the measurement of reactive power in balanced 3- circuit only a single Dynamometer type wattmeter is required. The current coil is connected in series with load and the pressure coil is connected across the remaining two phase. Let the current through current coil be Iph & potential appliance across the pressure coil be V VI=VY-VB=3 VPH. This potential VI is leading R by 90o IR by hence wattmeter reading indicates. WI=3 VPH IPH. Cos (-90o+)= =3 VPH IPH sin Total reactive power (Q) obtained by Multiplying the wattmeter reading with =(-3)i.e Q=3 WI Procedure:1) Connect the apparatus as shown as circuit diagram. 2) Vary the auto transformer and set it to rated voltage. 3) Now Vary the 3- balanced load gradually. 4) Note down the reading of voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter. 5) Calculate theoretical and Practical values of reactive power from the given formula. Equipment Range Type Quantity
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EEE-Department
Precautions:1) 2) Result:The measurement of 3- Reactive power using 1- Wattmeter has been clone and theoretical & practical values has been compared. Avoid lose connections. Avoid parallax errors.
Observation Table:S.No W1 W2 Volts P=3* W1 S=3VI =tan-1(Q/P) Q=3VI sin Q=S2-P2 I(Amps)
Result:- Reactive Power is Calculated by using Single Wattmeter Method
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EEE-Department
1. Simulation of DC Circuit using PSPICE

Aim:- To calculate current 6 branch using PSPICE simulation theoretically and practically.
Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.
Program:-
Vs R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 .OP .END
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 2 0 3 0 0
DC 30 10 20 80 6
50V
Result:-Branch current is calculated by using Simulation
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EEE-Department
2(a). Transient Response For PULSE INPUT Circuit Diagram:-
R=2
L=50mH
C=10F
V1
V1(V) 220V
1.
-220V
t(ms)
TR
Pulse width
Tf
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EEE-Department
2(a). Transient Response for PULSE INPUT Aim:- To find transient parametric analysis of a given RLC Circuit for pulse input. Apparatus:- PSPICE Software. Program:V1 R L C 1 1 2 3 0 2 3 0 PULSE 2 50mH 10uH (-220V 220V 0 2ns 2ns 50 ns 100ns)
. tran 1 . plot
.
Us 4uS
tran v(3) V(1)
probe
. End Out put Node voltages are node 1 2 3 Currents 1) 2 0V 0V 0V 0Amps 0Amps
Result: - Transient Response of RLC Circuit is observed for pulse input
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EEE-Department
2(b). Transient Response for Sinusoidal Input Circuit Diagram:R=2 L=50mH C=10F
V1
20 Sinwt
Model Graph:-
+20V
-20V
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EEE-Department
2(b). Transient Response for Sinusoidal Input Aim:- To find transient parametric analysis of a given RLC Circuit for sinusoidal signal. Apparatus:- PSPICE Software. Program:V1 R L C 1 1 2 3 0 2 3 0 SIN 2 50mH 10uF (0 20V 10KHZ)
. tran 1uS 200uS . plot

.
tran v(3) V(1)
probe
. End Out put Node voltages 1 2 3 Currents 1 2 0V 0V 0V 0Amps 0Amps
Result: - Transient Response of RLC Circuit is observed for Sinusoidal input
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EEE-Department
2(c). Transient Response For LINEAR INPUT Circuit Diagram:R=2 L=50mH C=10F
+
V1
V1(V) 20V
-20V
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EEE-Department
2. Transient Response for LINEAR INPUT Aim:- To find transient parametric analysis of a given RLC Circuit with step input. Apparatus:- PSPICE Software. Program:V1 R L C 1 1 2 3 0 2 3 0 PWL 2 50mH 10uH (0 0 1ns 1V 2n1 w)
. tran 1us 400uS . plot

.
tran v(3) V(1)
probe
. End Out put Node voltages 1 2 3 Currents 1 2 0V 0V 0V 0Amps 0Amps
Result: - Transient Response of RLC Circuit is observed for Linear input
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EEE-Department
3. MESH ANALYSIS. Circuit Diagram:-
R450 4
V4=0V
R3800 5
V3=0V
V1 20v
+
_
R1
1K 7 V2=0V
R2=200 6 V5=OV + -
IS 50mA
+ _
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EEE-Department
3. MESH ANALYSIS.
AIM:-To find the node voltages, voltages, branch currents of a given circuit using mesh analysis by PSPICE Software.
Apparatus:- PSPICE Software. Program:V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 IS R1 R2 R3 R4 .OP .END 1 7 5 4 6 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 3 2 0 3 7 6 5 4 DC DC DC DC DC 50 1K 200 800 500 20 0 0 0 0
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EEE-Department
Out put Node voltages 1. 20.000 2. 12.5000 3. 10.5000 4. 12.5000 5. 10.5000 6. 0.0000 7. 0.0000 The total power dissipation 3.00 E -01Watts. voltage source current v3 VX Vy V3 VA -1.500 E -02 1.250 E -02 2.500 E -03 5.250 E -02 1.500 E -02
Result: - Current and Voltage across the each branch is calculated by using Mesh Analysis
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EEE-Department
4. NODAL ANALYSIS. Circuit Diagram:-
R1=10 1
R2 =16
R3=6 4
V1 30v
+
_
R4
12k
R2=8
+ V2 -
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EEE-Department
4. NODAL ANALYSIS.
AIM:-To find the node voltages, branch currents of a given circuit using nodal analysis by PSPICE Software, and to verify them with theoretical values?
Apparatus:- PSPICE Software. Program:- V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 .OP .END Out put Node voltages 1 4 1 2 3 2 3 0 0 2 3 4 0 0 DC DC 10 16 6 12 8 30 15
1). 30V 2). 14.66V 3). 9065V 4). 15V The total power dissipation 5.91E+01Watts. Result:- Current and Voltage across the each branch is calculated by using Nodal Analysis
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EEE-Department
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS 1. Time response of RL & RC Circuits.
For R-L
R=10
O/P CRO
(0-1)mHZ
For R-C
R=10
O/P CRO L=10MH
(0-1)mHZ
Model graph:Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab 58 EEE-Department
IN PUT
RL & RC CKTS
0 T/2 T 3T/2 4T
OUTPUT
RL CKT
0 T/2
4T T 3T/2
OUT PUT
RC CKT
T/2
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EEE-Department
1. Time response of RL & RC Circuits.

AIM:- To draw the time response of first order R-L & R-C Networks for periodic non sinusoidal functions and determination of time constant. APPARATUS:S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
PROCEDURE:1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Give 2V Peak to peak square wave supply through function generator with suitable frequency. 3. Take out put across inductor in RL Circuit, across capacitor in RC Circuits.
4. Calculate the time constant from CRO. 5. For deferent values of T and V Calculate corresponding (L/R) Values. 6. Compare the time constant theoretically and practically. OBSERVATIONS:-
Type of circuit
Voltage
Time period
Time constant Practical
Time constant theoretical
RESULT:- Time Response of R-L and R-C Circuit was Observed.
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EEE-Department
2. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF KVL:V1 + MC V V22 MC _ + V V3 MC + V
+ VS
+ V VS _ MC
Fig-1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF KCL:-
A2-MC
_ A R1 + VS R3 A1-MC
R2 A
A3-MC
Fig-1
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EEE-Department
2. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL
AIM:- Verification of KVL and KCL theoretically and practically. APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
PROCEDURE:
KVL:- (1) Set the rheostats to given resistance values with the multimeter. (2) Make connections as for diagram (3) Verify the connections to the lab instructor. (4) Switch on the DC supply with the help of DPST. (5) Note down all meter readings, the sum of VI, V2 and V3 must be equal to the Vs. KCL:- (1) Set the rheostats to given resistance values with the multimeter. (2) Make connections as for diagram (3) Verify the connections to the lab instructor. (4) Switch on the DC supply with the help of DPST. (5) Note down all meter readings, the sum of A2 and A3 must be equal to the A1.
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EEE-Department
CALCULATIONS:KVL-Total resistance of the circuit R =R1+R2+R3 --
Total current of the circuit I= VsR -- Amp The resistance are connected in series so the total current I will flow in every Resistance. So Voltage drop in resistance R1 = I R1-------Volts. Voltage drop in resistance R2 = I R2-------Volts. Voltage drop in resistance R3 = I R3-------Volts. Now Supply voltage Vs = (I R1)+ (I R2)+ (I R3).
KCL- R2 and R3 resistances are in parallel so effective resistance Re = R2 R3 R3 +R2-- . Now R1 and Re are in series, so total resistance R = R1+Re --------- . Total current of the circuit I = VsR -- Amp. Current through R2 resistance I1 = Total current (I) Opposite resistance (R3) Total resistance (R2) + (R3) ------ Amps. Current through R3 resistance I2 = Total current (I) - (I1) ---------- Amps. Now Total current (I) = (I1) + (I2) ---------------------------------- Amps.
RESULT:-Verified KCL and KVL Theoretically and Practically.
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EEE-Department

Electrical Circuits and Simulation Lab

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ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-2012 II B.Tech II SEMESTER

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

11. 12. 13.

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD II Year B.Tech. EEE-II Semester

(54603)ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & SIMULATION LAB PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

PART-B: PSPICE SIMULATION

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

1. THEVENINS , NORTONS THEOREM AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.

Fig-2 (Finding Rth) R1 R3

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Fig-3 (Finding Vth)

Fig-3 (Finding IL) R1 R3

Fig-4 (Finding Isc) Rth S A RL

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Fig-5 Circuit diagram for Thevenins equivalent circuit. + + IN A RN A -

Fig-5 Circuit diagram for Nortons equivalent circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:-

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

1. THEVENINS , NORTONS THEOREM AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Then Rse is in parallel with R2 so effective Resistance Rp = Rse R2 Rse + R2 .

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

=( Total current) I opposite resistance total Resistance Amp.

TabulationRth Theoretical Practical

Thevenins equalent circuit. I L

Nortons equalent circuit. IL

STATEMENT FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

RL corresponding to Pm OBSERVATIONS: Tabular column: Theoretical values S.No RL IL PL= IL2RL

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Circuit Diagram of RMS value of complex wave.

100/5A N Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0-

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

2. SUPER POSITION THEOREM AND RMS VALUE OF COMPLEX WAVE:-

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

When V1 source alone is

When V2 source alone is acting: fig (3)

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Observations from the graph:S.No Voltage(v) Time(t)

Model Calculations:Average value= v1+v2+---------vnn. R M S Value= v12+v22+----------vn2n.

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM:-

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM

Aim:-To verify Compensation theorem theoretically and practically. Apparatus Required:

Result:-Verified Compensation Theorem Theoretically and Practically.

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

4. RECIPROCITY THEOREM, MILLMANS THEOREM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MILLMANS THEORM:-

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

4. VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY AND MILLMANS THEOREMS.

Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab

Before interchanging the sources: fig (1)