(Decibel, dB)

(sound intensity)
(the threshold of hearing)
L = 10 log10 (

P 2
P
) = 20 log10 (
)
Pref
Pref

dB

Pref = 20 Pa
(Sound Level or Noise Level in dB)
(Sound Pressure Level, SPL in dB)
(Weighted sound pressure level)

A C

(Maximum Sound Pressure Level, Lmax in dB)

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frequency weighting
time weighting slow A-weighted sound pressure level
( perceived noise level, PNL)
(Minimum sound pressure level, Lmin in dB)

24 (Equivalent Sound Pressure Level, Leq, 24 hr in dB)

24
1
L Aeq ,T = 10 log 10
t1 t 2

t2

t1

pt 2
) dt
p0

dB(A)

1 n

L Aeq ,T = 10 log 10 10 Li 10

n i =1

dB(A)

pt Effective Pressure [Pa]

p0 Reference Pressure, 20 Pa
N

Li I

1. LAeq,T frequency weighting LAeq,T

dB(A) LBeq,T dB(B) LCeq,T dB(C)
2. (t) (T)
T t
Leq ,T = L p + 10 log

t
T

0.5 100 dB
8
Leq ,8 hr = 100 + 10 log

0.5
=88
8

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dB

LAeq,T
Source
Leq,T in dB(A)
1
80
2
85
3
77

T-time
4
5
8

Correction in dB(A)
-10log(4/8) = -3
-6
0

Corrected Level in dB(A)

77
79
77

Leq,8hr = 10 log(107.7+107.9+107.7) = 82.5 dB(A)

2.5
Leq ,Thr = 10 log(10

L p1 / 10

t1 + 10

L p 2 / 10

t 2 + ... + 10

L pn / 10

t n ) 10 log(T )

Leq,8hr = 10 log(108.0x4 + 108.5x2+107.7x8)-10log(8) = 82.5 dB(A)

(Day-Night Sound Pressure Level, Ldn in dB)
Leq, 24hr 10 dB Leq, 1hr (22:0007:00 .)
(Sound Exposure Level, SEL in dB) Single Event Noise Exposure Level, LAX
1

SEL = 10 log

p 2 (t )
dt
p 02

dB

p(t) T A
SEL Leq
Leq ,T = SEL 10 log T

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dB


T Leq
SEL SEL Leq
Leq ,T = SEL 10 log T + 10 log N

dB

Sound Exposure Level, SEL in dB

Single Event Noise Exposure Level, LAX SEL A
10 dB
Statistical Level, LN in dB
N%
L90 90 L90

L5 5 L5
Leq L5 Leq L5 5 dB
L10 A

L10 ~ Leq + 3 dB
LN ()
1.
2.
3.
100 %

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4.

IEC 60804

LN
Rating Noise Level, Lr in dB

(Community Noise Annoyance)




Lr 2.10
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:Peak factor or Impulsive sound, Pure tone sound

(duration of noise) 2-1
b : (time of day) 2-2
c
: (type of district) 2-3
d : (Window condition) 2-4
2-1 Peak factor, Pure tone,
Characteristic feature of the noise
Peak factor
Impulsive noise (e.g. noise from hammering)
Spectrum character Audible tone components (e.g. whine) present
Duration of the noise Between:
with sound level LA in
100 and 56%
percent of the
56 and 18%
relevant time period
18 and 6%
6 and 1.8%
1.8 and 0.6%
0.6 and 0.2%
less than 0.2%

Correction dB(A)
+5
+5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30

2-2 (Time of day)

Time of day
Day time
Evening
Night time

Correction to basic criterion, dB(A)

0
-5
-10 to 15

2-3 (Type of district)

Type of district
Rural residential, zones of hospitals, recreation
Suburban residential, little road traffic
Urban residential
Residential urban with some workshops or with Business
or with main roads
City (business, trade, administration)
Predominantly industrial area(heavy industry)

Correction to basic criterion dB(A)

0
+5
+10
+15

2-4 (Window condition)

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+20
+25


Window conditions
Window open
Single window shut
Double windows shut or non-opendable

Correction, dB(A)
-10
-15
-20

Lr = L A + a + b + c + d

(2.10)

L = L r Noise

(2.11)

Criterion

L Lr Noise
Criterion ( 2-5) L
(subjective aspect)
Lr




L ( 2-6)

2-5

(Type of room)
Larger office, business store, department store,
meeting room, quiet restaurant
Larger restaurant, secretarial office (with type writer)
Larger typing hall
Workshops (according to intended use)

Noise Criterion
In dB(A)
35
45
55
45-75

2-6
Amount in dB(A) by which the
rating sound level exceeds the
Noise criterion
0

Estimated community response

Category
Description
None
No observed reaction

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5
10
15
20

Little
Medium
Strong
Very strong

Sporadic complaints
Widespread complaints
Threats of community action
Vigorous community action

(Loudness in Sone)
1/1 1/3
(ISO 532-1975, Mark VI by Stevens)
2-8 (Loudness index, Si ) 2.12
..(2.12)
St = Sm + F(SI Sm)
Sm : Loudness Index
SI : ( 2-8)
St :
F : 0.15 1/3 Octave band 0.3 1/1 Octave band
, L 2.13

L = 40 + 10 log 2 ( S t )

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(2.13)

2-8 Loudness contour

Noisiness, Ni in noy)

Equal Noisiness
Contours Kryter-Pearsons ( 2-9) 2.14
n

N t = N m + F( N i N m )

(2.14)

i =1

NI : Noisiness in noys
Nt : Noisiness of whole frequency
Nm : Maximum value of Noisiness
F : 0.3 1/1 Octave band 0.15 1/3 Octave band

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2-9 Noisiness contour

Perceived Noise Level, PNL or LPN (in units of PNdB)

Noisiness (
2.15)

PNL = 40 + 33.3 log10 ( N t )

..(2.15)

Effective Perceived Noise Level, EPNL in dB

PNL
Pure tone EPNL ( 2-10)

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1.
- 5

2. 1/3

3. PNL 1/3
4. PNLT Turbo fan engine 2 PNL
(smooth spectrum) two pass averaging technique Tone
correction factor(C)
PNL 2.16 D-correction
factor, D 2.17
PNLT = PNL + C-correction
.(2.16)
PNLT ( k )
2d
D = 10 log anti log
PNLTM
10
k=0

13

(2.17)

5. EPNL 2.18 2.19

EPNL

= 10 log

10

t2

10

10

PNLT

/ 10

dt

t1

EPNL = PNLTM + D

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..(2.19)

.(2.18)

2-10 EPNL
Noise Exposure Forecast, NEF

EPNL
( 2.20 2.22)
n Dij n Nij
NEFij = LEPN ,ij + 10 log 10
+
C
KD KN
NEFij
NEF = 10 log10 anti log

ij
10
LEPN = LPN + D + T

LEPN,ij
i
j

(2.20)
(2.21)

(2.22)
:effective perceived noise level in PNdB
:
:

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nD
nN
KD
KN
C
NEFij
NEF
LEPN
LPN
D

: (07:00-22:00 .)
: (22:00-07:00 .)
: 20
: 1.2
: 75
: NEF of each aircraft in their route
: Noise Exposure forecast
: NEF of each aircraft in their route
: Noisiness in Noys

: 2.5 dB

: D = 10 log10

tD
15

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