1

Chuyn 1
PHNG PHP TM KHI TM CC VT TH

I. nh ngha khi tm
1. Xt mt h cht im, cht im th k c khi lng m
k
c xc nh bi vc t v tr
k
r

. Khi
tm G ca h cht im l mt im c xc nh bi vc t :
1
G k k
k
r m r
m
=



trong m = m
k
l khi lng ca ton b h cht im .

2. i vi vt rn, ta coi nh l mt h cht im c phn b lin tc. Gi dm l khi lng ca
yu t th tch dV nm ti v tr xc nh bi vc t r

. Ta c dm = ( r

)dV vi ( r

) l mt khi
lng (tnh theo kg/m
3
) ph thuc vo to r

. V tr khi tm ca vt c xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
G
V V
r rdm r r dV
m m
= =



trong m l khi lng vt
( )
V
m r dV =

3. Trong h to -Cc th
r xi y j zk = + +


do :

1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
G
V V V V
r xi y j zk r dV i x r dV j y r dV k z r dV
m m m m
= + + = + +




1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
G
V
G
V
G
V
x x r dV
m
y y r dV
m
z z r dV
m

c bit nu vt ng cht th l hng s (khng ph thuc vo v tr). Khi :
1
G
V
x xdV
V
=

;
1
G
V
y ydV
V
=

;
1
G
V
z zdV
V
=

Trong V l th tch ca vt.

II. Cc phng php xc nh khi tm ca vt rn
1. Phng php i xng
- Nu mt vt ng cht, c tm i xng, th tm i xng chnh l khi tm ca vt
- Nu vt ng cht c trc (hoc mt phng) i xng, th khi tm nm trn trc (mt phng) .
V d : Cc khi ng cht c tm i xng hnh hc : hnh hp, hnh cu, hnh tr, hnh ch nht,
hnh bnh hnh, hnh trn, hnh elip, a gic u vi s cnh chn v.v..
Mt s vt th ng cht, i xng trc m c 2 trc i xng th do khi tm nm trn trc
i xng nn n s nm ti giao im ca 2 trc i xng . V d nh tam gic u, a gic u
vi s cnh l. Nu vt c 3 mt phng i xng, 3 mt phng giao nhau ti mt im th im
th im cng l khi tm ca vt. V d nh t din u, ...

dV
z
y
x
O
2
Tuy nhin mt s vt th c v s mt phng i xng nhng khng ct nhau ti mt im
nn khng d tm khi tm. V d nh hnh nn, hnh qut, ...

* Tam gic : Hnh tam gic bt k c khi tm l trng tm hnh hc ca n.








2. Phng php chia nhm
Phng php ny p dng tt i vi nhng vt th ng cht, v hnh dng ca vt c th
phn chia c thnh cc phn m mi phn c khi tm c xc nh mt cch n gin.
Gi s mt vt th M c phn chia thnh n phn nh, mi phn c khi lng m
1
, m
2
, ...,
m
n
v c khi tm xc nh bi bn knh vc t tng ng
1
r

,
2
r

, ...,
n
r

th khi tm ca c vt M
c xc nh bi vc t :
1 1 2 2
1 2
...
...
n n
G
n
m r m r m r
r
m m m
+ + +
=
+ + +

Chiu ln cc trc to ta c
1 1 2 2
1 2
...
...
n n
G
n
m x m x m x
x
m m m
+ + +
=
+ + +
;
1 1 2 2
1 2
...
...
n n
G
n
m y m y m y
y
m m m
+ + +
=
+ + +
;
1 1 2 2
1 2
...
...
n n
G
n
m z m z m z
z
m m m
+ + +
=
+ + +

Trong (x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) l to khi tm ca phn khi lng m
i
.
i
r

= (x
i
, y
i
, z
i
)
V d 1: Tm khi tm ca vt c hnh dng sau

Ta c th chia vt ra nh hnh bn cnh v ghp vo n mt h trc ta Oxy. Gi mt khi
lng ca vt l , ta c:
Phn 1 (hnh vung) : + m
1
= S
1
= 81
+ G
1
(4,5 ; 4,5)
Phn 2 (tam gic) : + m
2
= S
2
= 40,5
+ G
2
= (12 ; 3)
Ton vt c : + M = m
1
+ m
2
= 121,5
+ G (x
G
; y
G
) vi
1 1 2 2
7
G
m x m x
x
M
+
= = ;
1 1 2 2
4
G
m y m y
y
M
+
= =
V d 2 : Ta c th kt hp c hai phng php i xng v chia nhm gim thiu tnh ton. V
d tm khi tm ca vt th hnh ch L sau:
18
9
9
18
9
9 x
y
O
G
1
G
2
x
1
x
2
y
1
y
2
G
3

Do tnh i xng nn chc chn x
G
= y
G
.

Ta c :
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
( )
3
2 2
( ) ( ) 4 2
G G
a a b
ab a a b
m x m x S x S x a ab b
y x
m m S S ab a a b b a

+
+ +
+ + + +
= = = = =
+ + + + +


3. Phng php khi lng m
Xt mt vt th c khi lng M, ta chia vt thnh 2 phn c khi lng tng ng l
m
1
, m
2
. Gi G
1
l khi tm phn m
1
xc nh bi vc t
1
r

,
G
2
l khi tm phn m
2
xc nh bi vc
t
2
r

, G l khi tm c vt, xc nh bi vc t r

. Theo php chia nhm ta

c :
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 2
G
m r m r m r m r
r
m m M
+ +
= =
+

2 2 2 2
1
1 2
Mr m r Mr m r
r
m M m

= =

m
1
chnh l phn vt th cn li nu ta ct b phn m
2
i. Mt cch hnh
thc ta c th coi m
1
l tng ca hai vt, vt M v vt -m
2
(m
2
khi lng m). Phng php ny
hiu qu khi khi tm ca vt M v ca vt m
2
xc nh c d dng.
V d : Ta c th tm li v tr khi tm ca hnh ch L mc 2
bng phng php khi lng m. Ta coi vt ch L c cu
to bi 2 phn, phn hnh vung OABC c khi lng M
(dng), khi tm G (x
G
; y
G
) v phn khi lng m m
2
l
hnh vung MNBQ, khi tm G
2
(x
2
; y
2
). Phn ch L c khi
tm G
1
(x
1
; y
1
). Do tnh i xng nn
2
2 2
1 1
2
OABC G MNBQ
G
OABC MNBQ
S x S x
Mx m x
y x
M m S S

= = =


Thay cc to ca x
G
, x
2
v din tch cc hnh vung vo ta
c:
2 2
2 2
1 2 2
( ) ( )
3
2 2
( ) 4 2
a b b
a b b a
a ab b
x
a b b b a
+
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +


4. Phng php tch phn
Nu vt th khng c dng i xng, hoc c i xng nhng khi tm khng xc nh
c mt cch n gin, ta phi s dng biu thc nh ngha xc nh khi tm. Phng php
ny cn gi l phng php tch phn, php tch phn c th quy v cc bc sau:
b1. Xc nh biu thc mt khi lng theo to ( r

). Nu vt ng cht th l hng s
b2. Phn chia vt th thnh cc yu t th tch dV, lp yu t vi phn khi lng dm = ( r

)dV
a+b
a
+
b

a
a
b
b
a+b
G
1
G
2
2
a b +

2
a

2
b
a +

2
a

O
x
y
Trc i xng
G

G
G G

O
G
1
O
x
y
G
2
G

A B
C
M
N
Q
4
b3. Lp biu thc tch phn
1
( )
G
V
r r r dV
m
=

vi ( )
V
m r dV =

Thng thng ta chiu ln cc trc ta -Cc vung gc tnh
1
( )
G
V
x x r dV
m
=

;
1
( )
G
V
y y r dV
m
=

;
1
( )
G
V
z z r dV
m
=

Nu vt ng cht th
1
G
V
x xdV
V
=

;
1
G
V
y ydV
V
=

;
1
G
V
z zdV
V
=

V d 1 : Qut cu, gc m nh l 2
xt dV = dr.rd.rsind = r
2
dr.sind.d
Th tch qut cu : V = ( )
2 3
2
0 0 0
2
sin 1 os
3
R
V
R
dV r dr d d c

= =


Do tnh i xng nn ch xt to theo trc z
1 1
( )
G
V V
z z r dV zdV
m V
= =

Ch l dV = r
2
dr.sind.d ; z = r.cos
2
3 3 2
0 0 0
1 1 3
.sin cos . sin cos cos
4 2
R
G
V
z r dr d d r dr d d R
V V

= = =


2
3
cos
4 2
G
z R
| |
=
|
\


V d 2 : Qut trn phng, ng cht vi gc nh l 2.
Gii : Do qut l hnh phng, ng cht, c 1 trc i xng nn khi tm thuc trc i xng. Chn
h trc to gn vi qut nh hnh v. Do qut l hnh
phng nn thay v xt yu t th tch dV ta xt yu t din
tch ds :
ds = rd.dr
dm = ds = r.dr.d
( l mt khi lng theo din tch S)
To ca yu t dm: x = r cos
2 2
0
1 1 1
os drd dr os d
R
G
S S
x x ds r c r c
m S S

= = =


Tnh cc tch phn ny, ch din tch qut trn l
2
2
R
S =

2 sin
3
G
R
x

=
Nu = 90
0
(na hnh trn) th x
G
=
4
3
R

V d 3 : Cung trn ng cht, gc m nh l 2
Xt yu t di dL = rd ; chiu di c cung trn l L = 2R
Do tnh i xng nn ch xt to theo phng y (y = Rsin)
2
2
2
1 1 sin
sin
2
G
y ydL R d R
L L

= = =



ds
x
y

- O

x
z
R
dV
O
dL
x
y
O

R
5
V d 4 : Hnh nn vi gc m nh l 2, chiu cao h
Chia hnh nn thnh tng lp mt phng //, yu t vi phn ny c
dm = r
2
dx = x
2
tg
2
dx

2 3
0
1 3
.
4
h
G
x tg x dx h
m
= =

V d 5 : Hnh vng xuyn ng cht.
Gii : ta coi vng xuyn nh mt hnh vnh khn c mt khi
lng thay i theo khong cch ti tm

Mt khi lng ph thuc vo khong cch ti tm O, mt ny t l vi b dy ca vng
xuyn ti khong cch r. Hm mt khi lng c dng
2 2
2 1
2 ( ) R r R =
Xt yu t vi phn din tch ds = dr.rd = rdrd. Do tnh i xng nn ch xt ta x
1 2
1 2
2 2 2
2 1
-
1 1
( ) 2 os d ( )
R R
G
s R R
x x r ds c r R r R dr
m m

= =


Ta c :
*
-
2 os d 2sin c

*
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
R R R R R
R R R R R
r R r R dr r R r R d r R t R R t dt
+ +

= = + =


=
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2
2
R R R
R R R
t R t dt R t R t dt R R t dt

+ +

= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3

Tnh I
1
: t t = R
2
.sin
4
1 2
16
I R

=
Tnh I
2
: I
2
= 0
Tnh I
3
: phng php i bin s, I
3
=
2 2
1 2
2
R R

Tm li
4 2 2
2 1 2
sin
2
4
G
x R R R
m

| |
= +
|
\

By gi ta tnh m
1 2 2
1 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 1 2
( ) 2 ( ) 4 ( )
R R R
V R R R
m r dV d r R r R dr t R R t dt

+

= = = +

=
=
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 2
1
4 ( )
2
R R
R R
R t d R t R R t dt

| |
+ |
|
\


Ch cc tch phn tnh I
3
ta c m = 2R
1
R
2
2

R
1
R
2
2

-

O

y

x

dS

r

lp S(r)
O
r
x
z

h
6
Vy ta khi tm :
2
2
1
1
sin
8
G
R
x R
R

| |
= +
|
\

Ch : nu ta cho R
2
tin n khng th ta thu c cng thc tnh cho trng hp cung trn
lm v d 3.

III. Bi ton tm khi tm ca mt khi khng kh
Cng thc mt phn t kh theo cao
0
g
x
RT
n n e

= (1)
Trong
n
0
: mt phn t kh ti mt t, n
0
= p
0
/kT vi p
0
l p sut kh quyn ti mt t (~ 1at)
k : hng s Boltzmann, k = 1,38.10
-23
J/K
T : nhit tuyt i (K)
R : hng s kh l tng, R = 8,31 J/molK
: khi lng mol phn t (Kg/mol), i vi khng kh c th ly l 29.10
-3
Kg/mol
g : Gia tc trng trng, vi nhng ni gn mt t c th ly g ~ 9,8 m/s
2

x : cao so vi mt t, x = 0 ti mt t
Do mt khi lng ca khi kh t l vi mt phn t kh nn hm phn b khi lng :
0
( ) . .
g
x
RT
r mn mn e

= =
trong m l khi lng ca mt phn t kh
Xt mt ct kh c chiu cao h, v tr khi tm ca ct kh c xc nh :
0
0 0
1 1
( ) .
h h g
x
RT
G
x x x dx x mn e dx
M M

= =


M l khi lng ca c ct kh. M =
0
0
( )
h g
x
RT
M x dx mn e dx

= =


Tnh cc tch phn ny (bng phng php i bin s ri tch phn tng phn) ta c :
1
G gh
RT
RT h
x
g
e

= +

Vi cc gi tr : h = 1000 m ; g = 9,8 m/s
2
; = 29.10
-3
Kg/mol ; T = 293K = 20
0
C x
G
= 490,27m

Ch :
+ Cng thc (1) ch dng cho khi kh trong mt vng khng gian hp, c vi km, v trong
cng thc gi thit gia tc trng trng g v nhit T l khng i trong ton khi kh.
+ Theo cng thc (2) nu h th x
G

RT
g


IV. S sai khc gia khi tm v trng tm trn Tri t
1. nh ngha trng tm
Mt h cht im khi t trong trng trng ca Tri t th s chu trng lc tc dng,
trng lc chnh l lc hp dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt. mi cht im ca h c khi lng m
i

s chu mt lc tc dng p
i
. Hp lc ca tt c cc lc thnh phn p
i
t ti mt im c bit gi
l trng tm ca h. Vi vt th vt cht c phn b lin tc th gi dm l khi lng ca yu t
vi phn th tch dV, lc tc dng ln yu t ny l df

( ) ( ) ( ) df r dm r r dV = =


7
Trong ( ) r

l mt hm th c trng cho trng trng lc ca Tri t.
3
( )
M
r G r
r
=


(ring trong cng thc ny r l vc t bn knh v t tm Tri t)
cn ( ) r

l hm mt khi lng theo v tr.
V mt tng qut, trng hp dn ca Tri t l trng xuyn tm, do cc vc t df

khng song song vi nhau m ph thuc vo r

, tuy nhin nu xt trong mt khong khng gian

hp th c th coi trng trng lc l mt trng lc song song. Trong ti liu ny ta xt trng hp
trng lc l mt trng lc song song, gi z l trc thng ng hng t mt t ln vi vc t n
v k

th
3 2
( )
( )
M GM
r G r k
r R z
= =
+


V ln :
2
( )
( )
GM
r
R z
=
+

Do
( ) ( ) df k r r dV =

; ( ) ( ) df r r dV =


Trng tm chnh l tm ca h lc song song trn nn c tnh theo biu thc :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
toanvat toanvat
G
toanvat toanvat
rdf r r r dV
r
df r r dV


= =

Ch rng biu thc di mu l ln ca trng lc tc dng ln vt, gi l trng lng. Do
c th vit li biu thc l :
1
( ) ( )
G
toanvat
r r r r dV
P
=

; vi ( ) ( )
toanvat
P r r dV =

Nu vt th l nh c th coi l ( ) r

khng i th biu thc trn tr thnh
( ) ( )
1
( )
( ) ( )
toanvat V
G
V
toanvat V
r r dV r r dV
r r r dV
m
r dV r dV

= = =

chnh l cng thc tnh v tr khi tm. Vy nu vt th nh th trng tm trng vi khi tm.
Kh th trng lng
( )
toanvat
P r dV m = =

(thng thng k hiu l g th ta a v cng thc P = mg)
Cn li nu vt th c kch thc ln th ni chung trng tm khng trng vi khi
tm ca vt.

2. Bi ton v d
Xt mt ci ct hnh tr dng thng ng c cao h, ng cht, t trn mt t.
dm = s..dz
2
( )
( )
GM
r
R z
=
+

Do tnh i xng nn ch xt to theo trc z
h
z
O
x
dm
8
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
h h h h h
h h h h
zdz R z R d R z
z r r dV d R z d R z
R z R z R z R z
z R
dz d R z
r r dV d R z
R z R z R z


+ +
+ +
+ + + +
= = = =
+
+
+ + +




=
=
0
1
0
ln
ln( )
1 ln(1 ) 1
1 1
( )
h
h
R h
R z
R h R
R R R
h R
R z
R R h

+ | |
|
+
( | |
\
= = + +
| (
\ +

+

Tm li cao trng tm ca ct so vi mt t :
1 ln(1 ) 1
R h
z R
h R
( | |
= + +
| (
\

Nhn xt : Nu ly R = 6370 km, h = 1000 m th z = 499,974 m. Trong khi khi tm l trung
im ca ct, do trng tm thp hn khi tm 2,6 cm


______________________________



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