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64 Qam
64 Qam
Ahmed Saadani
Orange Labs Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
Abstract The HSDPA system evolution introduces new Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) that use 64 QAM modulation in order to increase the maximum achievable throughput. We propose in this work to evaluate with a realistic approach the new mobile categories performance in macro-cell environments. This approach is based on link level simulations and drive test measurements. By considering a classic network configuration and using the LMMSE equalizer with receiver diversity, we show that there is no throughput gain compared to Release 5 MCSs using 16-QAM modulation. However, interesting throughput enhancements are obtained when the base station increases its transmitted power to 40 Watt. Keywords: HS-DSCH, 64-QAM, LMMSE equalizer, Rx diversity, drive test measurements
Jean-Baptiste Landre
Orange Labs Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France mobiles category 14. It is important to keep in mind that these throughputs associated to each HSDPA mobile category are the peak ones. Indeed, such throughputs can only be achieved under optimal network conditions: very close to the base station, during off-hours, in good fading conditions To increase the bit rate, the MCSs having a high number of spreading codes are selected. However, passing through a frequency selective channel the orthogonality between spreading codes is lost and intra-cell multiple access interference (MAI) arises. For high order modulation, this interference can strongly reduce the performance. In this case, the Rake receiver gives very poor performance and advanced receivers are needed. Currently, progress in signal processing technology has led to the emergence of advanced receivers: Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) equalizer [2], receiver diversity [3], parallel and serial interference canceller. The use of the chip level LMMSE in downlink can restore the orthogonality between the used spreading codes in the cell without knowing them. Several previous works evaluated the HSDPA release 5 performance at the link level and extended them to the system level [3][4][5] based on ideal network models (hexagonal cells,). The high order modulation performance impact has been recently studied by the same approach in [6][7]. However the real topography of a network and the sites parameters from an actual network has never been considered. Recently, we showed in [8] a realistic HSDPA release 5 performance respecting these aspects. Results were exclusively obtained by simulations at link level and drive test measurements which give a very accurate assessment method to go up to real network performance. We propose in this paper to extend our work in [8] to the new release 7 mobile categories and to provide an assessment of the throughputs that can be achieved under more realistic network conditions. In fact, drive test measurements are used to get the signal to noise ratio estimate. Evaluation is carried out for several locations in the cells, and considers the actual network load. Network topology and real propagation conditions are taken into account. The LMMSE equalizer with double receiver antennas is simulated. Link level simulations with fast link adaptation are firstly performed. They are then combined with drive test measurements to get an estimate of the HSDPA throughputs that can be achieved on a real network.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The HSDPA system is an evolution in downlink of the WCDMA networks and specified in 3GPP release 5. It offers packet switch services with high throughputs for users in good radio conditions. Indeed, a new transport channel, the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), is defined. It can be mapped on several physical channels thanks to the use of up to 15 spreading codes with factor 16. The 16-QAM modulation can be used instead of QPSK in order to increase the transmitted data rate. Moreover, retransmissions are possible thanks to Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) mechanisms. To make the link adaptation and the scheduling efficient, the HSDPA system has its Time Transmit Interval (TTI) shortened to 2 ms. Indeed, several Adaptive Modulation Coding Schemes (MCS) are defined and their selection depending on the radio link condition is done every TTI. This high system reactivity is combined to fast scheduling techniques to obtain the multiuser diversity gain. Several capabilities of HSDPA mobiles were proposed in the release 5. The peak throughput varies from 1.8 Mbps for mobiles category 12 to 14.4 Mbps for mobiles category 10. New mobile categories were recently introduced in release 7 [1] in order to achieve higher throughputs. In fact, high order modulation (64-QAM) is introduced and MIMO transmission is possible. The first available mobile categories should be the ones that consider only high order modulation since the use of MIMO implies complex receivers based on interference cancellation techniques. The peak rate is 19.2 Mbps when only 64-QAM modulation is considered and it can be achieved by
This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the link level modeling and simulation outputs. We discuss in section III the advantages and drawbacks of existing approaches to get realistic results. Section IV explains the methodology to estimated network performance. The obtained results are shown and discussed in section V. II. LINK LEVEL MODELLING AND OUTPUTS
where K.Ec corresponds to HS-DSCH transmitting power. The channel is assumed to be perfectly known at the receiver. The HARQ Chase Combining is also active with maximum four retransmissions. Fast link adaptation is considered to provide average throughputs. Indeed, the average is performed on the different multi-path channel realizations using an MCS selection every TTI on the actual channel realization. The best MCS should ensure a block error rate lower that 10%. Of course, this choice depends on the considered receiver type. We show in table I the MCSs for release 5 UE (User Equipment i.e. mobile) category 10 and release 7 UE category 14. For Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) lower than 26 the MCSs are the same for both categories. One can note that mobile category 13 has the same MCSs as 14 except for the last CQI which is suppressed.
TABLE I. CQI V.S. MCS TABLE OF UE CATEGORY 10/14
A. System model Let's consider a stream of chips denoted by dm transmitted by the NodeB at the instant mTc where Tc is the chip duration. One can write the received signal on one antenna in the vector form as
y m = Hd m + n m
where
(1)
signal on a time window centered on the instant m Tc which t is the size is (2q+1) Tc, d m = d m q L +1 ,..., d m ,..., d m +q transmitted vector through the channel represented by the (2q+1) x (2q+L) matrix
CQI 26 27 28 29 30
Modulation 16/64 QAM 16/64 QAM 16/64 QAM 16/64 QAM 16/64 QAM
hL 1 0 H= 0