"Analysis of Variance." A statistical test for heterogeneity of means by analysis of group variances.

ANOVA is implemented as ANOVA[data] in the Mathematica package ANOVA` ( hich can be loaded ith the command <<ANOVA`! . "o apply the test# assume random sampling of a variate ith e$ual variances# independent errors# and a normal distribution. %et be the number of replicates (sets of identical observations! ithin each of factor levels (treatment groups!# and be the th observation ithin factor level . Also assume that the ANOVA is "balanced" by restricting to be the same for each factor level. No define the sum of s$uare terms

(&!

('!

((!

()! (*! hich are the total# treatment# and error sums of s$uares. +ere# is the mean of

observations ithin factor level # and is the "group" mean (i.e.# mean of means!. ,ompute the entries in the follo ing table# obtaining the -.value corresponding to the calculated /.ratio of the mean s$uared values (0! category model error total freedom 11 11A 112 11" mean s$uared /.ratio

3f the -.value is small# re4ect the null hypothesis that all means are the same for the different groups.