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(. 5)

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(20132014)

(2013-2014)

, - .

4.1

[ ]
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1: , / , .

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.
2: , ,

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/ .
/ " ", /
.
, ,
" ", ()
(m2) .
4.2 [ ]
, , ()
(m2) .
p , F .
, =

S.I. 1 (

, , p =
N
m

F
A

), (Pa).

4.3 [ 2, . 82 ]
.
, . :
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) .
- .
.
4.4 [ 2, . 85 ]
, 10 .
0,08 mm2.
( , Pa) .
, F, () , p =
(Pa), S.I., F A S.I.
, , m2 :
0,08 mm2 = 0,08

F
.
A

1
0,08
m2 =
m2 = 0,00000008 m2 = 8108 m2
1.000.000
1.000.000

,
p=

10
8 10

Pa = 1,25 108 Pa = 125.000.000 Pa

4.5 [ ]
, .
, , ,
, .
, p,
h

g .
: p = h g
[ ,
, . , 9,8 m/s 1 s.
g =

m
s = 9,8 m . ]
1s
s2

9,8





.
, .
4.6 [ ]
, , .
, , .
:
, , , ,
, .
, ( ) p, px
( ).
h
, ,
.
.
, ( ) .

hx

px

, ,
. .
4.7 [ ]
) ( ) , .
, ,
, . .
, .
) , (Torricelli).
, 100 cm (1 m), .
, , .
, .
,
76 cm .
, .
,
.
, , .
,
, pA = p.
H , , 76 cm ( 760 mm),
' 760mmHg 760rr ( Torricelli).
, p = h g.
S.I.:
h ( ) = 0,76 m
kg
= 13.600 3
m
m
g ( ) = 9,8 2
s
kg
m
p = p = ( 0,76 m ) ( 13.600 3 ) ( 9,8 2 ) = 101.293 Pa
m
s

(1 atm).

4.8 H 101.293 Pa.

) 1 m2.
101.293 Pa m2 101.293 .
) 10 cm2.
, .
: ( ) =

, , p =

F
, F = p A
A

,
( S.I.) p .
= 10 cm2 = 10

1
m2 = 0,001 m2 , , p = 1 atm = 101.293 Pa = 101.293 /m2.
10.000

, F = (101.293 0,001) = 102 N .

4.9 A) , .
, , .
( ) () .
B) .
p, , A ( ),
F = p A, ( ).


4.10 , :
, ,
. ( , .)
) .
, .
, ,
( ), .
) [ ] .
, , ( ).
, , 1 < 2.

F
2

2 :

F
F

,
( 1 . ).

2 , .
, F1 1.
, , , P =

F1
A1

( ), 2.
, 2 , .
"" 2, :
F2 = P 2

F2 =

F1

A1 2

F2 =

A2
F
A1 1

F2

1
F1

, 2 1 ,
F2 F1
. , .
4.11

[ 15, .61 ]
300 cm2 1.500 cm2 .
, 800 , .
, .

F2

, A1 F1,
A2 F2 =
, =
F1 =

A2
F . F2 , .
A1 1

A2
F F1
A1 1

1
F1

A1
300
1
B = (
800) N = ( 5 800 ) N = 160 N.
A2
1.500

[
S.I.]

F1 160 , .
4.12 [ ]
, ( .. ),
, .
, .
, = + = h g +
:
g :
h : ()
( .. ),
.
4.13

[ 3, .85 ]
, , 100 cm2, 3 m .
, .
, .
: = 1.020 kg/m3, g = 10 m/s2
p = 101.293 Pa.
S.I., : A = 100 cm2 = 100

1
100
m2 =
m2 = 0,01 m2
10.000
10.000

, p = p + pa .
h = 3 m p = g h = ( 1.020 10 3 ) Pa = 30.600 Pa
, p = p + pa = ( 30.600 + 101.293 ) Pa = 131.893 Pa
F = p A = ( 131.8930,01 ) N = 1.318,93 N
, 1.318,93 .


4.14 [ ]
) , .
, .
.
) :
, .
,
.
, ,
( ) : .. = ..
, ,
: .. = ..
: .. = ..,
.
.
:
:
= m g :
m = V :
:

=
=
=
=
=

.
m.. g
. V.. g
. V.. g

:
(V)
()
(g)
4.15 [ 5, .83 ]
) , .
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) , .
- . []
.
, ( ) ,
.
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4.16 [ 7, .83 ]
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i. .
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ii. .
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.
iii. .
A) , : ) , ) , )
.
B) , : ) , ) , )
.

4.1 [ ]
, / , ( )
( ) .
( ) / .
, / .
1: , / , .

() , / .
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/ .
/ " ", /
.
2: , , ,

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/ .
/ " ", /
.
, ,
" ", () (m2)
.
4.2 [ ]
, ,
p ,
.
, =
, , p =
.
S.I.
,
.

_______________________________________ _____________ _____________ ______________________________________________ _____________ _____________ _____________________________________

_______________________________________ _____________ _____________ _______________________________ _____________ _______________________________________________________________________ _____________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ________________________________ _____________ _______________________________________________________________

__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

_______________________________________ _____________ ____________________________________ _

__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

_____________ ____________________________________________________________________________

4.3 [ 2, . 82 ]
.
, . :
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) .
- .
4.4 [ 2, . 85 ]
, 10 .
0,08 mm2.
( , Pa) .
4.5 [ ]
,
.
, , ,
,
.
__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

_____________ _____________ ______________________________________________________________

, p,

h



g .

: p =
____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

_____________ _____________ ______________________________________________________________

__________________________ _____________ _____________ ____________________________________

[

,
.
, 9,8 m/s 1 s.
_____________ _____________ __________________________ ____________________________________

g =

__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

m
s =
1s

9,8

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

.]

.
_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

_______________________________________ _____________ ____________________________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________


.
4.6 [ ] , ,
, ,

:
, , , ,

,
.
, ( ) p,
px
( ).
,
,

.

.
, ( )
.
____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

hx

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_______________________________________ _____________ ____________________________________

px

_____________ _____________ _____________________________________________________________ _

_____________ _____________ ______________________________________________________________

, ,
.
.

_____________ _____________ _____________ _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

4.7 [ ] ) ( )
, .

, ,
,
.
.
,
.
_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

__________________________ _____________ _____________ ____________________________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

) , (Torricelli).
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,

76 cm
.
,
.
,

.
, ,
.
,

, pA = p.
H , , 76 cm ( 760 mm),
'

( Torricelli).
_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________

_____________ _____________ ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_______________________________________ _____________ _____________ _______________________

_____________ _____________ _______________________________________ _______________________

_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ _______________________

_____________ _____________ ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

, p =
A S.I.:
__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

_________________________________________________________________ _______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________________________________________________________

h ( ) = 0,76 m
= 13.600

kg
m3

g ( ) = 9,8

p = p = ( 0,76 m ) ( 13.600

kg
m
) ( 9,8 2 ) = 101.293
m3
s

_______________________________________ _____________ _____________ _______________________

m
s2
__________________________ _____________ _________________________________________________

_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________

(1 atm).

4.8 H 101.293 Pa.

) 1 m2.
) 10 cm2.
, .
4.9 A) , .
B) .
4.10 , :
, ,
. ( , .)
) .
) [ ] .
, , ( ).
,
, 1 < 2.
_______________________________________ _____________ ___________________________________

2 :

F
F

_________________________________________________________________ ______________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ ______________________

_________________________________________________________________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ________________________________________________

( 1 . ).


2 ,
.
, F1 1.
, , , P =
.
_________________________________________________________________ ______________________

F2

_________________________________________________________________ ______________________

( ), 2.
, 2 ,
.
"" 2, :

_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

_____________ _____________ ____________________________________________________________

F2 = P 2

F2 =

_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

F2 =

____________________________________________________ _____________ ______________________

F1

F1

, 2 1 ,




. ,
.
______________________ ________________ ___________________________________

__________________________ _______________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ ____________________________________ ______________________

__________________________ _____________ ________________________________________________

_____________ ____________________________________________________ ______________________

4.11 [ 15, .61 ]

300 cm2 1.500 cm2 . , 800 ,
. , .
4.12 [ ]
, ( .. ),

,
,

.
_____________ _____________ _____________ ________________________ ______________________

_______________________________________ ______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ ______________________

, =

_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ _____________ ___________________________________

g:

____________________________________________________ _____________ ______________________

h:

_____________ _____________ _______________________________________ ______________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ ______________________

( .. ),

.
_____________ _____________ _____________________________________________________________

4.13 [ 3, .85 ]
, , 100 cm2, 3 m .
, .
, .
= 1.020 kg/m3, g = 10 m/s2, p = 101.293 Pa.
4.14 [ ]
) ,
.

,
.


.
____________________________________________________ _____________ ______________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_____________ _____________ _____________________________________________________________

_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

_____________ __________________________ ________________________________________________

) :
,
.
,
.
, ,
( ) : .. = ..
, ,

: .. = ..
_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________ _____________ ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ _____________ ___________________________________

: .. = ..,

.
__________________________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________________

_____________ __________________________________________________________________________

:
:

__________________________ _____________ __________________________

_____________ _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________ _____________ _____________

___________________________________________________

= m g :

m = V :

=
=
=
=
=

:

(V)
()

(g)

____________________________________________________ ___________

____________________________________________________ ___________

__________________________ _____________ _____________ ___________

4.15 [ 5, .83 ]
) , .
) .
) .
) , .
- .
4.16 [ 7, .83 ]
, .
i. .
ii. .
iii. .
A) , : ) , ) , )
B) , : ) , ) , )

.
m.. g
. V.. g
. V.. g