Aggression Social Learning Theory Banduras bobo doll experiment shows that children who observe models that

t perform aggressive behaviour and are rewarded for it are more likely to repeat that behaviour, highlighting the importance of reinforcement for behaviours. However as this was a laboratory experiment, the study lacks ecological validity as it may not to apply to real life situations and therefore other factors such as biological factors may play a better explanation for aggressive behaviour. Phillips SLT also applies to adults as he/she found daily homicide rates almost always increased the week after a boxing match was played.

Gender Hormones Dabbs et al measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals. Those with highest levels of testosterone had a history of primarily violent crimes whereas those with the lowest levels had committed only non-violent crimes. Lindman et al found that young males who behave aggressively when drunk had higher testosterone levels than those who did not act aggressively.

Aggression Deindividuation Mann analysed 12 incidents of suicides reported in American newspapers and found that 10/21 reports where a crowd had gathered, baiting had occurred. This tended to happen at night and when the crowd was a distance away from the victim. However culture bias is present in this evidence as it is only based on suicides in America and therefore this may only apply to this country which suggests deindividuation may not occur to everyone everywhere. Gergen - In DRAS, found those in the dark room hugged the other participants and 89% intentionally touched others. Anonymity doesnt necessarily lead to aggression.

Gender SDN Swaab and Fliers looked at the hypothalamus of 13 men and 18 women between 10 and 93 years old and found that an area called the SDN was a different size in men and women. The volume of the SDN was 2.5x bigger in males. Therefore this suggests that gender is fixed and determined by the size of our hypothalamus as both males and females have a difference which is what Swaab and Fliers suggests determines are sex and gender.

Aggression Importation Model Keller and Wang found that prison violence is more likely to occur in facilities that hold the most troublesome inmates. E.g. they found that prisons holding maximum security inmates had higher levels of assaults on staff by inmates than prisons with low security inmates suggesting that these maximum security inmates brought in there aggressive behaviour as this is why they are in prison in the first place. DeLisi found in a study of over 800 male inmates, there was no evidence that gang membership had any effect on violent within prison.

Gender Parents as Role Models Fagot et al compared 27 egalitarian families with 42 traditional families and interviewed the parents when their children were at 18 months old and observed them playing with their toddler. At the age of 4 children were given gender-labelling tasks, children in traditional families tended to use gender labels earlier compared to those in egalitarian families showing that the way the parents live has an effect on how they raise their children and how their childrens gender behaviour occurs.

Aggression Deprivation Model Wilson Most violent crimes occur in environments that are hot, noise polluted and overcrowded. Nijman increased personal space failed to decrease the level of violent incidents among patients. In consistent research. McCorkle levels of stress associated with deprivations are generally constant however serious outbreaks of violence are not. Also in a study of 371 state prisons in the US, he/she found very little evidence to support the connection between violence and measures of overcrowding. Study is culture bias.

Gender Media as Role Models Duck choose role models who are powerful and attractive. Magazines give gender messages to boys and girls. Boys magazines focus on sport, popular TV programmes and computer games whereas girls magazines focus on fashion, body products and the lives of celebrities.

Aggression Neurotransmitters Danasion found research on mice where the serotonin BI receptor wasnt functioning found an increase in aggression. Raleigh -found when reducing the serotonin levels of Vervet monkeys through a low tryptophan diet resulted in an increase in aggressive behaviour whereas increasing serotonin levels through a high tryptophan diet resulted in a decrease in aggressive occurrences. Scerbo meta analysis of 29 studies, examined neurotransmitters in antisocial adults and children and found no significant rise/fall in dopamine levels and found reduced serotonin levels mainly in suicides suggesting serotonin leads to impulsive behaviour.

Gender Mate Selection Buss studied 37 cultures from 33 countries and analysed the results of more than 10,000 questionnaires. He asked respondents to rate a number of factors such as age, intelligence and sociability in terms of how important they were in a sexual partner. They found men valued more physical attractiveness more than women did whilst women were more likely than men to value good potential earning and high occupational status. This means that gender roles of males and females differ and what each gender prioritises in mate differs.

Aggression Hormones Dabbs measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals. Those with high levels had a history of primarily violent crimes whereas those with the lowest levels had committed only nonviolent crimes. In consistent evidence (Archer) analysed results of 230 males over 5 studies and found a low positive correlation between testosterone and aggression. Although supports theory it is difficult to establish cause and effect. Also found women with high testosterone levels had a higher occupational status however this could relate hormones to assertive behaviour rather than aggressive.

Gender Reinforcement Lytton and Romney carried out a meta-analysis of 158 studies in the North and 17 in the West looking at the parental treatment of boys and girls. They found there was a difference in the encouragement of sex-typed activities and also in physical punishment. Boys were more likely to be physically punished especially when they were playing with girls toys (Downs et al)

Aggression Twins Christianson concordance analysis of 3586 pairs of twins. 926 of these were registered for criminal activity. Male MZ twins showed 35% concordance compared to 12% of DZ twins. Female MZ twins showed 21% to 8% concordance of DZ twins. Other factors? Methodological issues, criminal offence may not be aggressive. Coccaro Data from 182 MZ twins and 118 DZ twins were analysed and found that genes accounted for 40%, environmental influences account for 50% and individual differences account for 70%.

Gender Cross Cultural Whitting and Edwards looked at 11 non western societies and found that girls were more encouraged to spend more time with their mothers ad were more likely to be given domestic and childcare roles within the household. Boys were more likely to be assigned tasks outside the house including feeding and herding animals and young girls were found to be more responsible and nurturing than boys. Suggests gender roles are due to the roles they are given as children. However it is difficult to validate cross cultural studies as cultures are often divided in sub-cultures which also behave differently and therefore it is difficult to summarise a culture.

Aggression Adoption Mednick et al concordance analysis of 14000 Danish adoptees, compared criminality rates between child and their biological and adopted parents. Found 13.5% had no criminal parents, 14.7% had at least one criminal adopted parent, 20% had at least one biological criminal parent and 24.5% had both a criminal and adopted parents. Although more adoptees had a criminal biological parent, most had both criminal parents which therefore suggests environmental factors. Rhee and Waldman in a meta analysis of 51 adoption and twin studies, they calculated 40% accounted for the genetic component of aggression and 60% accounted for environmental contribution.

Gender Kohlberg Cognitive Theory Slaby and Frey studied children aged 2 to 5 years who were divided into high and low gender consistency groups. They were shown a silent film in which 2 adult models, 1 males and 1 female carried out a stereotypical gender role. A split screen was used so they could see both films and the direction of the childs eyes were observed. Those who have reached high gender constancy spent most time watching the same sex model. Those with low gender constancy did not. This supports Kohlbergs claim that children pay more attention to same sex models after gender constancy has been reached.

Aggression Chromosomes Court Brown in a sample of 314 patients in a high security hospital, 15 were found to have chromosomal abnormalities including 9 who had an extra Y chromosome but what about the other patients?

Gender Gender Schema Theory Bradbard et al presented boys and girls ages 4 and 9 with gender-neutral objects such as a pizza cutter and a burglar alarm. They were told some of the objects were girls toys and some boys. Children spent most time playing with the objects that they were told were appropriate for their gender.

Aggression Power Threat Hypothesis Clark studied murders by lynch mobs in Brazil, found main victims were not considered to pose a particular threat to the community. Culture bias.

Social Cognition -