1..

,
(t), ,
:
P+Z1 +W1 +Y1 U = Z2 +W2+Y2

(1)

:
P =
Z1=
Z2=
W1=
W2=
Y1=
Y2=
U =
.
( 1=0), .
.

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(mm)

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50

100

25-25

49

98

26-30

44

88

12

31-35

35

15

70

30

36-40

12

27

23

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46

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15

35

30

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46

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94

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 2.5. .
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n . , (r),

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:
Tr = (n+1) / m
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.

:
100m / (n+1)= 100 / Tr
(%) + Q(%) = 100, , Q = ().
:
= 100m / (n + 1)
Q :
Q = 100[1 - {m /(n + 1)}]
,
. 6, ,
5. 6, 2.5,
.

 6. , ,
.

(m)
Tr=(n+1)/m
P=100m/(n+1) P=(1-(m/(n+1)))100
1926

65

51

2.0

98

1922

64

25.5

3.9

96.1

1914

62

17

5.9

94.1

1938

55

12.8

7.8

92.2

1917

42

11

4.6-3.6

21.6-27.5

78.4-72.5

1919

42

11

4.6-3.6

21.6-27.5

78.4-72.5

1949

42

11

4.6-3.6

21.6-27.5

78.4-72.5

1951

42

11

4.6-3.6

21.6-27.5

78.4-72.5

1959

41

15

3.4

29.0

71.0

1954

36

27

1.9

52.9

47.1

1934

35

28

1.8

54.9

45.21

1944

34

29

1.75-1.7

56.9-58.8

43.1-41.2

1958

34

29

1.75-1.7

56.9-58.8

43.1-41.2

1928

33

31

1.1

60.8

39.2

1918

25

45

1.13

88.2

11.8

1916

24

46

1.11-1.08

90.2-92.2

9.8-7.8

1941

24

46

1.11-1.08

90.2-92.2

9.8-7.8

1920

22

48

1.06

94.1

5.9

1935

21

49

1.04

96.1

3.9

1946

17

50

1.02

98.0

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6.1. Thiessen.
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R = (>RiSi) / Si, RI
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1956 :
Eo = 0.35 (0.5 + u2/100) (es - ed)
, (u) 2m .
mmHg miles / day. Eo mm
/ day.
:
= Nu (es- ed )
, 2m m.sec1
, mb cm / day.
Rybinsk Tsymlyakin
Dalton :
= 0.14 * n (e0 -e200 ) (1 - 0.72u200)
: ( mm), e0
( mb), , e200
( mb), 200cm , u200
( m.sec-1) 200 cm, n .
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,
.
.
:
QE = Rs - Rsr + Ra - Rar - Rbs - Qh + Qv - Qw - Qx
:QE ,
Rs ,
Rsr ,
Ra ,
Rar ,
Rbs ,
Qh ,
Qv ,
Qw ,
Qx .

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: L ( gr/ cm3)
Penman , 11008, ()
.
:
= + Q
: H , , Q
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o :
=[( /) + a]/ [(/) + 1]
= RI * ( 1 - r ) - Ro

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12 27 .
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8. . 1. Turc t
Turc (1954, 1955)
t,
(t), ()
:

: = ( mm), L = 300 + 25T + 0.05T3 ( mm), T =

(oC)
8..2. Thornthwaite
O hornthwaite, 1948,
/ , :
/ = 11.5 [ / (-10)]10/9
: = ( inches), E = ( inches ), T = (
o
F).
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8.IV.1. Penman
1) Penman: Penman :

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Penman f
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: f =0.8 ( )
: f =0.6 ( )
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Eo , ,
f . Eo, f.
2) Penman: :
PE= {( / )t+ t} / {( / ) + 1}
t .
t :
t = 0.75Ri - Ro
at a :
at = 0.35 ( 1 + u2 / 100) (ea - ed)
: u2 / day 2m
ea, ed mmHg.
o
.
.
8.IV.3. Thornthwaite
Thornthwaite .

.

:
PEun= 16(10t / I)a mm
H
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:
PE =16(10t /I)a F()

mm

: t o C,
,
=6.75 *10-73- 7.71* 10-52 +1.79 *10-2 +0.49
i

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25mm.
0.90,
2. .
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= 0.00578 V (ed-6.11) inches / 6
, V / 17m, ed
3m mb 6.11 ( mb)
0C.
3. .
:
= 0.00184*10-v( - 32), = -0.0000156z ( inches / 6)
, z ,
3m, v mi/hr 17m.
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=1.29 (s - 32) t
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10. . 4. .
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:

= 0.05(mean - 32), = 0.04 (max - 42)

, F, 36 - 46F ( 2 70C) 44 - 76
F (6 - 220 C) .
10..5. .
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THORNTHWAITE
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