WATER

Water is the most precious natural resources which sustains life on earth. With the increase in demand for water due to urbanization and industrialization in all spheres of economic activity such as agricultural, industry domestic water supply, power generation etc. The availability of water could no longer be considered plentiful. The need and important of conservation of water is realized much better now than what it was earlier.

Water is never found pure in nature. Rain water is the nearest approach to chemically pure water. The composition of ground over which and through which it flows after falling to earth, determine the additional impurities that it absorb The earth's surface contains large amounts of mineral salts such as the carbonates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium which are dissolved by water. Underground water usually contains more dissolved minerals but less suspended than surface water, the latter having been filtered out in percolating through the earth. Whatever may be the source, water will have impurities.


1. 2. 3.

IMPURITIES IN WATER
The impurities in water may be Dissolved suspended and colloidal

Dissolved Impurities
All natural water supplies, either in the raw state or after treatment, contain dissolved mineral matter.

These mineral constituents differ greatly in the amounts in different water supplies.

The dissolved gases that occur in various water supplies are 1. Oxygen 2. Carbon di oxide 3. Hydrogen Sulphide Dissolved oxygen is not usually present in deep well waters but it is found in other waters in amount varying upto the limit of solubility. Free carbon dioxide, in varying amounts, is found in most natural water supplies. Most surface waters, sampled surface,' have

low contents of free carbon dioxide

The suspended impurities present in water include (1) mud and sand, (2) vegetable matter, (3) bacteria and (4) industrial wastes and sewage. These suspended impurities may be inorganic in nature, such as clay, silt, sand, silica and calcium carbonate or they may be organic matter, oils, fats, greases, micro-organisms, etc.

Suspended Impurities

Colloidal Impurities

Impurities may exist in water in colloidal form. They may be so finely divided that they cannot be seen under microscope; they exist in a state intermediate between true suspension and solution

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES

When rain water or the water formed from melting snow comes in contact with the ground, some of its evaporates, some collects or flows over the surface and some sinks into the ground.

Those waters which collect or flow over the surface to form lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, brooks, canals or creeks. Those waters which sink into the ground to be tapped as spring, or by means of wells, shafts or infiltration galleries, are termed ground waters. As water slowly percolates through the ground, the strata through which it passes exert a filtering, absorbent and purifying action' on it. Therefore, deep will water is usually clear colorless and low in bacterial count.

Surface Waters
STREAMS AND RIVERS :

Water supplies obtained from rivers and steams usually require chemical coagulation because of high turbidity.

PONDS, LAKES AND RESERVOIRS

In general the water from lakes, ponds and reservoirs are less subject to variations in composition than a river water and Very large lakes constitute a very dependable water supply.

Underground Waters SPRINGS: The yield from springs is in adequate,

except for small supplies. Spring water may very considerable in quality, depending on geological and topographical

conditions.

The water may be hard or soft, pure or polluted the water may possess corrosive properties.

WELLS

Well water supplies are very widely used in industry. They have a number of advantages over surface supplies, among which (1) clarity, (2) free from color, taste and odour, (3) relatively constant composition and (4) free of pollution from sewage and industrial wastes.

INDUSTRIAL USES AND REQUIREMENT OF WATER

Ordinarily an industry uses the lowest cost water supply which will satisfy its requirements. Major users such as the chemical and metallurgical industries withdraw 25 to 30 times as much as the minor users such as the rubber industry. Within a given industry one plant may use 2 to 4 times as much water per unit output as another making identical product. Numerous factors contribute in intra-industry variation. Factories in arid climates have higher water-useefficiencies. Large plants tend to use less water per unit production than small plants.

Water suitable for one industry may be totally unsuitable for a other Industry. B.I.S. has prescribed so far standards for water for pulp and paper industry, textile industry, tanning, rayon manufacture, food industry and fermentation industry.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Water is used in pulp and paper industry under Indian conditions in (1) the flume for carrying the bamboo to the chipper, (2) compaction of the bamboo chips, (3) preparation of the digester liquor, (4) countercurrent washing in the knotters, (5) thinning of the pulp, (6) barometric condensers of the soda recovery section and, (7) turbine cooling feed pumps.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY
In textile industry Water is used for washing, wool scouring, dyeing, finishing cooling and steam raising. (BIS 201: 1992) The water used in the wet processing of textile, should be free from turbidity, color, iron, manganese hardness and it should not be corrosive. Freedom from iron is absolutely essential. Smaller the saline constituents, the better is the water for the industry

TANNING INDUSTRY
Water is used in tanning in a number of operations, soaking the' hides and skins, liming, deliming. vegetable and chrome tanning, bleaching, dyeing and fat liquoring. The quality requirements of water vary from one operation to another. For tanning purposes, water may be free from iron and manganese which cause stain and discoloration.

FERMENTATION INDUSTRY

Water is used in the fermentation industry distillation. In the brewery, water is used for brewing and boiler feed, bottle and keg washing , pasturing and cooling. In the distillery, water is used for mash making, cooling of masher and condenser, boiler feed and deproofing. A commonly recommended quality requirement of water used in brewing is that it be of purity at least equal to that of drinking water. The water should be free from nitrates, iron land manganese. The presence of calcium, especially calcium sulphate in high concentration, is advantageous. Moderate amounts of magnesium sulphate and calcium magnesium and sodium chlorides are beneficial.

FOOD INDUSTRY
In processed food industry water is used for processing, washing, flushing, boiler feed, cooling and general usage. The quality of water required varies for the different processed food industries. For food industry water should be clear, colorless, free from iron, manganese, objectionable tasters and odors and approved bacteriological quality.

RAYON INDUSTRY
The rayon fibres are manufactured by viscose, caprolactum or cellulose acetate processes. Considerable quantities of water are used in various steps such as stepping, washing and make up solutions.

FEED WATER FOR BOILERS

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE

In preparing water for industrial use, the softening, occupies most prominent place.

SOFTENING OF WATER
Hard water deposits scale in pipe lines and boilers and is the cause of vast economic waste. In boilers that run at high ratings with high furnace temperatures, a very thin deposit of scale may be sufficient to cause failure of tubes exposed to direct radiation from the fire. Thee are also expenses due to boiler shut-downs and cleanings which are chargeable to the use of feed water so that it almost always pays to soften boiler feed water.

LIME SODA PROCESS

The Principal
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H 2O Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2CaCO3+ 2H2O 2Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 2CaCO3+ Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O Na2CO3 + CaSO4 or CaCl2 --> CaCO3 +Na2SO4 or 2NaCl Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4

COLD LIME SODA SOFTENERS HOT LIME SODA PROCESS

ION EXCHANGE
Ion exchangers commonly used in water requirement include (1) natural and synthetic zeolites, (2) carbonaceous ion exchangers and (3) synthetic resins Zeolities are insoluble sodium-alumino silicates which are capable of exchanging sodium ions for multivalent ions of alkaline earth group and for the divalent ions of some of the metals in water. They are particularly employed for softening of water. Two types of zeolites are in common use: (1) natural ion porous green sands and (2) synthetic, porous, gel zeolites. The natural zeolites are derived from sand by washing, heating and treatment with sodium hydroxide. The synthetic zeolites are prepared from solutions of sodium silicate aluminum hydroxide. Synthetic zeolites have higher base exchange capacity than natural zeolites. Zeolites are now being replaced by high capacity resins which have higher stability.

Synthetic ion exchangers are now being used for a variety of purposes, including treatment of water. The identification is completed by specifying the active groups to which they owe their exchanger capacity such as sulphonic, carboxilic, phenolic hydroxyl (-HS03, -COOH, -OH) etc.

Variations in polymer type and cross linkage affects the insolubility and life of the resin and the divisibility of ions in exchange process. .

In order to be effective in the treatment of water ion exchangers should possess the following properties 1. they should have large surface area since ion exchange is a surface phenomenon and at the same time, their resistance to flow must be compatible with hydraulic requirements, 2. they should be physically durable and resistant to chemical attack and possess a high exchange capacity, 3. they must be relatively inexpensive and capable of being easily generated and back washed and 4 they should be non-toxic and should not discolour the waters.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Design criteria for a softener system should be based upon influent water quality, desired effluent water quality, flow rate required, hydraulic characteristics, and exchange capacity of ion exchanger and period between regeneration.

DEMINERALISATION OR DEIONISATION :
For many years, the only means available for complete removal of soluble salts from water was distillation. Since the development of cation and anion exchange resins, it has been possible to produce demineralised or deionised water or highest purity by a two step ion exchange process. The first step in the process is hydrogen cation exchange treatment. The effluent from this step is then passed through an anion exchanger bed. Strongly basic anion exchanger is used when silica is to be removal. Weakly. basic anion exchanger are generally used when silica removal is not required. Forced draft or vacuum degasifier unit is provided when carbon dioxide removal is also required. Chemical reactions taking place are ( Assignment)