Chuyen de Ham So LTDH 12 GV Nguyenvietbac 6109

Gio vin: Nguyn Vit Bc Luyn thi i hc (Chuyn Hm S 12)
http://ebook.here.vn - Th vin Thi Trc Nghim, Bi Ging, Chuyn 1

HM S
1. TNH N IU CA HM S
Dng 1: Tnh n iu ca hm s
I. Kin thc c bn
1. nh ngha
Gi s hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn K:
+ Hm s y = f(x) c gi ng bin trn khong K nu:
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , ( ) ( ) x x K x x f x f x < <
+ Hm s y = f(x) c gi l nghch bin trn khong K nu:
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , ( ) ( ) x x K x x f x f x < >
2. Qui tc xt tnh n iu
a. nh l
Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn K:
+ Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x thuc K th hm s ng bin
+ Nu f(x) < 0 vi mi x thuc K th hm s nghch bin
b. Qui tc
B1: Tm tp xc nh ca hm s
B2: Tnh o hm ca hm s. Tm cc im x
i
(i = 1, 2,,n) m ti o hm bng 0 hoc
khng xc nh.
B3: Sp xp cc im x
i
theo th t tng dn v lp bng bin thin.
B4: Nu kt lun v cc khong ng bin, nghch bin.
II. Cc v d
Loi 1: Xt s bin thin ca hm s
V d 1. Xt s ng bin v nghc bin ca hm s:
3 2 2
4 2
1 1
. y = 2 2 b. y = -x 3 4 e. y = x( 3), (x > 0)
3 2
x - 1
c. y = x 2 3 . y =
x +1
a x x x x x
x d
+ + +
+

V d 2. Xt s bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2 3 4 2 3 2
2
2
. y = 3x 8 b. y = x 8 5 c. y = x 6 9
3- 2x x 2 3
. y = e. y = f. y = 25-x
x + 7 1
a x x x x
x
d
x
+ + +
+
+

Loi 2: Chng minh hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong xc nh.
Phng php
+ Da vo nh l.
V d 3.
Chng minh hm s
2
2 y x x = nghch bin trn on [1; 2]
V d 4
a. Chng minh hm s
2
9 y x = ng bin trn na khong [3; +).
b. Hm s
4
y x
x
= + nghc bin trn mi na khong [-2; 0) v (0;2]
V d 5. Chng minh rng
a. Hm s
3
2 1
x
y
x
=
+
nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n.
b. Hm s
2
2 3
2 1
x x
y
x
+
=
+
ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n.
c. Hm s
2
8 y x x = + + nghch bin trn R.

Dng 2. Tm gi tr ca tham s mt hm s cho trc ng bin, nghch bin trn khong xc nh
cho trc
Phng php:
+ S dng qui tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
+ S dng nh l du ca tam thc bc hai
V d 6.
Tm gi tr ca tham s a hm s
3 2
1
( ) ax 4 3
3
f x x x = + + + ng bin trn R.
V d 7.
Tm m hm s
2 2
5 6
( )
3
x x m
f x
x
+ + +
=
+
ng bin trn khong (1; ) +
V d 8. Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s: 2
1
m
y x
x
= + +
ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n.

V d 9
Xc nh m hm s
3
2
( 1) ( 3)
3
x
y m x m x = + + + ng bin trn khong (0; 3)
V d 10
Cho hm s
4 mx
y
x m
+
=
+

a. Tm m hm s tng trn tng khong xc nh
b. Tm m hm s tng trn (2; ) +
c. Tm m hm s gim trn ( ;1)
V d 11
Cho hm s
3 2
3(2 1) (12 5) 2 y x m x m x = + + + + . Tm m hm s:
a. Lin tc trn R
b. Tng trn khong (2; ) +
V d 12 (H KTQD 1997)
Cho hm s
3 2 2
ax (2 7 7) 2( 1)(2 3) y x a a x a a = + + ng bin trn [2:+ )
Dng 3. S dng chiu bin thin chng minh BT
Phng php
S dng cc kin thc sau:
+ Du hiu hm s n iu trn mt on.
+ f ( x) ng bin trn [a; b] th ( ) ( ) () f a f x f
+ f(x) nghch bin trn [a; b] th ( ) ( ) ( ) f a f x f b
V d 1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
2
2 3
1 1
. tanx > sinx, 0< x < b. 1 + 1 1 , 0 < x < +
2 2 8 2
x x
. cosx > 1 - , 0 d. sinx > x - , x > 0
2 6
x
a x x x
c x
< + < +

V d 2.
Chohm s f(x) = 2sinx + tanx 3x
a. Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0;
2
|
|

b. Chng minh rng 2sin tan 3 , (0; )
2
x x x x

+ >
V d 3
Cho hm s ( ) t anx - x f x =
a.Chng minh hm s ng bin trn na khong 0;
2
|
|

b. Chng minh
3
tan , (0; )
3 2
x
x x x

> +
V d 3
Cho hm s
4
( ) t anx, x [0; ]
4
f x x

=
a. Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn [0; ]
4

b. Chng minh rng
4
tan , [0; ]
4
x x x

CC TR CA HM S
Dng 1. Tm cc tr ca hm s
Phng php:
Da vo 2 qui tc tm cc tr ca hm s y = f(x)
Qui tc I.
B1: Tm tp xc nh.
B2: Tnh f(x). Tm cc im ti f(x) = 0 hoc
f(x) khng xc nh.
B3. Lp bng bin thin.
B4: T bng bin thin suy ra cc cc tr
Qui tc II.
B1: Tm tp xc nh.
B2: Tnh f(x). Gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 v k
hiu l x
i
l cc nghim ca n.
B3: Tnh f (x
i
)
B4: Da vo du ca f (x
i
) suy ra cc tr
( f (x
i
) > 0 th hm s c cc tiu ti x
i
; ( f (x
i
) < 0
th hm s c cc i ti x
i
)
* Ch : Qui tc 2 thng dng vi hm s lng gic hoc vic gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 phc tp.
V d 1. Tm cc tr ca hm s
3 2
2 3 36 10 y x x x = +
Qui tc I.
TX: R
2
2
' 6 6 36
' 0 6 6 36 0
2

3
y x x
y x x
x
x
= +
= + =
=

+
-
- 54
71
+ + -
0 0
2 -3 +
-
y
y'
x

Vy x = -3 l im cc i v y
c
=71
x= 2 l im cc tiu v y
ct
= - 54
Qui tc II
TX: R
2
2
' 6 6 36
' 0 6 6 36 0
2

3
y x x
y x x
x
x
= +
= + =
=

y= 12x + 6
y(2) = 30 > 0 nn hm s t cc tiu ti x = 2 v
y
ct
= - 54
y(-3) = -30 < 0 nn hm s t cc i ti x = -3
v
y
c
=71

Bi1. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
2 3 4 3
3 2 4 2
3 2
. y = 10 + 15x + 6x b. y = x 8 432
. y = x 3 24 7 d. y = x - 5x + 4
e. y = -5x + 3x - 4x + 5
a x x
c x x
+
+
3
f. y = - x - 5x

Bi 2. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
2 2
2 2
2
2
x+1 x 5 (x - 4)
. y = b. y = c. y =
x 8 1 2 5
9 x 3 3 x
. y = x - 3 + e. y = f. y =
x - 2 1 x 4
x
a
x x x
x
d
x
+
+ + +
+
+

Bi 3. Tm cc tr cc hm s
2
2 2
3
2 2
x+1 5 - 3x
. y = x 4 - x b. y = c. y =
x 1 1 - x
x x
. y = e. y = f. y = x 3 - x
10 - x 6
a
d
x
+

Bi 4. Tm cc tr cc hm s:
. y = x - sin2x + 2 b. y = 3 - 2cosx - cos2x c. y = sinx + cosx
1
d. y = sin2x e. y = cosx + os2x f.
2
a
c y = 2sinx + cos2x vi x [0; ]

Dng 2. Xc lp hm s khi bit cc tr
tm iu kin sao cho hm s y = f(x) t cc tr ti x = a
B1: Tnh y = f(x)
B2: Gii phng trnh f(a) = 0 tm c m
B3: Th li gi tr a c tho mn iu kin nu khng ( v hm s t cc tr ti a th
f(a) = 0 khng k C hay CT)
V d 1. Tm m hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
+ ( m - 1)x + 2 t cc tiu ti x = 2
LG
2
' 3 6 1 y x mx m = + .
Hm s t cc tr ti x = 2 th y(2) = 0
2
3.(2) 6 .2 1 0 1 m m m + = =
Vi m = 1 ta c hm s: y = x
3
3x
2
+ 2 c :
2
0
' 3 6 ' 0
2
x
y x x y
x
=
= =

=
ti x = 2 hm s t gi
tr cc tiu
Vy m = 1 l gi tr cn tm
Bi 1. Xc nh m hm s
3 2
3 5 2 t cc i ti x = 2 y mx x x = + + +
Bi 2. Tm m hm s
3 2
2
( ) 5 c cc tr ti x = 1. Khi hm s c C hay CT
3
y x mx m x = + +
Bi 3. Tm m hm s
2
1
t cc i ti x = 2
x mx
y
x m
+ +
=
+

Bi 4. Tm m hm s
3 2 2
2 2 t cc tiu ti x = 1 y x mx m x = +
Bi 5. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s:
3 2
( ) ax f x x bx c = + + + t cc tiu ti im x = 1, f(1) = -3
v th ct trc tung ti im c tung bng 2
Bi 6. Tm cc s thc q, p sao cho hm s ( )
1
q
f x xp
x
= +
+
t cc i ti im x = -2 v f(-2) = -2
Hng dn:
2
'( ) 1 , x -1
( 1)
q
f x
x
=
+

+ Nu 0 th f'(x) > 0 vi x -1. Do hm s lun ng bin . Hm s khng c cc tr. q
+ Nu q > 0 th:
2
2
1
2 1
'( ) 0
( 1)
1
x q
x x q
f x
x
x q
=
+ +
= =
+
= +

Lp bng bin thin xem hm t cc ti ti gi tr x no.
Dng 3. Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr
Bi ton: Tm m hm s c cc tr v cc tr tho mn mt tnh cht no .
Phng php
B1: Tm m hm s c cc tr.
B2: Vn dng cc kin thc khc Ch :
Hm s
3 2
ax ( 0) y bx cx d a = + + + c cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim
phn bit.
Cc tr ca hm phn thc
( )
( )
p x
y
Q x
= . Gi s x
0
l im cc tr ca y, th gi tr ca y(x
0
) c th
c tnh bng hai cch: hoc
0 0
0 0
0 0
( ) '( )
( ) hoc y(x )
( ) '( )
P x P x
y x
Q x Q x
= =
V d . Xc nh m cc hm s sau c cc i v cc tiu
2
3 2
1 x 2 4
. y = ( 6) 1 . y =
3 2
mx m
a x mx m x b
x
+
+ + +
+

Hng dn.
a. TX: R

2
' 2 6 y x mx m = + + + .
hm s c cc tr th phng trnh:
2
2 6 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x mx m + + + =
2
3
' 6 0
2
m
m m
m
>
= >

<

b. TX: { } \ 2

2 2
2 2
2
(2 )( 2) ( 2 4) 4 4 4
'
( 2) ( 2)
m s c cc i, cc tiu khi ' 0 hai nghim phn bit khc -2 4 4 4 0
' 0 4 4 4 0
0
4 8 4 4 0 0
x m x x mx m x x m
y
x x
H y c x x m
m
m
m m
+ + + + + +
= =
+ +
= + + + =
> >
<

+ +

Bi 1. Tm m hm s
3 2
3 2. Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s c C, CT? y x mx = +
Bi 2. Tm m hm s
2 3
( 1) 1 x m m x m
y
x m
+ + +
=
lun c cc i v cc tiu.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
3 2
2 12 13 y x x = + . Tm a hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc tiu ca
th cch u trc tung.
Bi 4. Hm s
3 2
2( 1) 4 1
3
m
y x m x mx = + + . Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu.
Bi 5. Cho hm
2
1
x mx
y
x
+
=
. Tm m hm s c cc tr
Bi 6. Cho hm s
2
2 4
2
x mx m
y
x
+
=
+
. Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu.

Dng 4. Tm tham s cc cc tr tho mn tnh cht cho trc.
Phng php
+ Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr
+ Vn dng cc kin thc v tam thc, h thc Viet tho mn tnh cht.
V d .
Bi1. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
2 3 4 3
3 2 4 2
3 2
. y = 10 + 15x + 6x b. y = x 8 432
. y = x 3 24 7 d. y = x - 5x + 4
e. y = -5x + 3x - 4x + 5
a x x
c x x
+
+
3
f. y = - x - 5x

Bi 2. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
2 2
2 2
2
2
x+1 x 5 (x - 4)
. y = b. y = c. y =
x 8 1 2 5
9 x 3 3 x
. y = x - 3 + e. y = f. y =
x - 2 1 x 4
x
a
x x x
x
d
x
+
+ + +
+
+

Bi 3. Tm cc tr cc hm s
2
2 2
3
2 2
x+1 5 - 3x
. y = x 4 - x b. y = c. y =
x 1 1 - x
x x
. y = e. y = f. y = x 3 - x
10 - x 6
a
d
x
+

Bi 4. Tm cc tr cc hm s:
. y = x - sin2x + 2 b. y = 3 - 2cosx - cos2x c. y = sinx + cosx
1
d. y = sin2x e. y = cosx + os2x f.
2
a
c y = 2sinx + cos2x vi x [0; ]

Bi 5. Xc nh m hm s
3 2
3 5 2 t cc i ti x = 2 y mx x x = + + +
Bi 6. Tm m hm s
3 2
2
( ) 5 c cc tr ti x = 1. Khi hm s c C hay CT
3
y x mx m x = + +
Bi 7. Tm m hm s
2
1
t cc i ti x = 2
x mx
y
x m
+ +
=
+

Bi 8. Tm m hm s
3 2 2
2 2 t cc tiu ti x = 1 y x mx m x = +
Bi 9. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s:
3 2
( ) ax f x x bx c = + + + t cc tiu ti im x = 1, f(1) = -3
v th ct trc tung ti im c tung bng 2
Bi 10. Tm cc s thc q, p sao cho hm s ( )
1
q
f x xp
x
= +
+
t cc i ti im x = -2 v f(-2) = -2

Bi 11. Tm m hm s
3 2
3 2. Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s c C, CT? y x mx = +
Bi 12. Tm m hm s
2 3
( 1) 1 x m m x m
y
x m
+ + +
=
lun c cc i v cc tiu.
Bi 13. Cho hm s
3 2
2 12 13 y x x = + . Tm a hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc tiu ca
th cch u trc tung.
Bi 14. Hm s
3 2
2( 1) 4 1
3
m
y x m x mx = + + . Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu.
Bi 15. Cho hm
2
1
x mx
y
x
+
=
. Tm m hm s c cc tr
Bi 16. Cho hm s
2
2 4
2
x mx m
y
x
+
=
+
. Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu.

GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S

DNG 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn ( ) ; a b :
+B1: Tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x)
+ B2: Xt du o hm f(x), lp bng bin thin

Trong ti x
0
th f(x
0
) bng 0 hoc khng xc nh
tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn [a; b]:
B1: Tm cac gia tr x
i
| | ; a b (i = 1, 2, ..., n) lam cho a o ham bang 0 hoac khong xac nh .
B2: Tnh
1 2
( ), ( ), ( ),..., ( ), ( )
n
f a f x f x f x f b
B3: GTLN = max{
1 2
( ), ( ), ( ),..., ( ), ( )
n
f a f x f x f x f b }
GTNN = Min{
1 2
( ), ( ), ( ),..., ( ), ( )
n
f a f x f x f x f b }
V d 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
1
y x
x
= + trn khong (0; ) +
Hng dn:
D thy h m s lin tc trn (0; ) +
2
2
2 2
1 1
' 1 ' 0 1 0 1
x
y y x x
x x
= = = = = .
D thy 1 (0; ) x = +
Vy Minf(x) = 2 khi x = 1 v hm s khng c gi tr ln nht.
V d 2.
Tnh GTLN, GTNN ca hm s
3
2
2 3 4
3
x
y x x = + + trn on [-4; 0]
Hng dn
Hm s lin tc trn [-4; 0],
2 2
[-4;0]
[-4;0]
1
'( ) 4 3 '( ) 0 4 3 0
3
16 16
( 4) , ( 3) 4, ( 1) , (0) 4
3 3
y Max 4 x = -3 hoc x = 0
16
Min khi x = -4 hoc x = -1
3
x
x
x
f x x x f x x x
x
f f f f
V y khi
y
=
= + + = + + =

=

= = = =
=
=

Bi 1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s (nu c):
3 2 3
4 2 3 2
. f(x) = x 3 9 1 trn [-4; 4] b. f(x) = x 5 4 trn on [-3; 1]
c. f(x) = x 8 16 trn on [-1; 3] d. f(x) = x 3 9 7 trn on [-4; 3]
a x x x
x x x
+ + +
+ +

Bi 2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s (nu c):
2
x 1
. f(x) = trn na khong (-2; 4] b. f(x) = x +2 + trn khong (1; + )
x + 2 x- 1
c. f(x) = x 1 - x d. f(x)
a
1 3
= trn khong ( ; )
cosx 2 2

TIM CN CA HM S
I. Kin thc cn nm
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th l (C)
y = y
0
l tim cn ngang ca nu mt trong hai iu kin sau c tho mn:
0 0
lim ( ) , hoc lim ( )
x x
f x y f x y
+
= =
GTLN
- +
y
y'
b x
0 a
x
GTNN
+ -
y
y'
b x
0 a
x
+
+
0
2
+ -
y
y'
+ 1
0
x
x = x
0
l tim cn ng ca (C) nu mt trong cc iu kin sau c tho mn:
0 0 0 0
lim , lim , lim , lim
x x x x x x x x
+ +

= + = + = =
ng thng y = ax + b ( 0 a ) c gi l tim cn xin nu mt trong hai iu kin sau tho
mn: lim [ ( ) (ax + b)] = 0 hoc lim [ ( ) (ax+b)]=0
x x
f x f x
+

II. Cc dng ton
Dng 1: Tim cn hm s hu t
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
=
Phng php
Tim cn ng: Nghim ca mu khng phi l nghim ca t cho php xc nh tim cn ng.
Tim cn ngang, xin:
+ Det(P(x)) < Det (Q(x)): Tim cn ngang y = 0
+ Det(P(x)) = Det(Q(x)): Tim cn ngang l t s hai h s bc cao nht ca t v mu.
+ Det (P(x)) = Det(Q(x)) + 1: Khng c tim cn ngang; Tim cn xin c xc nh bng
cch phn tch hm s thnh dng: f(x) = ax + b + ( ) x vi lim ( ) 0
x
x
= th y = ax + b l tim cn
xin.
V d 1. Tm cc tim cn ca cc hm s:
2
2
2x- 1 x 7 x + 2
. y = b. y = c. y =
x + 2 3 x 1
x
a
x

Hng dn
a. Ta thy
2 2
2 1 2 1
lim ; lim
2 2
x x
x x
x x
+

= = +
+ +
nn ng thng x= 2 l tim cn ng.
V
1
2
2 1
lim lim 2
2
2
1
x x
x
x
x
x

= =
+
+
nn y = 2 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s.
b.
+
2
3
7
lim
3
x
x x
x
. Nn x = 3 l tim cn ng ca th hm s.
+
1
2
3
y x
x
= +
. Ta thy
1
lim[y - (x + 2)]=lim 0
3
x x
x

Vy y = x+ 2 l tim cn xin ca th hm
s.
c. Ta thy
2
1
2
lim .
1
x
x
x
+
+
= = +
Nn x = 1 l ng tim cn ng.
+
2
1
2
lim
1
x
x
x
+
= +
. Nn x = -1 l tim cn ng.
+
2
2
2
1 2
2
lim 0
1
1
1
x
x
x x
x
x
+
+
+
= =

. Nn y = 0 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s.

Dng 2. Tim cn ca hm v t
2
ax ( 0) y bx c a = + + >
Phng php
Ta phn tch
2
ax ( )
2
b
bx c a x x
a
+ + + +
Vi lim ( ) 0
x
x
+
= khi ( )
2
b
y a x
a
= + c tim cn xin bn phi
Vi lim ( ) 0
x
x
= khi ( )
2
b
y a x
a
= + c tim cn xin bn tr i
V d
Tm tim cn ca hm s:
2
9 18 20 y x x = +
Hng dn
2
9( 2) 6 y x = +
Cc tnh gii hn v cc ca hm s
( )
( )
f x
y
g x
=
lim ( )
0
f x
x x
lim ( )
0
g x
x x

Du ca g(x)
( )
lim
( )
0
f x
x x
g x

L
Tu 0
+ +
L > 0 0
- -
- +
L < 0 0
+ -

Bi 1. Tm tim cn cc hm s sau:
2x - 1 3 - 2x 5 -4
. y = b. y = c. y = d. y =
x + 2 3x + 1 2 - 3x x + 1
x+ 1 1
e. y = f. y = 4 +
2x + 1 x- 2
a
-x + 3 4 - x
g. y = h. y =
x 3x + 1

Bi 2. Tm tim cn ca cc hm s sau:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
x 12 27 x 2 x 3 2- x
. y = b. y = c. y = d. y =
4 5 ( 1) 4 x 4 3
1 x 2
. y = 2x -1 + f. y =
x 3
x x x
a
x x x x x
x
e
x
+ +
+ +
+
3 2
2 2
1 2x
g. y = x- 3 + h. y =
2(x- 1) 1
x
x
+

Bi 3. Tm tim cn cc hm s
2
2
x
. y =
1
x+ 3
b. y =
x+ 1
1
.
4
x
a
x
x
c y
x
+
+
=

Bi 4. Xc nh m th hm s:
2 2
3
2( 2) 1
x
y
x m x m
=
+ + + +
c ng 2 tim cn ng.
Bi 5. Tnh din tch ca tam gic to bi tim cn xin ca th to vi hai trc to ca cc hm s:
2 2
3x 1 -3x 4
. y = b. y =
1 2
x x
a
x x
+ + +
+

Bi 6.(HSP 2000). Tm m tim cn xin ca th hm s
2
2( 1) 4 3
2
x m x m
y
x
+ +
=
to vi hai trc
to mt tam gic c din tch bng 8 (vdt)
Bi 7. Cho hm s:
2
(3 2) 3 3
1
x x m m
y
x
+ +
=
(1)
a. Tm m tim cn xin ca th i qua im (4; 3) A
b. Tm m ng tim cn xin ca (1) ct Parabol
2
y x = ti hai im phn bit.
2
-2
-4
-5 5
2
-2
-4
-5 5
2
-2
-4
-5 5
4. kho st v v hm bc ba
Dng 1: Kho st v v hm s
3 2
(a 0) y ax bx cx d = + + +
Phng php
1. Tm tp xc nh.
2. Xt s bin thin ca hm s
a. Tm cc gii hn ti v cc v cc gii hn ti v cc (nu c). Tm cc ng tim cn.
b. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s, bao gm:
+ Tm o hm, xt du o hm, xt chiu bin thin v tm cc tr.
+ in cc kt qu vo bng.
3. V th ca hm s.
+ V ng tim cn nu c.
+ Xc nh mt s im c bit: Giao vi Ox, Oy, im un.
+ Nhn xt th: Ch ra tm i xng, trc i xng (khng cn chng minh)
V d 1. Cho hm s:
3 2
3 1 y x x = +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s.
b. Tu theo gi tr ca m, bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh:
3 2
3 1 x x m + =
Hng dn
a.
1. TX: D =
2. S bin thin ca hm s
a. Gii hn ti v cc
3 3
2 3
3 3
2 3
3 1
lim( 3 1) lim (1 )
3 1
lim( 3 1) lim (1 )
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
+ +

+ = + = +
+ = + =

c. Bng bin thin
2 2
0
' 3 6 ' 0 3 6 0
2
x
y x x y x x
x
=
= + = + =

=

Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ( ;0) v (2; + )
V nghch bin trn khong (0; 2).
Hm s t cc i ti im x= 2 ; v y
C
=y(2)= 3
Hm s t cc tiu ti im x =0 v y
CT
= y(1) = -1
3. th
+ Giao vi Oy: cho x = 0 0 y = . Vy giao vi Oy ti im O(0; -1)
+ '' 0 6 6 0 1 y x x = + = = . im A (1; 1)
+ Nhn im A lm tm i xng.
b.
S nghim ca phng trnh l s giao im ca 2 th
3 2
3 1 y x x = + v y =m
Da vo th ta c kt qu bin lun:
m > 3: Phng trnh c 1 nghim.

3 phng trnh c 2 nghim
-1< m < 3: Phng trnh c 3 nghim.
m = -1: Phng trnh c 2 nghim
m < -1: Phng trnh c 1nghim
m =

Cc bi ton v hm bc ba
Bi 1(TNTHPT 2008)
Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x = +
3
-
+
-1
- -
+ 0 0
2
0
+
-
y
y'
x
2
-2
-5 5
b. Bim lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
3 2
2 3 1 x x m + =

Bi 2 (TN THPT- ln 2 2008)
Cho hm s y = x
3
- 3x
2

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s cho.
b. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
3 2
3 0 x x m = c 3 nghim phn bit.

Bi 3 (TNTHPT - 2007)
Cho hm s y=
3
3 2 x x + c th l (C) .
a/ Kho st v v th hm s .
b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im A(2 ;4) .

Bi 4 (TNTHPT - 2006)
Cho hm s y=
3 2
3 x x + c th (C) .
b/ Da vo th bin lun s nghim phng trnh :
3 2
3 x x + -m=0 .

Bi 5 (TNTHPT 2004- PB)
Cho hm s y=
3 2
6 9 x x x + c th l (C) .
b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh l nghim ca phng trnh y=0 .
c/ Vi gi tr no ca m th ng thng y=x+m
2
-m i qua trung im ca on thng ni cc i
vo cc tiu .
Bi 6 (TNTHPT 2004 - KPB)
Cho hm s y=
3 2 3
3 4 x mx m + .
a/ Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1 .
b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh x=1 .

Bi 7 (H- A- 2002)
Cho hm s
3 2 2 3 2
3 3(1 ) y x mx m x m m = + + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m= 1
b. Tm k phng trnh:
3 2 3 2
3 3 0 x x k k + + = c 3 nghim phn bit.
c. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua 2 im cc tr ca th hm s (1).
Bi 8 (C SP MGTW- 2004)
Cho hm s y = x
3
- 3x
2
+ 4m
a. Chng minh th hm s lun c 2 cc tr.
b. Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 1

Bi 9 (H-B- 2007)
Cho hm s
3 2 2 2
3 3( 1) 3 1 y x x m x m = + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m =1
b. Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v cc im cc tr cch u im O.
Bi 10 (H - D - 2004)
Cho hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
+ 9x + 1
a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 2
b. Tm m nghim ca phng trnh y= 0 thuc ng thng y = x+ 1

Bi 8
Cho hm s y = (x -1)(x
2
+ mx + m)
a. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit
b. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m= 4

Bi 3
Cho hm s
3 2
2 3( 1) 6( 2) 1 y x m x m x = + +
a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m =2
b. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
Bi 5 (H 2006- D)
Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
b. Gi d l ng thng qua im A(3; 20) v c h s gc m. Tm m ng thng d ct (C ) ti 3
im phn bit. (Gi ng thng d qua M(x
0
;y
0
) c h s gc m c dng: y = m(x - x
0
) + y
0
)
Bi 7
Cho hm s y = (x - m)
3
- 3x
b. Tm m hm s cho t cc tiu ti im c honh x = 0
Bi 8
Cho hm s y = (x -1)(x
2
+ mx + m)
c. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit
d. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m= 4
Bi 11
Cho hm s y =
3 2 2
2 2 x mx m x +
a. Kho st v v th hm s khi m =1
b. Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x = 1
Hm bc bn trng phng v mt s bi tp c lin quan
I. Mt s tnh cht ca hm trng phng
Hm s lun c cc tr vi mi gi tr ca tham s sao cho 0 a
Hm s t gi tr cc i, cc tiu
2
' 0 2 (2 ) 0 y x ax b = + = c ba nghim phn bit
0
2
b
a
<
th hm s lun nhn Oy l trc i xng.
Nu hm s c ba cc tr tr chng to thnh mt tam gic cn.
Dng ton: Kho st v v th ca hm s
V d 1 (TNTHPT-2008)
Cho hm s
4 2
2 y x x =
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im c honh x = -2
V d 2. Cho hm s
4 3 2
4 3( 1) 1 y x mx m x = + + + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m =0
b. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s c 3 cc tr
Bi tp hm s trng phng
Bi 1. Kho st v v th cc hm s sau:
4 2 4 2 4 2
4 2 4 2 4 2
. y= -x 2 b. y = x 2 c. y = x 6 1
1 5
. y = 3 e.y = -x +2x +3 f. y = x +2x +
2 2
a x x x
d x x
+ + +
= 1

Bi 2.
Cho hm s
4 2 2
2 1 y x m x = +
a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m =1
b. Tm m th hm s c ba cc tr l ba nh ca tam gic vung cn.
Bi 3 (H Lt - 2002)
a. Gii phng trnh
4 2
2 1 0 x x + =
b. Kho st v v th hm s y =
4 2
2 1 x x +
c. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
4 2
2 1 0 x x m + =
Bi 4 (H Thi Nguyn - 2002)
Cho hm s
4 2
m
2 (C ) y x mx = +
b. Hy xc nh m hm s th hm s c 3 cc tr
Bi 5. (H Vinh - 2002)
1. Kho st v v th hm s
4 2
5 4 y x x = +
2. Xc nh m phng trnh
4 2 2
5 3 0 x x m + = c 4 nghim phn bit.
Bi 6
Cho hm s
4
2
9
2
4 4
x
y x =
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s
b. Bin lun theo k s giao im ca (C) vi th (P) ca hm s
2
2 y k x =
Bi 7
Cho hm s
4 2 3 2
2 y x mx m m = +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 1
b. Xc nh m th ( )
m
C ca hm s cho tip xc vi trc honh ti 2 im
Bi 8. (H Cn th - 2002)
Cho hm s
4 2
2 2 y x x m = + (C
m
)
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 0
b. Tm cc gi tr ca m th (C
m
) ca hm s ch c hai im chung vi Ox
c. Chng minh vi mi m tam gic c 3 nh l ba cc tr l mt tam gic vung cn.
HO NG CONG

BAI TOAN TONG QUAT:
Cho ho ng cong ) , ( : ) ( m x f y C
m
= ( m la tham so )
Bien luan theo m so ng cong cua ho ) (
m
C i qua iem ) ; (
0 0 0
y x M cho trc.
PHNG PHAP GIAI:

Ta co :
Ho ng cong ) (
m
C i qua iem ) ; (
0 0 0
y x M ) , (
0 0
m x f y = (1)
Xem (1) la phng trnh theo an m.
Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (1) ta suy ra so ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M
0

Cu the:
Neu phng trnh (1) co n nghiem phan biet th co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M
0

Neu phng trnh (1) vo nghiem th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu khong i qua M
0

Neu phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi m th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu i qua M
0

Trong trng hp na y ta noi rang M
0
la iem co nh cua ho ng cong ) (
m
C

Dng 1:
TM IEM CO NH CUA HO NG CONG
BAI TOAN TONG QUAT:
Cho ho ng cong ) , ( : ) ( m x f y C
m
= ( m la tham so )
Tm iem co nh cua ho ng cong (C
m
)
PHNG PHAP GIAI

Bc 1: Goi ) ; (
0 0 0
y x M la iem co nh (neu co) ma ho (C
m
) i qua. Khi o phng trnh:
) , (
0 0
m x f y = nghiem ung m (1)
Bc 2: Bien oi phng trnh (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau:
Dang 1: 0 = + B Am m
Dang 2: 0
2
= + + C Bm Am m
Ap dung nh ly: 0 = + B Am
=
=

0
0
B
A
m (2)

=
=
=
= + +
0
0
0
0
2
C
B
A
m C Bm Am (3)
Bc 3: Giai he (2) hoac (3) ta se tm c ) ; (
0 0
y x

Bi tp
Bi 1. Cho h (C
m
)
3 2 2
3( 1) 2( 4 1) 4 ( 1) y x m x m m x m m = + + + + + . CMR: Khi m thay i th h ng
cong lun qua mt im c nh.
Bi 2. Cho h th (C
m
):
1 mx
x m
+
=
+
. Tm cc im c nh m th ca hm s lun i qua vi mi
1 m
Bi 3. Cho h (C
m
) c phng trnh:
2
1
1
x mx m
y
x
+
=
+
. Chng minh rng (C
m
) lun i qua mt im c
nh.
Bi 4. Cho hm s (C
m
):
3
3 2 y x mx m = +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1.
b. Chng minh rng h ng cong lun i qua mt im c nh.
Bi 5. Cho hm s:
1
, m 1
mx
y
x m
. Gi (H
m
) l th ca hm s cho.
a. Chng minh rng vi mi 1 m , h ng cong lun qua 2 im c nh.
b. Gi M l giao im ca 2 tim cn. Tm tp hp cc im M khi m thay i.
Bi 6. Cho hm s:
3 2
m
( 2) 2( 2) ( 3) 2 1 (C ) y m x m x m x m = + + + + + . Chng minh rng h th lun
qua ba im c nh v 3 im c nh cng nm trn mt ng thng.

Dng 2: Tm im h th hm s khng i qua
Phng php:
B1: Gi s M(x
0
; y
0
) l im m h ng cong khng th i qua.
B2: Khi c phng trnh: ) , (
0 0
m x f y = v nghim vi m t tm c (x
0
; y
0
)
B3: Kt lun v im m h ng cong khng th i qua.

Bi 1. Cho hm s
2 2
m
( 2)( 2 1) (C ) y x x mx m = + . Tm cc im m (C
m
) khng th i qua.
Bi 2. Cho hm s
2
(3 1) m x m m
y
x m
+ +
=
+

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1.
b. Tm cc im trn ng thng x = 1, sao cho khng th c gi tr no ca m th hm s i
qua.
Bi 3. Cho th hm s
3 2
m
2 3( 3) 18 8 (C ) y x m x mx = + + . Chng minh rng trn ng cong y = x
2

c hai im m (C
m
) khng i qua vi m m.
CHUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T
I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG
1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh
a) Phng php
Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng : A B C D + = + , ta thng bnh phng 2
v , iu i khi li gp kh khn hy gii v d sau

( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 . A B C A B A B A B C + = + + + =
v ta s dng php th :
3 3
A B C + = ta c phng trnh :
3
3 . . A B A BC C + + =

b) V d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau : 3 3 1 2 2 2 x x x x + + + = + +
Gii: k 0 x
Bnh phng 2 v khng m ca phng trnh ta c: ( )( ) ( ) 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + = + + , gii
phng trnh ny d nhin l khng kh nhng hi phc tp mt cht .
Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh : 3 1 2 2 4 3 x x x x + + = +
Bnh phng hai v ta c :
2 2
6 8 2 4 12 1 x x x x x + + = + =
Th li x=1 tha
Nhn xt : Nu phng trnh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + = +
M c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x k x + = + , th ta bin i phng trnh v dng :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x = sau bnh phng ,gii phng trnh h qu
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau :
3
2
1
1 1 3
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + = + + +
+

Gii:
iu kin : 1 x
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh ?
Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no?
Ta c nhn xt :
3
2
1
. 3 1. 1
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ = + +
+
, t nhn xt ny ta c li gii nh sau :
3
2
1
(2) 3 1 1
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ = + +
+

Bnh phng 2 v ta c:
3
2 2
1 3
1
1 2 2 0
3
1 3
x
x
x x x x
x
x
=
+
= =

+
= +

Th li : 1 3, 1 3 x x = = + l nghim
Qua li gii trn ta c nhn xt : Nu phng trnh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + = +
M c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . f x h x k x g x = th ta bin i
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x =

2. Trc cn thc
2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung
a) Phng php
Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim
0
x nh vy phng trnh lun a v
c dng tch ( ) ( )
0
0 x x A x = ta c th gii phng trnh ( ) 0 A x = hoc chng minh ( ) 0 A x = v
nghim , ch iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh ta c th nh ga ( ) 0 A x = v nghim
b) V d
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh sau :
( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 2 3 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + = +
Gii:
Ta nhn thy :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 5 1 3 3 3 2 2 x x x x x + = v
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 4 3 2 x x x x + =
Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v :
( )
2 2 2 2
2 4 3 6
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 1
x x
x x x x x x x
+
=
+ + + + +

D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh .
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau (OLYMPIC 30/4 ngh) :
2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + = + +
Gii: phng trnh c nghim th :
2 2
5
12 5 3 5 0
3
x x x x + + =
Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch v dng
( ) ( ) 2 0 x A x = , thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch nh sau :
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
12 4 3 6 5 3 3 2
12 4 5 3
2 1
2 3 0 2
12 4 5 3
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

+ = + + = +
+ + + +
| |
+ +
= =
|
+ + + +
\

D dng chng minh c :
2 2
2 2 5
3 0,
3
12 4 5 3
x x
x
x x
+ +
< >
+ + + +

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh :
2 3 3
1 1 x x x + =
Gii :k
3
2 x
Nhn thy x=3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
( )
( )
( )( )
2
2 3 3
2 3
2 2 3
3
3 3 9
3
1 2 3 2 5 3 1
2 5
1 2 1 4
x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
(
+ +
+
(
+ = + =
(
+
+ +
(

Ta chng minh :
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 3 3
3
3 3
1 1 2
1 2 1 4 1 1 3
x x
x x x
+ +
+ = + <
+ + + +
2
3
3 9
2 5
x x
x
+ +
<
+

Vy pt c nghim duy nht x=3
2.2. a v h tm
a) Phng php
Nu phng trnh v t c dng A B C + = , m : A B C =
dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca x . Ta c th gii nh sau :
A B
C A B
A B

= =
, khi ta c h: 2
A B C
A C
A B

+ =
= +

b) V d
2 2
2 9 2 1 4 x x x x x + + + + = +
Gii:
Ta thy :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 9 2 1 2 4 x x x x x + + + = +
4 x = khng phi l nghim
Xt 4 x
Trc cn thc ta c :
2 2
2 2
2 8
4 2 9 2 1 2
2 9 2 1
x
x x x x x
x x x x
+
= + + + + =
+ + +

Vy ta c h:
2 2
2
2 2
0
2 9 2 1 2
2 2 9 6
8
2 9 2 1 4
7
x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x x
=
+ + + =

+ + = +

=
+ + + + = +

Th li tha; vy phng trnh c 2 nghim : x=0 v x=
8
7

2 2
2 1 1 3 x x x x x + + + + =
Ta thy :
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 x x x x x x + + + = + , nh vy khng tha mn iu kin trn.
Ta c th chia c hai v cho x v t
1
t
x
= th bi ton tr nn n gin hn
Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau :
( )
2 2
3 1 3 1 x x x x + + = + +
4 3 10 3 2 x x = (HSG Ton
Quc 2002)
( )( ) ( )( ) 2 2 5 2 10 x x x x x = +
2 3
4 1 2 3 x x x + = +

2 3 3
1 3 2 3 2 x x x + =
2 3
2 11 21 3 4 4 0 x x x + = (OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + = + + + +
2 2
2 16 18 1 2 4 x x x x + + + = +
2 2
15 3 2 8 x x x + = + +

3. Phng trnh bin i v tch
S dng ng thc
( )( ) 1 1 1 0 u v uv u v + = + =
( )( ) 0 au bv ab vu u b v a + = + =
2 2
A B =
2 3 3 3
1 2 1 3 2 x x x x + + + = + + +
Gii:
( )( )
3 3
0
1 1 2 1 0
1
x
pt x x
x
=
+ + =

=

2 2 3 3 3 3
1 x x x x x + + = + +
Gii:
+ 0 x = , khng phi l nghim
+ 0 x , ta chia hai v cho x:
( )
3 3 3
3 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
x x
x x x x
x x
| |
+ +
+ = + + = =
|
\

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
2
3 2 1 2 4 3 x x x x x x + + + = + + +
Gii: : 1 dk x
pt
( )( )
1
3 2 1 1 0
0
x
x x x
x
=
+ + =

=

4
3 4
3
x
x x
x
+ + =
+

Gii:
k: 0 x
Chia c hai v cho 3 x + :
2
4 4 4
1 2 1 0 1
3 3 3
x x x
x
x x x
| |
+ = = =
|
+ + +
\

Dng hng ng thc
Bin i phng trnh v dng :
k k
A B =
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 3 3 x x x = +
Gii:
k: 0 3 x khi pt cho tng
ng :
3 2
3 3 0 x x x + + =
3
3
1 10 10 1
3 3 3 3
x x
| |
+ = =
|
\

2
2 3 9 4 x x x + =
Gii:
k: 3 x phng trnh tng ng :
( )
2
2
1
3 1 3
1 3 9
5 97
3 1 3
18
x
x x
x x
x x x
=
+ + =

+ + =

= + + =

( ) ( )
2
2
3 3
2 3 9 2 2 3 3 2 x x x x x + + = + +
Gii : pttt
( )
3
3 3
2 3 0 1 x x x + = =

II. PHNG PHP T N PH
1. Phng php t n ph thng thng
i vi nhiu phng trnh v v t , gii chng ta c th t ( ) t f x = v ch iu kin ca
t nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin t quan trng hn ta c th gii c
phng trnh theo t th vic t ph xem nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c th
t hon ton ( ) t f x = thng l nhng phng trnh d .
2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + + =
iu kin: 1 x
Nhn xt.
2 2
1. 1 1 x x x x + =
t
2
1 t x x = th phng trnh c dng:
1
2 1 t t
t
+ = =
Thay vo tm c 1 x =
2
2 6 1 4 5 x x x = +
Gii
iu kin:
4
5
x
t 4 5( 0) t x t = + th
2
5
4
t
x

= . Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau:
4 2
2 4 2
10 25 6
2. ( 5) 1 22 8 27 0
16 4
t t
t t t t t
+
= + =
2 2
( 2 7)( 2 11) 0 t t t t + =
Ta tm c bn nghim l:
1,2 3,4
1 2 2; 1 2 3 t t = =
Do 0 t nn ch nhn cc gi tr
1 3
1 2 2, 1 2 3 t t = + = +
T tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh l: 1 2 2 3 va x x = = +
Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin
2
2 6 1 0 x x
Ta c:
2 2 2
( 3) ( 1) 0 x x x = , t ta tm c nghim tng ng.
n gin nht l ta t : 2 3 4 5 y x = + v a v h i xng (Xem phn dt n ph a v h)
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: 5 1 6 x x + + =
iu kin: 1 6 x
t 1( 0) y x y = th phng trnh tr thnh:
2 4 2
5 5 10 20 0 y y y y y + + = + = ( vi
5) y
2 2
( 4)( 5) 0 y y y y + =
1 21 1 17
,
2 2
(loai) y y
+ +
= =
T ta tm c cc gi tr ca
11 17
2
x

=
Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau :
( )
( )
2
2004 1 1 x x x = +
Gii: k 0 1 x
t 1 y x = pttt ( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 1002 0 1 0 y y y y x + = = =
2
1
2 3 1 x x x x
x
+ = +
Gii:
iu kin: 1 0 x <
Chia c hai v cho x ta nhn c:
1 1
2 3 x x
x x
+ = +
t
1
t x
x
= , ta gii c.
2 4 2 3
2 1 x x x x + = +
Gii: 0 x = khng phi l nghim , Chia c hai v cho x ta c:
3
1 1
2 x x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\

t t=
3
1
x
x
, Ta c :
3
2 0 t t + =
1 5
1
2
t x

= =

Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau
2 2
15 2 5 2 15 11 x x x x = +
2
( 5)(2 ) 3 3 x x x x + = +
2
(1 )(2 ) 1 2 2 x x x x + = +
2 2
17 17 9 x x x x + + =
2
3 2 1 4 9 2 3 5 2 x x x x x + = + +

2 2
11 31 x x + + =
2 2 2
2 (1 ) 3 1 (1 ) 0
n
n n
x x x + + + =
2
(2004 )(1 1 ) x x x = +
( 3 2)( 9 18) 168 x x x x x + + + + =
3 2 2
1 2 1 3 x x + =

Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp bi n gin, i khi
phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii
2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin :
Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh:
2 2
0 u uv v + + = (1) bng cch
Xt 0 v phng trnh tr thnh :
2
0
u u
v v

| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

0 v = th trc tip
Cc trng hp sau cng a v c (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . a A x bB x c A x B x + =

2 2
u v mu nv + = +
Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn c phng trnh v t
theo dng ny .
a) . Phng trnh dng : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . a A x bB x c A x B x + =
Nh vy phng trnh ( ) ( ) Q x P x = c th gii bng phng php trn nu
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. P x A x B x
Q x aA x bB x
=
= +

Xut pht t ng thc :
( )( )
3 2
1 1 1 x x x x + = + +
( ) ( )( )
4 2 4 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x + + = + + = + + +
( )( )
4 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 x x x x x + = + + +
( )( )
4 2 2
4 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + = + + +
Hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn v d nh:
2 4
4 2 2 4 1 x x x + = +
c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai
2
0 at bt c + = gii nghim p
( )
2 3
2 2 5 1 x x + = +
Gii: t
2
1, 1 u x v x x = + = +
Phng trnh tr thnh :
( )
2 2
2
2 5
1
2
u v
u v uv
u v
=
+ =
Tm c:
5 37
2
x

=
2 4 2
3
3 1 1
3
x x x x + = + +
Bi 3: gii phng trnh sau :
2 3
2 5 1 7 1 x x x + =
Gii:
k: 1 x
Nhn xt : Ta vit ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 1 7 1 1 x x x x x x + + + = + +
ng nht thc ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
3 1 2 1 7 1 1 x x x x x x + + + = + +
t
2
1 0, 1 0 u x v x x = = + + > , ta c:
9
3 2 7
1
4
v u
u v uv
v u
=
+ =

Ta c : 4 6 x =
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh : ( )
3
3 2
3 2 2 6 0 x x x x + + =
Gii:
Nhn xt : t 2 y x = + ta hy bin pt trn v phng trnh thun nht bc 3 i vi x v y :
3 2 3 3 2 3
3 2 6 0 3 2 0
2
x y
x x y x x xy y
x y
=
+ = + =

=

Pt c nghim : 2, 2 2 3 x x = =
b).Phng trnh dng :
2 2
u v mu nv + = +
Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhg nu ta bnh phng hai v
th a v c dng trn.
Bi 1. gii phng trnh :
2 2 4 2
3 1 1 x x x x + = +
Gii:
Ta t :
2
2
1
u x
v x
=
khi phng trnh tr thnh :

2 2
3 u v u v + =
Bi 2.Gii phng trnh sau :
2 2
2 2 1 3 4 1 x x x x x + + = + +
Gii
k
1
2
x . Bnh phng 2 v ta c :
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x + = + + = +
Ta c th t :
2
2
2 1
u x x
v x
= +
khi ta c h :
2 2
1 5
2
1 5
2
u v
uv u v
u v
+
=

Do , 0 u v . ( )
2
1 5 1 5
2 2 1
2 2
u v x x x
+ +
= + =
Bi 3. gii phng trnh :
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + = +
Gii:
k 5 x . Chuyn v bnh phng ta c:
( )( )
2 2
2 5 2 5 20 1 x x x x x + = +
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s , :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 5 2 20 1 x x x x x + = + + vy ta khng th t
2
20
1
u x x
v x
=
= +
.
Nhng may mn ta c :
( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
20 1 4 5 1 4 4 5 x x x x x x x x x + = + + = +
Ta vit li phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 5 3 4 5 ( 4 5)( 4) x x x x x x + + = + . n y bi ton c
gii quyt .
Cc em hy t sng to cho mnh nhng phng trnh v t p theo cch trn

3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton
T nhng phng trnh tch
( )( )
1 1 1 2 0 x x x + + + = ,
( )( )
2 3 2 3 2 0 x x x x + + + =
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng
trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht .
T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d
sau .
( )
2 2 2
3 2 1 2 2 x x x x + + = + +
Gii:
2
2 t x = + , ta c : ( )
2
3
2 3 3 0
1
t
t x t x
t x
=
+ + =

=

2 2
1 2 3 1 x x x x + + = +
Gii:
t :
2
2 3, 2 t x x t = + Khi phng trnh tr thnh :
( )
2
1 1 x t x + = + ( )
2
1 1 0 x x t + + =
By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c
chn : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 3 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
1
t
x x x t x t x t x
t x
=
+ + + = + + =

=

T mt phng trnh n gin :
( )( )
1 2 1 1 2 1 0 x x x x + + + = , khai trin ra ta s c pt
sau
2
4 1 1 3 2 1 1 x x x x + = + +
Gii:
Nhn xt : t 1 t x = , pttt: 4 1 3 2 1 x x t t x + = + + + (1)
Ta rt
2
1 x t = thay vo th c pt:
( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 4 1 1 0 t x t x + + + + =
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t
( ) ( )
2
2 1 48 1 1 x x = + + +
khng c dng bnh phng .
Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo
( ) ( )
2 2
1 , 1 x x +
C th nh sau : ( ) ( ) 3 1 2 1 x x x = + + thay vo pt (1) ta c:
2
2 2 4 4 2 9 16 x x x + + = +
Gii .
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 16 2 4 16 2 9 16 x x x x + + + = +
Ta t :
( )
2
2 4 0 t x = . Ta c:
2
9 16 32 8 0 x t x + =
Ta phi tch
( ) ( )
2 2 2
9 2 4 9 2 8 x x x = + + lm sao cho
t
c dng chnh phng .
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch
4. t nhiu n ph a v tch
Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng phng trnh v t m khi gii
n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan h gia cc n ph a v h
Xut pht t ng thc ( ) ( )( )( )
3
3 3 3
3 a b c a b c a b b c c a + + = + + + + + + , Ta c
( ) ( )( )( )
3
3 3 3
0 a b c a b c a b a c b c + + = + + + + + =
T nhn xt ny ta c th to ra nhng phng trnh v t c cha cn bc ba .
2 2 3 3 3
7 1 8 8 1 2 x x x x x + + + =
3 3 3 3
3 1 5 2 9 4 3 0 x x x x + + + =
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 . 3 3 . 5 5 . 2 x x x x x x x = + +
Gii :
2
3
5
u x
v x
w x
, ta c :
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2
2 2
3 3
5 5
u v u w u uv vw wu
v uv vw wu u v v w
w uv vw wu v w u w
+ + = = + +

= + + + + =

= + + + + =

, gii h ta c:
30 239
60 120
u x = =
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + = + + + +
Gii . Ta t :
2
2
2
2
2 1
3 2
2 2 3
2
a x
b x x
c x x
d x x
= + +
= +
, khi ta c :
2 2 2 2
2
a b c d
x
a b c d
+ = +
=

Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
2 2
4 5 1 2 1 9 3 x x x x x + + + =
2) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2 4
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x + + = + +
5. t n ph a v h:
5.1 t n ph a v h thng thng
t ( ) ( ) , u x v x = = v tm mi quan h gia ( ) x v ( ) x t tm c h theo u,v
( )
3 3 3 3
25 25 30 x x x x + =

t
3 3 3 3
35 35 y x x y = + =
Khi phng trnh chuyn v h phng trnh sau:
3 3
( ) 30
35
xy x y
x y
+ =
+ =
, gii h ny ta tm c
( ; ) (2;3) (3; 2) x y = = . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l {2;3} x
4
4
1
2 1
2
x x + =
iu kin: 0 2 1 x
t
4
4
2 1
0 2 1, 0 2 1
x u
u v
x v

Ta a v h phng trnh sau:
4
4
2
2 4 4
4
1
1
2
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
u v
u v
u v v v

+ =

| |

+ = + =
|
\

Gii phng trnh th 2:
2
2 2
4
1
( 1) 0
2
v v
| |
+ + =
|
\
, t tm ra v ri thay vo tm nghim ca phng
trnh.
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: 5 1 6 x x + + =
iu kin: 1 x
t 1, 5 1( 0, 0) a x b x a b = = + th ta a v h phng trnh sau:
2
2
5
( )( 1) 0 1 0 1
5
a b
a b a b a b a b
b a
+ =
+ + = + = =

Vy
11 17
1 1 5 1 1 5
2
x x x x x

+ = + = =
6 2 6 2 8
3 5 5
x x
x x
+
+ =
+

Gii
iu kin: 5 5 x < <
t
( )
5 , 5 0 , 10 u x v y u v = = < < .
Khi ta c h phng trnh:
2
2 2
( ) 10 2
10
2 4 4 4 8
( ) 1 2( )
3 3
u v uv
u v
u v u z
uv u v
+ = +
+ =

| |
+ = + + =
|
\

5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II
Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a v h i xng loi II
Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
( )
( )
2
2
1 2 (1)
1 2 (2)
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +
vic gii h ny th n
gin
By gii ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t ( ) y f x = sao cho (2) lun ng ,
2 1 y x = + , khi ta c phng trnh : ( )
2
2
1 ( 2 1) 1 2 2 x x x x x + = + + + = +
Vy gii phng trnh :
2
2 2 x x x + = + ta t li nh trn v a v h
Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc 2 :
( )
( )
2
2
x ay b
y ax b

+ = +
+ = +
, ta s xy dng c phng
trnh dng sau : t y ax b + = + , khi ta c phng trnh : ( )
2 a
x ax b b

+ = + +
Tng t cho bc cao hn : ( )
n
n
a
x ax b b

+ = + +
Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng :
( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + = + + v t
n
y ax b + = + a v h , ch v du ca ???
Vic chn ; thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng : ( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + = + + l chn
c.

2
2 2 2 1 x x x =
iu kin:
1
2
x
Ta c phng trnh c vit li l:
2
( 1) 1 2 2 1 x x =
t 1 2 1 y x = th ta a v h sau:
2
2
2 2( 1)
2 2( 1)
x x y
y y x

Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c ( )( ) 0 x y x y + =
Gii ra ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh l: 2 2 x = +
2
2 6 1 4 5 x x x = +
Gii
iu kin
5
4
x
Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau:
2 2
4 12 2 2 4 5 (2 3) 2 4 5 11 x x x x x = + = + +
t 2 3 4 5 y x = + ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
2
(2 3) 4 5
( )( 1) 0
(2 3) 4 5
x y
x y x y
y x
= +
+ =
= +

Vi 2 3 4 5 2 3 x y x x x = = + = +
Vi 1 0 1 1 2 x y y x x + = = =
Kt lun: Nghim ca phng trnh l {1 2; 1 3} +
Cc em hy xy dng mt s h dng ny ?
Dng h gn i xng
Ta xt h sau :
2
2
(2 3) 2 1
(1)
(2 3) 3 1
x y x
y x
= + +
= +
y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng chng ta vn

gii h c , v t h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau :
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh:
2
4 5 13 3 1 0 x x x + + + =
Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc :
2
13 33
2 3 1
4 4
x x
| |
= +
|
\

t
13
2 3 1
4
y x = + th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m chng ta c th gii c.
thu c h (1) ta t : 3 1 y x + = + , chn , sao cho h chng ta c th gii c , (i
xng hoc gn i xng )
Ta c h :
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 3 1 0 (1) 3 1
(*)
4 13 5 0 (2)
4 13 5
y y x y x
x x y
x x y

+ + = + = +

+ + + =
+ =

gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2): v mong mun ca chng ta l c nghim x y =
Nn ta phi c :
2 2
2 3 1
4 13 5

= =
+
, ta chn c ngay 2; 3 = =
Ta c li gii nh sau :
iu kin:
1
3
x , t
3
3 1 (2 3), ( )
2
x y y + =
Ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
2
(2 3) 2 1
( )(2 2 5) 0
(2 3) 3 1
x y x
x y x y
y x
= + +
+ =
= +

Vi
15 97
8
x y x

= =
Vi
11 73
2 2 5 0
8
x y x
+
+ = =
Kt lun: tp nghim ca phng trnh l:
15 97 11 73
;
8 8

+
`

)

Ch : khi lm quen, chng ta c th tm ngay ; bng cch vit li phng trnh
ta vit li phng trnh nh sau:
2
(2 3) 3 1 4 x x x = + + +
khi t 3 1 2 3 x y + = + , nu t 2 3 3 1 y x = + th chng ta khng thu c h nh mong
mun , ta thy du ca cng du vi du trc cn.

Mt cch tng qut .
Xt h:
( ) . . (1)
( ) '. ' (2)
f x A x B y m
f y A x m
= + +
= +
h c nghim x = y th : A-A=B v m=m,

Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc ( ) y g x = thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
Nh vy xy dng pt theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm ngc v tm c v hn na h phi gii
c.
Mt s phng trnh c xy dng t h.
1)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + + =

2)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + + =
3)
3 2 3
4
81 8 2 2
3
x x x x = +
4)
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x + =
5)
( ) ( )
2
15
30 4 2004 30060 1 1
2
x x x = + +
6)
3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x = +

Gii (3):
Phng trnh : ( )
3
3 2 3 3
27 81 8 27 54 36 54 27 81 8 3 2 46 x x x x x x = + =
Ta t :
3
3 2 81 8 y x =
Cc em hy xy dng nhng phng trnh dng ny !

III. PHNG PHP NH GI
1. Dng hng ng thc :
T nhng nh gi bnh phng :
2 2
0 A B + , ta xy dng phng trnh dng
2 2
0 A B + =
T phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
5 1 2 9 5 2 1 0 x x x x + + = ta khai trin ra c phng trnh :
( )
2
4 12 1 4 5 1 9 5 x x x x x + + = +

2. Dng bt ng thc
Mt s phng trnh c to ra t du bng ca bt ng thc:
A m
B m

nu du bng (1) v (2)

cng dt c ti
0
x th
0
x l nghim ca phng trnh A B =
Ta c : 1 1 2 x x + + Du bng khi v ch khi 0 x = v
1
1 2
1
x
x
+ +
+
, du bng khi v ch
khi x=0. Vy ta c phng trnh:
1
1 2008 1 2008 1
1
x x x
x
+ + = + +
+

i khi mt s phng trnh c to ra t tng :
( )
( )
A f x
B f x

khi :
( )
( )
A f x
A B
B f x
=
=

=

Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi
nghim l v t vic on nghim khng c, ta vn dng bt ng thc nh gi c
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh (OLYMPIC 30/4 -2007):
2 2
9
1
x x
x
+ = +
+

Gii: k 0 x
Ta c :
( )
2 2
2
2 2 1
2 2 1 9
1 1 1
x
x x x
x x x
(
| | | |
(
(
+ + + + = +
| |
(
+ + + (
\ \

Du bng
2 2 1 1
7 1 1
x
x x
= =
+ +

2 4 2 4
13 9 16 x x x x + + =

Gii: k: 1 1 x
Bin i pt ta c :
( )
2
2 2 2
13 1 9 1 256 x x x + + =
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki:
( )
( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
13. 13. 1 3. 3. 3 1 13 27 13 13 3 3 40 16 10 x x x x x + + + + + =

p dng bt ng thc Csi:
( )
2
2 2
16
10 16 10 64
2
x x
| |
=
|
\

Du bng
2
2
2 2
2
1
5 1
3
2
10 16 10
5
x
x
x
x
x x
=
+

=

=
=

Bi 3. gii phng trnh:
3` 2 4
3 8 40 8 4 4 0 x x x x + + =
Ta chng minh :
4
8 4 4 13 x x + + v ( ) ( )
2
3 2
3 8 40 0 3 3 13 x x x x x x + + +
Bi tp ngh .
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+ + = +
+

4 4 4
1 1 2 8 x x x x + + = +
4 4 4
2 8 4 4 4 4 x x x + = + +
4 3 3
16 5 6 4 x x x + = +
3` 2 4
3 8 40 8 4 4 0 x x x x + + =
3 3 4 2
8 64 8 28 x x x x + + = +
2
2
1 1
2 2 4 x x
x x
| |
+ = +
|
\

3. Xy dng bi ton t tnh cht cc tr hnh hc

3.1 Dng ta ca vc t
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, Cho cc vc t: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; u x y v x y = =
r r
khi ta c

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
u v u v x x y y x y x y + + + + + + + +
r r r r

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t , u v
r r
cng hng
1 1
2 2
0
x y
k
x y
= = , ch t s phi dng
. . .cos . u v u v u v =
r r r r r r
, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi cos 1 u v =
r

3.2 S dng tnh cht c bit v tam gic
Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u , th vi mi im M trn mt phng tam gic, ta lun c
MA MB MC OA OB OC + + + + vi O l tm ca ng trn .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
M O .
Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt mt phng Th MA+MB+MC nh
nht khi im M nhn cc cnh AB,BC,AC di cng mt gc
0
120

Bi tp
1)
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 x x x x x x + + + + + + + =
2)
2 2
4 5 10 50 5 x x x x + + =
IV. PHNG PHP HM S
1.Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu
Da vo kt qu : Nu ( ) y f t = l hm n iu th ( ) ( ) f x f t x t = = ta c th xy dng
c nhng phng trnh v t
Xut pht t hm n iu : ( )
3 2
2 1 y f x x x = = + + mi 0 x ta xy dng phng trnh :
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
3 1 2 1 2 3 1 (3 1) 1 f x f x x x x x = + + = + + , Rt gn ta c phng trnh
( )
3 2
2 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 x x x x x + + =
T phng trnh ( )
( )
1 3 1 f x f x + = th bi ton s kh hn
( ) ( )
3 2
2 7 5 4 2 3 1 3 1 x x x x x + + + =
gi hai bi ton trn chng ta c th lm nh sau :
t 3 1 y x = khi ta c h :
3 2 3
2
2 7 5 4 2
3 1
x x x y
x y
+ + + =
cng hai phng trnh ta c:

( ) ( )
3 2
2 1 1 x x + + + =
3 2
2y y +
Hy xy dng nhng hm n iu v nhng bi ton v t theo dng trn ?
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 4 4 4 3 2 9 3 0 x x x x x + + + + + + + =
Gii:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 x x x x f x f x + + + + = + + + =

Xt hm s ( )
( )
2
2 3 f t t t = + + , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c
1
5
x =
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh
3 2 2 3
4 5 6 7 9 4 x x x x x + = +
Gii . t
2 3
7 9 4 y x x = + , ta c h : ( ) ( )
3 2
3
3
2 3
4 5 6
1 1
7 9 4
x x x y
y y x x
x x y
+ =
+ = + + +
+ =

Xt hm s : ( )
3
f t t t = + , l hm n iu tng. T phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
5
1 1 1 7 9 4
1 5
2
x
f y f x y x x x x
x
=
= + ( = + + = +

=

3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x + =

V. PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA
1. Mt s kin thc c bn:
Nu 1 x th c mt s t vi ;
2 2
t
(
(

sao cho : sint x = v mt s y vi | |
0; y sao
cho cos x y =
Nu 0 1 x th c mt s t vi 0;
2
t
(
(

sao cho : sint x = v mt s y vi 0;
2
y
(
(

sao
cho cos x y =
Vi mi s thc x c ;
2 2
t
| |

|
\
sao cho : tan x t =
Nu : x, y l hai s thc tha:
2 2
1 x y + = , th c mt s t vi 0 2 t , sao cho
sin , cos x t y t = =
T chng ta c phng php gii ton :
Nu : 1 x th t sint x = vi ;
2 2
t
(
(

hoc cos x y = vi
| |
0; y
Nu 0 1 x th t sint x = , vi 0;
2
t
(
(

hoc cos x y = , vi 0;
2
y
(
(

Nu : x, y l hai s thc tha:
2 2
1 x y + = , th t sin , cos x t y t = = vi 0 2 t
Nu x a , ta c th t :
sin
a
x
t
= , vi ;
2 2
t
| |

|
\
, tng t cho trng hp khc
x l s thc bt k thi t : tan , ;
2 2
x t t
| |
=
|
\

Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ?
Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin ( ) x f t = th phi m bo vi mi x c duy nht mt t , v
iu kin trn m bo iu ny . (xem li vng trn lng gic )
2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ?
T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin: cos3 sin t t = , ta c th to ra c phng trnh v t
Ch :
3
cos3 4cos 3cos t t t = ta c phng trnh v t:
3 2
4 3 1 x x x = (1)
Nu thay x bng
1
x
ta li c phng trnh :
2 2 2
4 3 1 x x x = (2)
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi : (x-1) ta s c phng trnh v t kh:
3 2 2
4 12 9 1 2 x x x x x + = (3)
Vic gii phng trnh (2) v (3) khng n gin cht no ?
Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x,.hy xy dng nhng phng trnh v t theo
kiu lng gic .
3. Mt s v d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau : ( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
x
x x x

(
+ + = +
(

Gii:
iu kin : 1 x
Vi [ 1; 0] x : th ( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 0 x x + (ptvn)
[0;1] x ta t : cos , 0;
2
x t t
(
=
(

. Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
1 1
2 6 cos 1 sin 2 sin cos
2 6
x t t t
| |
+ = + =
|
\
vy phng trnh c nghim :
1
6
x =
Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
1)
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+ + = +
+
HD:
1 2cos
tan
1 2cos
x
x
x
+
=

2)
( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 x x x + = + s:
1
2
x =
3)
3
3 2 x x x = + HD: chng minh 2 x > v nghim

Bi 3 . Gii phng trnh sau:
3
6 1 2 x x + =
Gii: Lp phng 2 v ta c:
3 3
1
8 6 1 4 3
2
x x x x = =
Xt : 1 x , t
| |
cos , 0; x t t = . Khi ta c
5 7
cos ; cos ;cos
9 9 9
S

=
`
)
m phng trnh
bc 3 c ti a 3 nghim vy cng chnh l tp nghim ca phng trnh.
Bi 4. .Gii phng trnh
2
2
1
1
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\

Gii: k: 1 x > , ta c th t
1
, ;
sin 2 2
x t
t
| |
=
|
\

Khi ptt: ( )
2
cos 0
1
1 cot 1
1
sin sin 2
2
t
t
x t
=
+ =

Phng trnh c nghim :
( )
2 3 1 x = +
Bi 5 .Gii phng trnh :
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2 1
x
x
x
x x x
+
+
+ = +

Gii: k 0, 1 x x
Ta c th t : tan , ;
2 2
x t t
| |
=
|
\

Khi pttt.
( )
2
2sin cos2 cos2 1 0 sin 1 sin 2sin 0 t t t t t t + = =
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim
1
3
x =

Bi tp tng hp
( )
3
3 2 2
1 2 2 x x x x + =
2
2 2 30 2007. 30 4 2007 30. 2007 x x x + =
2
12 8
2 4 2 2
9 16
x
x x
x

+ >
+

3 3 3
1 1 2 x x x + + =
3 3
1 2 1 x x x + + = +
4 5 3 1 2 7 3 x x x x + + + = + + +
( )
2 2
3 1 3 1 x x x x + + = + +
4 3 10 3 2 x x = (HSG Ton Quc 2002)
( )( ) ( )( ) 2 2 5 2 10 x x x x x = +
2 3
4 1 2 3 x x x + = +
2 3 3
1 3 2 3 2 x x x + =
2 3
2 11 21 3 4 4 0 x x x + = (OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + = + + + +
2 2
2 16 18 1 2 4 x x x x + + + = +
2
2
3 3 2
2
3 1
x x
x x
x
+ +
+ + =
+

12 2 1 3 9 x x x + = +
3 2 4 4
1 1 x x x x + + = + +
2
4 3 3 4 3 2 2 1 x x x x x + + = + +
3 2 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x x + + + + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 16 2 4 16 2 9 16 x x x x + + + = +

2
(2004 )(1 1 ) x x x = +
( 3 2)( 9 18) 168 x x x x x + + + + =
2 4 2
3
3 1 1
3
x x x x + = + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
3 3
2 1 3 1 1 0 x x x + + + =
2
2008 4 3 2007 4 3 x x x + =

( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 1 1 1 3 8 2 1 x x x x + = + + +
2
12 1 36 x x x + + + =
( )
3 3
4 1 1 2 2 1 x x x x + = + +
1 1 1
2 1 3
x
x x
x x x
+ = +
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + = +
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x + =
( ) ( )
2
15
30 4 2004 30060 1 1
2
x x x = + +
2
4 9
7 7
28
x
x x
+
= +
2 2
4 4 10 8 6 10 x x x x =
3 x x x x = +

CHUYN : PHNG TRNH V T
I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG
Dng 1 : Phng trnh
(*)
0
x D
A B A B
A B

= =

=

Lu : iu kin (*) c chn tu thuc vo phc tp ca 0 A hay 0 B
Dng 2: Phng trnh
2
0 B
A B
A B

=

=

Dng 3: Phng trnh
+)
0
0
2
A
A B C B
A B AB C
+ =
+ + =
(chuyn v dng 2)
+)
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 . A B C A B A B A B C + = + + + =
v ta s dng php th :
3 3
A B C + = ta c phng trnh :
3
3 . . A B A BC C + + =
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
a)
2
1 1 x x =
b) 2 3 0 x x + =
c)
2
1 1 x x + + =
e) 3 2 1 3 x x + =
f) 3 2 1 x x + =
g) 9 5 2 4 x x + = +
h) 3 4 2 1 3 x x x + + = +
i)
2 2
( 3) 10 12 x x x x + =

II.PHNG PHP T N PH
Phng php t n ph thng thng.
-Nu bi ton c cha ( ) f x v ( ) f x khi t ( ) t f x = (vi iu kin ti thiu l 0 t . i vi
cc phng trnh c cha tham s th nht thit phi tm iu kin ng cho n ph).
-Nu bi ton c cha ( ) f x , ( ) g x v ( ). ( ) f x g x k = (vi k l hng s) khi c th t :
( ) t f x = , khi ( )
k
g x
t
=
-Nu bi ton c cha ( ) ( ) ; ( ). ( ) f x g x f x g x v ( ) ( ) f x g x k + = khi c th t:
( ) ( ) t f x g x = suy ra
2
( ). ( )
2
t k
f x g x

=
-Nu bi ton c cha
2 2
a x th t sin x a t = vi
2 2
t

hoc cos x a t = vi 0 t
Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 2
3 2 2 x x m x x + = +
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh:
2
1 x x m =
-Gii phng trnh khi m=1
-Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
2
2 3 x mx x m + =
-Gii phng trnh khi m=3
-Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c nghim.
-Nu bi ton c cha
2 2
x a th t
sin
a
x
t
= vi { } ; \ 0
2 2
t
(

(

hoc
cos
a
x
t
= vi
| |
0; \
2
t

`
)

-Nu bi ton c cha
2 2
x a + ta c th t .tan x a t = vi ;
2 2
t
| |

|
\
Gio vin: Nguyn Vit Bc Luyn thi i hc (Chuyn Hm S)
a)
2 2
2 8 12 2 x x x x + + + =
b)
2 2
2 5 2 3 9 3 3 x x x x + + =
c)
2 2
4 6 2 8 12 x x x x + = +
d)
2 2
3 15 2 5 1 2 x x x x + + + + =
e)
2
( 4)( 1) 3 5 2 6 x x x x + + + + =
f)
2 2
2 5 2 2 2 5 6 1 x x x x + + + =
g)
2 2
3 2 2 2 6 2 2 x x x x + + + + =
h)
2 2
11 31 x x + + =
i)
2
( 5)(2 ) 3 3 x x x x + = +

a)
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
1 2 1 x x x x + =
b)
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 x x x x
(
+ + = +
(

c)
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 0 x x x x + =
d)
6 4 2 2
64 112 56 7 2 1 x x x x + =
e)
2
35
12
1
x
x
x
+ =

f) ( )( ) ( )
1
3 1 4 3 3
3
x
x x x
x
+
+ + =

2
1 1
1
m
x
x
+ =

-Gii phng trnh vi
2
2
3
m = +
( )
2 2
2 2 2 3 0 x x x x m + =
-Gii phng trnh vi m = 9

2. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton
L vic s dng mt n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh mt phng trnh vi mt n ph nhng cc
h s vn cn cha x.
-T nhng phng trnh tch
( )( )
1 1 1 2 0 x x x + + + = ,
( )( )
2 3 2 3 2 0 x x x x + + + =
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng
trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht.
T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d
sau .
( )
2 2 2
3 2 1 2 2 x x x x + + = + +
Gii:
2
2 t x = + , ta c : ( )
2
3
2 3 3 0
1
t
t x t x
t x
=
+ + =

=

2 2
1 2 3 1 x x x x + + = +
Gii:
t :
2
2 3, 2 t x x t = +
Khi phng trnh tr thnh : ( )
2
1 1 x t x + = + ( )
2
1 1 0 x x t + + =
By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c chn
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 3 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
1
t
x x x t x t x t x
t x
=
+ + + = + + =

=

T mt phng trnh n gin :
( )( )
1 2 1 1 2 1 0 x x x x + + + = , khai trin ra ta s c pt sau
2
4 1 1 3 2 1 1 x x x x + = + +
Gii:
Nhn xt : t 1 t x = , pttt: 4 1 3 2 1 x x t t x + = + + + (1)
Ta rt
2
1 x t = thay vo th c pt:
( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 4 1 1 0 t x t x + + + + =
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t
( ) ( )
2
2 1 48 1 1 x x = + + + khng
c dng bnh phng .
Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo
( ) ( )
2 2
1 , 1 x x +
C th nh sau : ( ) ( ) 3 1 2 1 x x x = + + thay vo pt (1) ta c:
2
2 2 4 4 2 9 16 x x x + + = +
Gii .
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 16 2 4 16 2 9 16 x x x x + + + = +
Ta t :
( )
2
2 4 0 t x = . Ta c:
2
9 16 32 8 0 x t x + =
Ta phi tch
( ) ( )
2 2 2
9 2 4 9 2 8 x x x = + + lm sao cho
t
c dng chnh phng .
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch.
Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
3 3
(4 1) 1 2 2 1 x x x x + = + + b)
2 2
1 2 2 x x x x =
c)
2 2
1 2 2 x x x x = + d)
2 2
4 ( 2) 2 4 x x x x x + = + +
3. Phng php t n ph chuyn v h.
a) Dng thng thng: t ( ) ( ) , u x v x = = v tm mi quan h gia ( ) x v ( ) x t tm c
h theo u,v. Chng hn i vi phng trnh: ( ) ( )
m m
a f x b f x c + + = ta c th t:
( )
( )
m
m
u a f x
v b f x
= +

t suy ra
m m
u v a b + = + . Khi ta c h
m m
u v a b
u v c
+ = +
+ =

a)
3
2 1 1 x x = b)
3
9 2 1 x x = c)
2
1 ( 1) 0 x x x x x x + =
b) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc hai v ly tha bc hai:
2
( ) ax b c dx e x + = + + + vi
d ac
e bc

= +
= +

Cch gii: t: dy e ax b + = + khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:
( )
( )
2
2 2
( )
dy e ax b
dy e ax b
dy e c dx e x
c dy e x dy e

+ = +
+ = +

+ = + + +
+ = + +

->gii
Nhn xt: D s dng c phng php trn cn phi kho lo bin i phng trnh ban u v dng tha
mn iu kin trn t n ph.Vic chn ; thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di
dng : ( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + = + + l chn c.
c) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc ba v ly tha bc ba.
( )
3
3
ax b c dx e x + = + + + vi
d ac
e bc

= +
= +

Cch gii: t
3
dy e ax b + = + khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
3
3
3
( ) ( )
dy e ax b dy e ax b
c dy e acx bc
dy e c dx e x c dx e ac d x dy bc c dx e x dy e
+ = + + = +
+ = +

+ = + + + + = + + + = + +

1)
2
1 4 5 x x x + = + +
2)
2
3 1 4 13 5 x x x + = +
3)
3 3
2 3 3 2 x x + =
4)
2
4 9
7 7 0
28
x
x x x
+
= + >

5)
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x + =
6)
( )
3 3 3 3
35 35 30 x x x x + =
7)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + + =
8)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + + =

( ) ( )
2
15
30 4 2004 30060 1 1
2
x x x = + +
3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x = +
9)
3 2 3
4
81 8 2 2
3
x x x x = +
10)
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x + =
II. PHNG PHP HM S
S dng cc tnh cht ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p dng
sau y:
Hng 1: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: ( ) f x k =
Bc 2: Xt hm s ( ) y f x =
Bc 3: Nhn xt:
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k = = = do
0
x l nghim
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k > > = do phng trnh v nghim
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k < < = do phng trnh v nghim
Vy
0
x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Hng 2: thc hin theo cc bc
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: ( ) ( ) f x g x =
Bc 2: Dng lp lun khng nh rng ( ) f x v g(x) c nhng tnh cht tri ngc nhau v xc nh
0
x sao
cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x =
Bc 3: Vy
0
x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Hng 3: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng ( ) ( ) f u f v =
Bc 2: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = , dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu
Bc 3: Khi ( ) ( ) f u f v u v = =
V d: Gii phng trnh : ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 4 4 4 3 2 9 3 0 x x x x x + + + + + + + =
pt ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 x x x x f x f x + + + + = + + + =
Xt hm s ( )
( )
2
2 3 f t t t = + + , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c
1
5
x =
Bi tp: Gii phng trnh:
2
4 1 4 1 1 x x + = ,
3
1 4 5 x x x = + ,
2
1 3 x x x = + ,
2 3
1 2 2 x x x x = + ,
1 2 3 x x + + = ,
2
2 1 3 4 x x x + + =

Chuyen de Ham So LTDH 12 GV Nguyenvietbac 6109

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Copyright:

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Chuyen de Ham So LTDH 12 GV Nguyenvietbac 6109

Uploaded by

Copyright:

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Gio vin: Nguyn Vit Bc Luyn thi i hc (Chuyn Hm S 12)

http://ebook.here.vn - Th vin Thi Trc Nghim, Bi Ging, Chuyn 1

ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n.

khi phng trnh tr thnh :

y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng chng ta vn

h c nghim x = y th : A-A=B v m=m,

nu du bng (1) v (2)

cng hai phng trnh ta c:

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