Redox Titration

Dr. Manisha Jain

Asst. professor (Inorganic chemistry) Department Of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi). Delhi, India. Redox Reactions Redox stands for Reduction - Oxidation These titrations involve the titration of an oxidizing agent (or oxidant) with a reducing agent (or reductant) or vice versa. There must be a sufficiently large difference between the oxidizing and reducing capabilities of theses agents for the reaction to undergo completion with a sharp end point. Oxidation process involves loss of electrons while reduction process involves gain of electrons. Thus an oxidizing agent is one which accepts electrons while a reducing agent is one which loses the electrons. An oxidizing agent oxidizes the other substance by stripping off electrons from it. A reducing agent reduces the other substance by donating electrons to it. Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur simultaneously. One can not take place in isolation from the other. During a redo reaction the o idi!ing agent itself undergoes reduction "hile the reducing agent undergoes its o idation. Thus reduction reaction is represented as Oxidant ne ! Reductant Oxidation reaction is represented as Reductant ! Oxidant ne Oxidation of a substance leads to increase in its oxidation number while Reduction of a substance lead to decrease in the oxidation number. The relative tendency to accept or lose electrons by any reagent is measured in terms of their standard reduction potential values. Relative values are only obtained by comparison with the "ormal #ydrogen electrode potential $%&'( when the hydrogen gas at ) atm. pressure is in contact with a piece of platinum and with hydrogen ion concentration at )*. The standard electrode potential enable us to predict which ions will oxidize or reduce other ions. A reversible redox system may be represented as Oxidant ne ! Reductant Or Oxd ne ! Red

The electrode potential which is established when an inert or unattackable electrode is immersed in a solution containing both the oxidant and the reductant is given by the expression &T ! &+ RT,n- ln .oxd/,.Red/ 0here &T is the observed potential of the redox electrode at temperature T 1 & + is the standard reduction potential1 n the number of electrons gained by the oxidant in being converted to the reductant. The &lectrochemical series enlists a number of systems according to decreasing standard reduction potentials at 23 +4. The most powerful oxidizing agents lie at the top of electrochemical series $ #igh positive &+red values( and the most powerful reducing agents are present at the bottom $#igh negative &+red values(. %ome of the commonly used oxidizing and reducing agents in the redox titrations are 5 Oxidizing agents i. KMnO4 in presence of dil #2%O6 MnO4

+ 8H+ +

e!

"

Mn#+

+ 4H#O

$%red & +'. #(

ii. K#)r#O* in dil. #2%O6 a moderately strong oxidizing agent7 oxidizing ability depends strongly on p#1 decreasing rapidly as solution becomes more neutral )r#O*#+ + '4H+ + ,e+ " #)r-+ + *H#O iii. .odine solution .# + # e! & #.+ Reducing agents i. Mohr0s sa1t 2e3O4.(4H4) #3O4.,H#O -e2 ii. Oxa1ic acid 8 -e9 e$%red & +/.**( $%red & +/. 4( $%red & +'.--(

H#)#O4.#H#O )#O4#! & #)O# + # e! $%red & +/.**(

iii.

3odiu5 thiosu16hate 4a#3#O-. H#O #3#O-#! & 34O,#! + # e! $%red & +/./8(

There is no universal oxidizing agent which can be titrated against every reducing agent and vice-versa. #ence1 the choice of an oxidizing agent to be used against a particular reducing agent depends upon the reaction conditions and standard reduction potential of the oxidizing agent. 6H de6endence o7 oxidizing 8eha9iour :t is important to note that for many oxidants the p# of the medium is of great importance and hence their oxidizing strength may vary depending on the medium in which its reaction is studied. -or example potassium permanganate is oxidizing agent in all three mediums1 scid1 alkaline and neutral. #owever it is strongest in acidic medium. a. 3trong1: a1;a1ine 5ediu5 *nO6 e- 8 *nO62;

$%red & +/. ,( *olecular weight ---------------------) 8 *nO 2> 6O#$%red & +'.#-(
*anganese dioxide ppt.

'ermanganate ion

*anganate ion

&<uivalent weight of =*nO6 ! b. 4eutra1 5ediu5 *nO 6 2#2O

;

9e --

&<uivalent weight of =*nO6! c. <cidic 5ediu5 *nO6 ?#

;

*olecular weight ---------------------9 *n2

*anganous ion

3e-

6#2O

$%red & +'. '(

&<uivalent weight of =*nO6 !

*olecular weight -------------------------3

Redox .ndicators A redox indicator should be such that it produces a sudden change in the electrode potential in the vicinity of the e<uivalence point during a redox titration. This is possible when the indicator itself is redox active i.e.1 capable of undergoing oxidation or reduction process which is a reversible one. The oxidized and reduced form of the indicator should have a contrast difference in the colours. :noxd ne ! :nred At potential &1 the ratio of the concentration of two forms is given by the "ernst e<uation &T ! &+ RT,n- ln .:noxd/,.:Red/ T:6e o7 Redox .ndicators

3e17 .ndicators *any a times the titrant itself may be so strongly coloured that after the e<uivalence point1 a single drop of the titrant produces an intense colour in the reaction mixture. e.g. potassium permanganate. %uch :ndicators are called self indicators. %elf indicators generally are strongly coloured as a result of charge transfer transitions in them. .nterna1 indicator %uch indicators are added into the reaction mixtures %uch indicators always have reduction potential values lower than the analyte system so that they react with the titrant only when whole of the analyte has been consumed1 producing a readily detectable color change. $xterna1 indicator :n case a suitable redox indicator is not available for a given system1 an indicator may be employed which will indicate the completion of reaction by physically or chemically reacting with the analyte $not through redox reaction(. This reaction between indicator and the analyte may sometimes be an irreversible one and in some cases may even lead to precipitation. :n those case indicators are not added to the reaction mixture on the whole1 rather used externally on a grooved tile. %uch indicators are called external indicators. =otentio5etric Methods The most accurate method to @udge the completion of redox titration is however potentiometric method which deals with the measurement of e.m.f. between a reference electrode and the indicator $redox( electrode during the stages of redox titration. This method infact tells us the e<uivalence point of the reaction and not the end point Titration o7 =otassiu5 6er5anganate (s Oxa1ic acid =otassiu5 6er5anganate is not a 6ri5ar: standard. :t is not easily obtained in perfectly pure form which is completely free from manganese dioxide. Also the a<ueous solutions are not stable for long as the ordinary distilled water usually contains reducing substances $traces of organic matter1 etc.( which react with permanganate resulting in precipitation of *nO2. This reaction is catalysed by light. 'resence of manganese dioxide is totally undesirable as it catalyses the auto decomposition of the permanganate ion on standingA 4MnO
4

+ #H#O " 4MnO# + -O# + 4 OH

'ermanganate solution decompose in presence of manganous ions alsoA #MnO

4

+ - Mn#+ + #H#O & MnO# + 4H+

The reaction is <uite slow in acidic medium but attains a fast rate in neutral solutions. Thus 'ermanganate solution can not be considered as a primary standard solution by simply making the calculations based on the amount of permanganate weighed and

dissolved. The permanganate solutions once prepared are either left for a day or two or the freshly prepared solutions are boiled for an hour. :n both the cases the resulting solution is filtered through sintered glass crucibles. The clear solutions so obtained are then standardized by titrating with a primary standard solution =er5anganate ion in the acidic 5ediu5 is a 9er: strong oxidizing agent MnO4 + 8H+ +

e!

"

Mn#+

+ 4H#O

$%red & +'. '(

6er5anganate

Manganous ion

The acidity is introduced by addition of dil. # 2%O6 only and no other acid. 4onc. #2%O6 1 "itric acid $both conc. and dilute( canBt be used as these are oxidizing agent and may interfere in the reaction of permanganate depending on the reductantBs strength. :n the hydrochloric acid permanganate can oxidize chloride to chlorine1 which can be a source of positive errors as permanganate is consumed in this reaction. $$%red )1#>)1!)& +'.-,() #MnO
4

+ ', H+ + '/)1 (a?) "

!

#Mn#+ + )1# + 8 H#O (1)

Acetic acid is too weak an acid to provide the desired acidity in the solution. =er5anganate acts as se17 indicator. %ince *nO65 is intense purple while *n2 is colourless1 the reaction mixture at e<uivalence point is colourless and even a single drop of the permanganate would impart sufficient pink colour to the solution acting as self indicator. This also leads to precaution that while titrating a reducing agent with =*nO6 1 constant stirring of reaction mixture is must otherwise local reduction in acidity may lead to precipitation of *nO2 according to this reaction. The reducing agent in the titration to be discussed is oxalic acid here. The composition of it is #242O6.2#2O. :nspite of being a dehydrate it is a good primary standard as its composition is unchanged during storage or weighing. The reaction between oxalic acid and potassium permanganate can be represented asA #KMnO4 + H#)#O4 + -H#3O4 & #Mn3O4 + K#3O4 + '/ )O# + 8H#O

:n ionic form the reaction can be represented asA #MnO4 + '/ )#O4#+ ',H+ & #Mn#+ + '/ )O# + 8H#O This redox reaction can be split apart in two parts- one showing the oxidation and the other reduction #MnO4 + '/e + ',H+ & #Mn#+ + 8H#O
C:: ::

reduction $Oxidation number has decreased(

)#O4# & '/ )O# + '/e

:: :C

oxidation $Oxidation number has increased(

This titration is carried out in warm conditions $temperature about D+ o4(. The reaction at room temperature is slow because of the e<uilibrium nature of this reaction. 4O 2 is highly soluble in water and thus heating removes all dissolved carbondioxide out of the solution driving the reaction in forward direction. Also at low temperature1 the reduction of permanganate may not be complete producing *n$:::( $in the form .*n$4 2O6(9/9-(. The formation of this species introduce errors in titrations as no. of electrons utilized here are different as compared to production of *n2 . This complex however breaks on heating and hence reaction proceeds smoothly. 0hile noting the burette readings1 it should be taken into account that the solution is so intensely coloured that the lower meniscus of the solution may not be clear. Thus for permanganate titrations the upper meniscus in the burette is noted. <nother i56ortant redox titration is titration o7 =otassiu5 dichro5ate @ith Mohr0s sa1t. 'otassium dichromate is also a very strong oxidizing agent $$%red & +'.--(( . #owever it is not as strong oxidizing agent as permanganate is $$%red & +'. '((.%till it is widely used in redox titrations because of several advantages over permanganate. Enlike potassium permanganate1 potassium dichromate is available in high purity and is highly stable upto its melting point. :ts a<ueous solutions are not attacked by oxidisable impurities like rubber or any other organic matter and thus composition of a<ueous solution does not change on keeping. The a<ueous solutions are <uite stable towards light. :t is thus an excellent primary standard and its standard solutions can be prepared by direct weighing of an amount of it and dissolving in a known volume of distilled water. 'otassium dichromate acts as oxidizing agent in acidic medium onlyA The neutral a<ueous solution of 'otassium dichromate is )A) e<uilibrium mixture of dichromate and chromate1 a conse<uence of hydrolysis of dichromate ions. )r#O*#+ + H#O &
Orange

# )rO4#+ + #H+
:e11o@

4hromate ions are weaker oxidizing agent than dichromate. Thus oxidizing strength of dichromate is reduced in neutral solution. The above hydrolysis reaction however can be reversed by adding acid to the solution and this explains the necessity of acidic medium for the reaction. Also the reduction reaction of dichromate can be represented asA )r#O*#+ + '4H+ + ,e+ " #)r-+ + *H#O $%red & +'.--(

+(. Orange

+... green

This reaction clearly shows the involvement of # in the reduction half reaction. The medium is generally acidified with dil. #2%O6. Enlike permanganate case1 cold #4l can be used here for acidifying the reaction mixture provided the acid conc. Foes not increase beyond ) 5 2 *. Though the dichromate solutions are intensely orange coloured solutions and a single drop of it imparts yellow colour to a colourless solution1 it can0t 8e used as a se17 indicator 1i;e KMnO4. This is because its reduction product $)r-+( is green which hinders in the visual detection of end point by observing dichromate colour. Thus an indicator is must in this titration. The indicator should be redox active and must be properly chosen keeping in mind the electrode potential values of the reducing agent being titrated with dichromate. %uitable indicators for dichromate titrations are Fiphenylamine $specifically sodium diphenylamine sulphonate($+.2Ga<. %oln( in presence of orthophosphoric acid1 and "-phenylanthranilic acid $+.)G soln. in +.++3 * "aO#(. Mohr0s 3a1t The reducing agent used in this titration is Mohr0s sa1t which is a double salt. :ts composition is 2e3O4.(4H4) #3O4.,H#O. The redox active species in this compound is -e2 whose oxidation can be represented asA 2e#+ " 2e-+ + e! $%red & +/.**(

Mohr0s sa1t is a 6ri5ar: standard and therefore its standard solution can be easily prepared by direct weighing a known <uantity of it and dissolving in a known volume of distilled water. #owever The -errous ions in a<ueous solutions are highly susceptible towards hydrolysis resulting in precipitation of ferrous hydroxide. A2e(H#O),B#+ & A2e(H#O) (OH) B#+ + H+ <?ua ion CD 2e(OH)# + 4 H#O + H+
Hrown ppt.

The reaction se<uence however can be reversed by adding acid. #ence while preparing standard solution of *ohrBs salt it is necessary to add about ) ml of dil. #2%O6 to the measuring flask. %imple -errous sulphate is not a primary standard and hence can never be used for preparing the standard solution. The solid sample of ferrous sulphate contains a high percentage of ferric ions produced by aerial oxidation of the ferrous ions. Thus composition is not accurately known. The reaction between 'otassium dichromate and *ohrBs salt can be represented asA

K#)r#O* + ,2e3O4 + *H#3O4 " K#3O4 + )r#(3O4)- + -2e#(3O4)-+ *H#O :n ionic form the reaction can be written as )r#O*#! + ,2e#+ + '4 H+ " # )r-+ + ,2e-++ *H#O
Orange green

This redox reaction can be split apart in two parts- one showing the oxidation and the other reduction )r#O*#! + ,e + '4H+ & # )r-+ + *H#O
C: :::

reduction $Oxidation number has decreased( oxidation $Oxidation number has increased(

, 2e#+
::

" , 2e-+
:::

+ , e!

The end point of the titration as indicated earlier has to be defined with the help of an indicator. Di6hen:1a5ine is one such indicator $internal indicator as it is added to the reaction mixture(. The end point is marked with an intense blue violet colouration. The reduction potential value of this system is $%red & +/.*,( @hich is very near to that of ferrousferric system $$%red & + /.**(). Thus phosphoric acid is re<uired in this titration as it reacts with the product $ yellow ( -e9 ion to form the complex ion .-e$#'O6(/ 1 thus lowering the formal potential of the -e$:::(,-e$::( system thereby increasing its reducing power. Thus the end point is sharper. The indicator action of diphenylamine can be understood asA

The diphenyl amine $:( undergoes oxidation first into a colourless diphenylbenzidine $::( which is the real indicator and is reversibly further oxidized to diphenylbenzidine violet $:::(. The titrations done here are double titrations. This means in the first titration =24r2OI is standardized by titrating with a standard solution of *ohrBs salt and in the second titration this standardized =24r2OI is titrated against a given oxalate ion solution of unknown strength. %o experimental work involves three stepsA $x6eri5ent no.'E <.ME To esti5ate the strength o7 gi9en Mohr0s sa1t so1ution 8: titrating against =otassiu5 dichro5ate so1ution. 3tandardize the =otassiu5 dichro5ate so1ution @ith (a66rox. /./# 4) standard Mohr0s sa1t so1ution 6re6ared 8: :ou. 3te6 'E =re6aration o7 standard so1ution o7 Mohr0s sa1t (rough1: 4>4/) Take a clean dry weighing bottle. 0eigh it when empty with out the bottle lid. $as demonstrated in lab session( This is weight of empty weighing bottle $w)(. "ow put an approximate <uantity of *ohrBs salt to be weighed in the weighing bottle. 0eigh again. :n case the added amount is too much than re<uired 1 take out some with the help of a clean spatula and weigh the weighing bottle. :n case the added amount is less than re<uired1 add some more into the weighing bottle. $"ever add compound to the weighing bottle1 when it is still placed on the pan of the weighing balance. Always take it out1 and then add or remove the compound(. "ote down the weighing readings as weight of weighing bottle with the compound $w2( Transfer the compound into )++ mJ measuring flask with the help of a funnel and keep the weighing bottle back on the pan of weighing balance. "ote down the weight as weight of weighing bottle after transference of compound $w9(. The difference of $w9( and $w2( gives the amount of compound actually transferred to the measuring flask. Fissolve the solid in minimum amount of water. Add a few drops of conc. #2%O6 acid. %hake and make up the volume till the )++ ml mark on the flask. 'ut the stopper on the flask and shake a number of times1 vigorously to homogenize the solution 3te6 #E 3tandardisation o7 K#)r#O* so1n. 8: titrating @ith standard Mohr0s sa1t so1ution Esing :nternal :ndicator Fiphenylamine 'ipette out )+ mJ of *ohrBs salt solution in the conical flask . Add approximately )+ mJ of dil. #2%O6 to the same flask. Add 2 drops of the indicator diphenylamine and 2 mJ of )A) ortho #9'O6. Titrate the reaction mixture with potassium dichromate solution taken in burette till a colour change from light green to blue- violet is obtained.

Repeat the titration for three concordant readings.

Esing &xternal :ndicator 'otassium -erricyanide Take a clean grooved tile. Add 2 drops of the indicator 5 'otassium -erricyanide $2G a<. %oln.( in each groove. 'ipette out )+ mJ of *ohrBs salt solution in the conical flask . Add approximately )+ mJ of dil. #2%O6 to the same flask. Titrate the reaction mixture with potassium dichromate solution taken in burette. %top at the point when some green colour in the solution starts appearing. Fip a clean glass rod in the reaction mixture and then in the indicator taken on the grooved tile. "otice the colour. A prussian blue $TurnbullBs blue( colouration or precipitate indicates the presence of reactant -e2 in the solution. 4ontinue the titration again with the same reaction mixture. Again after adding about ) mJ1 repeat the indicator step and observe. Repeat above two steps till no prussian blue colouration is observed when reaction mixture is added to the indicator. Repeat the titration again1 now checking the reaction mixture near end point after interval of +.) mJ addition of Fichromate each time. Repeat the titration for three concordant readings.

3te6 -E Titration o7 3tandardised K#)r#O* so1n. @ith Mohr0s sa1t so1ution o7 un;no@n strength. Repeat the above titration 1 now taking *ohrBs salt solution $whose concentration is to be determined( in place of standard *ohrBs salt solution.

O8ser9ations and )a1cu1ations

4alculation of the amount of *ohrBs salt to be weighed for preparing the standard solution -or preparing the standard solution of *ohrBs salt1 first the amount re<uired to weigh is calculated as %trength $g,J( ! "ormality x &<uivalent weight. "ormality of *ohrBs salt solution to be prepared is +.+23 " &<uivalent weight of *ohrBs salt ! *ol. 0t., no. of e<uivalents ! 9K2, ) ! 9K2 Thus strength ! +.+23 x 9K2 ! K.?+ g,J -or )++ mJ solution1 amount of *ohrBs salt to be weighed is +.K?+ g.

OH%&RCAT:O" TAHJ& ). 0eighing observationsA a. b. c. 0eight of empty weighing bottle7 w) $g( ! LLLLLL.. 0eight of empty weighing bottle *ohrBs salt7 w2 $g( ! LLLLLL.. 0eight of weighing bottle after transference of *ohrBs salt to the standard solution.7 w9 $g( ! LLLLLL.. Amount of *ohrBs salt transferred to )++ ml measuring flask ! $ w2 - w9( g Thus strength of *ohrBs salt solution is ! $ w2 - w9( x )+ g,J And "ormality of *ohrBs salt solution is ! $ w2 - w9( x )+ 4 9K2 (or #olarity #ohr$s salt solution is % ( "& ' "() )* M) (+& 2. Titration of =24r2OI soln. Cs *ohrBs salt solution $self prepared( Colume of *ohrBs salt solution used in each titration ! )+ mJ :ndicator used ! Fiphenylamine $2 drops( 2ml )A) #9'O6 4olour change at end point ! green to violet 3. 4o. .nitia1 Furette readings R' 2ina1 R# (o1u5e o7 K#)r#O* )onsu5ed (R# ! R') 5G

Thus applying the normality relation 4Mohr(Mohr & 4dichr(dichr Thus 4Mohr(Mohr (dichr ( Calculations alternatively can also ,e done using molarity concept -#dichr.dichr % ##.# #dichr % ##.# -.dichr ) 4dichr &

9.

Titration of %tandardised =24r2OI soln. Cs *ohrBs salt solution $unkown conc.( Colume of *ohrBs salt solution used in each titration ! )+ mJ :ndicator used ! Fiphenylamine $2 drops( 2ml )A) #9'O6 4olour change at end point ! green to violet

3. 4o. .nitia1

Furette readings R' 2ina1 R#

(o1u5e o7 K#)r#O* )onsu5ed (R# ! R') 5G

Thus applying the normality relation 4Mohr(Mohr & 4dichr(dichr Thus 4dichr(dichr (Mohr ( Calculations alternatively can also ,e done using molarity concept -#dichr.dichr % ##ohr.#ohr ##ohr % #dichr.dichr -.#ohr ) 4Mohr &

Thus strength $g,J( of *ohrBs salt solution $of unknown conc.( ! "ormality x &<. 0t Or % #olarity #ol."t.

Resu1tE The strength o7 gi9en Mohr0s sa1t so1ution @as 7ound to 8eHHHHHH..g>G

$x6eri5ent no.#E <.ME To esti5ate the strength o7 gi9en oxa1ic acid so1ution 8: titrating against =otassiu5 6er5anganate so1ution. 3tandardize the =otassiu5 dichro5ate so1ution @ith (a66rox. /./# 4) standard oxa1ic acid so1ution 6re6ared 8: :ou. 3te6 'E =re6aration o7 standard so1ution o7 oxa1ic acid (rough1: 4>4/) Take a clean dry weighing bottle. 0eigh it when empty with out the bottle lid. $as demonstrated in lab session( This is weight of empty weighing bottle $w)(. "ow put an approximate <uantity of oxalic acid to be weighed in the weighing bottle. 0eigh again. :n case the added amount is too much than re<uired 1 take out some with the help of a clean spatula and weigh the weighing bottle. :n case the added amount is less than re<uired1 add some more into the weighing bottle. $"ever add compound to the weighing bottle1 when it is still placed on the pan of the weighing balance. Always take it out1 and then add or remove the compound(. "ote down the weighing readings as weight of weighing bottle with the compound $w2( Transfer the compound into )++ mJ measuring flask with the help of a funnel and keep the weighing bottle back on the pan of weighing balance. "ote down the weight as weight of weighing bottle after transference of compound $w9(. The difference of $w9( and $w2( gives the amount of compound actually transferred to the measuring flask. 3te6 #E 3tandardisation o7 KMnO4 so1n. 8: titrating @ith standard oxa1ic acid so1ution 'ipette out )+ mJ of oxalic acid solution in the conical flask . Add approximately )+ mJ of dil. #2%O6 to the same flask. #eat the reaction mixture upto D+M4. Nou can have a rough idea about the temperature. This can be done by observing when the first bubble starts appearing in the solution and the flask is @ust unbearable to touch. Titrate the hot reaction mixture<uickly with potassium permanganate solution taken in burette till a first pink shade appears in the solution. Repeat the titration for three concordant readings. 3te6 -E Titration o7 3tandardised KMnO4 so1n. @ith Mohr0s sa1t so1ution o7 un;no@n strength. Repeat the above titration1 now taking *ohrBs salt solution $whose concentration is to be determined( in place of standard *ohrBs salt solution.

O8ser9ations and )a1cu1ations

4alculation of the amount of oxalic acid to be weighed for preparing the standard solution -or preparing the standard solution of oxalic acid1 first the amount re<uired to weigh is calculated as

%trength $g,J( ! "ormality x &<uivalent weight. "ormality of oxalic acid solution to be prepared is +.+23 " &<uivalent weight of oxalic acid ! *ol. 0t., no. of e<uivalents ! )2D, 2 ! D9 Thus strength ! +.+23 x D9 ! ).3D g,J -or )++ mJ solution1 amount of oxalic acid to be weighed is +.+)3D g. OH%&RCAT:O" TAHJ& 2. 0eighing observationsA a. b. c. 0eight of empty weighing bottle7 w) $g( ! LLLLLL.. 0eight of empty weighing bottle oxalic acid7 w2 $g( ! LLLLLL.. 0eight of weighing bottle after transference of oxalic acid to the standard solution.7 w9 $g( ! LLLLLL.. Amount of oxalic acid transferred to )++ ml measuring flask ! $ w2 - w9( g Thus strength of oxalic acid solution is ! $ w2 - w9( x )+ g,J And "ormality of *ohrBs salt solution is ! $ w2 - w9( x )+ 4 D9 (or #olarity #ohr$s salt solution is % ( "& ' "() )* M) )&2. Titration of =*nO6 soln. Cs oxalic acid solution $self prepared( Colume of oxalic acid solution used in each titration ! )+ mJ :ndicator used ! =*nO6 as self indicator Reaction temperature ! OD+M4 4olour change at end point ! colourless to pink 3. 4o. .nitia1 Furette readings R' 2ina1 R# (o1u5e o7 KMnO4 )onsu5ed (R# ! R') 5G

Thus applying the normality relation 4ox(ox & 46er5ang(6er5ang

Thus 4ox(ox (6er5ang ( Calculations alternatively can also ,e done using molarity concept /#permang.permangr % &#o .o #permang % &#o .o /.permang ) 46er5ang &

9.

Titration of %tandardised =*nO6 soln. Cs oxalic acid solution $unkown conc.( Colume of oxalic acid solution used in each titration ! )+ mJ :ndicator used ! =*nO6 as self indicator Reaction temperature ! OD+M4 4olour change at end point ! colourless to pink

3. 4o. .nitia1

Furette readings R' 2ina1 R#

(o1u5e o7 KMnO4 )onsu5ed (R# + R') 5G

Thus applying the normality relation 4ox(ox & 46er5ang(6er5ang Thus 46er5ang (6er5ang (ox ( Calculations alternatively can also ,e done using molarity concept /#permang.permang % &#o r.o #o % & #permang.permang /.o ) 4ox &

Thus strength $g,J( of Oxalic acid solution $of unknown conc.( ! "ormality x &<. 0t Or % #olarity #ol."t.

Resu1tE The strength o7 gi9en Oxa1ic acid so1ution @as 7ound to 8eHHHHHH..g>G