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Mang Nhiet
Q
Max Qt()
Qt()
Q2()
Q1t()
9 12 15 18 21 24
-2-
nhit l h thng ng
M
LH
ng v cc ph kin dn
mi cht lu ng gia
BN
BC
h cp v h tiu th
GN2 GN1
nhit lnh.
Cc ph kin l cc
thit b dng duy tr
v iu khin s lu
ng ca mi cht, nh
TD
TA
MN
BHN
BN
MG
DBH
FL
cu b n nhit, v v...
V d v mng nhit trong nh my nhit in v h thng lnh c m t trn
hnh 1.2 v hnh 1.3.
1.2. Kt cu ng ng
1.2.1. Cu to ng dn.
Mt ct ngang ng dn thng c cu to
nh hnh 1.4, gm 3 lp vt liu: ng, lp cch
nhit, lp bo v.
ng knh trong d1 ca ng c tnh theo
d2
,
d1
dc
, c
d2
db
, b
dc
G = f = d12 hay d1 = 2
4
G
vi [m/s] chn theo loi mi cht. Cht
-3-
1.2.2. Cc yu cu v ng dn.
1) Chu c nhit , p sut v tnh n mn ca mi cht khi lm vic. Khi t,
p cao, phi dng ng kim loi khng hn mp, ni ng bng hn hoc bch.
2) C lp cch nhit bng vt liu c b, chu c nhit v ng, t ht m,
t mao dn, bn lu.
3) C lp bo v ngoi cng cch m ch t lp cch nhit, chu c tc
ng ca mi trng xung quanh( khng kh, t, nc...).
1.2.3. Lp t ng ng.
- Tu theo cng ngh sn xut v a bn nh my, khi la chn v tr lp t
ng ng cn ch :
[l]
1) B tr h cp, h
tiu th hp l.
2)
ng
ng
ngn, gn, t t ct bo
0,00
Hnh 1.5: Cc v tr lp t ng ng
-4-
W
, (m)
q
d 42 d14
; [m 3 ] l m men bn tng ng ca ng.
d1
2
, [N/m] l lc y 1m ng do gi c vn tc ly bng = 30
2
12 *cp (d 42 d 14
5d i 4q 12 + k 2 d c2 2 4
] 2 , [m]
(60 4 50 4 ).10 3 x 4
d 42 d14
= 0,1
= 1,34.10-5 m3.
3
d1
50.10
q1 = 67,8 N/m.
q2 = kdc
1,2.30 2
2
= 1,5.0,07.
= 56,7 N/m.
2
2
-5-
[lt] = (12... cp
1,34.10 5 2
w 2
) = (1,2.0,8.0,45.1,1.10 8 .
) = 8,49 m.
88,4
q
l
[1/K] ph thuc loi vt liu. Vi thp cc bon th = 12.10-61/K.
lt
Khi trong ng pht sinh ng sut nhit tnh theo nh lut Hook
= Ei = E.
x
= Et. Vi thp cc bon th = 2,35t Mpa = 24t kG/cm2.
l
2
2
p = f = (d 22 d12 ) = 4 l (d 2 d1 ) , [N].
4
R
R
ng lin c
un cong hnh
ch U, ch S
R
hoc ch vi
cc
bn
knh
cong R xc nh
R
(a)
(b)
(c)
*cp
q
2
pd
3 d
p 2 2 , [m].
4 2
4
-6-
vi =
1
(d 2 d1 ) [m] l chiu di ng
2
q1 [l t ]
, [N/m2].
d 2b
1
(d 2 d1 ) = 1 (60 50).10 3 = 0,005m.
2
2
q=
q1 [l t ] 67,8.8,49
=
= 95937 N/m2
d 2b
0,06.0,1
2
pd
3 d2
* 2
( cp ) p 2
[lb ] =
q
4 2
4
0,005
=
0,8.1,1.10 8
0,18.95937
3 8.10 5.0,06
8.10 5.0,06
4 2.0,005
4.0,005
= 24,8 m
Ch : - Cc mt k t, treo cn tip xc mt ng d2 khi lm mp v bo
n.
- Phn thp ca c cu b nhit cn lp van x nc ngng.
-7-
Chng 2
TNH NHIT CHO MNG NHIT
2.1. Mc ch v c s tnh nhit cho mng nhit.
2.1.1. Mc ch tnh nhit cho mng nhit:
1) Xc nh tn tht nhit, tc lng nhit truyn qua ng ra mi trng, qua
tng ng v ton mng nhit.
2) Xc nh phn b nhit trn mt ct ngang ng, trong mi cht nhit v
trong mi trng quanh ng.
3) Xc nh lut thay i nhit mi cht dc ng, tnh nhit mi cht ra
khi ng.
4) Xc nh s chuyn pha ca mi cht dc ng tc l tm v tr xy ra s ngng
t hay si ho hi, lng mi cht chuyn pha.
5) chn kt cu cch nhit thch hp.
2.1.2. C s tnh nhit cho mng nhit
tnh nhit cho mng nhit, ngi ta da vo phng trnh truyn nhit,
phng trnh cn bng nhit, kt cu ng ng cng mi cht v mi trng.
2.1.2.1. Kt cu ng ng, mi cht v mi trng.
Mt ct ngang ng ng thng c
kt cu nh hnh 2.1: Bn trong l mi
(d1/d0, )
MC
GCpt1
R1
R0
Rc
Rb
R2
CN (dc/d1, c)
BV (db/dc, b)
MT (t0)
Hnh 2.1: Mt ct ng dn
-8-
d
d
d
1
1
1
1
1
ln c +
ln b +
+
.
ln 1 +
2 b d c
d o 1 2 o d o 2 c d 1
d b 2
Q = q l (x)dx khi ql thay i trn trc x ca ng, (do nhit mi cht thay i
0
dc ng).
2.1.2.3. Phng trnh cn bng nhit
Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho mi cht chy trong ng n nh nhit l
(Bin thin Entanpy mi cht qua ng )
t0
i2 x
t1
Gi1
Cpt1
Rl
x+dx
Hnh 2.2
-GCpdt =
t to
dx .
Rl
t(x) t o
dx = l q l
Rl
l
-9-
t0
ql
l db,b
d1/d0,0
t1
di l c cc thng s ca ng:
1m
dc,c
Hnh 2.3
1
Nu1(ReGrPr)1.
d0
Tnh
Tnh
t w1 t b
t t
d
tc tb = tw1 = w1 b ln i +1
d
1
1
2 d i
2 ln di+1
i
i
i
3) So snh sai s q = 1-
q l2
q l1
- 10 -
vi
t t
1,16 1 0
2 =
db
11,6 + 7
0,25
1
, [mK/W]
d 0 1
R =
d
1
ln 1 ,
2 0 d 0
Rc =
Rb =
d
1
ln b ,
2 b d c
R2 =
d
1
ln c , [mK/W]
2 c d 1
1
,
d b 2
Rl = Rbi, [mK/W].
Trong thc hnh,cho php b qua R1,R, Rb theo cc iu kin ni trn v tnh
2 theo cng thc kinh nghim.
2.2.4. Tnh tn tht nhit:
Tn tht nhit trn 1m di ng ng l: ql =
t Mc t 0
, khi tnh gn ng, coi
Rl
t1 t 0
, [W/m].
Rl
t1 t 0
, [W].
Rl
- 11 -
t1
knh tng ng
tc
2.2.6. V d thc t:
Tnh 2, Rl, ql, Q, tc ca ng c
tc
t0
4f
2ab
d=
v tnh nh ng trn.
=
u a+b
d
1
1
ln c +
2 c d 1 d c 2
60
1
1
ln +
= 0,514 mK/W
2.3,14.0,1 50 3,14.0,06.23,72
t 1 t 0 120 30
=
= 175W/m
Rl
0,514
t1
4) Tnh
Rc =
R2 =
tc
t0
r0
rc r
1
60
1
ln +
= 0,514 mK/W
2.3,14.0,1 50 3,14.0,06.23,72
1
60
= 0,224 mK/W
ln
3,14.0,06.23,72 50
120
30
+
0,29 0,224
tc =
= 69 0 C
1
1
+
0,29 0,224
- 12 -
0
R
Rb
Rc
R0
R1
MC, t1
(d1/d0, )
CN (dc/d1, c)
BV (db/dc, b)
(d,t0)
xc nh theo quy c:
- Nhit mt t khi h 2db
nh o ti thc a.
d
h2 b
2
h
t1
h
db/2
t0
d
2 h + h 2 + b
2
2
2h
dn
d n 2h
=
=
+ 1
hay
dt
dt db
db
db
Hnh 2.7
2h
1
2h
tc l: R =
ln
+ 1 , mK/W. (cng thc Fochemer).
2d d b
db
- 13 2
2h
dc
1
2h
1
Rl = Rc + R =
ln
ln
+ 1 .
2c d 1 2d d b
db
Tn tht nhit ql =
t1 t 0
v Q = lql.
Rl
t
t1
+ 0
t t
R
Rd
= c 0 tc = c
1
1
Rd
+
Rc Rd
r
1
d
x 2 + (y + h) 2
x 2 + (y h) 2
2h
1 dc
1 2h
+
+ 1
ln
ln
c d1 d d c
dc
2ab
, m.
a+b
0,00
0
y
x
M(x,y)
trong t
t0
d
150
1
1
ln c =
ln
= 4,2 mK/W
2 c d 1
2.3,14.0,05 40
- 14 2
2
2.0,5
2h
1
2h
2
.
0
,
5
1
+
ln
R =
ln
+ 1 =
1 = 0,23 mK/W.
2d d b
2.3,14.1,8 0,15
0,15
db
ql =
t1 t 0
90 27
=
= 14,2 W/m.
Rc + Rd
4,2 + 0,23
= 27 +(90-27)
= 27 + 63
1
d
x 2 + (y + h) 2
x 2 + (y h) 2
2h
1 dc
1 2h
ln
ln
+
+ 1
c d1 d d c
dc
1
150 1 2.0,5
2.0,5
ln
+ ln
+
1
0,05 40 1,8 0,15
0,15
1,24
= 29,8 0C.
27,87
0
h
0
0,2
0,1
M
trong t:
d1) v (t2, Rc2, d2) chn trong t cng su
27
trong t.
30,3
29,8
t1
t0
t2
Rc1
d1Rc1
t1
Rc2
t0
d2Rc2
t2
- 15 -
d c1
1
1
2h
2h
1 , mK/W
+
Nu gi : R1 = Rc1 + R1 =
ln
ln
+
2c1 d 1 2d d c1
d c1
2h
d c2
1
2h
1
1 , mK/W
R2 = Rc2 + R2 =
+
ln
+
ln
2d d c2
d
2 2 d 2
c2
1
2h
R0 =
ln 1 + , mK/W
2d
b
q l1 =
(t 1 t 0 )R 2 (t 2 t 0 )R 1
= - q l 2 (vi t1> t2) , W/m.
R 1 R 2 + R 02
2
q l1
x 2 + (y + h )
ln 2
+ ln
2
2 d
(
)
+
x
y
h
(x b )2 + (y + h )2 .
(x b 2 ) + (y h )2
2.4.4. V d h 2 ng ngm:
0
C t1 = 150 C, t2 = 30 C, l = 100m,
t0(h) = 27 C, h = 1m, c1 = c2 = 0,02W/mK,
d c1 150
d
100
=
, c2 =
, b = 300mm, =
d1
50
d2
30
t2
R
dc1 t1
t1
t0
1,8W/mK.
Tnh q l , Q1, t(x = 0,15m; y = 0,8m).
t0
dc2 t2
hnh 17
2
2h
d c1
1
2h
1
1
+
R1 =
ln
ln
+
2c1 d 1 2d d c1
d c1
- 16 2
2.1
1
1
150
2.1
=
+
ln
ln
+
1 = 9 mK/W.
2.3,14.0,02 50 2.3,14.1,8 0,15
0,3
2h
d c2
1
2h
1
1
ln
+
R2 =
+
ln
2d d c2
2c2 d 2
d c2
2
2.1
1
100
1
2.1
ln
+
ln
+
1 = 9,91 mK/W.
2.3,14.0,02 d 30 2.3,14.1,8 0,1
0,1
R0 =
2
2
1
1
2.1
2h
ln 1 + =
ln 1 +
= 0,17 mK/W.
2d
b 2.3,14.1,8
0,3
ql1 =
= 27 +
2
q l1
x 2 + (y + h )
ln 2
+ ln
2
2 d
(
)
+
x
y
h
2
13,4
0,15 2 + (0,8 + 1)
ln
+ ln
2
2
2.3,14.1,8
(
)
0
,
15
0
,
8
1
+
(x b )2 + (y + h )2
(x b 2 ) + (y h )2
t1
0
t2
b
t0
x
d
d1
,) bc cch nhit ( c ,c) v bo v (db, b) t ti su h
d0
d1
- 17 -
R1
R0
Rc
R2
R3
RK
R
MC, t1
, d
B
3
2
CN,dcc
KK, tKK
K,BH K
BV,dbb
, t0
t1 t K
1,16
hay
2 = 3 =
dc
11,6 + 7 khi = 0
d
1
ln c l phn
2c
d
chnh ca Rl
df
2BH
d3 = 3 =
3
B+H
1
R 3 =
vi
d 3 3
d = df 4 = 2(B + 2)(H + 2)
4 4
B + H + 4
d4
1
Rk =
ln
2 K d 3
R 2 =
1
d c 2
2h
1
2h
R =
ln
+ 1
2d d 4
d4
h(B + H + 4 )
1
h 2 (B + H + 4 ) 2
=
ln
+
1
, mK/W.
2d (B + 2 )(H + 2 )
(B + 2 ) 2 (H + 2 ) 2
2h
dc
d4
1
1
1
1
1
2h
ln
+
+
+
ln +
=
ln
+ 1 .
2c d 1 d c 2 d 3 2 2 K d 3 2c d 4
d4
- 18 -
1
1
, R3 =
.
d c 2
d 3 2
2
- 0,05 =
2t
0 thay i 2 v lp li cc bc (25)
0 ly 2 va chn.
t1 t 0
, W/m.
Rl
d c 160
, c= 0,02W/m, l = 100m t trong knh B =
=
d
60
d
1
160
1
ln
=7,81 mK/ W.
ln c =
2.3,14.0,02 60
2c
d
Rc =
R2 =
2) Tnh
d3 =
1
1
=
= 0,17 mK/W.
d c 2 3,14.0,16.11,6
2BH 2.0,25.0,3
= 0,273 m.
=
B + H 0,25 + 0,3
- 19 -
d4 =
3) Tnh
R3 =
Rk =
d
0,574
1
1
= 0,09 mK/ W.
ln
ln 4 =
2 k d 3 2.3,14.1,3 0,273
R =
2
2
2.0,5
2h
1
1
2h
2.0,5
ln
+
ln + 1 =
1
2.3,14.1,8 0,574
2d d 4
0,574
d4
= 0,1 mK/ W.
t0
t1
150
27
+
+
R c + R 2 R 3 + R k + R d
7,81 + 0,17 0,1 + 0,09 + 0,1
=
= 31,3 0C.
4) T nh tk =
1
1
1
1
+
+
R c + R 2 R 3 + R k + R d
7,81 + 0,17 0,1 + 0,09 + 0,1
5) Tnh ql =
t1 t 0
150 27
= 15W/m.
=
R li 7,8 + 0,17 + 0,1 + 0,09 + 0,1
0,00
R3
RK
t0
R
cht khc nhau, nhit t1, ti, tn. Cho trc nhit
tr ring mi ng Ri = (Rc + R2 )i, i(1,n),
nhit tr qua knh l: RK = R3 + RK + R, nhit
t1R1
tiRi
tnRn
t t0(h) = t0.
Cn tnh nhit khng kh trong knh tK, tn tht nhit ring mi ng qli, Qi,
tng tn tht nhit qua knh l Q.
2.6.2. Tnhnhit n nh ca khng kh trong knh tK.
Qu trnh trao i nhit ca mi cht v t l: Nhit t mi cht trong cc ng
truyn vo khng kh trong knh sau truyn qua knh ra t. Do qu trnh cn
bng nhit n nh cho 1m ng knh l:
- 20 t0
R Kd
t t0
= K
. Suy ra: tK = i =n1 i
.
1
1
R Kd
+
R Kd
i =1 R i
ti
qik = qk hay
i =1
ti tK
Ri
ti tk
, W/m.
Ri
=l
tk t0
, W/m.
R kd
tk t0
.
R kd
Nhit mt trong tw1 v mt ngoi tw2 ca knh c tnh theo phng trnh
cn bng nhit:
ql =
tw 1 t 0
tw 2 t 0
, do c: tw2 = t0 + qlR v tw1 = t0 + ql( RK + R ).
=
RK Rd
Rd
t t ci
R ci
ti tk
= i
tci = ti (ti tk)
, i (1,n).
(R c + R 2 )i
R ci
R ci + R 2
t2
t1
tc2
tc1
t3
tK
tW1
tW2
t0
- 21 -
d
1
300
1
= 7 mK/W.
ln
ln c1 =
21 d 1
2.3,14.0,025 100
Rc2 =
d
1
150
1
= 7 mK/W.
ln
ln c2 =
2 2 d 2
2.3,14.0,025 50
1
d c1 2
1
d c2 2
1
= 0,092 mK/W.
3,14.0,3.11,6
1
= 0,183 mK/W.
3,14.0,15.11,6
4f 3
2BH 2.0,6.0,4
=
=
= 0,48m ,
3
B + H 0,6 + 0,4
d4 =
R3 =
RK =
1
1
=
= 0,057 mK/W
d 3 3 3,14.0,48.11,6
d
1
0,89
1
= 0,076 mK/ W.
ln
ln 4 =
2 k d 3
2.3,14.1,3 0,48
2
2
2.1
2h
1
2
.
1
1
2h
+
R =
ln
ln
+ 1 =
1 = 0,129 mK/ W.
2.3,14.1,8 0,89
2d d 4
0,89
d4
- 22 250
180
30
+
+
7 + 0,092 7 + 0,183 0,057 + 0,076 + 0,129
=
= 42,70C.
1
1
1
+
+
7 + 0,092 7 + 0,183 0,057 + 0,076 + 0,129
4) Tnh qli, Q:
q l1 =
t1 t k
250 42,7
=
= 29,2 W/m.
R c1 + R 11
7 + 0,092
q l2 =
t2 tk
180 42,7
=
= 19,1 W/m.
R c2 + R 22
7 + 0,183
R c1
7
= 250 (250 42,7)
= 45,40C
7
+
0
,
092
R c1 + R 21
R c2
=
R c2 + R 22
t, 0C
250 t1
7
= 46,20C
7 + 0,183
180
tw1 = t0 + ql(RK +R ) =
=30 + 48,3( 0,076 + 0,129) = 39,9 0C.
tw2 = t0 + qlR =
30
= 30 + 48,3.0,129 = 36,2 C.
46
45
43
40
36
t2
tc2
tc1
tK
tw1
tW2
t0
x1
x2
l
li
ci
i=2
i=4
i =1
i =5
i =7
i =3
i =9
i =10
i=6
i =8
i =11
- 23 -
1
l ci bng h s trao i nhit cc b
li
K hiu
tng
Lci(m)
Bch ni khng bo n
45
Chn
tng
12 24
Van bo n 75%
48
trao i nhit
Gi , gi treo.
5 10
ra mi trng
Van khng bo n
ng lci ca mt
Ghi ch
Q0 Qc
Q
= 1- c , %, trong :
Q0
Q0
Q0
.
10
Hnh 2.18
- 24 -
1,17 mK/W.
H s tn tht nhit cc b =
ql =
t1 t
Rl
1
1
n i l ci =
(18 + 2.7 + 3,5) = 0,39 .
l
120
200 27
= 156 W/m,Q = lql(1 + ) = 26 kW.
1,17
- 25 -
Chng 3
TNH THU LC CHO MNG NHIT
3.1. Tnh chn ng knh ng.
3.1.1. Nhim v tnh thu lc cho mng nhit: bao gm:
- Xc nh ng knh cc ng.
- Tnh tn tht p sut (hay tn tht thu lc).
- Tm phn b p sut mi cht trn ng ng
- Kim tra p sut v lu lng mi cht n cc h tiu th cui ng ng.
- Chn bm qut cho mng nhit.
3.1.2. Tnh chn ng knh ng.
Vic chn ng knh d ca da vo lu lng V(m3/s) hoc G(kg/s) khi
lng ring (kg/m3) v vn tc (m/s) ca tng loi mi cht theo quan h sau:
G = V = f =
d 2 , do :
TT
V
G
=2
d = 2
,
4f
.
u
Mi cht
(m/s)
0,1 1
0,8 2
1,5 2,5
Kh trong ng y ca qut.
4 1,5
Kh trong ng y ca my nn.
15 25
Hi bo ho.
15 50
Hi qu nhit.
30 75
24
- 26 -
p = pm + pc + ph + p + pt + pf, trong :
pm =
2 l
. , (N/m2) l p sut khc phc tr lc ma st khi mi cht
2 d
4f
ng knh ca
u
2
l ng nng dng chy.
2
2
2 l
2
= . td , (N/m ) l p sut khc phc tr lc cc b ti cc
2
2 d
2
(N/m2) l p sut ng lc hc, cn to dng ra khi ng vi tc
2
(m/s).
pt (N/m2) l p sut khc phc tr lc trong thit b.
pf (N/m2) l p sut b sung cui ng dn khi cn a cht lng vo thit b
c p > pk hoc phun cht lng vo thit b, v.v...
3.2.2. H s tr lc ma st :
Ni chung = f(Re, nhm thnh ng).
Khi chy tng Re < 2320 (vi Re =
d d
A A A
=
), =
=
=
vi
Re d d
4f
(m) l ng knh tng ng ca ng.
u
1
0,3164
4
Khi chy qu 2320 < Re < 4000 th =
= 0,3164.
=
0,25
Re
d
1
4
l cng thc thc nghim ca Brassius.
0,3164.
d
- 27 -
Mt ct ng
-2
= (1,8lgRe 1,64)
8
7
Hnh dng
Hnh trn
64
Hnh vung.
57
53
96
8
7
9
8
85
0,1
0,2
a
= 0,25
b
0,33
0,5
76
73
69
62
Vo ng
Co hp
3
4
Kt cu
= 0,5
F1
Vo bnh
F1
F2
F
= 0,5 1 2
F1
F2
F
= 1 1
F2
Ct vung
Ct cong 900
d
Ct 900
Van l chn
Ct vng
= 1,5
u
r
r
d
1,5
2,5
0,35
0,15
0,1
= sin2 2 + 2,5sin3 2
F1
1
=
0,65F2
F2
F1
F2
F1
F1
F2
0,5
1,0
2,0
- 28 -
khng u
9
Phn nhnh
c u
1,28
1,5
= 0,2 mi nhnh
10
T u
= 0,3 mi nhnh
11
ng trch
= 0,7
12
Vng b
pc =
4,0
R=6D
1,7 1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2
tnh theo = vo chi tit
2
A A
=
vi vn tc tnh theo G = d 2
4
R e d
2AG
x
d 4
2AG
l , N/m2
4
d
P
P1
Pl
x
0
2
. Do phn b p sut, chng hn trn ng c cc pci nh hnh v, s c dng:
2
- 29 P
P1
Pci
Pl
n
2
2AG
, (N/m2).
i
4
2
d
VH 293
VH 293
,(k W).
102 t K + 273
Nq
c d
N q (0,5 1) kW
1,3
N q (1 2) kW
K: h s khi ng = 1,2
1,15 N q (2 5) kW
1,1
N q 5 kW
- 30 -
V=6
gVH
, KW
1000
D
vi n = 103kg/m3.
n
Cng sut ng c in ko bm l:
N = K
Nq
c d
, vi K, c, nh trn.
1m
4m
chn bm.
1m
4V1
4.10
= 0,034m
=
1
3600.3,14.3
4V2
=
2
1
V = 2,5 m3/h =
4
4.0,0007
= 0,024m.
3,14.1,5
- 31 -
1,789.10 6
l
1000.3 2 (16 + 16)
Tn tht p sut pms1 = 1 1 = 0,021
= 88941N/m2.
2 d1
2.0,034
2d 2
1,5.0,024
=
= 20123 > 4000 do h s ma
1,789.10 6
2 l 2
1000.1,5.1
= 0,027
= 1266 N/m2.
2 d2
2.0,024
V
10
= 3,5.10-5 m3/s, vn tc
=
4l 3600.4.20
Vol 4Vol
4.3,5.10,5
= 0,2 m/s.
=
=
2
f
d l
3,14.0,015 2
Re1 =
ld l
0,2.0,015
A
64
=
= 1661 < 2320 chy tng: =
=
= 0,039.
6
R e 1661
1,789.10
ptb = pm3 = l
1000.0,2 2.1
2 l
= 0,039
= 52 N/m2.
2.0,015
2d l
F1
1 = 0,29
0,65F2
1000.3 2
2
= 2.0,29.
= 2610 N/m 2 .
2
2
- Qua 3 t u, vi = 0,3
- 32 -
3pc2 = 3
1000.3 2
2
= 3.0,3.
= 4050 N/m 2 .
2
2
2
1000.3 2
= 2.0,15.
= 1350 N/m 2 .
2
2
F
- Vo ng gp vo ca dn lnh: vi = 1 1
F2
= 1
1000.1,5 2
2
pc4 =
= 1.
= 1125 N/m 2 .
2
2
1000.0,2 2
2
= 0,5.
= 10 N/m 2
2
2
F
- Vo ng gp ra ca gin lnh: = 1 1
F2
pc6 =
= 1
1000.0,2 2
2
= 1.
= 563 N/m 2 .
2
2
1000.1,5 2
2
= 0,5.
= 563 N/m 2 .
2
2
pc = pi = 9278 N/m2.
Tn tht p sut nng ln h = 4x4 = 16m l:
ph = gh = 1000.9,81.16 = 156960 N/m2.
Tn tht p sut ng lc chy ra bnh trao i nhit, vi = 3 m/s l:
p =
2 1000.32
=
= 4500 N/m 2 .
2
2
gVH
vi = 0,6, H = 1,2p = 1,2.26,6 = 31,92
1000
1,2.260997.10
1000.9,81.10.31,92
1,2pV
= 1,45W hay Nb =
=
3600.0,6
3600.1000.0,6
=1450
- 33 -
Cng sut ng c ca bm l: N = K
Nb
1,45
= 1,2
= 1,78 k W.
b d
1.0,98
p0 = p
hay
1,2 293
T0
2
= p
, N/m
T
T
p0 = 351,6
p
.
T
q =
p0
3
4
n V
q =
p0
3
4
3
V
V
60
,
(9,81) 4 3 = 53
3
2
p0 4
p0 4
3
D0 = k0 V vi k0 = f(q) =
1,75khi q = ( 40 80 )
- 34 -
cng thc: D2 = k2 D 0 vi k2 =
q
(m).
D 0 hay c: B = D 0
4
4
vi k =
6) Tnh m ca hp xon c:
m hay khong cch ln nht t mp Rto n v ng thi ca hp xon l
A tnh theo:
q D 2
A=
vi K =
Bc xon ca hp xon a =
A q D 2
=
.
4
4K
r1 =
a 1
D2 a
2
2
+ = ( D 2 a + a) , r2 = r1 + a, r3 = r1 + 2a, r4 = r1 + 3a.
2 2
2 2
D 2 + D1
sau lm trn theo bi s ca 4 v 6 ( suy
D 2 D1
D1 + D 2 D 2 D1
z
2
2
- 35 -
9) Chn gc t cnh:
Gc vo 1 = (40 80)0.
(140 160) 0 C khi cnh gt, q = (4080)
Gc ra 2 =
(20 40) 0 C khi cnh mc, q = (20 55)
Vp
1000
V(m 3 /s)
v hiu sut qut
2
p(N/m )
, (kW), vi
Nq
q d
nh mc 4.
= 200.9,81.
= 1950 N/m .
200 + 273
0,748
T Khi cnh mc,
q= (2055)
Khiqut
cnhl:
gt, q = (40 80)
Vy cc thng s cn thit ca
p0 = p
V = 2,78m 3 /s
2
p 0 = 1950N/m
= 152rad/s
Tn thng s
H s quay nhanh
ng knh ht D0
= ng knh trong
rto
S liu tnh
V
p0
53
3
4
152 2,78
1950
3
D0 = D1 = k1 V
3
4
Kt qu
45,77
(2055)
3
1,65 2,78
152
0,435 m
- 36 -
ng knh ngoi
D2 = k2 D 0
60 0,435
0,570 m
rto
45,77
Rng hp qut
B = D0
0,435 3,14
0,386 m
Rng rto
b = k D0
2,4 0,435
0,261 m
45,77.0,57
90
0,290 m
q D 2
A=
6
m bc xon
1
.0,290
4
1
( D 22 a 2 + a)
2
1
0,072 0,57 2 0,072 2
2
a= 1A
Bn knh xon
0,319 m
r2 = r 1 + a
0,319 +0,072
r3 = r 2 + a
0,391 + 0,072
r4 = r 3 + a
0,463 + 0 072
Di hp
l = r3 + r4
0,463 + 0,535
Cao hp
h = r1 + r4
0,319 + 0,535
S cnh qut
z = D 2 + D1
Gc vo
1 = (40 80)0.
600
Gc ra
2 = (140 160)0.
1500
r1 =
0,072 m
D 2 D1
Nq =
3,14.
Vp
2,78.1950
1000.0,55
1000
N = K
Nq
q d
0,57 + 0,435
0,57 0,435
1,1.
9,86
= 11,6
0,98.0,95
0,391 m
0,463 m
0,535 m
0,998 m
0,854 m
23,424
9,86kWW
12 kW
- 37 -
B=386
l =998
B=386
b1 = b
b1 = b
r1=319
r2= 391
D0 = 435
A=290
r4= 535
b=261
D1= 435
r3 = 463
h= 854
D2 = 570
a =72
B= 386
2gy , m 3 /s
r
t = 1
r0
3) V d :
r
d = 1
2gy
r0
0
dy
20
y
h
1/2
r
dy = 1
r0
2h
g
1m
=
0,01m
2x1m
= 4515s = 1h 15 ph 15s
9,81m/s 2
2
2g
0
h
- 38 -
1) Pht biu bi ton : Tnh thi gian cht lng trong bnh cu bn knh r1 chy
cn qua l y bn knh r0
2) Lp cng thc tnh : chn trc y qua tm, c chiu nh hnh 30
- Vn tc (y) 2gy , lu lng qua r0 l : V(y) = r02 2gy nh trn .
- Phng trrnh cn bng th tch dV = Vd = -f(y)dy vi :
f(y) = r 2 (y) = (r12 (y r1 ) ) = (2r1 y 2 )
2
d =
f(y)dy (2r1 y y 2 )
1
=
dy = 2
2r1 y1/2 y 3/2 dy
2
V(y)
r0 2gy
r0 2g
d =
0
r02 2g
1
2
0
2r
2g
(2r y
1/2
3/2
2r1
1
)dy = 2 1 4r31 y 3/2 52 y 5/2
r0 2g
0
2 9/2 5/2 16 r1
r1 =
15
15 r0
16 1m
3) V d : =
15 0,01m
r1
= c
g
1m
= 3406s = 56ph46s.
9,81
dV = Vd = 1 y dy d =
d =
0
r12
2
0
r h
1 r
y dy n = 1
5 r0
2g h
0
3/2
1 1m
3) V d : n =
5 0,01m
2 x1
9,81m/s 2
r 2 y2
r 2 )
dy = 2 2 1
dy
V(y)
h r0 2gy
2h
g
= 903s
- 39 -
2) Lp cng thc :
- Vn tc (y) 2gy , lu lng qua r0 l : V(y) = r02 2gy
- Phng trrnh cn bng th tch dV = Vd = -f(y)dy
y
f(y) = r 2 (y) = r12 1
h
vi
d =
0
8 r1
-1/2 2 1 / 2 1 3/2
y y + 2 y dy =
h
15 r0
h
2g 0
r12
2
0
8 1m
3) V d : n =
15 0,01m
2 x1
9,81m/s 2
2h
g
= 2408s = 40ph8s
GT
TS
GT
0,2m
2,5(HSAT)
0,1m
*cp
120Mpa
hc
0,1m
t0 = tf
300C
0,002m
10W/m2K
P = (1000/1250/1500/1750/2000)
LG : 1) Tm t() theo Pd = VC p dt + F(t t f )d , b qua du = vFCvdt = 0
F
t () = t m ( t m t 0 ) exp
VC
p
P
D
vi t m = t f +
, F = Dh + 2.
h c2 + (D / 2) 2 =
F
2
0,107m2 .
h
3
V = D 2 h + D 2 c = 0,004m .
4
4
3
- 40 -
Pn =
2k ( c)cos.(n *cp )
D++c
hc
D
h c2 +
2
= 0,707 l :
2.1(0,002 0)0,707.(120.2,5)
= 4,2Mpa = 42bar
0,2 + 0,002 0
4026,12
235 = 2500C.
12,031 ln Pn
1000W
1250W
1500W
1750W
2000W
9650C
11980C
14320C
16660C
18990C
tm t0
tm tn
4763s =
3588s=
2910s =
2329s =
2109s =
79f23s
59f48s
48f30s
38f49s
35f9s
VC p (t n t s )
26MW =
26MW =
26MW =
26MW =
26MW =
tnh
tm = tf +
n =
VC p
F
Qn =
P
F
ln
Hnh 34
GC : 1) Nu h = 0,2m th F = Dh + 2.
D
2
h c2 + (D / 2) 2 = 0,215m .
2
3
V = D 2 h + 2. D 2 c = 0,00838m m = V = 8,38kg
4
4
3
mC p
Qn =
ln
P
F
tm t0
tm tn
1000W
1250W
1500W
1750W
2000W
4950C
6110C
7280C
8440C
9600C
10110s =
7753s =
6168s =
5133s =
4398s
2,9h
2,15h
1,7h
1,42h
= 1,2h
mC p (t n t s )
53MW =
1,7kgTMT
- 41 -
hc
= 0,448, ti
l
2.1(0,003 0)0,448.(120.2,5)
= 3,9724Mpa = 39,7bar
0,2 + 0,003 0
pn =
tn = ts(Pn) =
4026,12
235 = 2470C (cx 2490C). Khi c
12,031 ln Pn
F = Dh + 2.
D 2
D
= 0,18m2
h c2 + (D / 2) 2
2
2
3
V = D 2 h + 2. D 2 c = 0,00733m # 7,33kg H2O.
4
4
3
1500W
1750W
2000W
2250W
2500W
P
F
8630C
10020C
11410C
12800C
14190C
tm t0
tm tn
1h27f
1h13f
1h3f
55f
49f
tnh
tm = tf +
n =
mC p
F
ln
3) y tr v cu n ti pn l : (ti = 3mm)
Pn =
2 ( c).n *cp
D+c
Pn c =
e
tn =
2.2,5.120.0,003
= 8,87Mpa = 88,7bar
0,2 + 0,003
8h c ( c) kz.n *cp
D + 2 h c ( c)
2
8.0,1.0,003.1.1.2,5.120
= 17,7Mpa = 177bar
0,2 2 + 2.0,1.0,003
4026,12
235 = 3520C (cx 3540C)
12,031 ln 177
Chng 4
PHN B NHIT V CHUYN PHA CA MI CHT TRONG NG.
- 42 -
t t0
l vi gi thit gn ng rng lut gim nhit mi cht trong
Rl
ng l tuyn tnh th t =
1
(t 1 + t 2 ) . Do gii phng trnh: GCp(t1-t2) =
2
, ( C).
t 0 s c t2 =
2R l GC p + l
Rl 2
Khi c Q =
t 1 + t 2 2t 0
l , (W).
2R l
mi cht trong on ng (x x + dx ) lc
t0
Rl
GCpt1
n nh l: dI = Q. Hay - GCpdt =
t1
t
t t0
dx
dt
. Ly tch phn
dx
=
Rl
t t 0 GC p R l
t0
0
x
t t0
dt
dx
x
=
t t t 0 0 GC p R l ln t 1 t 0 = GC p R l
1
t
x
GC p R l
l
GC p R l
dt
x+dx
t2
x
dt (t1 t).
hay
0
, C.
- 43 -
GC p R l
, W.
4.1.5. V d 1:
Tnh chnh xc nhit ra t2 v Q ca ng trn c
d c 160
, c = 0,03W/mK, l =
=
d
60
d
1
1
ln c +
= 5,29 mK/W.
2
d d c (11,6 + 7 )
x
GC p R l
(2R GC
l
l )t 1 + 2lt 0
2R l GC p + l
sai s 1
Q=
115,586
= 0,02%.
115,61
t1 t 0
120 30
850,6
l=
50 = 850,6W , sai s 1
= 2,8%.
RL
5,29
827,2
t
p , trong
p
2
2A
x.
x=
2d
d 4
gim t do p gy ra l: t =
t
t 2
p m t =
x phnb nhit
p 2d
p
x
GC p R e
mi cht trong ng l:
x
GC p R e
t 2
x
p 2d
2AG t
d 4 p
t P
P1
nh hnh 4.2.
t1
t(x)
P
P2
P(x)
t
t2
x
2.2).
4.2.3. Khi c tr lc cc b.
x
GC p R e
t 2 x
+ .
p 2d d i
t
P1
P1
t1
t(x)
tc(x)
Px1
Pc1
Px1
Pc2
Px3
P2
P(x)
P1
tc1
t(x)
tc2
t2
t0
0
xc1
xc2
- 45 -
tC(x)= 1
tC(x) = 1
t(x) t 0
t(x) t C (x)
=
,
Rl
RC
R
RC
t(x) + C t0 hay:
Rl
Rl
RC
e
p 2 x
R
t 0 + (t 1 t 0 )exp
+ i + C t 0
R l
GC p R l t 2 d
R l
d
1
1
150
= 0,645mK/W
ln c =
ln
2C
d
2 0,1 100
Rl = R C +
=
1
d c (11,6 + 7 )
= 0,645 +
0,15 (11,6 + 7 3
= 0,734
4. 6000
4G
=
= 54,7 m/s
2
d
3600 . 3,88 . 0,12
Re =
d
54,7 . 0,1
=
= 42734375 > 4000
0,128 .10 6
t(x) = 30 + (300-30) e
0,734 .
x
R l GC p
x
6000
.1920
3600
t 2 x
.
+ i
p 2 d
25 .10 6.
+ 2.0,3
.
2
0,1
- 46 -
- 0,0435x + 0,087 =
tC(x) = 1
RC
Rl
R
0,645
0,645
t(x) + C t 0 = 1
t0
t(x) +
0,734
Rl
0,734
6000
1,92 (300 284,5) = 49,6 kW
3600
x
R l GC p
t0)exp
p
l
xn = RlGCp ln
t1 t 0
t s1 t 0
, (m)
do tm c :
- 47 -
t
(p1 p(x n ))
p
t1 t 0
, (m)
t
t s (p(x n )) t 0 + (p1 p(x n ))
p
Chng hn, bng phng php lp, d dng nhn thy xnp < xn .
* Nu hi bo ho kh x =1 (hoc hi m x < 1) vo ng, th v tr ngng t l u
ng, tc xn = 0.
4.3.3. Tnh chiu di ngng t ln.
ts t0
l n , vi r (J/kg) l nhit ho hi hay ngng t, G (kg/s) l lu lng
Rl
MC trong ng. Do tm c l n =
rGR l
, (m).
ts t0
p(x N )
v ts = t s
p(x n )
p(x N )
p(x n )
xN = xn+ ln = RlG C p ln
t1 t 0
r
+
ts t0
ts t0
, (m)
t 0 t1
, (m), MC bt u si ti xs
t0 ts
rGR l
, (m) v xS = xs + ls. Ti xS MC l hi bo ho kh (x=1)
t0 ts
- 48 -
ts t0
x , [W]. Do khi HQN vo ng di l bt k th lng
Rl
0 khi l x n
t t
nc ngng ra l : Gn = s 0 (l x n ), [kg/s] khi x n < l < x N
rR l
G khi l x N
d
1
ln c
d
2 C
1
d c (11,6 + 7 )
1
150
1
ln
+
= 0,723 mK/W
2 . 0,1 100 0,15 ( 11,6 + 7 5
2) V tr ngng t l:
xn = RlGCp ln
t1 t 0
250 27
= 0,723.0,2.1900 ln
= 122 m
ts t0
170 27
rGR l
2048000.0,2.0,723
=
= 2071 m > l do lng nc ngng
ts t0
170 27
Gn < G, bng: Gn =
Gn = 27,1kg/h.
t0 ts
(l x n ) = 170 27 (200 122) = 0,00753 kg/s hay
r Rl
2048000.0,723
- 49 -