Chng 4

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

I- Chng trnh NC. 1- Cu trc v ni dung chng trnh. Ni dung ca chng trnh c to thnh t mt s khi (block) m t qu trnh hot ng ca my bi cc bc hoc cc cu. Chng trnh gm t du hiu bt u chng trnh, sau l trnh t cc cu lnh;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

1- Cu trc chng trnh. Chng trnh gm t du hiu bt u chng trnh, sau l trnh cc cu lnh. Thng dng k hiu % lm du hiu bt u chng trnh. Cng c th c biu th bng ch ci hay con s;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

1- Cu trc chng trnh. Cu lnh: L tp hp cc thng tin cn cho h iu khin thc hin mt bc gia cng. Mt cu lnh bt u bng s th t cu lnh. S th t cu lnh gm ch ci N v mt con s t nhin ng ng sau. Gi tr ca s t nhin khng nh hng n trnh t khi son tho cu lnh. Mt cu lnh gm cc thng tin ring l, gi l cc t lnh;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

1- Cu trc chng trnh. T lnh: Mi t lnh hm cha mt thng tin v k thut lp trnh, v hnh hc hoc v cng ngh. Mi t lnh bao gm mt ch ci v mt con s. Chia lm hai nhm t lnh: - Nhm t biu th chc nng dch chuyn. - Nhm t biu th chc nng iu khin my v cc chc nng ph;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

1- Cu trc chng trnh. T lnh: C hai phng thc vit: - Khong cch gia cc t lnh l mt du cch. - Khong cch gia cc t lnh l mt du tab. Cc t lnh c xp xp vo cu lnh theo mt trnh t cht ch. Theo tiu chun DIN 66025;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

1- Cu trc chng trnh. - T cho s th t cu lnh. - T cho iu kin ng dch chuyn hoc iu kin chun b. - T cho cc trc to : X, Y, Z ,U , V, W ,P ,Q, R, A, B, C , D , E. - T cho nhng thng s ni suy: I, J, K. - T cho lng chy dao. - T cho s vng quay trc chnh, hoc vn tc ct. - T cho dng c v gi tr hiu chnh. - T cho cc chc nng ph;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

2- Cc k t a ch ( Theo DIN 66025)

2. Chng trnh chnh v chng trnh con Chng trnh gia cng ton b chi tit c gi
l chng trnh chnh. Chng trnh gia cng tng b mt hoc tng phn ca chi tit c gi l chng trnh con;

2. Chng trnh chnh v chng trnh con Cu trc ca chng trnh con:
Bt u chng trnh. Cc cu lnh ca chng trnh con. Kt thc chng trnh con. Cc cu lnh ca chng trnh con ging nh cc cu lnh ca chng trnh chnh;

II. Lp chng trnh

1. Cc chc nng trong lp trnh NC. a. Chc nng G. G l k hiu chc nng dch chuyn ca dng c ct. (Geometric Function). Ngoi chc nng dch chuyn, G cn xc nh ch lm vic ca my cng c CNC. Chc nng G dc m ho t G00 n G99.

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

3- M t cc t lnh. T lnh N: s ca cu lnh. Mi cu lnh phi c s cu lnh ring. Trong mt chng trnh s nh du cho cu lnh ch dng mt ln. T lnh /N: Ngt cu lnh. T lnh G: Chc nng dch chuyn. a ch G (Geometric Function): thng bo cho h iu khin lnh chun b. Lnh chun b gm ch ci G v hai ch s t nhin t 00 99;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

3- M t cc t lnh. + iu kin dch chuyn c nh trong h iu khin c tc dng vi mi cu lnh tip theo: - Lnh ni suy - Chn mt phng to - X dch im chun - Hiu chnh dao - S liu kch thc - Lng chy dao - Tc trc chnh - Chu k lm vic

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

3- M t cc t lnh. + iu kin dch chuyn ch c tc dng trong cu lnh m n c a vo khi lp trnh;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

M t cc lnh G. G00 Dch chuyn nhanh- iu khin im. Tc chy dao nhanh thng khng phi lp trnh. N c nh trong h iu khin nh mt hng s ca my. G00 X_ Y_ Z_ ;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

M t cc lnh G. G01 Ni suy ng thng (tuyn tnh) im chun ca dao chy vi lng chy dao lp theo a ch F trn ng thng ni t im khi xut n im kt thc. G01 X_ Y_ Z_ F_ ;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

M t cc lnh G. G02, G03 Ni suy vng- ng trn. - G02: Dch chuyn trn ng trn theo chiu kim ng h. - G03: Dch chuyn trn ng trn theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

Quy nh chiu quay:
Y

G02 G03 G02 G03 G02

G03

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G02, G03

Cu lnh: G02 X_ Y_ I_ J_ G03 X_ Y_ I_ J_ G02 X_ Y_ R G03 X_ Y_ R X, Y: To im kt thc. I, J : To tm cung trn. R : Bn knh vng trn. Du + khi cung trn nh hn na vng trn. Du khi cung trn ln hn na vng trn;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G04

Thi gian duy tr. Lp trnh theo a ch X: G04 X1 ( Thi gian duy tr 1 giy) G17, G18, G19: Chn mt phng to .
Mt YZ Mt XZ Mt XY

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G20: n v h Anh. G21:n v h Mt;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G33, G34, G35: Ct ren

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G40, G41, G42, G43, G44: Hiu chnh dao

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G54 - G59

X dch im chun. - Khong cch t w n M gi l khong x dch im chun hoc x dch 0. G53: Hu x dch im chun chn ;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

+ X dch im chun iu chnh: Thng qua cc ch dn G54 G58. Cc kch th thc x dch c ci t vo trong b nh hiu chnh;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

+ X dch im chun lp trnh: G59 - S dng x dch im chun lp trnh cho php ta lp li chng trnh gia cng nhiu ln ti cc v tr bt k trn chi tit gia cng;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G81 G89: Cc chu k cng tc.
+ Chu trnh gia cng: Cc chu trnh gia cng do cc nh ch to h iu khin ci t nh l mt chng trnh con trong b nh chng trnh. Mt s chu trnh gia cng: - Chu trnh phn chia lt ct. - Chu trnh khoan. - Chu trnh ta r. - Chu trnh phay. - Chu trnh thay dao;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G90- Lp trnh kch thc tuyt i;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G91- Lp trnh kch thc tng i( Gia s);

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC G94- Lng chy dao pht. G95- lng chy dao vng;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

Chc nng vn hnh my. Th hin phn cng ngh ca chng trnh. S vng quay trc chnh. - Lp trnh trc tip theo a ch S (speed): S1000 : nTC=1000 vg/ph. - Lp trnh bng m s (code): ch dn s vng quay ca trc chnh theo bng. Lng chy dao: a ch F: - My tin: G94 F240 G95 F0.25 - My phay: l chy dao pht F120;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

Chc nng vn hnh my. Dng c ct. Thng qua a ch T (Tool) v con s ng ng sau. a ch T xc nh mt dng c trong dao;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

b. Chc nng M.( Chc nng p). Dng vn hnh my trong qu trnh gia cng. Lp trnh theo a ch M v mt m hai ch s t 00-99. Chia lm 4 nhm chnh: - Cc chc nng lp tc tc dng khi bt u cu lnh. V d: M03 - Trc chnh quay cng chiu kim ng h. M08 - m dung dch trn ngui. - Chc nng tc ng cui cu lnh. Ch c hiu lc sau khi tt c cc chc nng khc trong cu lnh m n c lp trnh thc hin song. V d: M05- dng quay trc chnh. M30- Kt thc chng trnh;

Chng trnh iu khin my cng c CNC

- Chc nng c lu tr trong b nh, c tc dng vi nhiu cu lnh tip theo. V d: M07- M dung dch trn ngui. M03- Chiu quay TC. - Chc nng ch c tc dng trong mt cu lnh m n c lp trnh. V d: M06- Thay dao. M00- Dng chng trnh;

3. Cc phng php lp trnh

Cn c vo mc t ng ho cc cng vic lp trnh, phn bit hai phng php lp trnh: Lp trnh bng tay. Lp trnh bng my.(Lp trnh t ng - c s tr gip ca my tnh ).

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

a. Lp trnh bng tay. Ngi lp trnh vit chng trnh theo cc mu chng trnh v a vo my tnh ln lt cc cu lnh. Thi gian lp trnh v tm kim li bi hn ch, nh hng n tnh kinh t ca my;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

C s ca lp trnh bng tay. - C s hnh hc:

Giao ca ng thng v ng thng. Giao ca ng thng v ng cong. Giao ca ng cong v ng cong. Tip im ca ng thng v ng cong. Tip im ca ng cong v ng cong. Trong li im;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

- C s cng ngh:
D liu my: c tnh k thut (cng sut, tc , chy dao, dao, h iu khin,) D liu dng c: Cc loi dao, thng s hnh hc, cng ngh, D liu g: cc thng s hnh hc , vng kp. D liu ct gt: tc , chy dao, chiu su ct,;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

- Cc m t bin dng:
Trong iu khin CNC, vi k thut lp trnh m t bin dng c th b qua nhiu tnh ton ph tr v lng gic.Vi vt cnh,v trn, tip xc: To ca cc im chuyn tip khng ly trc tip t bn v. Theo cc tiu chun v h thng lp trnh khc nhau;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

C s ca lp trnh bng tay. Phn chia lt ct. Lp trnh to cc. Cc chu k cng tc. K thut chng trnh con;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

C s ca lp trnh bng tay.

Lp trnh tham s. Trong cc chng trnh khi ghi a ch c th thay th nhng gi tr s bng nhng tham s tng ng. Gi tr ca cc tham s c nh ngha cho mt trng hp gia cng nm trong phn u ca chng trnh. Cc tham s cng c th thc hin cc php tnh ton: cng, tr, nhn, chia, cn, sin,

Lp trnh tham s trn my CW322S

G101AH_B_; A=B VD: G101AH100B20.; H100=20 G102AH_B_C_; A=B+C VD: G102AH52BH51C1.; H52=H51+1 G103AH_B_C_; A=B-C VD: G103AH51B7.CH50; H51=7-H50 G104AH_B_C_; A=B*C VD: G104AH52BH53CH54; H52=H53*H54 G105AH_B_C_; A=B/C VD: G105AH55BH53C10.; H55=H53/10

Lp trnh tham s trn my CW322S

G106AH_B_C_; A=SQRT(B*B+C*C) VD: G106AH54BH50CH53; H54=SQRT(H50*H50+H53*H53) G107AH_B_C_; A=B*SIN(C) VD: G107AH58B100.CH53; H58=100*SIN(H53) G108AH_B_C_; A=B*COS(C) VD: G108AH50BH54C30; H50=H54*COS(30) G109AH_B_C_; A=ATAN(B/C) VD: G109AH55BH56CH57; H55=ATAN(H56/H57) G110AH_B_C_; A=SQRT(B*B-C*C) VD: G110AH54BH50CH53; H54=SQRT(H50*H50 - H53*H53)

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

b.Lp trnh bng my ( Lp trnh t ng). M t hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit, qu o ca dng c, cc chc nng ca my theo mt ngn ng m my c th hiu c. Thc hin nhim v gia cng n gin, khng cn cc tnh ton bng tay. D liu truy cp t, to ra s liu gia cng ln (1:100). Hn ch cc li khi lp trnh. Tit kim thi gian v m t chi tit, chu k gia cng. Cc ngn ng d hc;

b.Lp trnh bng my.

Khi lp trnh bng my th my tnh phi c hai chng trnh tnh ton c bit: Chng trnh x l (Processor). Chng trnh hu x l (Post processor);

Chng trnh x l (Processor)

- L chng trnh phn mm thc hin cc tnh ton hnh hc v cng ngh. Ngi ta gi cc d liu ca b chng trnh x l l CLD.(Cutter Location Data)- d liu xc nh v tr ca dng c ct. Cc d liu ny a ra mt gii php chung v gia cng m khng ph thuc vo my cng c CNC no;

Chng trnh hu x l (Postrocessor )

- Post processor c nhim v dch chng

trnh NC di dng CLD thnh cc m cho h CNC c th no c th hiu v thc hin qu trnh iu khin my gia cng;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

Cc ngn ng lp trnh bng my. Ngn ng chuyn dng hoc vn nng. - Ngn ng APT(Atomatically Programed Tool). Pht trin M nm 1955, cho php thit lp to hnh gia cng trn my 5 trc.Khong 3000 t lnh. Mi yu t hnh hc ca chi tit c xc nh khi bt u chng trnh bng mt k hiu;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

+Ngn ng EXAPT: Tp m rng ca APT. C 3 loi: EXAPT1:Lp trnh cho iu khin im v ng. EXAPT2:iu khin phi tuyn trn tin. EXAPT3: iu khin phi tuyn 2,5D. Ba ngn ng ny c th ni ghp vi nhau. +Ngn ng MiniAPT: Tp con ca APT. +Ng ng COMPACTII;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

Nhn chung cc chng trnh c vit

bng ngn ng lp trnh t ng u bao gm cc khai bo nh ngha nh: Khai bo s hiu chng trnh, khai bo s hc, khai bo nh ngha hnh hc, khai bo ch gia cng ( cng ngh), khai bo chuyn ng ca dao,;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

Cc khai bo nh ngha . Cc lnh quan h vi my. - Lnh PARTNO: Khai bo bt u chng trnh, sau t ny c k hiu / (vi cc ch v s khc nhau). - Lnh MACHIN/Cho bit b hu s l no phi gi ra sau b s l. Lnh ny c t sau lnh PARTNO hoc trc lnh FINI cui chng trnh. - Lnh CLPRNT: cho php file CL ( CLDATA) c in ra dng thng k m ta c th quan st c;

Chng trnh iu khin my CNC

Cc khai bo nh ngha . Nhp d liu hnh hc. - Cc khai bo v hnh hc c bt u bng mt t, sau l k hiu /, sau k hiu ny l phn xc nh c th yu t hnh hc. Dng chung ca cc d liu hnh hc c vit nh sau: A=B/C. Trong : + A: K hiu ca gi tr bin i hnh hc. + B: T chnh. + C: T cp 2 xc nh yu t hnh hc;

Nhp d liu hnh hc. Khai bo xc nh im. Khai bo xc nh im c k hiu bng t POINT vi cc phng php sau: + im c xc nh bng cc to . P1=POINT/X,Y,Z + im c xc nh bng to cc. + im c xc nh bng giao ca hai ng thng. + im c xc nh bng giao ca ng thng vi ng trn. + im c xc nh bng giao ca hai ng trn. + im trn ng trn c xc nh ng gc tm;

 Nhp d liu hnh hc. - Khai bo xc nh ng thng.

+ + + + + ng thng c k hiu bng t LINE theo cc phng php sau: ng thng i qua hai im. ng thng i qua 1 im v to vi trc X mt gc. ng thng i qua 1 im v vung gc vi mt ng thng cho trc. ng thng i qua 1 im v tip tuyn vi ng trn. ng thng tip tuyn vi hai ng trn;

 Nhp d liu hnh hc. - Khai bo xc nh ng trn. Lnh CIRCL

+ ng trn c xc nh bng tm v bn knh. + ng trn c xc nh bng bn knh v tip tuyn vi hai ng thng ct nhau. + ng trn c xc nh bng bn knh tip tuyn vi ng thng v i qua mt im cho trc. + ng trn c xc nh bng bn knh tip tuyn vi ng thng v cung ca ng trn cho trc;

 Nhp d liu hnh hc. - Khai bo xc nh ng trn.

+ ng trn c xc nh bng bn knh v tip tuyn vi hai ng trn. + ng trn c xc nh bng tm v tip tuyn vi ng trn cho trc. + ng trn i qua 3 im;

 Nhp d liu hnh hc. - Khai bo xc nh contour.

+ + + Contour=CONTOUR/im 1, cc yu t ca contour. contour gm cc on thng. contour gm cc on thng v cc ng trn. contour gm nhiu on chuyn tip lin tc;

Nhp d liu cng ngh

Khai bo ny xc nh cc iu kin cng ngh gia cng chi tit. Khai bo xc nh ch chy dao. FEDRA/ Tc , {MPM,MPT} Khai bo ng m trc chnh ca my. SPINDL/ON, OFF Khai o dch chuyn nhanh: RADID Khai bo dng gia cng: STOP Khai bo xc nh cc nng nng ph AUXFUN/s ( Cho bit chc nng ph). Khai bo thi gian dng: DELAY/ thi gian (giy). Khai o hiu chnh dao: CUTCOM/ thng s (cho it dng hiu chnh dao);

Xc nh hnh trnh ca my
Khai bo ny cho php m t dch chuyn ca tm dao n im cho trc v phng php dch chuyn. T chnh/ phn th cp. Phn th cp l cc hng s, cc bin i hoc tc dch chuyn. Khai bo xc nh im xut pht. FROM/ im FROM/X,Y,Z Khai bo xc nh im ch: GOTO/im, GOTO/P8,1200;

Xc nh hnh trnh ca my

Khai chuyn ng theo gia s: GODLTA

GODLTA/20,30,50,180 Khai bo chuyn ng theo contour: ACT/CONTUR Khai bo ny c th c ng dng xc nh chuyn ng ca mt contour phc tp gm nhiu contour n gin;

Cc hnh thc t chc lp trnh

thc hin vic lp trnh gia cng, c hai hnh thc lp trnh: Lp trnh phn xng. Lp trnh trong chun b sn xut;

Lp trnh phn xng.

Ngi vn hnh my lp chng trnh gia

cng ngay ti my. Np cc thng s iu khin vo h iu khin thc hin trc tip trn my thng qua bng iu khin. H iu khin c mn hnh gip ngi lp trnh chy m phng trc khi a vo gia cng trnh cc li ca chng trnh; Trong lp trnh phn xng cng c th tch ri mt ch trong phn xng. Lp trnh phn xng i hi ngi vn hnh my c ngh nghip cao;

Lp trnh trong chun b sn xut.

Khi trong quy m sn xut phi thit lp

nhiu chng trnh CNC cho cc my CNC khc nhau v cho cc chi tit ca mt sn phm tng thnh. u im: - Nng sut lp trnh cao. - Ngi lp trnh cha vn hnh thnh tho my vn c th lp chng trnh gia cng cho nhiu loi chi tit khc nhau;