o

The second integral in the previous relation is recognized as the entropy change S1 S2 . Therefore,

which can be rearranged as,

It can also be expressed in dierential form as,

We may conclude from these equations that the entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is greater than the integral of Q=T evaluated for that process.

Closed system entropy balance o

The term (Sgen ) is positive when internal irreversibilities are present during the process and vanishes when no internal irreversibilities are present. This can be described by saying that entropy is produced within the system by the action of irreversibilities. Its value depends on the nature of the process and not solely on the end states. It is not a property. The second law requires that entropy production be positive, or zero, in value

This relation serves as a criterion in determining whether a process is reversible, irreversible, or impossible. By contrast, the change in entropy of the system may be positive, negative, or zero:

Entropy Generation during Heat Transfer Processes. A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to a sink at (a) 500 K and (b) 750 K. Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversible.

Solution

(a) For the heat transfer process to a sink at 500 K:

(b) Repeating the calculations in part (a) for a sink temperature of 750 K, we obtain

The total entropy change for the process in part (b) is smaller, and therefore it is less irreversible.

The entropy change of a closed system during a process is equal to the sum of the net entropy transferred through the system boundary by heat transfer and the entropy generated within the system boundaries. Note that work is entropy-free, and no entropy is transferred by work. Energy is transferred by both heat and work, whereas entropy is transferred only by heat.

Adiabatic closed system:

The entropy balance for a closed system and its surroundings can be written as

The rate of entropy change within the control volume during a process is equal to the sum of the rate of entropy transfer through the control volume boundary by heat transfer, the net rate of entropy transfer into the control volume by mass ow, and the rate of entropy generation within the boundaries of the control volume as a result of irreversibilities.