To, in order to, so that v for

1. To, in order to, so that v for

Chng ta dng to, in order to, so that v for din t mc ch v l do. The purpose of stopping is to buy a newspaper. (Mc ch ca vic dng xe l mua bo)

2. To
Chng ta dng ng t nguyn mu c to din t mc ch. Susan was hurrying to catch her bus. (Susan i vi v bt xe but) Most people work to earn money. (Hu ht mi ngi u lm vic kim tin) I rang to find out the train times. We went to the library to get some books.

3. In order to and so as to

In order to v so as to trang trng hn to. The government took these measures in order to reduce crime. (Chnh ph c bin php lm gim ti c) The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. (Cc nhn vin lm vic cui tun kp hon thnh d n) Chng ta c th dng hnh thc ph nh in order not to hoc so as not to. Susan was hurrying in order not to miss her bus. (Susan i vi khng b l xe but) The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. (Cc nhn vin lm vic cui tun khng lm chm tr d n thm na) Chng ta khng th dng not to mt mnh. She was hurrying to catch her bus. NOT She-was-hurrying not to miss-her bus.

4. So that
V d: Ill post the card today so that it gets there on Davids birthday. Sau so that, ta dng ch t + ng t. Ta thng dng will/can ch mc ch hin ti v would/could for ch mc ch qu kh. Ill give you a map so that you can find/youll find the way all right.

(Ti s a anh bn anh c th tm c ng i) I gave Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right. (Ti a Nck bn anh ta c th tm c ng i)

5. To hoc for?
Ta c th for vi danh t ch l do. The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. (C gia nh ra ngoi p xe) Why dont you come over for coffee? (Sao anh khng n y ung c ph?) din t mc ch, ta c th dng ng t nguyn mu c to hoc for + ng t thm ing. This heater is to keep/for keeping the plants warm in winter. (Ci l si ny l gi m cho cy vo ma ng) This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic. Nhng ta khng dng for + ng t thm ing ni v mt hnh ng c th. I put the heater on to keep the plants warm, NOT I put the heater-on-for keeping the plants warm. (Ti bt l si gi m cho cy)

Em i cch dng vs cch s dng l mt m e. ch gii p cho nh: 1.Although: sau although l 1 mnh (mnh l S+V ). Cu trc l: Although+S+V, S+(still)+V (still c th c hoc khng). Ex: Although Lan is tired, she still goes to school. 2. Despite/inspite of: Hai ci ny ging nhau, dng ci no cng c. ng sau 2 ci ny c th l danh t, hoc Ving hoc the fact that. Cu trc: Despite/ Inspite of+ N/Ving, S+V Despite/ Inspite of the fact that+S+V, S+V Ex: Despite being( dng Ving ca to be) tired, Lan still goes to school. Cn in dispite of th lm g c h e??? Tip theo l n As if vs as though 2 ci ny cng ging nhau, u c dch l:" c nh th" v cch s dng cng ging nhau l u ng trc 1 mnh ch 1 iu ko c tht hoc tri vs thc t hin ti hoc qu kh. * th hin ti: S+V(hin ti n)+ as if/as though+ S+V(qu kh n) ( to be lun l WERE vs tt c cc ngi) Ex: -He doesn't know her but he talk as if he knew her. - It isn't winter now but I am dressing as if it were winter now. * th qu kh : S+ V(qu kh)/V(hin ti) + as if/ as though + S+ had+ Vpp Ex:- Nam looked tired as though he had worked very hard yesterday. - She talks as if she had done the homework very hard lastnight.
Ch : Mnh sau as if, as though khng phi lc no cng tun theo quy tc trn. Nu iu kin trong cu l c tht hoc theo quan nim ca ngi ni, ngi vit l c tht th ng t mnh sau chng c chia bnh thng theo mi quan h vi ng t mnh chnh.

SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO

m ) Cng thc nh sau: 1) Mnh + SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT + S can/could/will/would + V ... Lu :Thng thng nu khng c NOT th dng can /could cn c NOT th dng won't / wouldn't ,tr nhng trng hp c ngn cm th mi dng can't/couldn't. I study hard so that I can pass the exam. I study hard so that I won't fail the exam. I hide the toy so that my mother can't see it. ( ti giu mn chi m ti khng th thy n -> ngn khng cho thy ) 2) Mnh + IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO + Inf. Lu : Nu c NOT th NOT trc TO, tuy nhin mu TO khng p dng c trng hp c NOT. I study hard. I want to pass the exam. -> I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the exam. I study hard. I don't want to fail the exam. -> -> I study hard in order not to fail the exam. ng -> I study hard so as not to /to fail the exam.ng -> I study hard not to fail the exam. sai Cch ni cu : 1) Dng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT : Trong cu th hai nu c cc ng t : want, like, hope... th phi b i ri thm can/could/will/would vo -Nu sau cc ch want, like, hope..c tc t th ly tc t ra lm ch t. I give you the book .I want you to read it. -> I give you the book so that you can read it. 2) Dng IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO : - Ch p dng c khi 2 ch t 2 cu ging nhau - B ch t cu sau, b cc ch want, like, hope...gi li t ng t sau n. I study hard .I want to pass the exam. I study hard .I want to pass the exam. -> I study hard in order to pass the exam.

Cn SO th rt n gin , ch c ngha l "v th" m thi

So : v vy but : nhng however : tuy nhin Therefore : v vy

Phn bit so v therefore Hai t trn c th ni l v ngha chng nh nhau, i khi c th dng thay th cho nhau nhng trong chng trnh hc ca ti mnh li phi phn bit 2 ci ny, n dng nh ko c phn bit v ngha, thy mnh ch ni mt cch m mng l so dng khi ni nguyn nhn so kt qu, n ngu nhin nht thi, c 1 nguyn nhn 1 kt qu, cn nguyn nhn therefore kt qu l mt qu trnh c logic, c th nhiu ci nguyn nhn, mt hi sau l therefore, hoc 1 suy lun nhn qu logic no . Tuy nhin iu ko gip c ti mnh trong qu trnh lm trc nghim, v mi cu TN cng ch 2 dng l cng, ly g phn bit logic hay ko logic => Mnh c th da vo du hiu l v tr v du cu : ------- so ko ng u cu (trong vn vit), thng ng gia cu v trc c du phy ------- therefore ng u cu, sau c du phy ------- therefore ng gia cu, trc c du chm phy, sau c du phy hoc ko c, hoc c du phy c trc v sau ------- therefore ng cui cu, trc c du phy ******* so dng thng dng trong vn ni, therefore trang trng hn, thng dng trong vn vit Phn bit but v however Tng t nh so v therefore vy , 2 ci ny cng na n nhau, rt kh phn bit, nhng vn d phn bit hn therefore v so. But ngha l nhng ni 2 mnh tri ngc nhau hon ton hoc v trc l i nghch ca nguyn nhn gy ra ci sau ------- She did her homework, but I didn't ------- It was midnight, but the restaurant was still open However ngha l tuy nhin, n th hin s nhng b, cng ni v s tri ngc nhng ko i nghch nhau hon ton, v nh nhn mnh phn sau hn phn trc, hoc l ni phn trc ko ng k so vi phn sau. ------- We could fly via Vienna;however it isn't the only way. ------- Lan is a very good student; however Hung is much better than her ( nhn mnh Hng, Lan ko ng k so vi Hung, khc vi cu Lan is a very good student, but Hung is much better than her, s nhn mnh ko cn nng nh cu trn) Ngoi ra, phn bit but v however cng c th dng du cu tng t nh so v therefore :

-------------------------

but ko ng u cu (trong vn vit), thng ng gia cu v trc c du phy However ng u cu, sau c du phy However ng gia cu, trc c du chm phy, sau c du phy hoc ko c However ng cui cu, trc c du phy

******* but dng thng dng trong vn ni, however trang trng hn, thng dng trong vn vit (nhng phn bit bng cch dng du cu ch mang tnh cht tng i) Lm mt s bt thc hnh lun no : Fill each blank with but, so, however, or therefore where appropriate. 1/ This is the shortest way to the city center;....................it is not the only way 2/ The boy was able to learn English,..................he is very lazy. 3/ He didn't attend the lesson,..................he could not do his homework. 4/ The rice is 6000 dong per kilo,.................we bouht 10 kilos. 5/ Your son is heading to the right direction;.................. I think you should encougrage him to learn harder. 6/ It is very late now,.................she is still at her office. 7/ It was midnight,.....................they closed the restaurant and went home. 8/ He had written to her many times, .................. she didn't give any reply,.............they had been out of touch ever since 9/ We discussed the issue all day,.................we could not come to a final conclusion. 10/ It started to rain hard;................we decided to stay at home to watch TV.

1/ This is the shortest way to the city center; however it is not the only way 2/ The boy was able to learn English, but he is very lazy. 3/ He didn't attend the lesson, so he could not do his homework. 4/ The rice is 6000 dong per kilo, so we bought 10 kilos. 5/ Your son is heading to the right direction; however therefore I think you should encougrage him to learn harder. 6/ It is very late now,but she is still at her office. 7/ It was midnight, so they closed the restaurant and went home. 8/ He had written to her many times, but she didn't give any reply, so they had been out of touch ever since 9/ We discussed the issue all day, but we could not come to a final conclusion. 10/ It started to rain hard; therefore we decided to stay at home to watch TV.

I.7. Lin t v cch s dng 1. Lin t kt hp (coordinating conjunctions)

Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/ nhm t cng mt loi, hoc nhng mnh ngang hng nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh t vi danh t ...) Gm c: for, and, nor, but, or, yet V d:

She is a good and loyal wife. Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt. He is intelligent but very lazy. She says she does not love me, yet I still love her. We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam. He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt. Ch : khi dng lin t kt hp ni hai mnh , chng ta thm du phy sau mnh th nht trc lin t Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements. 2. Tng lin t (correlative conjunctions)

Mt vi lin t thng kt hp vi cc t khc to thnh cc tng lin t. Chng thng c s dng theo cp lin kt cc cm t hoc mnh c chc nng tng ng nhau v mt ng php Gm c: both . . . and(va.va), not only . . . but also (khng chm cn), not . . . but, either . . . or (hoc ..hoc..), neither . . . nor (khng.cng khng), whether . . . or , as . . . as, no sooner. than(va mi.th) V d:

They learn both English and French. He drinks neither wine nor beer. I like playing not only tennis but also football. I don't have either books or notebooks. I can't make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down. 3. Lin t ph thuc (subordinating conjunctions)

Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc mnh c chc nng khc nhau - mnh ph vi mnh chnh trong cu. V d nh cc lin t sau v ngha km theo ca chng:

As 1. Bi v: As he is my friend, I will help him. 2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off. After: sau khi After the train left, we went home. Although/ though: mc d Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired. Before: trc khi I arrived before the stores were open. Because: bi v We had to wait, because we arrived early. For: bi v He is happy, for he enjoys his work. If: nu, gi nh

If she is here, we will see her. Lest: s rng I watched closely, lest he make a mistake. Ch : s dng ng t nguyn th trong mnh lest Providing/ provided: min l All will be well, providing you are careful. Since 1. T khi: I have been here since the sun rose. 2. Bi v: Since you are here, you can help me. So/ so that 1. Bi vy: It was raining, so we did not go out. 2. (= in order that): I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle. Supposing (= if) Supposing that happens, what will you do? Than: so vi He is taller than you are. Unless: tr khi Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed. Until/ till: cho n khi I will wait until I hear from you. Whereas 1. Bi v: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone. 2. Trong khi (ngc li): He is short, whereas you are tall. Whether: hay khng I do not know whether she was invited. While 1. Khi: While it was snowing, we played cards. 2. Trong khi (ngc li): He is rich, while his friend is poor. 3. Mc d: While I am not an expert, I will do my best. As if = in a similar way She talks as if she knows everything. As long as 1. Nu: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. 2. Khi: He has lived there as long as I have known him. As soon as: ngay khi Write to me as soon as you can. As though = in a similar way It looks as though there will be a storm. In case: Trong trng hp... Take a sweater in case it gets cold. Or else = otherwise: nu khng th Please be careful, or else you may have an accident. So as to = in order to: I hurried so as to be on time. Ch : Ngoi lin t, chng ta c th s dng cc trng t lin kt nh therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence, furthermore, consequently V d: We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic. I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best. We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset. 4. Phn bit cch s dng ca mt s lin t v gii t c cng ngha. Lin t because although while Gii t because of despite during

S khc bit gia chng l: lin t + mt mnh , trong khi gii t + mt danh t hoc ng danh t V d: They were upset because of the delay They were upset because they were delayed.

Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves. We stayed indoors during the storm. We stayed indoors while the storm raged. Bi tp 1: Vit li nhng cu sau y dng lin t thch hp 1. We know him. We know his friends. 2. The coat was soft. The coat was warm. 3. It is stupid to do that. It is quite unnecessary. 4. I wanted to go. He wanted to stay. 5. Your arguments are strong. They dont convince me. 6. You can go there by bus. You can go there by train. 7. I was feeling tired. I went to bed when I got home. Bi tp 2: in vo ch trng bng nhng lin t thch hp: 1. Ill come and see you.I leave for Moscow. 2. He will tell you..you get home. 3. I cant express my opinionI know the fact. 4. We started very early..we should miss the train. 5. He will stay here..you come. 6. ..he tried hard, he wasnt successful. 7. He worked late last night..he might be free to go away tomorrow. 8. The room is .small..we cant all get in. 9. .you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. 10. The road seems longer.I thought. 11. it rained hard, we played the match. 12. ..you may go, he wont forget you.

Bi 1: 1. We know him and his friends. 2. The coat was both soft and warm. 3. It is stupid and quite unnecessary to do that. 4. I wanted to go but he wanted to stay. 5. Your arguments are strong but they dont convince me. 6. You can go there either by bus or by train. 7. I was feeling tired so I went to bed when I got home. Bi 2: 1. before 2. when 3. unless 4. for fear that 5. until 6. although 7. so that 8. so.that 9. if 10. than 11. even though/although 12. wherever

Mu not only cng vi but also Trong ting Anh, cu trc not only v but also ging nh cu trc khng nhng m cn trong ting Vit. V d Ch y khng nhng ht m cn nhy Anh y khng nhng hc gii m cn ht hay Trong ting Anh, mu not only cng vi but also c dng kt ni hai cu, v c u trc ny bao gi cng c dng mt cch cn bng. C ngha l cc t ng sau not only v but also lun cng mt loi t ging nhau nh tnh t, trng t, hoc ng t, vv. Cu trc cu c cc dng nh sau: [Ch ng] + [ng t] + not only + [danh t (noun)] + but also + [danh t] V d: I like not only bananas but also apples Ti khng nhng thch chui m thch c to [Ch ng] + [ng t] + not only + [tnh t (adjective)] + but also + [tnh t] V d She is not only beautiful but also attractive Ch y khng ch xinh p m cn rt li cun [Ch ng] + [ng t] + not only + [trng t (adverb)] + but also + [trng t] V d He translated not only fast but also correctly Anh y dch khng nhng nhanh m cn rt ng [Ch ng] + [ng t] + not only +[cm gii t (prepositional phrase)] + but also + [cm gii t] V d They are not only good at mathematics but also at science H khng nhng gii ton m cn mn khoa hc Hoc [Ch ng] + not only + [ng t] + but also + [ng t] V d She not only sings but also dances Ch y khng nhng ht m cn nhy

Ngoi ra
-Trong cu NOT ONLYBUT ALSO, v sau c th nguyn BUT ALSO, nhng cng c th bt Also hay tch ri also khi but v also tr thnh mt trng t thm ngha cho ng t, c khi c But cng c th b. V d: * NOT ONLY children but grown up people also love Walt Disney cartoons. * NOT ONLY children but (also) grown up people love Walt Disney cartoons. - Khi NOT ONLYBUT ALSO cng i vi ng t nhng ta li mun nhn mnh ngi nghe hay ngi c ch hn th c th NOT ONLY u cu v ng t th dng nghi vn. V d: * NOT ONLY did the bush crash into a tree, (but) it also ran over a child.