1

Introduction to Power Electronics

Buck Converter

Operations
Mode of Operation

Continuous mode
Discontinuous mode
3
Continuous Mode
Buck Converter Operation
(Continuous Mode)
On State
Off State
Relationship of Vs and Vo
(Continuous mode)
D V V
T
t
V
t t
t
V V
t V t t V
t
L
V
t
L
V V
di di
t
L
V
dt
L
V
di
t
L
V V
t
L
V
dt
L
V
di
dt
di
L V
s o
on
s
off on
on
s o
on s off on o
off
o
on
o s
off on
off
o L
off
on
o s
on
L L
on
L
=
=
+
=
= +
=

= +

= =

= = =
=
) (
0
0
equations both combining
time; off during
time; on during
;
On State
Off State
0 = +
off on
dI dI
Inductor Selection
(Continuous Mode)
( )
( )
( )
f
R D
L
Lf
D
R
Lf
D
R
V i
Lf
D
R
V T D
L
V
R
V
i
i
i i
Lf
D
R
V T D
L
V
R
V
i
i
i i
o
o
o o
L
L
o
o o
L
L
2
1
2
1 1
0
2
1 1
condition boundary At
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
min
min
min
max
max
max

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

=
A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

+ =
A
+ =
( )
f i
D V
T D
di
V
t
di
V
L
f i
D V V
DT
di
V V
t
di
V V
L
t
L
V
di
t
L
V V
di
dt
di
L V
L
o
off
o
off
off
o
L
o s
on
o s
on
on
o s
off
o
off
on
o i
on
L
A

= = =
A

=
=
) 1 (
) 1 (
time; off during
time; on during
;
for a given load R for a given change in I
L
Ripple Voltage due to ESR
C
i T
V
T i
C
V
dt t i
C
V
L
c
L
c
t
t
8
2 4
1
) (
1
2
1
A
= A
A
= A
=
}
esr C o
R i V A = A
Ripple due to ESR:
Capacitor Selection
C
i T
V
T i
C
V
dt t i
C
V
L
c
L
c
t
t
8
2 4
1
) (
1
2
1
A
= A
A
= A
=
}
Calculating for C given the desired
ripple voltage due to capacitor:
|
|
.
|

\
| A

=
A
= A
A = A
A
= A
=
= =
}
o
o
o
o
o
o
L o
L
o
t
t
V
V
Lf
D
C
LCf
D
V
V
T D
L
V
C
T
V
i
C
T
V
T i
C
V
dt t i
C
V
C
Q
V CV Q
2
2
8
1
8
1
) 1 (
8
8
2 2 2
1 1
) (
1
;
2
1
Sizing the Inductor
( )
( )
2
max
2
max max
2
min
2
max
3
1
dc dc rms
rms
i i i I
i i i i I
+ =
+ + =
( )
D I D
i i
I
dc ave
=
+
=
2
min max
I
Switch
I
diode
I
inductor
ISwitch
IDiode
IInductor
( )
( ) ( ) D i D
i i
I
DC ave
=
+
= 1 1
2
min max
Design Procedure
Given:
Vs, Vo, Po, F, Vripple

Calculate
1. Duty Cycle
2. Minimum Inductance
3. Maximum ESR
4. Minimum Capacitance
5. Device Ratings
Diode Rating
Switch Rating
Inductor Current
s
o
V
V
D =
) 1 ( D I I
o d
=
C
o
esr
i
V
R
A
A
=
( )
f i
D V
L
o
A

=
1
min
|
|
.
|

\
| A

=
o
o
V
V
Lf
D
C
2
8
1
D I I
o s
=
( )
( )
2
max
2
max max
2
min
2
max
3
1
o o L
L
i i i I
i i i i I
+ =
+ + =
* Assuming switch and diode use Mosfet, replace Io with I
L
11
Discontinuous Mode
Relationship of Vs and Vo
(Discontinuous mode)
T
L
V
dt
L
V
di
DT
L
V V
di
o L
off
o s
on
o

= =

=
time; off during
time; on during
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
8
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
;
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
max
max
max max
RT
L
D D
RT
L
D
RT
L
D
R
V
D T
L
V
R
V
D I
R
V
D I I
T
T I DT I I
o o
o
L
o
L o
L L o
+
=
= +
= +
= +
(

= +
= + =

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o
o o
o o
o o
o
o
o
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+
=
= +
=
=
=

= +
R
Lf
D D
D
V
V
RT
L
D D
D
D
V
V
D
D
V
V
D V D V
V D V D V
V D V V
T
L
V
DT
L
V V
di di
s
o
s
o
s
o
o s
o o s
o o s
o o s
off on
8
2
2
8
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
o
o
o
o
o
Duty Cycle and Inductance
(Discontinuous mode)
( )
( ) 8 . 0
8 . 0
8 . 0
8 . 0
8 . 0
s
o
s
o
s
o
s
o
V
V
D
D
V
V
D D
D
V
V
D
D
D
D
V
V
=
=
+
=
=
= +
+
=
o
o
o
s o
peak
s o
peak
V V
L DT
I
V V
L D
I f

=
Design Example #1
Specs:

Vis=12V
Vo=5V
Fsw=100kHzPo=10W

Calculate:
D, L, C, I
L
, I
sw
, I
d

Answer
D=
16
END