Mathmtcs 1

VjdG
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http://www.yahosein.com/vb
:.
:
855 2010
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(
) .

Related Rates

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( ).
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Complex numbers cG OGYG
hG dG
Chapter One
Complex Numbers cG OGYG

][1-1
][1-2
][1-3
][1-4
][1-5
.C
][1-6
][1-7
][1-8
][1-9
R (z):z
I (z): z
z
z

R(z) = x = r cos
I (z) = y = r sin
arg (z) =
r = ||z|| = mod z
LHS
RHS
-
] [1-1 .
( )Linear Equation
.

)x2 + 4x+ 5 =0( ) x2 + 1 = 0(:
( )b2 - 4ac
.

.
( )x2+1=0 ( )x2=-1 ()-1
1 ( )i
( )Imaginary Number .
( )i
( )i :
i2 = -1
i3 = i2. i = -1.i = -i
i4 = i2. i2 = )-1( )-1( = 1
i27 = i26.i = )i2(13.i = )-1(13.i = -i
i81 = i80.i= )i2(40.i = )-1(40.i = 1.i = i
i-7 = )i(-8.i = )i2(-4.i = )-1(-4 . i = i
i-15= i-16.i = )i2(-8.i = )-1(-8 . i = i
-

i4n+r = ir , n I , r= 0, 1, 2, 3
( )i } {- i, i , -1 ,1
( )i ( )4 (.)i
-1 -
i25 = i
i99 = i3 = -i
25 4 6 .1
99 4 24 . 3
)a( i16 )b( i58 )c( i93 )d( i-13
:
)a( i16 = i4 )4( + 0 = i0 = 1
)b( i58 = i4 )14( + 2 = i2 = -1
)c( i93 = i4)23(+1 = i1 = i
1
i16
-13
)d( i = 13 = 13 =i3 = -i
i
i
,i
:
16 = 16 . 1 = 4 ii
25 = 25 . 1 = 5 ii
12 = 12 . 1 = 2 3 ii
15 = 15 . 1 = 15 ii
-

if a 0 then a = a . 1 = a ii , a0
( )a+bi a b
1 = ii
]1-1] `j```J
c = a+bi a,b 1 = i i
( )Complex Number a ( ) Real Part b

( .)Imaginary Part
a +bi
.
c = a + bi
)(a,b
b,a a a+0i ( .)a,0
) Unit Imaginary Number( i i )0,1 ( : . i= 0+1i
)0 , b( bi ( )pure Imaginary Number
)a , 0( a= a+0i (. )Pure Real Number
-2 + 3i
-2 3
-2 0
-2
-3i
0 -3
-

-2 -
: a+bi
d) 1+ 25
4
c)1 3
b) 100
a) 5
a) 5 = 5 + 0 ii
100 = 100 1 = 10 i = 0 +10 ii
)b
c) 1 3 = 1 3 1 = 1 3 i
1+ 25 1
25 1 1 5 i
= +
= + i
4
4
4
4 4
)d
a a+ 0i ( )a ,0
:
. R
]1-2] `j```J
c1 = a1 + b1i , c2 = a2 + b2i :
:
c1 = c2 a1 = a2 , b1 = b2
dG gGAL ihJh G gGAL ihJ GPG cG GOdG ihj G
.dHh
-

. y , x
- 3 -
a( 2x -1 +2i = 1+)y+1(i .
b( 3x+4i = 2 +8yi
c( )2y+1( - )2x-1(i = -8+ 3i
:
a( 2x-1 +2i = 1+)y+1(i
2x -1 = 1 2x = 2
x =1
2 = y+1 y = 2-1
y=1
b( 3x+4i = 2 + 8yi
3x = 2 , 4 = 8y
4 1
x= 2 , y = 8 = 2
3
c( )2y+1( - )2x-1(i = -8 + 3i
2y+1 = - 8 , - )2x -1 ( = 3
2y = -9 , -2x = 2
y = 9 , x = -1
2
-
] [1-2 .
k hG
: cG OGYG Y Y G Y :
]1-3] `j```J
c2 = a2 + b2i , c1 = a1 + b1i c1, c2
c1 + c2 = )a1 + a2 ( + )b1 + b2 ( i
) a1 + a2( R )b1 +b2 ( R :
.
)a1 + a2 ( + )b1 + b2 ( i
-4 -
a)3+ 4 2i,i 5 2 2ii

b)3, 2 5ii
c)1i,
i 3ii
a)(3+ 4 2i)+(5
) 2 2i
i
i = (3+ 5)+(4 2 2 2 )ii
= 8+2 2 i
i = (3+ 0i)+(2
i
i
)b)(3)+(2 5i
) 5i
= (3+ 2)+(0 5)ii = 5 5ii

i 3ii = (1i)+(0
i
i
c)(1i)+
)+ 3i
= (1+ 0)+(1+ 3)ii =1+ 2ii
10
-

cG OGYG Y Y G Y UGN
:
c1, c2, c3
)1( c1 + c2 = c2 + c1
* )Commutativity( .
)2( c1 + )c2 +c3( = )c1 + c2( +c3
* )Associativity( .
* )3( c
, c= a+bi - c
)Additive Inverse( .
-c = -a-bi ( )-c c
* Additive Identity . e )4( e = 0 = 0 + 0i
( )
, + ()Commutative Group
-5 -
()7-13i( - )9+4i
()7-13i( - )9+4i
(=)7-13i( + )-9 -4i
=)7-9( + )-13 - 4(i
= -2 - 17i
-
11

-6 -
)2-4i( +x=-5+i
)2-4i( +x= -5+i

()2-4i(+)-2+4i(+x = )-5+i(+)-2+4i
( )2-4i
( x = )-5+i(+)-2+4i
= )-5-2(+)1+4(i
x = -7+5i
: cG OGYG Y Y dG Y :k fK
i2
( )-1 :
c1 = a1 +b1i
c2 = a2 + b2i
(c1. c2 = )a1+b1i( )a2 + b2i
= a1a2 + + a1 b2i + a2 b1i + b1 b2i2

= a1 a2 + a1 b2i + a2 b1i - b1b2
= )a1a2 - b1b2 (+ )a1 b2 + a2b1(i
12
kR
c = a + bi
kc = ka + kbi
-

]1-4] `j```J
c2 = a2 + b2i , c1 = a1 + b1i c1,c2
:
c1 . c2 = )a1a2 - b1b2( + )a1b2 + a2b1(i
)a1a2 - b1b2( R : )a1b2 + a2 b1( R
R
c1 . c2
-7 -
i
i
a)(2 3i)(3
)5i
)b)(3+ 4i
i2
)c)i(1+i
i i
5
)d) (4+3i
i
2
2
)e)(1+i
)i +(1i
i
:
a)(2 3i)(3
)5i
i
i = (6 15)+ (10 9)ii
= 9 19ii
)b)(3+ 4i
i 2 = 9 + 24ii +16ii2
= 9 + 24ii 16
= 7 + 24ii
)(3+4i
i
i = (9 - 16) + (12+12) ii = -7 +24ii
)i 2 = (3+4i)(3+4i
)c)i(1+i
i i = i +ii2 = 1+ii
-
13

5
15
i
i
d) (4+3i)=10
2
2
)i 2 +(1i
i 2 =(1+2i+i
i i2 )+(12i+i
) i i2
)e)(1+i
= 2ii + ( -2i)i = 0
cG OGYG Y Y dG Y UGN
:
c1, c2, c3
* )Commutativity( .
)1( c1 c2 = c2 c1
* )Associativity( .
)2( c1 )c2 c3( = )c1 c2( c3
* ( )Multiplicative Inverse ()3( 1= )1+0i
* ()Multiplicative Inverse
1
1
) c =(1+0i)4(c)0+0i(, c C ,
c
C
C
1
c .
c
C
)C-)0+0i( ,( :
)C, + , ( :
] [1-3 Conjugate Number

]1-5] `j```J
c=a+bi a, bR c = a-bi
3+i : 3-i ( )i ( )-i .

5-4i 5+4i 7 7.
14
-

:
1( c1 c2 = c1 c2
2(
c1 g c2 = c1 g c2
3( c = c
4( c . c = a 2 + b2 c = a + bi
5( c = c c R
6( c = c : c = 1 + i , c = 3 - 2i

2
1
c
c

: c1 = 1 + i , c2 = 3 - 2i
1
)1( c1 c2 = c1 c2
)2(
c1 g c2 = c1 g c2
)1( c1 + c2 = (1+ ii) + (3 2i)

i
= (4 i)
i = 4 +ii
c1 + c2 = (1+ ii) + (3 2i)
i
i
i = 4 +ii
= (1i)+(3+
2i)
c1 + c2 = c1 + c2
)2(
c1 g c2 = (1+i)(3
i
2i)
i
= 3 2ii+ 3ii 2ii2 = 5 + i = 5 i
c1 . c2 = (1+ ii) (3 2i)
i = )1- i( ) 3+2i(
= (3+ 2)+ (2 3)ii = 5 ii
c1 g
15
c2 = c1 g c2
-
-8 -
:

-9 -
:
-10 -
:
-11 -
c = 2 - 2i .
c 1
c
1
1
=
c 2 2ii
1
2 + 2ii
2 + 2ii 2+ 2ii
=
=
2 2ii 2 + 2ii
4+ 4
8
1 1
+ i
4 4
x yi 3,3
2ii 2i

. . x, y R

=
1+ 5i 5 + iii
3 2ii 3 2ii 5 i
=
3
5 +2iii = x5++yii 5 ii
i
1 5i
2)+(310)i
xi + yi 2==(15
315i
2i +10i 2 i = 13 13ii
26
25 +1
xi xiy=y7
17i
7=17i
7
17i
x =x17
1 1
= 17
= i
y =y7= 7
2 2
c
c2 = 1 + i , c1 = 3 - 2i :
=
c
1
16
c1 3 2ii
=
c2 1+ i
-

3 2ii 1 i 3 3ii 2ii + 2ii2
=
1+ ii 1 ii
1+ 1
1 5ii 1 5
1 5
=
= i = + ii
2 2 2
2 2
c1 c1 3 2ii 3 + 2ii
=
=
i
1 ii
c
1+
i
2
c
2
3+ 2ii 1+ ii 3 + 3ii + 2ii + 2ii2

=
=
1+ 1
1 ii 1+ ii
1+ 5ii 1 5
= + ii
2
2 2
c
=
c
c1 c2
c20 c1
c2
:
c1 c1 c2
=
c2 c2 c2
-12 -

:a+bi
1+ 2ii
2 + ii
()c
2 ii
3+ 4ii
()b
-
1+ ii
1 ii
17
(a

:
1+ i 1+ ii 1+ i 1+ 2ii + i 2 2ii
=
=
= = i = 0+i
1 i 1 i 1+ i
2
1+1
2 i 3 4ii 6 8ii 3ii + 4ii 2 = 2 11ii = 2 11 i
2 i
=
=
25
25 25
3+ 4ii 3+ 4ii 3 4ii
9 + 16
5ii
= ii = 0 i
5
(a
(b
2 i 4ii 2ii
1+ 2ii 1+ 2ii 2 ii
=
(c
=
4 +1
2 + i 2 + i 2 i
x2+y2
a+bi :
(x2 +y2 = x2 - y2 i2 = )x-yi()x+yi
-13 -
:

53 10 a+bi b,a
.
10 = 1+9
= 1-9i2
= 9-i2
(= )1-3i()1+3i
(= )3-i()3+i
53 = 4 + 49
18
10 = 9 + 1
53 = 49 + 4
= 4 - 49i2
= 49 - 4i2
(= )2-7i()2+7i
(= )7 - 2i ( )7 + 2i
-

(1
) jQ
.1
:
(i5 , i6 , i124 , i999 , i4n+1 n N, , )2+3i(2 + )12+2i
, 12 +ii , , 3+ 4ii ,
3 4ii
ii
)10 + 3i()0 + 6i( , )1+i(4 - )1-i(4
2 + 3ii 1+ 4ii
. , )1+i(3 + )1-i(3
4 +i
1 i
.2 y , x :
)i + 2i
i +1
b( 8ii = (x + 2i)(y
d( 2 i x + 3 i y = 1
2+i
1+ i
i
.3 :
) (1 i ) (1+ i
+
= 2
1+ i
1 i
(b
3+ i
i
,,
,,
1+
i
2 + 3ii
i
)a( y + 5ii = (2x + ii)(x + 2i
1 i
i2
)+ (x + yi
)i = (1+ 2i
(c
1+ i
8
i
25
( 2 + i )2
( 2 i )2
(a
c( (1 ii)(1 i 2 )(1 i 3 ) = 4
.4
29 125 41 85 a+ bi b, a
.
-5 y , x 6
3+ i , .
2i
x + yi
-
19
] [1-4 .
a a
x2 = a a .a a = 0 .0
.
-14 -
:
.c = 8 + 6i
c x + yi
i 2 = 8 + 6ii
) (x + yi
x 2 + 2xyii+ i 2 y2 = 8 + 6ii
(x 2 y2 ) + 2xyii = 8 + 6ii
)x 2 y2 = 8.................(1

3
)2xy = 6 y = .......(2
x
2
3
( )2 ( )1 :
x2 = 8
x
9
x 2 =8
x
x2 :
x 4 8x 2 9 = 0
(x 2 9)(x 2 +1) = 0
2
( x = 1 ) xX R
( )2 x :
x 2 = 1
3
3
x = 3 or
=y
y = 1
-3
-1
20
3
1
x
y

c2 = -3 - i c1 = 3 + i
-3 -i , 3 + i
-

-15 -
8i, -i -17 -25 :
(a
c 2 = 25
c = 25 = 25ii = 5ii
(b
c 2 = 17
c = 17
c = 17 ii
( )x+yi -i
(c
2
) (x + yi
i = ii
)x 2 y2 = 0.......(1
2xy = 1
( )2 ( )1:
4x2 :
1
2
x2 =
1
).........(2
2x
=y
1
=0
4x 2
x2
4x 4 1 = 0
(2x 2 1)(2x 2 +1) = 0
( )x R
1
1
x=
y =
2
( )2 x :
1
()2
2x
2
1 1
y =y=+
2 2
-
21

1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
y
1
1
-i ii
2
2
) (x + yi
i 2 = 8ii
x+yi 8i
x 2 + 2xyii y2 = 8ii
)x 2 y2 = 0........................(1
4
)2xy = 8 y = ..............(2
x
16
=0
x2
( )2 ( )1 :
x2
x2:
x 4 16 = 0
(x 2 4)(x 2 + 4) = 0
x2 = -4
x 2 = 4 x = 2
( )x R
( )2 x:
-2
-2
2
2
x
y
8i ( )2+2i
22
-
4
= 2
2
=y
(d
] [1-5 ) . (
ax2 + bx + c = 0 a 0 a, b, c R
b b2 4ac
:
=x
2a
2

V= b 4ac
.
-16 -
:
x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 .
():
b b2 4ac
=x
2a
)4 16 (4)(1)(5
)2(1
4 16 20
2
4 4
2
4 2ii
2
= 2 ii
2 i , 2 + ii
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
:
b b2 4ac
b+ b2 4ac
= x2
= x1
2a
2a
c :
b :
= x1 . x2
= x1 + x2
a
a
-
23

:
: x + yi ax2+bx+c = 0 x - yi .
: ax2+bx+c = 0 a 0
b
c
2
x + x + = 0 :
a
a
( = 0 ) ( x + ) x2 -
-17 -
:
(. )2+2i
:
)2-2( + )2-2( i = 0
)2+2i()-2-2i( = -)2+2i(2
(= -)4 + 8i + 4i2
-18 -
:
x 0x + (8i) = 0
x 2 8ii = 0 x 2 = 8ii
2
. 3-4i

= 6
24
= -8i
3-4i
3+4i
= 25
x2 - 6x + 25 = 0
-

(1
) jQ
.1
b( z2 32z + 3+ i = 0
d( z2 + 2z + ii(2 ii) = 0
f( z2 - 2z i + 3=0
.2 m,L:
3 ii
i2
= b( m
), L = (3 2i
1+ ii
a( z2 = 12
c( 2z2 5z + 13 = 0
e( 4z2 + 25 = 0
L = 1 i
a( m= 1+ 2ii
.3 :
4
1 3 ii
(c
b( 7 + 24ii
a( 8ii
.4 :
2 + 3ii
4
(c
b( 5 ii
a( i
-5 3 + i x 2 ax + (5 + 5i) = 0 a
-
25
] [1-6 .
z3 =1 :
z3 1 = 0
2 + z +1) = 0(z 1)(z
either z = 1 or z2 + z +1 = 0
z2 + z +1 = 0 :
b b2 4ac
=z
2a
)1 1 (4)(1)(1
)(2)(1
1 3
2
1
3i
=
i
2
2
:
i
i
1
3
1
3
i ,
1 , +
i
2 2
2 2
( )
. 2
:
1, , 2
26
-

:
1( 1 + + 2 = 0
3
2( = 1
:
)3( 1+ 2 = -
)2( 1+ = - 2
1( + 2 = -1
)6( 1= - -
)5( 2 = - 1 -
4( = - 1 - 2
7( 2 = 3 i
:
4 = 3 . = 1. =
1
1 1 3 1 3
= = 4 = 3= ==
= 2
.
4
5 = 3 . 2 = 1. 2 = 2
1
1
1
3
= = 5 = 3 2
=
=
.
1. 2 2
5
6 = ( 3 )2 = (1)2 = 1
1 1
= =1
6
= 6
( ) :
1, , 2
(. )3
:
3n+r = r
r = 0, 1, 2
-
27

-19 -
:
33 -58 25 :
33 = 3(11)+0 = 0 = 1
25 = 3(8 )+1 = 1 =
60 )+2 2
(3(20
)(=)1=. 1.
= 2 2
58 =
2=2
( ) ( )3
-20 -
:
a) 7 + 5 + 1 = 0
b) (5 + 3 + 3 2 )2 = 4(2 + + 2 2 )3 = 4
:
3
a) 7 + 5 + 1 = 67. +
. 2 +1
5
) a) + + 1 = 6 . + 3 .
( 2 +1
2
+ +1 = 0
2
= + +1 = 0
2
]) b) (5 + 3 + 3 2 )2 = [ 5 + 3( + 2
= [5 3]2 = (2)2 = 4
4(2
+ +
+22
22 ))33
4(2 +
= 4[2(1+ 2 )+]3
= 4[2 +]3 = 4 [ ] 3
= 4(1) = 4
(5 + 3 + 3 2 )2 = 4(2 + + 2 2 )3 = 4
28
-

-21 -
i
a( 1 ii 2 , 1i
2
2
,
1 1 2
(b
(1ii 2 ) (1i
)i
= 1ii ii 2 + i 2 3
= 1 ii( + 2 ) 11
(1 ii 2 ) + (1i
))
i
)= 2 ii( 2 +
= 2 + ii
=i
:
x2-)2+i(x+i=0

2
2
.
1 1 2
4
1 2 + 3
4
3
(a
4
=0
3
(b
2
2
+
1
1 2
2 2 + 2 2 2
1 2 + 3
) 4 2( + 2
) 2 ( + 2
6
=2
3
x2-2x+
-
29

(1
) jQ
.1 C
b(8
a( 8i
.2 :
1
d( (1+ 2 )4 e( 9 n+5 , n N
32 12
) (1+
b( 32
(c
a( 64
:
.3
a) 1+ 2 , 1+
2
,
)b
2
2
2
3i
3 2
c) 2 ,
i
2
.4 z + z +1 = 0 : :
.5 :
30
1+ 3z10 + 3z11
1 3z7 3z8
2
14 + 7 1 2
b) 10
=
+ 5 2 3
1
1
1
)a
2 + 2 + 2
3
3
3
)d) (1+2
+
)(1+
= 2
3
3
2
(
)
(
)
d) 1+ + 1+ = 2
)c
)c
22
22
1+ 55 = 18
+
1
= 18
2 + 1+
1

-
] [1-7 .

Imaginary axis
Geometric Representation of Complex Numbers.

( E2 )R2 .
( x+yi )x,y R ( )x,y E2
. R2

( E2 .)R2

( )J. R . Argand, 1768 - 1822
( )C.F. Gauss 1777-1855
( )Complex Plane
y
( )x-axis
(P )x,y

( )y - axis

.
x
x + yi ( )x,y ()1-1
()1-1
z2 = x2 + y2 i , z1 = x1 + y1 i

( p2 )x2 , y2( , p1 )x1, y1 :
z1 + z2 = (x1 +x2) + (y1 +y2)i
z1 + z2
) p3 (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2
.
(: )1- 2
x
uuuv u
uuv
uuuv
0 p1 + 0 p2 = 0 p3
Real axis

y
(p3)z1+z2
(p2)z2
(p1)z1
0
()1-2
-
31
uuuv
x + yi 0p
.
uuuv
0
p2 - z2 p2 0 p2
:
( z1 - z2 = z1 +)-z2
p4
0p1 p4 p2
0p1 p3 p2
(.)1-3
y
(p3)z1+z2
u
uuv u
uuuv
uuuv
uuuv
=
p
=
0
p
0
p2
0
p
p
2 1
1
(p2)z2
(p1)z1
(p4)z1- z2
(p2 )- z2
()1-3
( )1 k z . kz
() 0 .k
( )2 z iz
.
32
-

-22 -
:
(b( )6 - 2i( - )2 - 5i
:
(p1)z1( = p1 )3, 4
(p2)z2( = p2)5, 2
(p3)z3( = p3 )8, 6
uuuv u
uuv u
uuv
0p +0p = 0p
2
3 :
1
.
0p p p
u
uuv 1 3 2

op3
(a( )3+4i( + )5 + 2i
a( )3 + 4i( + )5 + 2i( = 8 + 6i
z1 = 3 + 4i
z2 = 5 + 2i
z1+z2=z3 = 8 + 6i
(p3)z3
(p1)z1
(p2)z2
0
()1-4
b( )6 - 2i( - )2 - 5i( = )6 - 2i( + )-2 + 5i( = 4 + 3i

(z1 = 6 - 2i p1)z1( = p1) 6, -2
(z2 = -2 + 5i p2)z2( = p2)-2, 5
z3 = 4 + 3i
(p3)z3( = p3 )4, 3
y
=(p2)z2
()1-5
(p2)-2, 5
=(p3)z3
(p3)4, 3
0
= (p1)z1
(p1)6, -2
-
33

(1
) jQ
.1
.
z4 = i
z3 = 1-i ,
z2 = -1 + 3i ,
z1 = 2 + 3i ,
.2 .
z4 = -2i
z3 = 1 - i ,
z1 = 5 + 3i , z2 = -3 +2i ,
.3 z = 4 + 2i
:
.4 , z1 = 4 - 2i
z2 = 1+ 2i
:
z1 + z2
34
z , z , -z
2z1 , z1 - z2 ,
-
-3z2 ,
] [1-8 ) (Polar .
z=x +yi ( z = )x, y
. .
z = x + yi ( p )x,y ( )1-6:
) (r,
p 0

ox
)(x,y
m
= Sxop
r = op xop
=
S
uuv
uv
u

op
ox
(P)z
r
()1-6
(R)z( = x = r cos ....)1

(I)z( = y = r sin ....)2
( R)z z ( I )z z
r )Modulus of Complex Number( z
= r = z
x 2 +z
mod z y2
r = z = x 2 + y2
( )1 ( )2 :
x x
=
r z
= cos
y y
=
r z
()Argument of Complex Number
= sin
) = arg(z
-
35

.

+ 2n : n
.
) [0, 2
( .)principle Value
-23 -
zz==1 . z
1 3i3i
mod z = z = x 2 + y2
= 1+ 3 = 2
x 1
=
z 2
-24 -
= cos
y 3
=
z
2
5
arg ) z ( = 2
=
3
3
= sin
z = -1 - i . z
:
mod z = z = 1+1 = 2
x
1
=
z
2

36
= cos
y
1
=
z
2
5
arg ) z ( = +
=
4
4
-
= sin

(1 z= 0
.
(2
z=x+yi
) (Polar :
Q
x = r cos , y = r sin
) z = (r cos + iir sin ) = r (cos + ii sin
))z = z ( cos(arg z)+ i sin(arg z
= arg )z( r = mod z= z z
-25 -
:
b) 2 3 2ii
a) 2 + 2ii
:
a) let z = 2 + 2ii
Q
z :
mod z = z = 4 + 4 = 2 2
2
1
= cos
=
2 2
2
2
1
= sin
=
2 2
2
arg ) z ( = = 3 .
4
4
) z = r (cos + i sin
3
( 3
+ ii sin
4
4
-
z = 2 2(cos
37
b)b)let
b)
letzlet
z==2
z2
= 2
332i
32ii 2i
mod z = 12 + 4 = 16 = 4
cos =
sin =
2 3
3
=
4
2
2 1
=
4
2

arg ) z ( = 2
11
=
6
6
z =4 4= (cos
11
11
+ i sin
)
6
6
: z
-
38

:
a( 1
b( i
c( -1
-26 -
d( -i
:
)a(
)0,1(
)b(
)1,0(
p)z1( = )1,0(= 1+0i
x
p)z2( = )0,1(= 0+i
mod z2 = 1
arg z2 =
2
mod z1 = 1
arg z1 = 0
z = 1 )cos 0 +i sin 0(
z = 1 )cos
+i sin (
2
2
y
)c(
)d(
x
)-1,0( p)z3( =)-1,0(=-1+0i
mod z3 = 1
arg z3 =
2
z = 1 )cos +i sin (
x
p)z4( = )0,-1(=0-i
)0,-1( mod z4 = 1
3
arg z4 =
z = 1 )cos
3
2
)1-7(
39
-
+i sin
3
2

1 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)
1 = (cos + i sin )
i = (cos + i sin )
2
2
3
3
ii = (cos
+ i sin )
2
2
i sin0)0)
33==3311==(cos
3(cos00++i sin
2 = 2 (1) = 2(cos + ii sin )
+ ii sin )
2
2
3
3
i = 7(cos
7ii = 7 (i)
+ i sin )
2
2
5ii = 5 i = 5(cos
.[ 1-9]
De Moivres Theorem
z2 = cos + i sin , z1 = cos + i sin : z2 , z1
z1 . z2
z1 z2 = (cos + i sin )(cos + i sin) = cos( + ) + i sin( + )
= cos cos + i cos sin + i sin cos + i 2 sin sin

= [cos cos sin sin ]+ i [cos sin + sin sin ] = cos( + )+ i sin( + )
(cos + i sin)2 = cos
++iisin
( = )
cos22
sin2 2
:
= (cos + i sin)2 = (cos 2 + 2ii sin cos sin 2 )

LHS
22
22
== (cos
cos)
cos
= (cos
2) sin 2) + i(2 sin cos )
(cos 2 -++ sin
sin 2 )+
)+ ii(2
i(2 sin
sin
== cos
cos 2
2 ++ ii sin
sin 2
2 ===RHS= (cos 2 + i sin 2 =
.) 1664-1754(
-
40
R , n N
(cos + i sin)n = cos n + i sin n
( : )
:
)1 n =1 :
(cos + i sin)1 = cos1 + i sin1 .
)2 k 1 . n = k
(cos + i sin )k = cos k + i sin k .
)3 n = k + 1
(cos
)(cos++i sin
i sink+1
)k = (cos + i sin)1 (cos + i sin )k
) = (cos + i sin)(cos k + i sin k
)= cos( + k ) + i sin( + k
= cos(k +1) + i sin(k +1)
n n=k , k1 n = k + 1
.n
-27 -
3
3
(cos + i sin )4
8
8
33
334
= (cos
= (cos +i+sin
= i sin ) )=4
88
88
3
33
cos
+ i+sin
= cos 3
= = i sin
22
22
)0=+0i(i
1= i
)+ ii(i
= ii
-
41

: R , n N
-28 -
(cos i sin)n = cos n i sin n

:
n
LHSQ(cos
=
ii sin)n = [ cos + (ii sin )]
= [(cos +
i sin()]
= [ cos() + ii sin()]
[ cos + i sin
]
n
= [ cos + i sin ]
cos n + i sin n =
= cos n + ii sin n
cos(n) + i sin(n ) =
= cos(n )+ i sin(n )
cos n i sin n
= cos n i sin n
n
= RHS
) . . (
:
N
R , n Q
zn = r n (cos n + i sin n )
(1+i )
11
(1+ i)"
let
-29 -
z = 1+ i
1
1
Q mod z = 2 , cos =
, sin =
arg z =
4
2
2
-
42

Q mod z = 2Complex
ang z = Numbers
4
z = 2(cos + i sin )
4
4
11
(1+ ii)"11 = ( 2 )"11 (cos + i sin )"
4
4
11
11
11
11
+ i sin ) )
= 22 22 (cos
4
44
11
3
3
+ i sin )
= 2 2 (cos
4
4
11
1
1
+i
)
= 2 2 (
2
2
1
= 22 55 (i 2(
1) =132(i
+ i 1) )
=
2
2
= 2 5 (1+ii) = 32(1+ ii)
cG OGYG
( cos + i sin )1 = [ cos( )+ i sin( )] = (cos i sin)
[)cos + ii sin ]) n = cos n i sin n
x x +1 = 0
x3 + 1 = 0
x = 1
1
3
x = (cos + i sin )
+ 2n
+ 2n
x = cos
+ i sin
3
3
n = 0,1, 2
43
-30 -
x 3 = cos + ii sin
-
+ i sin
3
3
1
3
i
= +
2 2
x = cos + i sin
= 1+ ii(0)
x = cos
n= 0
n= 1
x = 1
5
5
n= 2
+ i sin
3
3
x= 1 3 i
2 2
1
+ 3 i , 1 , 1 3 ii
2 2
2 2 :
x = cos
( 3 + ii)
cos =
3
4
sin
1
2
arg(z) =
6
6
z = 3+1 = 2
3
1
3
13 3 + isin
1 1 1
sin
zcos
==
2 3cos
cos
=
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
= 4 sin
cos
= = =62
6
4
4 24 4
2 22
2
cos + i sin
=
4
z
=
arg(z) =
3
3 6
6
=
2
5
: z z = 3 + i
-31 -
z =2 13 + 11= 2
5
(z ) 5 = 4 5 cos + i sin
3 3
z = 2 cos + i sin
6
6
+
2n
+
2n
+i
3
3-
2 5 4 cos
=
sin
+ i sin
z = 4
5
5
3
3
44
arg(z) =
Complex
6
6 Numbers cG OGYG
z = 3+1 = 2
2
2
z = 2 cos + i sin z = 2 (cos + ii sin )
6
6
6
6
z2 = 4 cos + i sin
3
3
1
2 5
1
5
1
5
(z ) = 4 cos +ii sin
3
3
+
2n
+
2n
= 5 4 cos 3
+ii sin 3
5
5
n= 0, 1, 2,3,4
2
5
z = 5 4 cos +ii sin

15
15
7
7
+ i sin
z = 5 4 cos
15
15
2
5
13
13
z = 5 4 cos
+ i sin
15
15
2
5
2
5
19
19
z = 5 4 cos
+ i sin
15
15
2
5
25
25
z = 5 4 cos
+ i sin
15
15
5
25
= 5 4 cos
+ i sin
3
3
45
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
-
.1 :
(1
) jQ
c) (1ii)7
d) ( 3 + ii)9
.2 :
b) (cos + i sin )8 (cos i sin)4
5
5
a) cos + i sin
24
24
7
7
b) cos + i sin
12
12
(cos(cos
2 +22 +
sini sin
)2)2
)a) a
3
)+ i3
(sin33
(cos(cos
3 +3
i sin
5
.3 5 - 5i .
.4 27i
.5 (.)-16
1
6
). (64i
.6 i
46
-

Mathmtcs 1

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VjdG

Complex numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

)a( i16 )b( i58 )c( i93 )d( i-13

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

( )Complex Number a ( ) Real Part b

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

dG gGAL ihJh G gGAL ihJ GPG cG GOdG ihj G

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

a)3+ 4 2i,i 5 2 2ii

= (3+ 2)+(0 5)ii = 5 5ii

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

)2-4i( +x= -5+i

= a1a2 + + a1 b2i + a2 b1i + b1 b2i2

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

] [1-3 Conjugate Number

3+i : 3-i ( )i ( )-i .

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

)1( c1 + c2 = (1+ ii) + (3 2i)

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

3+ 2ii 1+ ii 3 + 3ii + 2ii + 2ii2

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

)10 + 3i()0 + 6i( , )1+i(4 - )1-i(4

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

8i, -i -17 -25 :

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Geometric Representation of Complex Numbers.

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

b( )6 - 2i( - )2 - 5i( = )6 - 2i( + )-2 + 5i( = 4 + 3i

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

(R)z( = x = r cos ....)1

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

= arg )z( r = mod z= z z

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

2 = 2 (1) = 2(cos + ii sin )

z1 z2 = (cos + i sin )(cos + i sin) = cos( + ) + i sin( + )

= cos cos + i cos sin + i sin cos + i 2 sin sin

= (cos + i sin)2 = (cos 2 + 2ii sin cos sin 2 )

Complex Numbers cG OGYG

(cos + i sin)n = cos n + i sin n

Complex Numbers cG OGYG