Reporting and Writing News

owif:vdu
k ]f cif:Sifh owif:a\:om:]cif:
ta]ccHvufpJG
The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation
twGuf Peter Eng Sifh Jeff Hodson
wdkha\:om:]yKpkonf`
Cover.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:56
PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition www.CutePDF.com
owif:vdu
k ]f cif:Sifh owif:a\:om:]cif:
ta]ccHvufpJG
yDwmtJe:f Sifh }sufzaf [mh'q

f if
wdhk a\:om:]yKpkonf`
bmom]yefqkdol
xifatmifausmf
tar\duef]ynfaxmifpkoH|kH:
]ynfo.l a\:\mXme \efuek f rdK.
Sihf
tk:d yif:qkq
d idk w
f t
D ifpwDusKwk>
hd tultnD]zifh
Tpmtkyu
f dk ]refrmbmomokhd ]yefqx
kd w
k af &]cif: ]zpfygonf`
tif'ckd sKdi:f em: rD'<

D m trSww
f \ \efyakH iGtzJ.G
(The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation)
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
Reporting and Writing News : A Basic Handbook

Written by Peter Eng and Jeff Hodson
Translated by U Htin Aung Kyaw
ISBN : 974-91900-9-2
Copyright 2001 The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation (IMMF), Thailand
Copyright of this translation into Burmese, 2004 of the basic journalism handbook is
asserted by the IMMF, Thailand
Printed by Square Print '93 Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form without the written permission of the IMMF.
Cover photo by Vinai Dithajohn shows students on an IMMF course on urban
environment in Chiang Mai, Thailand, October 2001
The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation
Maneeya Center Building, 6th Floor
518/5 Ploenchit Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel.: 66 (0) 2255-5909, 2255-3626
Fax: 66 (0) 2255-5909
Email: immf@anet.net.th or immf@loxinfo.co.th
Website: http://www.immf.or.th
ii
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
rmwdum
trSmpm
ed'gef:
a&g[m\\Si:f vif:csuf
xiv
tykid :f (1)
ta]ccHowif:pmynm
tcef: (1)? owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio
fh wif:
tcef: (2)? owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sifh owif:twGuf pdwu
f :l \SmazG]cif:
tcef: (3)? owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH
tcef: (4)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k t
f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
1
7
11
23
tydik :f (2)
tcsuftvufpak qmif:]cif:
tcef: (5)? pl:prf:avhvm]cif:
tcef: (6)? awG.qHak r:]ref:enf:rsm:
tcef: (7)? taxmuftxm:rsm:ukd toH:k cs]cif:
36
40
52
tydik :f (3)
pk|:Hk aygif:pnf:]cif:
tcef: (8)? tzGifh
tcef: (9)? owif:udpk pk nf:]cif:
56
70
tydik :f (4)
owif:a\:om:]cif:
tcef: (10)? a]ympum:aumufw
k cf sufrsm:ukd oH:k ]cif:
tcef: (11)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:dik \f ef vkt
d yfcsufrsm:
85
93
ix
xi
iii
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
tykid :f (5)
awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnhf owif:rsm:
tcef: (12)? owif:xkw]f yefcsuf
tcef: (13)? tpnf:ta&:rsm:? rdechf eG :f rsm:? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm:
101
110
tydik :f (6)
tcef: (14)? a\'D<?dk |kyo
f t
H wGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:
127
tydik :f (7)
tcef: (15)? usih&f wf
138
tydik :f (8)
tcef: (16)? tifwmeuf
146
ed}:Hk
aemufxyfavhvmzwf|KS oihaf om pmtkyrf sm:
aus:Zl:wifvm
pmtky]f yKpkol pS Of :D
bmom]yefqo
dk l
151
153
155
156
157
iv
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
tao:pdwfrmwdum
trSm
ix
ed'ge:f
xi
a&g[m\\Si:f vif:csuf
xiv
tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm
tcef: (1)? owif:pmq\mrsm:Sifh owif: 1

owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf> tcef:u
pmzwfoo
l mvif ta\:tuD:qH:k 2
owif:pmq\maumif:\J. t\nftcsif:rsm:
owif:qkw
d m bmvJ 4
1
3
tcef: (2)? owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sio

hf wif:twGuf pdwu
f :l \SmazG]cif: 7
owif:\if:]rpfrsm:rsm:xm:yg? 'gayrJh owif:\if:]rpfaumif:]zpfygap
owif:\if:]rpfpm\if: xm:\Syd g 10
tcef: (3)? owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH
owif:OD:Sihf owif:aqmif:yg: 11
tzGifh iS phf muk<
d f 12
b a]cmufv:kH 16
'Dawmhbm]zpfvJ 20
qufpyfrt
pOfiS hf aemufco
H rkid :f 21
tcef: (4)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k t
f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
wdusr 23
pdppfa&zef]cif: 24
"rR"d mefusus 26
ud:k um:azmf]ycsuf 27
w\m:&ifiS hf w\m:r&ifa]ym]cif: 30
trnfrazmfvakd om owif:\if:]rpf 31
rrww 32
\Si:f vif:]cif: 33
]ynhpf ]kH cif: 35
tydik :f (2) tcsuftvufpak qmif:]cif:
36
tcef: (5)? pl:prf:avhvm]cif:
36
tcef: (6)? awG.qHak r:]ref:enf:rsm:

tifwmAsL:awmif:]cif: 40
udKwif]yifqifyg 41
tcsderf o
D mG :yg 42
11
23
40
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
tifwmAsL:udpk wif]cif:? rdru

d <
dk u
f rdk w
d q
f ufyg 43
rSwpf ak \:]cif:Sihf wdy\f aD umf'goH:k ]cif: 43
bmhajumihf? b<fvkd ar:cGe:f rsm: 45
ar:cGe:f rsm:ukd wkw
d ykd aJ r:yg 46
em:axmifyg? owd\ydS g? rsufpu
d zdk iG x
fh m:yg 46
uwfo:D uwfowf ar:cGe:f rsm:ar:\ef rajumufygSifh
xif]rifcsuf awmif:cH]cif: 47
owif:\if:]rpfwpfO:D u ra]zonft
h cg 48
olww
hkd pfawG wa]ymwnf:a]ymaevif 48
aemufqufwaGJ r:cGe:f rsm:-tkpw
d af r:]ref:]cif: 48
a]z\cufaomar:cGe:f rsm: 49
waphwapmif:|kyyf v
kH m tifwmAsL:rsm: 50
tifwmAsL:udk tqH:k owf]cif: 50
tcef: (7)? taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toH:k cs]cif:
t]rJwrf:pdppfyg 54
yD:awmh vltrsm:Sihf pum:a]ymjunhyf g 54
tydik :f (3)? pk|:Hk aygif:pnf:]cif:
47
52
55
pdeaf c;csuf 55
owif:a\:om:]cif:
55
tcef: (8)? tzGifh 56

wku
d |f u
dk t
f zGifh 56
tzJ.G tJ.G tzGifh 57
tzGiu
fh kd Spf rxm:ygeJh 60
tzGiu
fh rkd csJ.vGe:f ygeJh 65
bmxl:]cm:ovJ 66
|SKaxmifh udak \G:cs<f]cif: 68
tcef: (9)? owif:udpk pk nf:]cif: 70
rSwpf u
k jdk unfh yD: pOf:pm:yg 70
owif:OD:rsm: 71
t"duausm|k:d wpfcx
k ufyakd evif 75
owif:aqmif:yg: 76
w]cm:owif:aqmif:yg:yHpk rH sm: 83
tydik :f (4)? owif:a\:om:]cif:
85
tcef: (10)? a]ympum:aumufw

k cf sufrsm:oH:k ]cif:
a]ympum:ukd rnfonft
h cg oH:k rnfenf: 85
a]ympum:eJh przGiyhf gSifh 88
b<fou
l a]ymaewmvJ 89
a]ymonf qkv
d if vHak vmufyD 90
85
vi
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
a]ympum:udk wrifa]ymif:ra\:ygSifh 90
a]ympum:rsm:tvGet
f rif:oH:k ]cif:ukd owdxm:yg
92
tcef: (11)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:dik \f ef vkt

d yfcsufrsm:
t"dutcsuf-owif:vdu
k ]f cif: 93
|k:d |d:k \Si:f \Si:f 93
tm:\Sad omud<mSifh emrfrsm:uko
d :kH yg 94
ra]ymygeJ?h ]yyg 95
ude:f }Eef:rsm: 96
um\efeabSihf &gustwk?d t\Snf 99
avoH 99
]yefa\:yg 100
wku
d rf l 100
tydik :f (5)? awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnho
f wif:rsm:
tcef: (12)? owif:xkw]f yefcsuf
93
101
101
tcef: (13)? tpnf:ta&:rsm:? rdechf eG :f rsm:? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm:

tpnf:ta&:rsm: 110
nDvmcHrsm: 118
rdechf eG :f Sihf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm: 119
rwr\ydS g 119
b<fou
l bma]ymw<fq]dk cif:udk tav:xm:yg 120
udKwif]yifqifyg 122
tcrf:tem:rsm:rSmvnf: 126
tydik :f (6)
127
tcef: (14)? a\'D<?kd |kyo

f t
wpfudryf rJ hdk aocsmygap 127
vuf\]dS zpfaeonfukd tm|kpH u
dk yf g 128
pnf:urf:csuftcsKd. 129
tydik :f (7)
110
127
138
tcef: (15)? usif&h wf 138

usif&h wfxed :f \ef wm&ef\]dS cif: 138
trSet
f wkid :f a]ymyg 138
wrifcsJ.um:]cif: okrhd [kwf pdwq
f aG y:]cif:rsKd: rvkyyf gSifh 140
trsm:tusKd:ukd aqmifyg? ud<
k t
fh usKd:udk raqmifygSifh 141
w]cm:olqu
D ck:d rcsygeJh 142
rwyg 142
\nfreG yf g? ud<
k cf sif:pmyg 143
vii
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
vlrsm:> ykKd vfa\:udprP sm:ukd av:pm:yg

ud<
k o
fh wif:\if:]rpfudk av:pm:yg 144
vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufrsm:Sihf wkid yf ifyg 144
usif&h wfpnf:rsOf: 145
tydik :f (8)
143
146
tcef: (16)? tifwmeuf 146

tifwmeufqw
kd m bmvJ 146
tifwmeufu rnfohdk taxmuftul ]yKoenf:
tD:ar:vfiS o
hf wif:pm\if: 149
owdawmhxm:yg 150
ed}:Hk
147
151
aemufxyfavhvmzwf|KS oifah ompmtkyrf sm:

pmtkyrf sm: 153
tdwaf qmifpmtkyrf sm:
Web sites rsm: 154
aus:Zl:wifvm
153
155
pmtky]f yKpkol pS Of :D
bmom]yefqo
dk l
153
156
157
viii
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
trSmpm
owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<muf qH:k yg:oGm:aomtcgwiG f vltrsm:u pdwrf aumif:
]zpfjuyD: wcsKd.uqdv
k if \uftawmfjumonfw
h idk f atmufarhowdw\ \daS ewwfjuygonf [k
tar\duef t<f'w
D m qwefava&gu
h mu 1924 ckpS rf mS a\:om:cJzh :l onf`
tvm:wlyif 1945 ckpS af emufyikd :f a'owGi:f ydyuQrsm: twGi:f toufq:kH |SKH :cJ\h ol
owif:pmq\m 320 tm: atmufarh}E
k f ]yKaomtm:]zihf tif'ckd sKdi:f em: rD'<
D m trSww
f \
f iG f xdik :f dik if YH
\efyakH iGtzJ.G (IMMF: Indochina Media Memorial Foundation) udk 1992 ckpS w
zJ.G pnf: xlaxmifcyhJ gonf`
tkid t
f rftrftufzw
f iG f dik if aH \:? bmoma\:? vlrsKd:a\:Sihf vlrKS a\:tpDtpOfrsm: r\Syd g`
tzJ.G udk tpd:k \rsm:? tusKd:t]rwfr<laom toif:tzJ.G rsm:Sihf vlyk Kd vfwpfO:D csif:wk.d u \efyakH iG
xnf&h if axmufyahH y:aeyD: befaumufrmS taersm:onfh owif:pmq\mrsm:u tzJ.G wpfczk .GJ um
apwemh&efxrf: uD:juyfay:aeonf` tdkiftrftrftufzf> \nf\G<fcsufu owif:pm
twwfynmtwGuo
f m ]zpfyg onf` \nf\<
G cf sufrsm:wGif rJacgi]f rpf&rS :f atmufyikd :f [k \Hzef\cH g
ac;qkdwwfaom uam'D:<m:? vmtkd? ]refrm? xkdif:Sifh AD<uferf dkifiH ig:dkifiHY
pme<fZif:pHKS e:f rsm: wk:d wuf]rifrh m:vma\:Sihf <if:wd.k tjum: rD'<
D m aygi:f ul:wnfaqmufa\:wk.d
yg&ifygonf`
1994 ckpS rf pS I Ta'orS oifwef:om: 200 ausmfonf xdik :f dik if o
H .dk vma\mufum
oifwef:wufa\muf oifjum:cJjh uyD:ygyD` xkid :f dik if u
H a'owGi:f rSm dik if ]H cm:owif:Xmersm:
vGwv
f yfpmG ta]cpdu
k cf iG hf \xm:yD: ]ynfwiG :f rSmvnf: owif:vGwv
f yfciG \hf adS om dik if H ]zpfygonf`
oifwef:om:rsm:onf befaumuf? csif:rdik ?f aqmifcvm Sihf xdik :f bk\ifh ikd if H w]cm:ae\mrsm:wGif
wpfvjumoifwef:ukd wufa\mufju\onf` aemufxyf oifwef:om: 200 url olw.dk rdcifikd if H
rsm:rSmyif \ufwdkoifwef:rsm: wufa\mufcJh\onf` tkdiftrftrftufzf oifwef:rsm:udk
t<f'w
D mrsm:? owif:axmufrsm:? pma\:q\mrsm:? a\'D<t
kd oHvi o
fh rl sm:Sihf "mwfyq
kH \mrsm:u
pdw&f ifpm:juyD: oifwef:rsm:wGif obm&ywf&ef:usif? pD:yGm:a\:? vlrKS a\:Sihf w]cm:udp\P yf
rsm:tay; tav:xm: yd.k csay:ygonf`
Toif w ef : wuf o l tawmf r sm:rsm:twG u f ol w k d . b&rS m yxrOD : qH k : tud r f
wufa\muf\aom owif:pmynmoifwef:]zpfum tkid t
f rftrftufzo
f ifwef:udk wufa\muf\yD:
aemufydkif: tawmfrsm:rsm:u olwkd.b&rSm ta]ymif:tvJ ]zpfoGm:cJhajumif: a]ymygonf`
tkdiftrftrftufzf> oifwef:q\mrsm:uvnf: xdkodk.yif ]rifrdajumif: zGifh[a]ymqkdonf`
olwdk.tae]zifh &g\ifh owif:pmq\mrsm: ]zpfaomfvnf: oifwef:om:rsm:Sifh <ckvdk
rqHpk nf:cJ\h ygvif ta\S.awmiftm\S tajumif:udk onfrtxd od]rifcpH m:rdrmS r[kwaf cs`
onftay;rSm tkid t
f rftrftufzu
f t]rJyJ }kE<
f rl yd gonf`
AD<uferf "mwfyq
kH \m x\ef uGrf wltefu uefawmfw.dk oifwef:wufaewke:f rSm
ix
immf.pmd
7/2/2547, 11:03
vlrsKd:ig:rsKd:\<fv.kd rcHpm:\awmhb:l ? tkid t

f rf trftufzq
f w
dk hJ wpfikd if w
H nf:u dik if o
H m:awGv.kd yJ
cHpm:rdw<f [k qkcd o
hJ vdyk if ]zpfygonf`
tdik t
f rftrftufzf u pme<fZif:oifwef: yd.k cscsuf tawG. tjuHKrsm:tay; ta]ccHyD:
TvufppGJ mtkyif <fukd ]yKpkxw
k af &vku
d ]f cif: ]zpfygonf` pmtkyx
f rJ mS ta]ccHoabmw\m:rsm:udk
\Sif:vif:pGm a\:om:azmf]yay:xm:onf` w]cm:vufpJGpmtkyfrsm:vdk r[kwfbJ T pmtkyfu
ta\S.awmiftm\SrmS \So
d nhf vuf\o
dS wif:pmq\mrsm:twGuf \nf\<
G x
f w
TvufpJGpmtkyfi<fudk owif:pmynm\yftm:vHk: ]ynfh&uHkvHkap\ef qkdaom
\nf\G<fcsuf]zifh ]yKpkxkwfa&]cif: r[kwfyg` tem}wf tkdiftrftrftufzf oifwef:om:
avmif:rsm:twGu?f ta]ccHoabmt]zpfiS hf avhvmvdu
k pf m:vko
d l pme<fZif:orm:rsm: twGuo
f m
\nf\G<f\if: ]zpfygonf` ]refrm? uam'D:<m:? vmtdk? xdkif:Sifh AD<uferf bmomrsm:odk.
]yefq]dk cif:]zifh oifwef:wufa\mufol tawmfrsm:rsm: twGuf taxmuftul ]zpfikd yf gonf`
xdk.]yif a'owGif:\Sd pme<fZif:orm:rsm: tcsif:csif: idrf:csrf:pGm ul:vl:<SufG<frSKrsm: ydkyD:
t"Ge.f \Snf jumatmifvnf: vkyaf qmifay:\m a\mufikd yf gonf`
'Jepf }a\: Sihf a'grepf azmfv'f g
tdik t
f rftrftufzf 'kw<
d OUrsm:
qm\m rUvif:
tdik t
f rftrftufzf pDru
H ed :f 'g|u
dk w
f m
befaumuf? 'DZifbm 2001`
immf.pmd
10
7/2/2547, 11:03
ed'gef:
<cktcsdefu ta\S.awmiftm\SwGif pme<fZif:orm:wpfa<muf ]zpf\onfrSm
pdwv
f KS y\f mS :p\m ]zpfygonf` dik if aH \:? pD:yGm: a\:Sihf vlrKS a\: ta]ctaeawGu ta]ymif:tvJawG
]refveG :f vSonf` dik if rH sm:u zH.G zdK:wd:k wufvmonfiS t
hf r b&awGuvnf: |SKyfaxG:vmonf`
tcsderf D wdwu
d susSihf yD:]ynhpf akH om owif: tcsuftvufrsm:udk vltrsm:u vdt
k yfvmygonf`
od.k rSom olw.dk tae]zifh onfta]ymif: tvJawGukd em:vnfyD: olw.dk b& wk:d wuf]rifrh m:atmif
vkyfdkifrnf` xdk.ajumifh owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk od\zdk. pme<fZif:orm:rsm:tay;
tm:ud:k vmju\onf`
odk.\mwGif ydyuQrsm:? ppfyJGrsm:? qif:\JrJGawrSKSifh {upmusifhpOfrsm:ajumifh
onfa'orsm:Y pme<fZif:ynm\yf odyf yD: rxGe:f um:cJah cs`
ta\S.awmiftm\S pme<fZif:orm:rsm:twGuf olwkd.Sifh tH&ifcGifus]zpfrnhf
pme<fZif:oifwef:rsm:? avhusifo
h ifjum:a\: taxmuftulrsm: trsm:uD: vdt
k yfaeygonf`
vuf\dS trsm:pku tar\du]ynfaxmifpk iS hf taemufwidk :f rsm:rS ]zpfaeonf` xdo
k ifcef: pmrsm:u
olw.dk dik if rH sm:twGuo
f m ]zpfyD: ta\S.awmiftm\SiS hf tusHK: r&ifacs` yD: t}Fvyd b
f mom]zifh
a\:om:]yKpkxm:aomajumifv
h nf: em:vnfoabmaygu\f ef cufcaJ vonf`
xd.k ajumifh tif'cdk sKdi:f em: rD'<
D m trSww
f \ \efyakH iGtzJ.G u onfvufppGJ mtkyif <fukd
]yKpkxw
uefawmfw.kd u tkid t
f rftrftufzf ig:dik if t
H wGuf t"du \nf\<
G u
f m a\:om:]yKpk
xm:ygonf` vG<ful|kd:\Sif:aom t}FvdyfpmudkyJ oHk:xm:ygonf` a'owGif: t}Fvdyfbmom
Siahf \m? a'ocH bmompum:]zihyf g xkwaf &onhf pmapmifrsm:rS wu<fo
h wif:rsm:udk erlem<l
azmf]yay:xm:ygonf` uefawmfw.dk u a'owGi:f rS pme<fZif:orm:rsm: rSm:avhrmS :x \So
d nfrsm:
udk t"du tm|kpH u
kd x
f m:ygonf` xd.k ]yif a'owGi:f rS pme<fZif:orm:rsm: vkyu
f ikd af e\onfh
dik if rH sm:? vlrKS a\:Sihf pD:yGm:a\: taetxm:rsm:udv
k nf: xnho
f iG :f pOf:pm:xm:ygonf`
onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<fwGif owif:vkduf]cif:Sifh a\:om:]cif:qkdif\m ta]ccHoabm
w\m:rsm: yg\Sdonf` uefawmfwdk.u yHkSdyfpme<fZif:orm:rsm:twGuf ydkrdktav:ay:yD:
a\:om:]yKpkxm:onf` od.k aomf pnf:rsOf:oabmw\m: trsm:pkonf a\'D<kd iS hf |ky]f rifojH um:
owif:rsm:twGuv
f nf: tusHK:&ifygonf`
onftxJrmS ygonfh pnf:rsOf:oabmw\m:rsm:u ta\S.awmiftm\S pme<fZif:orm:
rsm: vdkufemusifhoHk:aeusrlwcsKd.Sifh uJGaumif: uJGaernf` odk.aomf onfpnf:rsOf:oabm
w\m:rsm:rSm wpfumvHk:rS pme<fZif:orm:aumif:wkd. usifhoHk:onfhpHrsm:yif ]zpfonf`
xi
immf.pmd
11
7/2/2547, 11:03
avmavmq<f oifhtodkuft&ef:wGif oHk:r\ao:wmrsKd: ]zpfcsif]zpfaernf` odk.aomf

onfpnf:rsOf: oabmw\m:rsm:udk wwfikd o
f avmuf vdu
k ef musifo
h :kH onfqv
dk if b<fikd if rH mS yJ
vkyv
f yk f oifonf ydrk x
kd :l cefaom pme<fZif:orm:wpfa<muf]zpfvmygvrd rfh nf`
a'owGif: dkifiHtoD:oD:rS yHkSdyfazmf]ycsufrsm:udk onfpmtkyfxJY erlemt]zpf
aumufkwfazmf]yay:xm:ygonf` a\:om:wifqufyHkSifh toHk:tSKef:rsm:udkvnf: rl\if:
tmabmftwkid :f yJ xm:\Syd gonf` xdak \:om:wifqufykH iS hf toH:k tSKe:f rsm:onf onfpmtkyx
f rJ mS
vdu
k ef m usifo
h :kH \ef vrf:nex
f m:onhf yHpk rH sm:Sihf uku
d n
f cD sifrS udu
k n
f aD yrnf`
xdk.ajumifh onfpmtkyfi<fudk tdkiftrftrftufzfSifh w]cm:pme<fZif:oifwef:rsm:
wufa\muf\ef udKwif]yifqifonfh tae]zifh avhvm\ef wku
d w
f eG :f vdyk gonf` xko
d ifwef:rsm:u
pD:yGm:a\:Sifhobm&ywf&ef:usif uJhodk.aom txl:bmom\yfrsm:udk owif:\<la\:om:]cif:
tajumif: avhusio
fh ifjum:ay:aeonf` oift
h ae]zifh pme<fZif: ynmta]ccHudk avhvmxm:yD:
]zpfygu xdo
k ifwef:rsm:u oifjum:csufrsm:udk ydv
k u
dk f ikd af yrnf`
ausmif:q\m? q\mrrsm:tae]zifhvnf: onfvufpJGpmtkyfudk ausmif:rsm:Sifh
wUodv
k rf sm:wGif oH:k difk yf gonf` t<f'w
D mrsm:uvnf: vufuikd x
f m:dik yf gonf`
odk.\mwGif onfpmtkyfu yD:]ynfhpHkaom ]ymef:pmtkyf r[kwfyg` ta]ccHrom
]zpfygonf` owif:a\:om:enf: trsKd:rsKd: \Sdygonf` cif:csufawG trsm:uD: \Sdygonf`
onfpmtkyu
f kd q\m? q\mrrsm:? t<f'w
D mrsm: tultnD]zif]h zpfap? wpfa<mufiS hf wpfa<muf
aqG:aG:yD: vufawG. vkyaf qmifjunh]f cif:]zif]h zpfap avhvmju\ef tjuH]yKygonf`
owif:pmq\mrsm:> tvkyf iS hf owif:pmq\maumif: wpfa<muf> t\nftcsif:
wk.d ]zifh uefawmfw.dk u ed'ge:f csDxm:onf` xd.k aemuf olw.dk wpfawG owif:twGuf pdwu
f :l
b<fv\kd yD: owif: tcsuftvufrsm:udk b<fvkd pkaqmif:<lonfukd azmf]yonf` xdrk S wpfqifh
owif:a\:om:enf:udk oGm:onf` owif:tzGiu
hf kd rnfo.kd a\:rnfenf:? wpfy'k v
f :kH udk rnfo.kd
pkpnf:rnfenf:wkd.]zpfonf` aemufydkif:tcef:rsm:udk onfa'orS pme<fZif:orm:rsm:twGuf
tav:ay: azmf]yxm:ygonf` <if:wkd.rSm wkdfuf|kdufpum:a]ymudk aumufkwf azmf]ycsuf?
owif:xkwf]yefcsufrsm:rS owif:\<lenf:? owif:pm \Sif:vif:yJGrsm:? rdef.cGef:rsm:Sihf
tpnf:ta&:yJrG sm:rS owif:\<lenf:rsm: ]zpfygonf` tcef:wpfcrk mS owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk
tckid rf mqH:k rnfo.kd a\:om:wif]y\rnfudk azmf]yxm:onf` xk.d aemuf yHk ydS f rD'<
D mSihf a\'D<?kd
|kyo
f rH 'D <
D mrsm:jum: owif:a\:om:wifqufyckH sif: uJ]G ym:]cm:em:yHu
k kd uefawmfw.dk u wif]y
xm:ygonf`
od.k aomf owif:axmufwpfa<muf[o
l nf owif:\<l a\:om:]cif:xuf ydyk gonf`
xkd.ajumifh usihf&wftajumif: ta\:uD:onhf tcef:wpfcef:udk xnhfoGif:azmf]yxm:]cif:
xii
immf.pmd
12
7/2/2547, 11:03
]zpfygonf` tqH:k wGif tem}wftwGuv

f nf: today: wif]yxm:ygonf` <if:rSm onf a'orS
owif:axmufrsm:twGuf t"dupdeaf c;rSKuD:t]zpf w]cm:aomdik if rH sm:Sit
hf wl \ifaygiw
f ef:
vdkufdkifap\ef wu<hfowif:\if: ]rpfuD:]zpfaom tifwmeufudk oHk:pJGa\:tajumif:yif
]zpfygonf`
onfvufppGJ mtkyif <f ]yKpk\mwGif }sufzaf [mh'q
f iftm: ulnaD y:cJo
h nfh dik if w
H um
owif:pmq\mrsm: Adrmef? }ef tufpf iS hf }sdr:f pf t<fvf u
kd \f efyakH iGtzJ.G wk.d tm: vnf:aumif:?
yDwmtJe:f tm: ulnaD y:cJo
h nhf onfz\D:'rf:zd\k rf tzJ.G tm:vnf:aumif: aus:Zl:wif\ydS gonf`
tvm:wl pmtkyfyHkSdyf ukefusp\dwfrsm:twGuf axmufyHhay:cJhonhf }smreDdkifiHrS z\uf'\pf
tufbwf \efyHkaiGtzJG.Sifh xdkif:dkifiH qkdif\m tar\duef]yefjum:a\:Xmewkd.tm:vnf:
aus:Zl:wif\ydS gonf` xd.k twl td:k yif:qkq
d idk w
f D tifpwDusKtm:vnf: aus:Zl:wif\ydS gonf`
uefawmfw.dk onfvnf: oihv
f ykd if pme<fZif:orm:rsm: ]zpfygonf` avhvmqnf:yl:
p\mawG \Sdaeygao:onf` onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<fudk twwfdkifqHk: toHk:&ifapcsifygonf`
tu<fI pmtkyf ydkrkdaumif:rGefvmap\eftwGuf xif]rifcsufSifh tjuH]yKcsufrsm: \Sdygvif
tkid t
f rftrftufzo
f .kd qufo<
G yf g\ef arwWm\yftyfygonf`
yDwm tJe:f
wpfo:D ykv pme<fZif:orm:
}sufzaf [mh'q
f if
dkuftzJG.om:
befaumuf? 'DZifbm 2001`
xiii
immf.pmd
13
7/2/2547, 11:03
a&g[m\ \Si:f vif:csuf

|SKaxmifh (Angle) owif:wpfyk'f a\:om:\mwGif tm|kHpl:pkdufxm:aombufu csOf:uyf]cif:?
odk.r[kwf |SK]rifcsuf]zpfonf` wcsKd.]zpf\yfrsm:wGif pdwf&ifpm:p\mtajumif:tcsufawG
trsm: t]ym: \Sd ikd af pumrl owif:pmq\mu tajumif:t\m wpfcu
k ykd J tm|kpH :l pdu
k f wif]y
dik yf gonf`
trnfrazmfvakd om owif:\if:]rpf (Anonymous source) owif:xJwiG f olw.dk trnfemrudk
razmf]yrSom owif:axmufukd owif: ay:ol]zpfonf`
ud:k um:azmf]ycsuf (Attribution) owif:twGuf tcsuftvuf tajumif:t\mrsm: a]ym]yolukd
pma\:olu a\:om:azmf]y]cif: ]zpfonf`
aemufco
H rkid :f (Background) owif:aqmif:yg:rSm azmf]yxm:aom tajumif:t\mSihf ywfoufI
twdww
f ek :f u ]zpfysufcyhJ t
kH ajumif:udyk g owif:xJrmS a\:om:azmf]y]cif:]zpfonf` onfvkd
azmf]y]cif:]zihf pmzwfou
l ydk yD: \Si:f vif:pGm em:vnfoabmayguo
f mG :onf`
rrww (Balance and fairness) owif:aumif:wpfy'k t
f wGuf ta\:uD:aom tcsuf]zpfygonf`
udpPwpfckudk owif:axmufu a\:om:wif]y\mrSm wpfzufzufudk bufvdkuf]cif: r]yKbJ
rwpGm azmf]y\onf`
pmud<
k f (Body) tao:pdwftcsufrsm:? wkduf|dkufa]ympum:aumufkwfcsufrsm: ponf]zifh
owif:wpfy'k >
f trsm:pktydik :f ]zpfonf`
qufpyfrSKtpOf (Context) owif:wpfyk'fxJrS owif:tcsuftvufrsm:u wif]yaeaom
tajumif:\yfSifh qufpyfaeonhf a<bk<sta]ctaeudk azmf]yonf` <if:wkd.ajumifh
pmzwfow
l .kd u tajumif:t\may;rSm ykd yD: \Si:f vif:oGm:\onf`
t<f'w
D mhtmabmf (Editorial) ]zpf\yfwpfck iS hf ywfoufI pma\: q\mu ol.t]rif? od.k r[kwf
ol.owif:pm? pmapmif> t]rif taumif:tqk:d a&zefyikd :f ]cm:csuf aqmif:yg: ]zpfonf`
oduQm\Sdaom pmapmifuD:rsm:wGif t<f'Dwmhtmabmfudk w]cm:owif:rsm:Sifh ra\mbJ
oD:]cm:t<f'w
D mhtmabmf pmrsufmS zGix
hf m:um a\:om:azmf]yavh \So
d nf`
xiv
immf.pmd
14
7/2/2547, 11:03
owif:aqmif:yg: (Feature) ]zpf\yfwpfcu

k kd csufcsif:r[kwb
f J aphipk mG avhvmyD:rS ]ynhpf ckH rf:em:pGm
a\:om:wif]yaom owif:aqmif:yg:]zpfonf` t]rJwrf: vlpw
d &f ifpm:aom |SKaxmifu
h yJ
wif]yavh\o
dS nf` wpfcgwpf\H soft news [kvnf: ac;onf`
owif:OD: (Hard news) ]zpf\yfwpfck]zpfvif]zpfcsif: <if:tajumif:csif:\mudk pmzwfoltm:
today:wif]y]cif:]zpfonf` onfowif:rsKd:ukd puf\yf owif: [kvnf: ac;onf`
f KS yf\mS :cHpm:\apaom t]zpftysuf
vlpw
d &f ifpm:aomowif: (Human interest) pmzwforl sm: pdwv
tajumif:csif:\m]zpfonf`
yd \ rpf a ]ymif : ]yef (Inverted pyramid) owif : wpf y k ' f a\:om:\mwG i f ta\:tuD : qH k :
tajumif:t\mudk tp (tzGipfh myd'k )f rSm a\:om:yD:? <if:udk \Si:f vif:azmf]yyD: taxmuftul
]yKaom tajumif:t\mrsm:udk qufazmf]y\rnf` xd.k aemuf ta\:ruD:vSaom owif:tcsuf
tvufrsm:udk aemufq:kH rSxm:\aom a\:om:rSKyHpk H ]zpfygonf`
ynm\yfpum: (Jargon) tpd:k \wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:? abm}aA'ynm\Sirf sm:? owif:pmq\mrsm:ponfh
vkyif ef:rsm:wGif vkyif ef:wpfcw
k nf: vkyaf eolcsif: ok:H SKef:aomtxl:a&g[m\rsm: ]zpfonf`
<if:wk.d udk omref vltrsm:u em:rvnfikd af cs`
tzGihf (Lead) owif:wpfy'k >
f tp&gus ]zpfygonf` wku
d |f u
kd f tzGiu
hf owif: tajumif: t\mudk
wJw
h :kd azmf]yonf` owif:OD: trsm:pkwiG f wku
d |f u
kd t
f zGiu
hf ykd J oH:k ygonf` zJ.G J.G aom tzGiu
hf
tajumif : t\mud k OyrmOyar<srsm:? od k . r[k w f ]rif u G i f : rsm:]zif h pma\:ol u
azmfusL:wif]y]cif: ]zpfygonf` owif:aqmif:yg: trsm:pkrSm zJG.JG.aomtzGifhudkyJ
oH:k wwfygonf`
"rR"dmefusus(Objectivity) owif:aumif:wpfyk'f> ta\:uD:aomtcsufrSm owif:axmuf
tae]zifh owif:a\:om:onft
h cg rdr>
d wpfu<
kd af \ cHpm:csufrsm:udk wwfikd o
f avmuf
ab:z<fxm:yD: pmzwfolrsm:udk ]zpfysufaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm: twkdif: wif]y\rnf
]zpfygonf`
kH pfa<mufqu
D ae ol.cGi]hf yK csuf]zifh owif:\<lyD: olu
w\m:&ifa]ym]cif: (On the record) wpfpw
a]ymqkad jumif:udv
k nf: owif:xJrmS ud:k um:a\:om: azmf]ydik yf gonf`
xv
immf.pmd
15
7/2/2547, 11:03
tvGwo
f abma]ym]cif: (Off the record) owif:ay:olu ol.emrnfukd owif:xJrmS rygapvd]k cif:?
od.k r[kwf ol.emrnfukd ud:k um:azmf]y]cif: r]yKygqrkd S olay:onfh owif:udk xnfo
h :kH cGi]hf yK]cif:
]zpfygonf`
pdppfa&zef]cif: (Verification) wpfa<mufa<mufqu
D \vmaom t]zpftysuf tajumif:t\m
rSerf rSeu
f kd od\ef owif:axmufu aqmif\u
G \f onf` onfvyk if ef:pOfwiG f avhvmpHpk rf:]cif:?
w]cm: olrsm:udk xyfraH r:]ref: aqG:aG:]cif:Sihf taxmuftxm: rSww
f rf:rsm:Sihf wku
d q
f idk f
ppfaq:]cif:rsm: yg&ifygonf`
xvi
immf.pmd
16
7/2/2547, 11:03
tcef: (1)
owif:pmq\mrsm:Sifhowif:
owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf> tcef:u
vl.tzJG.tpnf:wkdif:rSmyJ owif:pmq\m
awG\.J tcef:uu wu<hu
f kd ta\:uD:ygw<f`
dik if t
H vdu
k f taetxm:csif: uGm]cm:wm
rsKd:awmh \Sdw<f` dkifiHwcsKd.rSm tpdk:\? 'grSr[kwf
dkifiHa\:ygwDawGu owif:rD'D<mudk ydkifqdkifxm:
wwfjuw<f` wcsKd.rSmawmh vlwpfOD:wpfa<muf?
'grSr[kwf ukrEDtzJG.tpnf:rsm:u ydkifqkdifw<f`
rsm:aomtm:]zihf awmh tJ'D pS rf sKd:pvH:k 'Gew
f aGJ ewwf
wmygy`J
b<fvdkyJ]zpfap owif:pm q\maumif:
wk d . \J . ta]ccH w m&ef u awmh twl w l y gyJ `
tJ'guawmh vlxt
k aeeJ. odz.kd vdt
k yfaewJh t]zpf
tysuf tajumif:csif:\mawGudk od\Sdem:vnfyD:
olwkd.b& aexdkif pm:aomufa\:twGuf qHk:]zwf
vkyfaqmifdkifatmif owif:tcsuf tvufawG
ay:zd.k yJ ]zpfygw<f` ]ynfoal wG[m olw.dk \J. vl.todu
k t
f &ef:? tpd:k \?
pD : yG m :a\:vk y f i ef : ? tm:upm:? usef : rma\:pwJ h owif : tcsuf
tvufawG oddkifzdk. owif:pmq\mawG ay;rSmyJ tm:xm:w<f`
tJ'u
D ae\wJh owif:ay;rlwnfyD: |kyo
f rH mS b<ftpDtpOfukd junhf
r<f? bmpm:r<f? b<farmfawmfqidk u
f <fudk &<fr<f? b<fausmif:rSm
uav:udk ausmif:tyfr<f? aemuf a\G:aumufyu
GJ s\if b<fo.l udk rJ
ay:r<f pwmawGukd qH:k ]zwf vkyu
f idk f juygw<f`
wpfcgwavrsm:qk\d if 'Dowif:tcsut
f vufawGu aoa\:
\Sifa\:udpPawmif ]zpfaewwfwmrsKd:yg` avrkefwkdif: usawmhr<f
vltrsm:u
owif:orm:rsm: tay;
tm:xm:juygw<f`
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio

hf wif:
qkdwmudk dkifiHa]rmufydkif:rSm \SdwJh aus:\GmawGod\Sdatmif tcsdefrD

tajumif:rjum:dkifcJhwJhtwGuf xdkif:dkifiHa\:orm:wpfa<mufu
rk:d av&oXmeudk t]ypfwifczhJ :l w<f` tJ'gajumifh a\uD:rSKrSm vl 30
toufq:kH cJ\h wmvd.k olu a]ymygw<f` rd:k av&o ynm\Siaf wGtae
eJ. olw.dk \J. udKwifcef.rSe:f csufawG vlxq
k D t]refq:kH a\mufatmif
qk\d if owif:rD'<
D mawGuykd J tm:ud:k \rSmyg`
vltrsm:u owif:pmzwf\ifzwf? r[kwv
f nf: a\'D<ekd m:
axmif? |kyo
f jH unhjf uwmqdak wmh owif:pmq\mawGrmS wm&ef\v
dS m
ygawmhw<f` pme<fZif:orm:aumif: wpfa<mufqw
dk m vlxt
k wGuf
yJ ]zpf\ygr<f`
rjumao:rDu vkycf w
hJ hJ tvky|f aHk qG:aG:yJw
G pfcrk mS AD<uf
erf? uam'D:<m:? xkid :f ? vmtked .J ]refrmdik if w
H .kd u owif:pmq\m
rsm:\J. t"dym <fziG q
hf cdk sufukd junh\f if odomygw<f` olw.dk wpfawG udk
owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf\.J tcef:uubmvJvd.k ar:junhf wJh tcg t]zpfre
S u
f kd wif]yzd.k ?
tpk:d \eJ.]ynfojl um: aygi:f ul:ay:zd.k ?
tajumif:csif:\mopfawGukd vlxq
k D today:wif]yzk.d ?
vlawGuy
kd nmay:zd.k ? azsmfa]zzd.k ? \Si:f vif:wif]yzd.k ?
vlxk\J.tusKd:pD:yGm:udk umuG<fapmihfa\Smufzdk. ]zpfajumif:
a]zjuygw<f`
olwkd.\J.tvkyfu wduswJh? opfvGifwJh owif:tcsuf
tvufawGudk ]ynfolawGqD today:zdk. ]zpfw<fqkdwJh tcsufudk
vufco
H abmwljuygw<f` olw.dk taeeJ. pmzwfy\dowfuD:twGuf
yJ owif:a\:om:wif]yaewm ]zpfajumif:udv
k nf: a]ymjuygw<f`
pmzwfoo
l mvif ta\:uD:qH:k
owif:pmq\m trsm:pku pmzwfy\dowfuD:udk arhxm:
wwfw<f` tJ'gtpm: t<f'Dwmrsm:tvdkus? 'grSr[kwf udk<hfudk
owif:ay:wJh owif:\if:]rpf tvdu
k s? tpd:k \t\m\Sd uD:awG oabm
us ]zpfatmifyJ a\:wwfjuw<f` 'guvnf: bm]zpfv.dk vJqadk wmh
owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'w
D mrsm:? olw.dk udk owif:ay: a]ym]yol
rsm:eJ.yJ ae.pOfqHkawG. qufqHae\vdk.yg` olwkd.u tJ'DvlawGudk
oabm usapcsifw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'w
D meJ.
owif: \if:]rpfrsm: tvku
d s]zpfatmifyJ a\:r<fq\dk if t<f'w
D meJ.
2
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
owif:\if: ]rpfawG tav:xm:wJh udpu

P ykd J OD:pm:ay:aerdr<f` 'Dtcg
olwdk. owif:awGudk omref]ynfolawGu em:rvnfkdifawmhbl:`
'grrS [kwf olw.dk owif:awGu trsm:]ynfoal wG\.J b&udk xif[yf
awmhrmS r[kwb
f :l `
owif:pmq\maumif:awGusawmh b<fo.l twGuf owif:
a\:aewmvJqw
dk m aumif:aumif: oabmaygux
f m:w<f` xdik :f dik if H
u xdik :f \wf (xkid :f dik if aH wmf) vdk owif:pmuD:rsK:d awGrmS tpd:k \xdyw
f ef:
t\m\Sd uD:awG? vlcsrf:om vkyif ef:\Sif uD:awG? tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG?
qif:\Jom:[if:\Gufa:onfawG po]zifh pmzwfy\dowf tvmpHk\Sd
w<f` xdik :f \wf u pD:yGm:a\:? dik if aH \:eJ. vlrKS a\:owif:rsKd:pHk xnhf
w<f` tJ'o
D wif:awGukd pmzwfot
l m:vH:k em:vnfidk af tmif owif:
pmq\mawGu |d:k |k:d \Si:f \Si:f yJ a\:om:wif]yjuygw<f`
wpfzufrSm uam'D:<m:dkifiH wlqefem&'D y\mcsya\:
(ay;]yLvmrZif:) vdk acwf<Ofaus:rSKeJ. azsmfa]za\:rZif:u
owif:pmq\mawGusawmhvnf:olw.dk y\dowfu zuf\iS ?f }DweJ. |ky\f iS f
rif:om:rif:orD:awGukd pdw&f ifpm:wJh vli<fv\l <
G af wG ]zpfw<fqw
dk m
odxm:w<f` 'Dawmh olwkd.u tJ'Dtajumif:t\mawGay; tm|kH
pl:pdu
k f yD: azsmfa]zwifqufwhJ [efrsKd:eJ. a\:om:wif]yay:w<f` olw.dk
u dik if aH \:eJ. tpd:k \tajumif:t\mawGukd tav:ray:bl:`
owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufu ol[m ta\:aumif:
olwpfa<muf ]zpf\r<fqw
dk m em:vnfw<f` ud<
k u
f vltrsm: pdwf
&ifpm:atmif ra\:wwfb:l qk\d if pmzwfy\dowfu w]cm:pmapmifukd
yJ &<fzwfawmhrmS ayg`h
owif:pmq\maumif:\J. t\nftcsif:rsm:
tvky|f aHk qG:aG:yJu
G kd wufa\mufcw
hJ hJ owif:pmq\mrsm:u
owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufqw
dk m ar:cGe:f awG trsm:uD:ar:\r<f?
rw\r<f?
pmzwfy\dowfukd av:pm:wefz:kd xm:\r<f?
owif:tcsuftvufawGukd owif:\if:]rpf tawmfrsm:rsm:
uae \<lyD: pdppf\r<f?
|d:k om:yD: w]cm:owif:rD'<
D mwpfcck u
k ae ul:<lwmrsKd:
rvky\f bl:vd.k qkjd uw<f`
3
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
'Dtcsuftm:vH:k rSeyf gw<f`

owif:pmq\maumif:qkdwm pyfpkwwfjuw<f` bmawG
b<fvkd ]zpfaew<fqw
kdf mudk t]rJ odcsifaewwfovdk owif:awGukd
vnf: t]rJzwf|KS avhvmaecsifw<f` olw.dk wpfawG[m pl:prf:avhvm
olawGyg` vrf:ay;rSm w]cm:vlawG owdr]yKrdwhJ xl:]cm:wJh ]zpf\yf
awGukd olw.dk u ]rifwwfw<f` olw.kd [m wpfzufom: a]ym]yorudk
aumif:pGmem:axmifwwfjuayr<hf oHo<pdwfawmh t]rJ\Sdwwfju
w<f` wm&ef\o
dS w
l pfa<mufu a]ymvdu
k w
f m qkw
d mreJ. vufcw
H wf
wJh vlpm:rsKd: r[kwb
f :l ` olw.dk u vGwv
f yfjuw<f` w]cm:ol wpf
a<mufa<mufu ud<
k u
f sKd:twGuf toH:k cswmrsKd: b<fawmhrS rcHb:l `
olwkd.u bufSpfzufu a]ymorudk em:axmifrSwfom:yD: \wJh
tJ'o
D wif:tcsuftvufawG[m rSeu
f efrKS \Sd r\Sd pdppf<w
l <f`
owif:pmq\maumif:wk.d rnfonf pnf:urf:vnf: uD:w<f`
olwkd.rSm tm|kHaxG]ym:rSK r\Sdbl:` owif:udk owfrSwfcsdeftrD yD:pD:
atmif vkdufwwfjuw<f` tcuftcJawG awG.\\ifvnf: vuf
ravmhbl:` owif:tcsuftvufawGudk w]cm:enf:vrf:oHk:yD: \
atmif<w
l <f` yD:awmh owif:a\:wJt
h cgrmS vnf: pmzwfy\dowfuD:
odcsifwhJ owif:tcsuftvufawGuykd J a\:om:wif]yygw<f` olw.dk
owif:xJrmS ud<
k yf idkf t
f ]rifawG? cHpm:csufawGukd xnfrh a\:wwfb:l `
owif:pmq\maumif: trsm:pk[m tifrwef juifemoem:
wwfolawGyg` rw\m:rSKudk pufqkyf\GH\Smwwfjuw<f` vlwpfzuf
om:\J. cHpm:\csufawGay;rSm ra&cHpm:wwfyD: tJ'Dvdk ]zpf\]cif:
tajumif:\if:udv
k nf: \SmazGwwfjuygw<f` tJ't
D ajumif:\if:awGukd
vltrsm:odatmif a\:om:wif]yvdw
k hJ qN\dS yD: a]yvnfatmifvnf:
a]z\Si:f ay:csifjuw<f`
owif:qkw
d m bmvJ
owif:f pmq\m\J.tvkyu
f owif:<lz.kd ygy`J 'gayrJh edpP
"l& t]zpftysufawGu trsm:uD:` tJ'gtm:vH:k udk owif:t]zpfe.J
a\:om:wif]yzd.k rvdt
k yfb:l ` 'Dawmh owif:qkw
d mbmvJ` pmzwf
y\dowfu b<fvkd owif:tcsuftvufrsKd:udrk S vdck sifwmvJ`
'g[m owif:pm q\m wpfa<muf ae.pOf pOf:pm:qH:k ]zwf
\wh J u d p P y gyJ ` owif : wpf y k ' f prvd k u f c if r S m 'gvl a wG a ]ymr<f h
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
tajumif:t\mvm:? 'g[m olw.dk

odcsifwu
hJ pd v
P m: qkw
d m ud<
k u
hf <
kd f
udk t]rJ ar:junhjf u\w<f`
owif:qkw
d m vltrsm: pk
uD:twGuf ta\:uD:wJh? olwkd.
pd w f & if p m:wJ h tajumif : csif : \m
]zpfygw<f`
'g[m edp"P &l ]zpfysufae
wmrsKd:eJ. uGmygw<f`
owif:qkdwm ]zpfysuf
aeusrsKd: r[kwfygbl:` owif:eJ.
ywfoufyD: xif\Sm:wJh t"dym<f
zGiq
hf cdk sufwpfcu
k awmh acG:u vl
udu
k u
kd w
f m owif:r[kwb
f :l ? vlu acG:udk udu
k \f ifawmh 'g owif: yJ
vd.k qkx
d m:w<f` befaumufy.kd pf owif:pmrsufmS zH:k rSm ol.acG:\J.
vnfuyk u
f kd uku
d w
f t
hJ wGuf tzrf:cH\wJh vlwpfa<muftajumif: udk
azmf]ycJhzl:ygw<f` tJ'Dvlu ol[m ocifqkdwmudk tajumif:]yzdk.
twGuf tJ'v
D kd udu
k cf w
hJ m ]zpfygw<f`
vltrsm:uD:ay;rSm oufa\mufrKS \Sw
d hJ tajumif:udpw
P pfck
[mvnf: owif:]zpfygw<f` tJ'grsKd:u tdraf wG? oD:SaH wG ysufp:D
ukew
f hJ a\vr:f rd:k rSKrsKd: tajumif:ayg`h "mwfqaD : wufomG :wmrsKd:
aygh` tJ'gqdk armfawmfqkdifu<fawGtwGuf p\dwfwufvmr<f`
owif:uD:awGqw
dk m rsm:aomtm:]zihf vltrsm:uD:ay;rSm oufa\muf
rSK\Sw
d hJ t]zpftysufygy`J
wpfcgwavrSmawmh ta\:uD:ykdKvf? 'grSr[kwf xif\Sm:
ausmfjum:olwpfa<muf\J. vkyfaqmifcsufu owif:]zpfaewmrsKd:
|d:k |d:k \Si:f \Si:f udprP sKd:vnf: \Sw
d wfw<f` owif:pmq\mawGu &efuD:
csKyf? orRweJ. dik if ]H cm:a\:&efuD:wk.d vdk xdyw
f ef:t\m\Sd uD:awGaemuf
vdu
k f yD: owif:<lwwfjuw<f` 'Dyk Kd vfawGu joZmtmEmuD:wJh
olawG]zpfawmh olwkd.t]rifu omrefvlwpfa<muft]rifxuf
owif:rSm ydk yD: xda\mufw<f` vltrsm:u csrf:omwh?J emrnfuD:wJh
olawGtajumif: pdw&f ifpm:w<fqw
dk m odwt
hJ wGuf |ky\f iS rf if:om:
rif:orD:awGe.J aw:oH\iS af wGtajumif: aZmif:ay:wJh owif:pmq\m
awGvnf: \Syd gw<f`
owif:rSmu tcsdeu
f u
dk f ]zpfz.kd vdw
k <f` owif:qkw
d mu
umavmuuD:udk t]rif
trsKd:rsKd:eJh ]rifjunhyf g`
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
ukecf w
hJ v
hJ u ]zpfcw
hJ mudk a]ymwm r[kwb
f :l ` 'Duae. vufiif:]zpf
aewmudk a]ymwm` pmzwfy\dowfu aemufq:kH ]zpfaewmudk ]refikd f
or t]refqHk:odcsifjuw<f` rdK.xJrSm tuD:tus<f rD:avmifrSK
]zpfw<fq\dk if |kyo
f o
H wif:orm:u tJ'aD e.owif:rSm ygdik af tmif
t]refqHk:vSKyf\Sm:\r<f` owif:pmorm:u aemufwpfae.reuf
owif:pmrSm ygatmifa\:\r<f`
ydyuQtajumif:[mvnf: owif:ygyJ` vlawG\.J ae.pOf
b&rSm ydyuQ ]zpf\yfawGu t]ynf`h a]r<mt]iif:yGm:rSKawG \Sw
d <f`
tpd:k \zJ.G dik zf .kd dik if aH \:ygwDawGcsif: tm:ydKifwm \Sw
d <f` dik if cH sif:
ppf]zpfjuw<f`
owif:awGrSm a'o\ |SKaxmifhqdkwmvnf: \Sdygw<f`
vlawGu olwkd.aexdkifwJh ae\ma'ou t]zpftysuf? 'grSr[kwf
ud<
k t
fh eD:tem:u tajumif:awGukd odcsifjuw<f` AD<efusif:rdK.
xkwf owif:pmwpfapmif[m AD<efusif:em:u a\uD:rSKtajumif:udyk J
pdw&f ifpm:r<f` yDuif:rSm a\uD:wJh udpu
P dk odypf w
d &f ifpm:rSm r[kwf
bl:` ud<
k fh ikd if o
H m:awG\.J tajumif:udk w]cm:olawGtajumif:xuf
ykd yD: pdw&f ifpm:wwfjuw<f` vmtdv
k rl sKd:wpfa<muf[m aemuf vm
tdkvlrsKd:wpfa<muftajumif:udk pdwf&ifpm:rSK\Sdw<f` w|kwfdkifiHrSm
av<mOfysufuswJh tajumif:udk vmtkd ikd if x
H w
k f owif:pmwpfapmif
rSm odyf yD: tav:xm:azmf]yaerSm r[kwyf gb:l ` 'gayrJh tJ'aD v<mOf
ay;rSm vmtkd ikd if o
H m: oH:k OD:ygomG :w<fq\dk ifawmh 'g wu<fo
h wif:
uD:wpfy'k f taeeJ. ygvmygvrd rhf <f`
wpfcgwpf\rH mS vnf: toH:k &ifwhJ tcsuftvufu owif:
]zpfaewwfw<f` Oyrm tvkyo
f pfwpfck \dik w
f hJ tajumif:rsKd: ]zpfyg
w<f` 'grrS [kwf usef:rmjuH.ckid zf .kd twGuf b<fvkd ud<
k v
f ufvKS yf\mS :
avhusifch ef:vky\f r<f qkw
d mrsKd:ayg`h
yD:awmh azsmfa]zwJh owif:tcsuftvufawG[mvnf:
owif:ygy`J 'Dowif:rsKd:xJrmS wd\pmefawGtajumif:? vlawG\.J taysmf
t]yufvyk \f yfawG? |ky\f iS u
f m:opf po]zifh ]zpfygw<f`
owif:udk t"dym<fzGifhqkdzdk.qkdwm rvG<fvSbl:` owif:
axmuf pvkyw
f hJ olwpfa<mufukd t<f'w
D mu owif:wpfy'k \f mS yD:
]yefvmcJh vdk. wef:vwfvdkuf\if ol.taeeJ. bmrSvkyfwwfrSm
r[kwb
f :l ` 'gayrJh tawG.tjuHK\vmwJt
h cgrmS awmh owif:axmufu
b<f[m owif:]zpfw<fqw
kd m csufcsif: od]rifvmygvrd rfh <f`
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sihf owif:twGuf pdwu

f :l \SmazG]cif:
tcef: (2)
owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sifh
owif:twGuf pdwu
f :l \SmazG]cif:
owif:u uefawmfw.kd rsufpad \S.rSmwif \Sad ewmrsKd:vnf:
awG.\wwfw<f` taqmufttHw
k pfck rD:avmifwm? \Ju vlq:kd wpf
a<mufukd zrf:oGm:wm? rk:d onf:yD:wJah emuf vrf:awG a\vHusef\pf
wm po]zifah yg`h 'gayrJh owif:tawmfrsm:rsm:u xifom]rifom r\Sd
wwfbl:` owif:awG\vmatmif? 'grSr[kwf t<f'Dwmu b<f
owif:oGm:vdu
k v
f .kd wm&efay:vmatmiftxd xkid af pmifah evd.k r\bl:`
ud<
k phf w
d u
f :l eJ.ud<
k f owif:vdu
k zf .kd vdyk gw<f`
tpk:d \ ]yefjum:a\:|k:H awG? &efuD:XmeawGe.J rSerf eS q
f ufo<
G f
]cif:tm:]zifh owif:twGuf pdwu
f :l awG \vmdik yf gw<f` wcsKd.|k:H awG
u ae.pOftpDtpOfpm\if:udk xkw]f yefxm:wmrsKd: \Sw
d wfw<f`
owif:xkwf]yefcsufwcsKd.[mvnf: owif:aumif:awG
twGuf vrf:pygy`J 'grsKd:awGukd tpd:k \r[kww
f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:rsm: (tifef
}sDtrkd sm:) eJ. ukvorvdk dik if w
H um tzJ.G tpnf:awGu xkw]f yef
wwfygw<f` aemufyD: vkyif ef:awG? ausmif:awG pwmawGu xkwf
]yefwmrsKd:awGvnf: \Syd gw<f` tpd:k \eJ. vufatmufct
H zJ.G tpnf:awG
u tcsuftvufe.J tpD\ifcpH mawGukd t]rJyJ xkw]f yefwwfygw<f`
owif:pmq\maumif:qkdwm uGufausmf]rifwwf\w<f`
ud<
k v
f u
kd rf <hf tajumif:t\mudk em:vnfoabmaygufatmif avh
vmxm:\w<f` aemufbm]zpfr<fqw
dk m udK]rif\ygr<f` vwaf wmf
u \if:SD:]rKyfSHrSK Oya'opfwpf\yf ]ymef:vkdufwJhtcg? 'grSr[kwf
A[db
k Efu bEfw:kd SKef:awGukd xyfraH vmhcs ]zwfawmufvu
dk w
f hJ tcg
'Dowif:udk a\:zdk.twGuf aemufcHtajumif:\if:awGudk avhvm
xm:\r<f`
w]cm:owif:pmawG? a\'D<kdawG? |kyfoHawGudk junhfyD:
pdwu
f :l \wwfwmrsKd:vnf: \Sw
d <f` w]cm:rD'<
D mrsm:u ta]zray:\
ao:wJh tajumif:t\mawGukd ud<
k u
f qufvu
kd f ifkd yf gw<f` owif:
udk w]cm:|SKaxmifu
h ae |SK]rifyD: aemufxyfowif:awGukd \SmazGazmf
xkwf ikd yf gao:w<f`
wcsKd.owif:pmq\mrsm:[m olw.kd owif:vdu
k af ewJh ynm
\yfe<fy<fu xkww
f hJ enf:ynmpmapmifawGukd zwfyD: wd:k wuf]zpf
7
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
'DwkdufuD:u pdwf&ifpm:p\m
owif:wpfyk'f ]zpfdkif
ygw<f`
xGe:f rSKawGukd avhvmw<f` obm&ywf&ef:usif tajumif:udk a\:wJh

owif:pmq\m[m uam'D:<m:? vmtk?d ]refrm? xkid :f eJ. AD<uferf
dik if rH sm:u obm&ywf&ef:usif tajumif:csif:\mawGukd a\:om:azmf
h <f` ud<
k v
f u
kd w
f hJ
]ywJh Watershed trnf\rdS Zif:udk zwfxm:oifw
tajumif : t\meJ . ywf o uf v d k . ud k < h f [ mud k < f twwf d k i f q H k :
]znfq
h nf:\r<f` ud<
k u
f tajumif: t\mopf
awGudk odvmwmeJ.tr 'gudk pmzwfolawG
twGuf ydk yD: ra&ay:vmdik rf <f`
uam'D:<m:dkifiHrSm owif:pmq\m
tawmfrsm:rsm:[m bk\if d|k 'kd rf oD[mk\.J vpOf
xkwo
f wif:vmudzk wf|KS juw<f`tJ'D owif:vm
xJrmS crmeDawGukd |k:H wif ppfaq:zd.k ? qif:\JwhJ
awmifov
l <form:awG\.J ]yem pwJh udp\P yf
trsm:t]ym:ay; bk\ifuD:uol.\J. oabmxm:
t]rifufdk azmf]yxm:wwfw<f` 'Dt]rifawGu
owif:awGtwGuf tcsuftvufaumif:awG ]zpfaewwfygw<f`
tdrrf mS ? a:xJrmS ? ygwyD rGJ mS w]cm:vlawG a]ymqkad ejuwm
udk em:axmif\if:eJ.vnf: owif:awG \dik w
f <f` vlawG bma]ymae
juovJayg`h olw.dk pdwu
f :l eJ. pd:k \dryf yl efrKS awG[m ud<
k o
fh wif:twGuf
ta]ccHygyJ`
rsufpu
d kd \Si\f iS zf iG x
hf m:\ifvnf: owif:tpawG trsm:uD:
\dik w
f mygy`J aemufwpfudrf ud<
k o
hf wif:pmwku
d u
f o
kd mG :\if: vrf:rSm
taqmufttHktopf aqmufvkyfyD:pD:oGm:wmrsKd:vdk pdwf&ifpm:p\m
wpfckck\Sdvm: pl:prf:junhfprf:yg` awG.w<fqkd\if taqmufttHk
aqmufvyk zf .dk cGi]hf yKrde.f csay:xm: rxm: pnfyifom<mXmeudk vSr:f
ar:junhaf yg`h 'grrS [kwf xl:qef:wJh |ky\f iS |f ?Hk ]ywku
d w
f pfcck u
k kd awG.
csifawG.\r<f` tJ'g[m rdK.u pmzwfy\dowfuD: pdwf&ifpm:r<hf
owif:ygy`J
owif:\if:]rpf rsm:rsm:xm:yg?
'gayrJh owif:\if:]rpfaumif:]zpfygap
oifu
h kd vlawGu pdwu
f :l awG? tajumif:t\mawGukd a]ym]y
jur<f` 'Dowif:udk a\:zd.k twGuf vdt
k yfwhJ owif:tcsuftvuf
awGuv
kd nf: olw.dk u ay:wwfjuw<f` 'Dvkd owif:\if:]rpfawGqdk
8
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
wm r\Srd ]zpf vdt

k yfw<f` 'gayrJh ta\:uD:wmu owif:\if:]rpf
aumif: ]zpfzdk.ygyJ` rSefuefwJh? t\Sdudkt\Sdtwkdif:yJ a]ymwwfwJh?
bufrvku
d w
f wfwhJ owif:t\if:t]rpfawG [kwf r[kwq
f w
dk m ud<
k f
u pdppf\ygr<f` ud<
k u
fh kd olw.dk t\ifuay:wJh tajumif:tcsufawG
ua\m rSeu
f ef\.J vm:` 'Dval wGukd w]cm:olawGua\m <Hjk unfav:
pm:\J.vm:` tajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufv.kd xif]rifcsufay:kid af vmuf
wJh tqif\h \dS .J vm:` ud<
k u
fh kd vdraf ]ymp\m tajumif:a\m \Sad eovm:
qkw
d hJ tcsufawG ]zpfygw<f`
e<fy<fwpfct
k wGuf urf:usifwhJ owif:\if:]rpfawG \Sx
d m:
zd.k vnf: vdw
k <f` tJ'x
D rJ mS pD:yGm:a\:ynm\Siaf wG ygw<f` wu<f
vd.k ud<
k u
f pD:yGm:a\:owif:wpfy'k f a\:aew<f qkyd gawmh` tJ'rD mS
ud<
k ef m:rvnfwhJ a&g[m\ygvmw<fq\dk if olw.dk qD zke:f qufyD: ar:
kid w
f mayg`h
owif:\if:]rpfaumif:awG \Sv
d m\atmif vlawGe.J rjumcE
zke:f eJ.]zpfap? vlcsif:awG.yD:awmh ]zpfap pum:a]ymzk.d vdyk gw<f` ol
wk.d u ud<
k ef .J \if:S:D cifrifvm\if ud<
k u
fh <
dk jkH unfvmr<f` 'Dtcg ol
wk.d udk <Hjk unfxu
dk f rxdu
k q
f w
dk m ud<
k f odvmr<f`
owif:pmq\mwcsKd.u olw.dk owif:
vdu
k af ewJh e<fy<fxJ u tv<ftvwf tqifh
\SdwJh ykdKvfrsm:eJ. cifrif\if:SD:atmif aew<f`
tJ'v
D al wGqw
kd mu bmawG]zpfysufaew<fqw
dk hJ
t]zpfrSefudk wu<fodwJholawG` aemufyD:
twGif:a\:rSL:awGqkdwm owif:\if:]rpfaumif:
awG ]zpfdkifw<f` bmvdk.vJqkdawmh olwkd.u
t\m\Sd uD:awG bmvkyf aew<fqw
dk m odxm:wm
ajumifhygyJ` olwkd.u vluD:awGeJ. awG.qHk
ar:]ref:cGi\hf atmifvnf: vkyaf y:dik yf gw<f`
owif : pmq\maumif : [m ol w k d .
owif : awG t wG u f tcsuf tvuf a wG u d k
ae\mtrsm:uD : uae
pk a qmif : <l w <f `
wpfa<mufu a]ymwmudk aemufwpfa<muf
a]ymwmeJ.csdefxdk:yD: pdppf\w<f` 'grSr[kwf
w]cm:owif:\if:]rpf wpfcck q
k u
D ae xif]rifcsuf awmif:cHyD: a\:\if
udk<fhowif:[m ydkyD: ]ynfhpHkoGm:\w<f` tifef}sDtkd &efxrf:awG?
wUodv
k yf garmuQawGvkd urf:usifoal wGe.J a]ymqdak qG:aG:yg` t]zpf
ol.qDu aq:vdyft]yif
w]cm: tajumif:t\mawGyg
\dkifr<f`
IMMF2.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
tysufawGukd vufawG.cHpm:ae\wJh omref]ynfoal wGe.J vnf: awG.

qHyk g`
ud<
k o
fh wif:\if:]rpfawGqD rSerf eS q
f ufo<
G f yD: bmawG ]zpf
aeovJqw
dk mudk pl:prf:yg`
ta\S.awmiftm\S a'ou owif:pmq\mrsm:twGuf
owif:\if:]rpfwcsKd.udk atmufrmS azmf]yvku
d yf gw<f`
owif:xkw]f yefcsufrsm:?
tpd:k \|k:H rsm:?
\JXmeeJ.aq:|kr
H sm:?
di
k if w
H umat}sifprD sm:?
oHwrefrsm:?
tife}
f sDtrdk sm:?
pD:yGm:a\:vkyi
f ef:rsm:eJ. vkyif ef:toif:tyif:rsm:?
ausmif:rsm:?
owif:vm? rZif:? owif:pm? tifwmeuf?
]ynfwi
G :f ]ynfy|kyo
f ?H a\'D<kd owif:xkwv
f i chf sufrsm:?
a:ol a:om:rsm:`
owif:\if:]rpfpm\if: xm:\Sdyg
ud<
k o
hf wif:pm:yJaG y;rSm pepfwus pkaqmif:xm:wJh owif:
\if:]rpf pm\if:udk xm:\Sda\:[m ta\:uD:wJh tcsufyg` udk<fh
owif:\if:]rpfawGqu
D vdypf muwfukd t]rJawmif:<lyg` tJ'u
D wfawG
udk pm:yJGay;u bl:xJrSm xnhfxm:\ygr<f` w<fvDzkef:vrf:ef?
tpd:k \Xme? pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:eJ. tife}f sDtt
dk zJ.G tpnf: vrf:epf mtkyf
awGvnf: \S\d r<f` rjumcEqko
d vdk ud<
k u
f wpfa<mufa<mufukd
csufcsif: qufo<
G af r:]ref:\wwfwmrsKd:awG \Srd <f` tJ't
D cgusrS em
rnfe.J vdypf mawG \Sm\if:eJ. tcsdeu
f ek w
f mrsKd: r]zpfygapeJ.`
10
IMMF2.pmd
10
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH
tcef: (3)
owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH
owif:OD:Sifhowif:aqmif:yg:
owif:awGudk ta]ccH tm:]zifh
SpfrsKd:Spfpm: cJG]cm:xm:ygw<f` yxr
wpfrsKd:u owif:OD: ]zpfyD: \Hzef\Hcg
puf\yf owif: vd.k vnf: ac;juygw<f`
aemufwpfrsKd: ukd awmh owif: aqmif:yg:
vd.k ac;w<f`
owif:OD:qkw
d mu t]zpf tysuf
wpf c k u d k csuf c sif : owif : a\:om:
wif]y\wmrsKd:yg` rD:avmifwm? tpk:d \u
ajunmcsufwpf\yf xkw]f yefwm? w\m:|k:H
utrd e f . csrS w f w m?
emrnf a usmf
wpfa<muf tdwpf af \m}ge.J aoqH:k oGm:wm po]zifah yg`h
owif:aqmif:yg:awGuawmh ]zpf]zpfcsi:f a\:om:zk.d odyrf vdk
ygb:l ` 'Dowif:a\:om:csuaf wGu pmzwfou
l kd t]zpftysuf tajumif:
today:|kHomru 'Dvdk]zpfaewJh taetxm:? tajumif:w\m:udk
ydk yD:eufeuf|KdS if:|SKd if: awG:qdik af tmifyg vkyaf y:ygw<f` 'g rSr[kwf
zwf v k d . aumif : atmif a\:om:wif q uf j uw<f ` owif : OD : u
t]zpftysufudk wJw
h :dk azmf]yw<f` owif:aqmif:yg:uawmh tJ't
D ]zpf
tysufukd \Si:f ]yay:w<f`
owif:aqmif:yg:trsm:pku vlpw
d &f ifpm:wJh tajumif:t\m
awG ]zpfwwfw<f` Oyrm [dKG ifrdK.awmfrmS tdwpf af \m}g ysH.S.H ae
w<f? [dKG ifrdK.awmfrmS q\m&efwpfa<mufu tdwpf af \m}g wku
d f
zsufa\:udk OD:aqmifaew<fqdkwJh vlrSKa\:udpPrsKd:awGaygh` owif:
aqmif:yg:rsm:[m vlwpfa<muf\.J vkyaf qmifcsuf? 'grrS [kwf ae\m
a'owpfc\k .J cHpm:\csufawGukd azmf]yay:ygw<f`
'Dowif:aqmif:yg:awGu owif:OD:awGxuf ydk yD: eufw<f`
owif:aqmif:yg:wpfy'k f a\:zd.k qk\d if owif:axmuf[m \uftawmf
f l
jumatmif vlawGukd awG.qHak r:]ref:? okawoeawGvyk f yD: tcsde<
a\:om:ju\wmyg`
ppfom:rsm:eJh tusOf:om:rsm:
tajumif:u ta\:uD:
owif:OD: wpfy'k f
]zpfdkifw<f`
11
IMMF2.pmd
11
6/2/2547, 23:41
tzGifhSifhpmudk<f
owif:tyk'w
f idk :f rSm t"du tpdwt
f ydik :f Spcf k yg&ifygw<f`
yxrydik :f u tzGifh vd.k ac;avh\w
dS hJ owif:tppmyd'k f ]zpfygw<f`
owif:wpfyk'f\J. usefwJhtydkif:udkawmh pmudk<f vdk.ac;ygw<f`
owif:trsm:pkrSm wif]ycsifwJh t"duausm|kd:wpfck ygavh\Sdw<f`
tzGiehf .J pmud<
k f pS cf pk vH:k u tJ'aD usm|k:d eJ. quf<
G af e\ygr<f`
owif:OD: owif:pmyk'af wGrmS tzGiphf myd'k [
f m t]rJ&guswpf
ajumif:wnf:yJ a\:avh\ydS gw<f` tJ't
D zGix
hf rJ mS 'Dowif:\J. tajumif:
\if:eJ. tJ'x
D rJ mS ygwJh ta\:tuD:qH:k tcsufawGukd azmf]y\ygr<f`
tzGiahf umif:awG[m pmzwfoal wG\.J tm|ku
H kd trdt\ zrf:<likd f yD: tJ'D
owif:udk qufzwf]zpfomG :atmif pGr:f aqmifikd yf gw<f`
pmud<
k x
f rJ mS u tzGix
fh rJ mS ygwhJ tajumif:t\mawGukd quf
yD: \Si:f ]yoGm:wmyg` tJ'grmS tao:pdwt
f csuftvufawG? a]ympum:
aumufw
k cf sufawGe.J 'Dtajumif:t\meJ. quf<
G af ewJh aemufcH
tajumif:\if:awG yg\Sd w<f` ta\:uD:wJh tajumif:t\mawGudk
owif:\J.tpydik :f rSma\:yD: odyt
f a\:ruD:wmawGukd aemufyikd :f rSm xm:
a\:oGm:\ygw<f`
owif:OD:aumif:wpfy'k u
f kd atmufrmS azmf]yvdu
k yf gw<f`
\Si:f vif:rSK? pum:toH:k tSKef: |d:k pif:rSKeJ. owif:tcsuftvufawG udk
tpDtpOfusus a\:om:csufawGukd }|kpu
kd jf unhyf g`
uam'D:<m:txnfcsKyfvkyfom:rsm:
tusyftwnf: juHKae\
zGr:f yif? uam'D:<m: (atyD) - tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk
wGif pD:yGm:a\:wH.k qkid :f rSKajumihf uam'D:<m:dik if w
H iG f onfpS f
<cktcsdeftxd txnfcsKyfpuf|kH tenf:qHk: 12 |kH <m<D
yd w f v d k u f \ yD ] zpf a jumif :
ul : oef : a\mif : &<f a \:&ef uD :
csefy\mqd'u
f <refae.u a]ymjum:onf`
avmavmq<fwiG f tvkyo
f rm: 3000 ausmf tvkyrf S
<m<D\yfqidk :f xm:\yD: ta]ctae wk:d wuf rvmygu aemufxyf
tvky]f yKwfjuvdrOfh :D rnf[k olua]ymonf`
xdk.]yif txnfcsKyftvkyf|kH 200 cef.u tcsdefydkudk
avmhcsvdkufo]zifh tqkdif:Spfqkdif:rS wpfqkdif:yJ]zpfoGm:\m
12
IMMF2.pmd
12
6/2/2547, 23:41
tvkyform:trsm:t]ym:onf tvkyfcsdefem\D avsmhenf:oGm:

\ajumif:vnf: &efuD:u a]ym]yonf`
tar\du]ynfaxmifprk mS ]zpfaewJh pD:yGm:a\:]yemawG
ay;rSm uefawmfwkd.qDu puf|kHydkif\SifawGa\m? tvkyform:
awGuyg tvGepf :kd \draf ejuygw<f [k olu a]ymonf`
uam'D:<m: dik if H txnfcsKyfvyk if ef:wGif vl 200000
tvkkyfvkyfukdifaejuyD: wpfOD:vif wpfv ysrf:r a';vm 40
cef . \\S d o nf ` csKyf x nf 80 \mck d i f S K ef : ausmf u d k tar\d u
]ynfaxmifpo
k .kd wify.kd a\mif:cs\onf`
<cktcg Sp&f ufusKd:oGm:yD ]zpfaomf]im: uam'D:<m:u
tar\du]ynfaxmifpo
k .dk Sppf Ofwify.kd aeus cJw
G rf:yrmE> 40
\mckid f KS ef:udyk if r]ynhrf aD o:ajumif: &efuD:ua]ymygonf` <ref
Spf uqkv
d if ZGet
f ukeu
f wnf:u tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk twGuf
cJw
G rf:udk t]ynft
h &eD:yg: wify.kd cJh yD:]zpfajumif: olu a]ymygonf`
owif:aqmif:yg:awGuawmh
ydkyD: vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa\:vdk. \yg
w<f` a\:enf:awGvnf: trsm:uD:
ygy`J
owif : aqmif : yg:qk d w mu
t]zpf t ysuf w pf c k u d k ]zpf ] zpf c sif :
a\:om: wif]ywmrsKd: r[kww
f t
hJ wGuf
ta\: tuD:qH:k tcsufukd owif:tprSm
wef:yD: a]ymp\mrvdkygbl:` tzGifhu
vl w pf a <muf ? ae\mwpf a e\m?
'grS r [k w f w]cm:tajumif : t\m
wpfcck ek .J pmzwfwo
hJ l odcsifvmatmif
qJ G a qmif oG m :\ygr<f ` 'gayrJ h pmyd k ' f a]cmuf y d k ' f a vmuf
a\mufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh 'Daqmif:yg:\J. t"du tajumif: t\mudk
pmzwfoo
l ad tmif azmf]y\rSm ]zpfygw<f`
atmufrmS owif:aqmif:yg:aumif:wpfy'k u
f kd azmf]yay:xm:
ygw<f` aqmif:yg:\J. tp? tv<f? tqH:k udk aocsmpGm pOf:pm:yD:
csdwq
f uf rdrd a\:om:xm:yHu
k dk owd]yKyg` 'gt
h ]yif a]ympum: aumuf
kwcf suaf wGe.J o|kyaf zmftzJ.G tJ.G awG xdxrd rd \d ydS u
kH v
kd nf: rSwo
f m:yg`
a'ocHawGtajumif:udk
xnhfa\:]cif:tm:]zihf
owif:u ydk]yD:touf&if
vmr<f`
13
IMMF2.pmd
13
6/2/2547, 23:41
Spo
f pfu:l ae.rSm AD<uferfrS zdeyfwu
dk o
f rm:i<f\.J
aysmfp\mrJhb&
[dGKif? AD<uferf (atyD) - 'ifAefwltef (16 Spf) onf
Spo
f pfu:l ae. tajumif:udk b<faomtcgurS rjum:zl:cJah cs`
ol.tae]zifh xrif:wpfeyfpmtwGuf edp"P &l \SmazGae\csdew
f iG f
[dGKifrdK.awmf wpfcGif yJhwif|kdufcwfaeaom rD:|SL:rD:yef:
azmuforH sm:u ol.udk ajumuftm:yif ydak pcJyh gonf`
reuf a pmapmrS m ol u atyD o wif : Xme|k H : a\S . od k .
a\muf v monf ` }d w f w H c g:oH w d k i f r sm:ud k vuf S p f z uf ] zif h
qkyu
f ikd \f if: oHwidk af wG jum:rSm oem:pzG<f rsufmS i<fav:Sihf
yHpk rH mS w]cm:uav:i<frsm:Sihf uGm]cm:vGe:f vSonf` t&wftpm:
rsm:u npfGrf:aeonf (TwpfywfGrf: txnfrsm:udkrl olu
&<f<cl ]hJ cif:]zpfyD: ol.rSm onfwpfpykH J \Syd gonf`) uav:i<fu
|SL:zdeyfrsm: wku
d af y:yg\ap[k awmif:yef wk:d vKd:aeygonf`
ao:ao:nufnuf]zpfaom wltefudk 9 Spf? 10 Spf
om:[k xifp\m ]zpfygonf` od.k aomf olu pD:u\ufwpfvyd u
f kd
aomufaeonf` olu ar:cGef:trsm:pkukd rsufarSmifuav:
juKwfum vlomG : pujurf:cif:udk iH.k junh\f if: ]yefa]zyD: tqH:k Y
|SL:zdeyfwu
dk pf \m \Sd ovm:[lI xyfar:vmonf` aqmif:\moDcsed f
[dKG ifrdK.awmfwiG f azmufonfrsm:udk wpfae. 11 em\D jumonf
xd vS n f h v nf \ S m azG \ aomajumif h rjumcEqk d o vd k y if
ol.a]caxmufrsm: temw\ ]zpf\onf`
Spo
f pfu:l ae.wGif owif:axmufwpfa<mufu &<fay:
onfh rke.f wpfck iS hf vrf:oGm:vrf:vmrsm:u pGe.f juJcahJ om a\udyk J
ol pm:aomufc\hJ onf`
'Duae. usKyfrmS pm:p\m\Sw
d <f? reuf]zefus\if \Scd sifrS
\SdrSm? wpfae.us\ifawmh ydkufqHaumif:aumif: \Smdkifvmr<f
xifwmyJ? tJ't
D cgus\if azazeJ. ararudk ydu
k q
f aH wGay:r<f?
um:wpfpD:eJ. tdrfwpfvHk:&<fyD: aowJhtxd aumif:aumif:
aeoGm:r<f [k olu a]ymonf`
wltefonf q<fausmo
f uf qif:\Jom:uav:i<frsm:xJrS
wpfa<muf]zpfonf` olw.dk u zdeyfwu
kd yf pPn:f rsm:udk opfom:bl:
uav:rsm:]zifh xnfho<fum rdK.v<faumif x\eftefa'gif:
vrf:rwpfavmuf pm:aomufqikd rf sm:? bm:qkid rf sm:? ukrE
|D :Hk
14
IMMF2.pmd
14
6/2/2547, 23:41
rsm:Sifh dkifiH]cm:oH|kH:rsm:wGif zdeyfwkdufrnfholrsm:udk vkdufvH

\SmazGaewwfonf`
olwkd.u AD<uferfdkifiH> vGwfvyfaom a:uGuf
pD:yGm:a\: ]yK]yifa]ymif:vJrKS ajumifh ay;xGe:f vmonfh ukeo
f nf
vlwef:pm:opfukd vku
d \f mS juonf` xdo
k rl sm:u |d:k \myvwfpwpf
nyfzdeyfrsm: rpD:awmhbJ om:a\|SL:zdeyfrsm:udk pD:vmjuonf`
Shoeshine (zdeyfwu
fdk w
f <f)? Shoeshine qko
d nfrmS olw.dk
a]ymwwfonhf wpfceG :f wnf:aom t}Fvyd pf um: ]zpfygonf`
wltefuo
hJ .dk aom uav:tawmfrsm:rsm:onf qif:\Jusyf
wnf:onfh aus:vufv<fcif:rsm:rSaeI [dGKifodk. wufvm
juonf` olwkd.wpfawGonf ae.pOfyif vrf:rrsm:ay;rSmom
tcsdeu
f ek af eju\yD: olw.dk udk qH:k rrnf?h Spo
f rd afh zsmif:zsay:rnf?h
<kwpf t
G qH:k Spo
f pfu:l vufaqmifuav: ay:rnfh vluD:olr
[lI r\Sad cs`
wltefonf <cktcg touf 15 Sp\f dS yD ]zpfaom oli<f
csif:wpfa<mufiS t
hf wl rdK.ok.d a\muf\v
dS mum vrf:rrsm:ay;
avmuf oGm:aecJjh uonf` yxrydik :f rSm ol juHa\mif:yD: aemufyikd :f
wGif tar\d uef qifh 30 r]zifh zdeyfwu
dk af q:bl: wpfb:l &<f<l
vdu
k o
f nf`
wltefu olonf rdbrsm:Sifh tquftoG<f\SdaeyD:
rdbawGu tdrf]yefvmapcsifajumif: a]ym]yonf` odk.aomf
rdom:pku qif:\JveG :f o]zifh ol.taeSihf r]yefikd [
f k qdyk gonf`
[kdif[ef]ynfe<fwGif rnfolr |SL:zdeyfrpD:o]zihf ol.rSm
zdeyfwu
dk o
f nft
h vkyf \dik rf nf r[kwaf cs`
olu Spf pS yf J ausmif:aecJ\h o]zifh pmvnf: ra\:wwf?
rzwfwwf` aumuf|:dk ? a\mfbm]ym:? a\mfbmvH:k uav:rsm:]zifh
vkyx
f m:aom t]zpfabmvH:k av:udk uef]cif:rSvI
GJ olu rupm:
oavmufyif`
wltefonf tcef:Spcf ef:yg tdrw
f pfv:kH wGif w]cm: vl 20
Sit
hf wl wpf\ufvif 5 qifch ef.ay:yD: tdyo
f nf` vltrsm:pku
vrf:avmufa:onfrsm:yJ ]zpfygonf` tdrfrSm tdrfomr\Sdyg`
x\eftefa'gif: vrf:odk.a\mufatmif wltefu wpfem\Djum
vrf:avmufvm\yD: t]yefudkvnf: naeydkif:rSm wpfem\Djum
avmuf\]yefonf` olu reuf 6 em\Dqkdvif vrf:ay;udk
xGuv
f myD`
15
IMMF2.pmd
15
6/2/2547, 23:41
zdeyfwu
dk cf ikd :f ol wpfa<mufpu
D ol.udk tar\duef 11
qif h eD : yg:pD ay:oG m :avh \ S d yD : uH a umif : onh f a e.rsm:wG i f
zdeyfwu
dk o
f l Spaf <muf? oH:k a<muf \wwfonf` vrf:ay;rSm
zdeyfwu
dk o
f nhf uav:i<fawG rsm:onfxuf rsm:vmaomajumifh
ol . tae]zih f yd k u f q H \S m \cuf v monf ` S p f o pf u l : ae.
naecif:a\mufvmcsed t
f xd ol.udak r:]ref:csio
f nhf owif:axmuf
wpfa<mufuykd J azmufonf\cJo
h nf`
olu a]ymp\m bmrSr\S[
d k cH<x
l m:\um: wltefukd pum:
a]ymvmatmif vky\f onfrmS rvG<yf g` olu zdeyfwu
dk b
f :l ay;rSm
xkdifaeonf` nmbufyg:ay;rSm zkefawGSifh rnf:aeonf`
aygaygyJ y J yvwf p wpf n y f z d e yf u d k pD : xm:yD : vrf : u
oJawGzek af wGajumifh a]c axmufrsm:uvnf: rnf:wl:aeygonf`
rD:|SL:rD:yef: ypfazmuforH sm:u vrf:wpfcv
k :kH odro
hf rd w
hf ek o
f mG :\m
ol u xd w f v ef . wjum:]zif h em: rvnf d k i f p G m aemuf u d k
vSnjhf unhv
f u
kd af vonf`
tzGiphf myd'k rf sm:? owif:OD:eJ. owif:aqmif:yg: zJ.G pnf:yHrk sm:
tajumif:udk tcef: (8) eJh tcef: (9) wdk.rSm ydkyD: ]ynhf]ynhfpHkpHk
aqG:aG:ygOD:r<f`
b a]cmufv:kH
owif:tm:vHk:rSm tc\muswJh ar:cGef:awGudk a]zyD:om:
]zpf\r<f` tJ'aD r:cGe:f awGukd b a]cmufv:kH vd.k ac;ygw<f`
b<fo-l owif:xJrmS b<foyl g&ifywfoufaeovJ`
bm]zpf- ta\:uD:wm? pdw&f ifpm:p\m bm]zpfovJ`
b<fae\m- b<frmS ]zpfwmvJ`
b<ftcsde-f b<ftcsdew
f ek :f u ]zpfwmvJ`
bmhajumifh - bmhajumifh 'Dv]kd zpf\wmvJ`
b<fvkd - b<fvkd ]zpf\wmvJ`
wpfckck ]zpfw<fqkd\if vltm:vHk:u tJ'Dar:cGef:awGudkyJ
ar:wwfjuw<f` 'D b a]cmufv:kH eJ. r]ynhpf b
kH :l qk\d if tJ'o
D wif:
[m ]ynhpf w
kH hJ owif:wpfy'k f ]zpfrvmdik b
f :l ` &g\ifh owif:axmuf
16
IMMF2.pmd
16
6/2/2547, 23:41
awGawmifrS olw.dk \J. owif:awGukd 'Dtcsuf awGe.J

csdex
f :kd junh\f avh \Sw
d <f` owif:OD:awGrmS 'D b
a]cmufvHk:udk owif:\J. tzGifhrSm azmf]y wwf
juw<f`
t}F v d y f b momeJ . xk w f a &wJ h bef
aumuf y d k . pf owif : pmu owif : wpf y k ' f u k d
junh\f atmif`
roefrpGrf:olrsm:upm:yJG?
[Gmrmhcu
f pm:|kH uD:wGif vlaygif: \mcsDydKify&GJ if
vlwidk :f rSm a]ymp\m ud<

k pf D
\Sjd uayr<hf owif:t]zpf
azmf]y avmuf\J.vm:`
22 ud r f a ]rmuf trsKd : om: roef r pG r f : ol r sm:

a]y:ckefypfydKifyJGudk [Gmrmhcf tm:upm:|kHuD:wGif <refae.u
pwifusif:y\m tm:upm:ydKifyJG 17 rsKd:Y tm:upm:orm:
\mSichf sDI yg&if<OS f ydKifcjhJ u onf`
tm:upm:yJGudk tdrfa\S.rif:om: r[m &g}sD\m avmifuGef
ud<
k pf m: rif:om:> orD:]zpfol trfpD oD\&d Ef&g\:D r[D':kd vfu
tcrf:tem:]zifh zGiv
hf pS af y:cho
J nf`
ydKifyJG&if tm:upm:orm:rsm:xJrSaeI <ckSpftwGif:
rav:\S m :d k i f i H w G i f usif : yrnh f tmqD < H t m:upm:yd K if y J G S i f h
ud\k :D <m:dik if w
H iG f usif:yrnhf tufzt
f :D tufpyf t
D idk pf D (FESPIC)
ydKifyrGJ sm:twGuf dik if v
hH ufa\G:pifrsm:udk a\G:cs<frnf]zpfajumif:
xd k i f : d k i f i H roef rpG r f : ol r sm:tm:upm:toif : csKyf OU
'kw<
d Adv
k cf sKyfuD: yDqm:vf &yfwem&Efu\D d u a]ymonf`
ydKifyrGJ sm:udk jumoyaw:ae.txd usif:yrnf]zpfyD: &if
aju: tcrJ]h zpfonf`
'Dowif:rSm b<folvJ (roefrpGrf:tm:upm:orm:awG?
trfpD oD\&d Ef&g\:D r[D':kd vf? 'kw<
d Adv
k cf sKyfuD: yDqm:vf &yfwem
&Efu\D )d ? bm]zpfwmvJ (roefrpGr:f tm:upm:orm:rsm:\J. 22 udrf
a]rmuf tm:upm:ydKifyzGJ iG v
hf pS w
f m)? b<fae\mrSmvJ (befaumufrmS \Sd
wJh [Gmrmhcftm:upm:|kHuD:rSm)? b<ftcsdefuvJ (rae.u) qkdwJh
tcsufawG ygwm awG.\ygr<f` bmhajumif?h b<fvq
kd w
kd muawmh 'D
owif:rSm rvkt
d yfwt
hJ wGuf rygygb:l `
17
IMMF2.pmd
17
6/2/2547, 23:41
befaumufy.kd pfuyJ aemufxyfowif:wpfy'k u

f dk junhyf gO:D `
w\wfwiG f "mwftm:]ywfawmuf
w\wf-rk:d uD:aomajumifh ]ynfe<fwpf&ef:wGif we}FaGae.nu
"mwftm: ]ywfawmufc\hJ onf`
a\pD:jurf:aomajumifh t]rpfr]S yKwfxu
G v
f monfh &g:vH:k
rsm:u acgiq
f rfrif:c|dik ?f qefoef|KGd if|:l \Sd Ad.k tm:]rihf "mwftm:
vkid :f rsm:tm: &ifa\mufwu
dk cf u
dk rf o
d ]zifh we}FaGae.n 10 em\DrS
<refae. eHeuf 5 em\Dtcsed t
f xd vyfppfr:D ]ywfawmuf cJ\h onf`
ykpeG af rG:uefrsm:Sihf tat:cef:odak vSmif|rHk sm:rSwpfyg: ]ynf
e<fwiG :f \Sd w]cm:vkyif ef:rsm:tae]zifh "mwftm: ]ywf awmuf
rSKajumifh vkyif ef:xdcu
dk ]f cif:rsKd: r\Scd ahJ jumif: w\wf"mwftm:Xme
refae}sm qef oGe:f csefqeG :f u a]ymonf`
'Dowif:rSm bm]zpfwmvJ ("mwftm:]ywfawmufwm)? b<f
ae\mrSmvJ (]ynfe<fwpf&ef:eJ. qefoef|dGKif|l:rSm)? b<ftcsdefvJ
(we}FaGae.u)? bmhajumifv
h J (rk:d uD:vd.k )? b<fv]dk zpfwmvJ (&g:vH:k
awGu "mwftm:vdkif:awGudk &ifwkdufrdvkd.) qkdwJhtcsufawG yg&if
w<f` b<foal wGvq
J w
dk mu tJ']D ynfe<frmS aexkid v
f yk u
f ikd af eol
awGe.J "mwftm:Xme refae}smwd.k ]zpfygw<f`
tckwpfcg uam'D:<m: bmompum:eJ. xkwaf &wJh zGr:f
yif owif:pmu owif:tpydifk :f udk avhvmjunh\f atmif`
cef'efyif? qefcufq\mcswf\dS zGr:f yif bk\m:ausmif:teD:
d|k 'dk rf\yd o
f mvrf:ay;\Sd ]ynfo.l vkyif ef:rsm:Sio
hf <f<yl .kd aqmifa\:
&efuD:XmetaqmufttHkydKuscJh\m ]yif:xefpGm 'Ef\m\\Sdol
oH:k OD:tygt&if vl ckepfO:D xdcu
dk 'f Ef\m \\So
d mG :onf`
]ynfo.l vkyif ef:rsm:Sihf o<f<yl .kd aqmifa\: &efuD:Xme
twGif:&ef rpPwm tkcfcsef:> tqkdt\ TtaqmufttHkrSm
&efuD: acwkid v
f ifr>
f tpnf:ta&:cef:r]zpfyD: 2001 rwf 23?
aomjumae. reuf 8:30 wGif ydKuscJ]h cif:]zpfonf`
owif:u aemufxyfenf:enf: usefygao:w<f` 'gayrJh
'Ef\m\wm b<foal wGvJ qkw
d m vH:k &rygb:l ` tJ'g tvkyo
f rm:
18
IMMF2.pmd
18
6/2/2547, 23:41
awGvm:? atmufu]zwfomG :]zwfvm vlawGvm:? a<musfm:awGvm:?

rde:f rawGvm:? uav:awGvm: rod\bl:` od\oru tzGirhf mS ygwm
av:avmufyJ\Sdw<f` owif:a\:olu 'DtaqmufttHkuD:ukd bm
twGuo
f :kH w<f? oufwrf:b<favmuf\dS yD? yD:awmh 'Dvkd ydKuscsderf mS
tpnf:ta&:om vkyaf ecJ\h if b<fv]kd zpfr<fqw
kd mawGuykd J a\:xm:
ygw<f` olu 'Ef\m\ol ckepfa<mufudk vH:k &arhxm:yD: tJ'x
D rJ mS
tqif]h rift
h \m\Sd uD:awG rygwmukyd J uHaumif:w<f\<fv.kd tav:ay:
azmf]ywJh oabm oufa\mufaeygw<f`
tck AD<uferf owif:pmwpfapmifu owif:wpfy'k u
f kd xyf
junhyf gOD:`
pufb:D orm:SpOf :D xkid :f kid if u

H ydKifyrGJ mS
}smqD&grsm:tdkif\\Sd
pufb:D orm:SpOf :D ]zpfaom a[mifoo
D ef:wrfiS hf ik<iferf
uyfw.dk onf xkid :f dik if pH ufb:D ydKiyf w
GJ iG f }smqD&grsm:udk tdik \f \Scd o
hJ nf`
a[mifoDoef:w\efu ti<fwef:ydKifyJGwGif yxrqk
}smqD&gukd qGwcf :l cJo
h nf` ik<iferfuyfu trsKd:om:dik if w
H um
ydKifyrGJ mS }smqD&gukd tdik \f cJ]h cif:]zpfonf`
xkdif:dkifiHwGif usif:y]yKvkyfaom <if:ydKifyJGY xkdif:?
OZbufupPwwef? zdvpfyikd ?f a[mifaumif? rav:\Sm:? AD<uferf
Sihf ud\k :D <m:orRwdik if w
H .kd rS pufb:D orm: 145 OD: &ifa\muf
<SOf ydKifco
hJ nf`
olw.dk u trsKd:om:? trsKd:orD: ti<fwef:ydKifyrGJ sm:Sihf
trsK:d om:dik if w
H um ydKiyf rGJ sm:wGif yg&if<OS f ydKicf jhJ u]cif: ]zpfonf`
pufbD:ydKifyJGemrnfu bmvJ` 'DydKifyJGu
t"duydKifyGJ uD: wpfcv
k m:` }smqD&g qkw
d m bmvJ`
uDvdkrDwm b<favmufc\D:udk ydKif\wmvJ` yJGudk
b<fae.u vkycf w
hJ mvJ` xkid :f dik if x
H u
J b<fae\m rSm
vkyw
f mvJ` bmqkawG csD:]rio
fh vJ`
'Dowif:udk udk<fu AD<uferfowif:pm
wpfapmiftwGuf a\:\w<fqkdygpkd.` pmzwfolawGudk
AD < uf e rf p uf b D : orm: S p f a <muf \ J . tajumif : ud k
ra]ym]yoifhbl:vm:` olwkd.\J.aemufcHeJ. touft\G<f? AD<uferf
ol wu<fwrf: bmudk
tdik \f cJh ovJ`
19
IMMF2.pmd
19
6/2/2547, 23:41
dik if x
H u
J b<fae\mu qkw
d mawGuakd yg`h yD:awmh emrnfpmvH:k aygi:f
wrf eJ. w\ef rwlwmudv
k nf: owdxm:junfh yg`
'Dawmh bm]zpfvJ
b a]cmufv:kH vdyk J ta\:uD:wmu 'Dawmhbm]zpfvJ qkd
wmyJ` ud<
k u
f awmh pmzwfoal wGudk owif:awGa\:]yw<f` 'gayrJh
olw.dk u igw.dk 'Dowif:awG odz.kd vd\k .J vm:qkw
d mukyd g odcsifjuw<f`
'Dowif:udk zwfv.dk igbmtusKd:\Srd mS vJv.kd ar:cGe:f xkww
f wfjuw<f`
'Dawmh ud<
k u
f pmzwfou
l kd owif:tcsuftvufawG ay:|ko
H ufouf
wifru 'Dowif:\J. xl:]cm:csufaf wGuykd g \Si:f ]yay:\r<f`
owif:pmq\mawG[m rjumcEqko
d vdyk J |SKyfaxG:wJh dik if H
a\: ta]ctae vwfwavm wk:d wufrKS tajumif:udk a\:om:wif]y
wwfjuayr<fh tJ'Dwkd:wufrSKtajumif:udkawmh r\Sif:]yjubl:` 'grS
r[kwf olw.dk u bufaygi:f pHu
k pGypf aGJ ]ymjum:csufawGukd t]ynft
h pHk
a\:om:azmf]yayr<fh 'Dt]iif:yGm:rSKudpu
P bmajumihf ta\:uD:\wm
vJ qkw
d mudak wmh r\Si:f ]yjubl:`
owif:a\:r<fq\kd if ud<
k u
fh <
kd u
f kd t]rJar:\rSmu
a]ymqkcd sufe.J vkyaf qmifcsufawG tm:vH:k t]yif wu<f

ta\:uD:wm bm\Sv
d `J
'D]zpfay; wk:d wufrKS u igph mzwfy\dowfuD:twGuf b<fvkd
tusKd:\Sd ikd rf vJ qkw
d mygy`J
wu<fv.kd pmzwfoal wGtaeeJ. pdw&f ifpm:rSK \Srd mS r[kwf

bl:vd.k xif\if tJ'o
D wif:[m a\:avmufwhJ owif:r[kwyf gb:l `
'Dtcef:rSm uam'D:<m:dik if u
H txnfcsKyf tvky|f aHk wG
ydwv
f u
kd w
f hJ tajumif: azmf]yxm:wJh a\S.ydik :f u erlemrSm 'kw<
d pmyd'k f
u 'Dawmhbm]zpfvJ qkw
d mudk ta]zay:xm:ygw<f`
f rm: 3000 ausmfukd tvkyrf S
<m<D\yfqidk :f xm:\yD: ta]ctae rwk:d wufvmygu aemufxyf
tvky]f yKwfjuvdrOfh :D rnf[k olu a]ymonf`
20
IMMF2.pmd
20
6/2/2547, 23:41
qufpyfrKS tpOfiS hf aemufco

H rkid :f
pmzwfoltaeeJ. udk<hf owif:udk em:vnfdkifzdk.twGuf
w]cm:tcsuftvufawGuv
kd nf: odz.kd vkt
d yfw<fqw
dk mudk rarhyge.J `
oift
h aeeJ. owif:xJrmS qufpyfrKS taeeJ. aemufco
H rkid :f udk tusOf:
csKyfyD: xnfhoGif:azmf]yay:\ygr<f`
qufpyfrSKtpOf qkdwmu vuf\Sd
a<bk<sta]ctaeeJ. t]zpf tysuf
opfw.dk \J. quf<
G af ewmudk qkv
d kd yg
w<f `
aemuf c H o rk d i f : uawmh
'D]zpf\yfe.J quf<
G af ewJh twdwf u
]zpf y suf c J h w J h tajumif : t\mud k
qkdvdkwmyg` Oyrmqkdygpdk.? udk<f u
tpdk:\\J. pD:yGm:a\:rl&g'opfwpf\yf
tajumif:udk a\:r<fq\dk if tpd:k \[m
w]cm:aom ta\S.awmif tm\SdkifiH
rsm:\J . pD : yG m :a\:zH G . zd K :rS K S K ef : ud k
trD v d k u f k d i f a tmif ud K :pm: wm
]zpfajumif: ('gu qufpyfrKS tpOf)
pmwpfydk'feJ. tpdk:\\J. <cifu pD:yGm:a\:rl&g' (aemufcHorkdif:)
pmwpfy'dk u
f kd xnhaf \:ay:\ygr<f`
t}Fvyd b
f momeJ. xkwaf &wJh Vietnam Investment Review
pmapmifu ta\S.Oa\myrSm aexdik af ewJh AD<uferfvrl sKd:awG Xmaeukd
]yefvmr<fq\dk if [dKG ifrdK.awmfrmS tdr\f ma:SKef:awG ]rifw
h ufvmdik f
wJt
h ajumif:udk aqG:aG:]yxm:ygw<f` tJ'x
D rJ mS aemufct
H ajumif:udk
vnf: tckvkd xnfah \:xm:ygw<f`
tajumif:t\mwcsKd.u
trsm:wumxuf
xl:]cm:wwfygw<f`
1990 ]ynfhvGefSpfrsm:u <cifta\S.}smreDkdifiHrS

AD<uferf tvkyform:rsm: tpkvdkuft]yHKvdkuf ]yefvmjuyD:
[dKG ifwiG f tdr&f <fju\m tdraf ]ra:rsm: Spq
f wufomG :cJ\h onf`
od.k aomf 1990 ]ynfv
h eG af Smif:ydik :f od.k a\mufvm aomtcg
wGifrl ]ynfawmf]yefrsm:? dkifiH]cm:om:rsm:Sifh [dGKifolaX:
vufopfrsm: uJo
h .kd tdr\f mopf&<f<o
l rl sm:twGuf \nf\<
G u
f m
[dKG ift:kd tdrf aqmufvyk af \:vkyif ef:rsm:wGif tvkt<uf \if:S:D
vkyu
f ikd v
f mju\m &<fvt
kd m:xuf tdr\f mrsm:u ydv
k HvmcJo
h nf`
21
IMMF2.pmd
21
6/2/2547, 23:41
'Dawmhbm]zpfvJ qkw
d mudk urf:usifvrd mR pGm qufpyfazmf
]yxm:wJh atyDowif:wpfyk'fudk azmf]yyghr<f` 'Dawmhbm]zpfvJ
(pmyd'k f 1-2)? aemufco
H rkid :f (pmyd'k f 1) eJ. qufpyfrKS tpOf (pmyd'k f
3-4) wk.d udk awG.\ygr<f`
[d k d k v l v l (atyD ) - 1997-1998 ck S p f tm\S p D : yG m :a\:
tusyftwnf: umvuvdk t]zpfrsKd:Sijhf uHK\vif 4if:dik if rH sm:oH:k
aiG a ju:rsm: wnf id r f a pa\:twG u f tar\d u ef a ';vm
oef : axmif c sD yD : csuf c sif : xk w f a cs:\ef }syef S i f h xd k i f : ?
awmifu:kd \D:<m:? rav:\Sm:dik if rH sm: oabmwl nDcjhJ uonf`
tqkdygdkifiHrsm:tae]zihf umha:uGufwGif |kwf]cnf:
xdckdufoGm:ygu oabmwlnDcsuft\ pkpkaygif: xdkif:dkifiHodk.
a';vm oef: 3000? awmifu:kd \D:<m:od.k a';vmoef: 2000 Sihf
rav:\Sm:ok.d a'; vm oef: 1000 udk xkd ikd if rH sm:oH:k aiGaju:rsm:
wnfidrfa\:twGuf twkd:SKef:enf: acs:aiGrsm:t]zpf xkwfacs:
rnf]zpfonf`
difk if ]H cm:aiGacs:<lyD: rdrd ikd if o
H :kH aiGwefz:kd wnfidraf tmif
vkyfaqmifa\:twGuf Todk.aom oabmwlnDcsuf oHk:ckonf
vGecf ahJ om wpfpS af usmfu yxrqH:k tqd]k yKcJo
h nfh tm\Swpf&ef:
aiGaju:vH]k cHKa\: uGe\f uf> tpyif]zpfonf`
oabmwlncD sufukd wpfumvH:k txl:o]zifh }syefiS hf
tar\du]ynfaxmifpw
k .dk wGif pD:yGm:a\:at:ae]cif:> \v'ft]zpf
a'owpfvm :\Sd pawmhiS hf aiGaju:a:uGurf sm: xd:k usoGm:onhf
Ak'[
:l ae.rSm xkw]f yefajunmcJ]h cif: ]zpfonf`
22
IMMF2.pmd
22
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (4) owif:aumif:wpfy'k t

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
tcef: (4)
owif:aumif:wpfy'k t
f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
owif:\J. ta]ccH zJ.G pnf:wnfaqmufyt
kH ajumif:udk a]ymcJh
yD:ygyD` tck owif:aumif:wpfy'k t
f wGuf vkt
d yfcsufawGukd junfjh u
\atmifyg` 'DtcsufawGxrJ mS tcsuftvufreS rf sm:udk \\S]d cif:? tcsuf
tvufawG\\Sw
d hJ \if:]rpfuadk zmf]y]cif:? bufvu
dk rf KS uif:]cif:? rrww
eJ. jum:ae]cif:? tajumif:tcsuf ]ynhpf ]kH cif:wk.d yg&ifygw<f`
wdusrSK
txufyg tcsufawGxu
J ta\:uD:wJh wpfcsufu owif:
pmq\m[m tcsuftvufreS u
f kd \\S\d ygr<f` 'Dvrkd rS [kw\f if pmzwf
y\dowfu ud<
k o
fh wif:pmudk &<fzwfawmhrmS r[kwb
f :l ` cwfacsmf
rSm:<Gi:f rSKrsm:u ud<
k u
hf kd owif:ay:wJh owif:\if:]rpfuakd \m? pmzwf
y\dowfuykd g 'kuaQ \mufapwwfygw<f`
'gajumifh wpfcck u
k kd yHk yD:awmh r<Hv
k u
kd yf ge.J ` t]rJwrf: xyf
yD:awmh pHpk rf:yg` rSef rrSef ppfaq:yg`
wdusrSKqdw
k hJ oabmu tm:vH:k ukd tkpw
d f yD: }|kpu
kd w
f m
]zpfygw<f` 'gu emrnfpmvH:k aygi:f vd?k \mxl:\mcHv?kd ae\mvd[
k mrsKd:
uae pw<f` tJ'guae wpfqifhwuf\if owif:xkwf]yefcsufu
tcsuftvufawG rSef rrSef pdppfwmrsKd:? wpfa<mufa<muf\.J a]ym
qkdcsufudk a]ymwJhtwkdif: wdwdusus aumufkwfazmf]yay:wmrsKd:?
'grrS [kwf ol.t]rifukd wdwu
d sus azmf]yay:wmrsKd: vky\f ygr<f`
pmvH:k aygi:f rSm:wmudk ta\:ruD:avmufb:l vd.k xifwwf
juygw<f` 'gayrJh tu<fI ud<
k u
f wpfa<mufa<muf\.J emrnf
udk pmvH:k aygi:f rSm:yD: a\:vku
d w
f t
hJ cg tJ'eD mrnfpmvH:k aygi:f trSeu
f kd
odxm:wJh pmzwfou
l emrnfuakd wmif rSeaf tmifra\:kid w
f m? owif:
xJrmS t]cm:bmawG rSm:aeOD:rvJ rodb:l awG:rdvmr<f` ud<
k u
fh kd
owif:a]ym]yvdu
k w
f hJ tJ'u
D m<uH\iS [
f mvnf: ol.emrnf pmvH:k aygi:f
trSm:uD:awG.\if pdwq
f :dk r<f` ud<
k u
hf v
kd nf: <Hak wmhrmS r[kwb
f :l `
'gajumifh emrnfudk aocsmatmifar:yg` vdypf muwf]ym: awmif:<lyg`
w<fvDzkef: vrf:efpmtkyfawGxJrSm junhfyg` OD:atmifqef:vm:?
OD:atmifpef:vm:` OD:usifarmifvm:?OD: juifarmifvm: po]zihaf yg`h
23
IMMF2.pmd
23
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
pmapmifwpfcrk mS wpfcck k rSm:oGm:w<fq\dk if ]yemrsKd:pHk

wufikd w
f <f` uam'D:<m: owif:pmwpfapmifu olw.dk qDu em
rnfuD: uGe'f :kH wpfrsKd:[m tdwpf Af ikd :f \yfy:kd ul:pufapdik w
f <fv.kd a\:
om:azmf]yrdwt
hJ wGuf vlawGxrJ mS tkwaf tmfaomif:wif: ]zpfomG :w<f`
'gukd tpk:d \u owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG ]yKvkyf yD:awmh tJ'o
D wif:rSm:wJh
tajumif: ]iif:qkcd \hJ wJt
h xd ]zpfcyhJ gw<f` owif:pmuvnf: rdrw
d .kd
rSm:<Gi:f azmf]yrdwt
hJ ajumif: awmif:yefc\hJ ygw<f`
owif:awGqw
dk mu tcsderf aD tmifvu
kd \f ? a\:\wmrd.k rSm:
\w<fqw
kd m wu<fq:dk wmygy`J 'gayrJh 'Dvrkd mS :wJh twGuf qifa]cay:
vd.k r\bl:` bmvk.d vJqadk wmh 'Dvrkd mS :w<fqw
dk mu vufvw
G pf y<f
vkyv
f .kd ? 'grrS [kwf ud<
k \f wJo
h wif: rSef rrSeu
f kd &d\<
d pdu
k f yD: ]yefrppf
vd.k ]zpf\wmajumifyh g`
pdppfa&zef]cif:
tao:pdwftcsufawGu
tp pdppfyg`
pdppfa&zef]cif: r\Sb
d eJ .J t]ypfuif:pifwhJ owif:
wpfy'k u
f kd b<fawmhrS r\dik yf gb:l ` ]zpfidk \f if t]zpftysuf
wpfckudk udk<fudk<fwkdif rsuf]rifudk<fawG. oGm:junhf \
r<f` tJ'v
D kd rvkyf ikd \f if rsuf]rif wu<fawG.xm:wJo
h u
l kd
ar:yD: twnf]yKcsuf <l\r<f` ud<
k \f wJh owif:rSeu
f ef
ajumif: taxmuftxm:awGuv
kd nf: \Sm\ygr<f`
uam'D : <m:d k i f i H r S m 1997 ck S p f w k e f : u
wk d u f y J G a wG ]zpf y G m :cJ h c sd e f r S m qD < if \ d ( yf ) ]ynf e <f
t\m\Sw
d pfa<mufu 'Ded <frmS bm]yemrS r\Sb
d :l qkd yD:
owif : axmuf u d k a]ymvk d u f w <f ` tJ ' D t\m\S d u
zGrf:yifrSmyJ wkdkufckdufrSKawG ]zpfaewmvdk. qkdygw<f`
'gayrJh owif:axmufu [dt
k a&:qDu ypfocH wfoaH wGukd
jum:aew<f ` tpd k : \t\m\S d a]ymwmud k ol r <H k b l : ` 'geJ .
olaq:|ku
H o
kd mG :w<f` tJ'rD mS aoewfreS v
f mwJh uav:wpfa<mufukd
q\m&ef a wG u uk o ay: aewm ol a wG . \w<f ` uav:\J .
aqGrsKd:awGu v<form:tbkd:tdk Spfa<muf aoqHk:oGm:cJhajumif:
a]ym]yw<f`
'gayrJh owif:pmq\m[m 'Ef\m\vmwJh ppfom:wpf
a<mufurkd S rawG.\bl:` tJ'aD wmh rdK.]yifrmS \Sw
d hJ ppfaq:|ku
H kd olomG :
junhfw<f` tJ'DrSm 'Ef\m\vmwJh ppfom:awGudk awG.\wJht]yif
24
IMMF2.pmd
24
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
wcsKd.wkdufyJGrSmuswJhtajumif:udkvnf: odcJh\w<f` 'geJ.owif:

axmufu ppfom:awG wkdufyJGrSm usw<fqkdwm aocsmatmif
tavmif:awGudk rD:o}FKd[fwJh bk\m:ausmif:qD xyfoGm:yD: junhfcJh
w<f`
taxmuftxm:awGudkvnf: rSef rrSef pdppfjunhf\r<f`
wu<fv.kd ud<
k u
f tJ'v
D kd rvkyrf \d if axmifacsmufqifwt
hJ uGux
f J
udk<fusoGm:dkifw<f` wpfnrSm uam'D:<m:owif:pmwkduf wpf
wku
d q
f u
D dk zufp&f ifvmw<f` pmxJrmS tmEm\ygwOD Uopf wuf
awmhr<fv.kd ygw<f` dik if \H .J tpGet
f zsm:wpfae\mrSm ygw&D ifawGu
txl:tpnf:ta&:yJG usif:yyD: acgif:aqmifopfudk rJay:a\G:cs<fcJh
wmwJ`h tcsdeu
f aSmif:aeyDr.kd 'Dowif: rSef rrSef pdppfaezd.k tcsdef
r\Sdawmhbl:` 'gayrJh owif:pmu tJ'Dowif:udk azmf]yvdkufw<f`
owif:u owif:rSm:` aemufwpfae.rSm ygww
D m&ef\o
dS rl sm:u tJ'D
vdk tpnf:ta&:rsKd: rvkycf b
hJ :l vd.k \Si:f juw<f`
owif:pmq\mawG taeeJ.u owif:udk b<ftcsdefrSm
tyD:tyf\r<fqdkwJh owfrSwfcsdef \Sdxm:awmh aumvm[vawGudk
udik w
f <
G \f wm tawmfcufygw<f` kid if aH \:orm:awGe.J wcsKd. vlawG
u olw.dk tusKd:twGuf owif:pmq\mawGukd ckw:kH vkyf yD: olw.dk eJ.
ydKifzufawGudk vlqkd:awGvdk. trsm:u xifoGm:atmif vkyfwwfju
w<f` aumvm[vawGudk b<fawmhrS razmf]yygeJ.` tJ'Dowif:
xGufay;vmwJh \if:]rpffqDudk wnfhwnhfvkdufyg` taxmuftxm:
oufao]yckid :f yg` aumvm[v ta]ymcH\wJo
h el .J awG.ar:yg` aum
vm[v rSeu
f efajumif: ud<
k u
f <
kd w
f idk u
f oufaor]ydik \f if vH:k &
owif:razmf]yygeJ.`
trSm:awG ygvm\if owif:pm\J.odumQ uswwfygw<f` 'g
wifruao:bl:` aiGuek af ju:usvnf: rsm:wwfygw<f` a[mifaumif
owif:pmwpfapmifu uam'D:<m: bk\if d|k 'kd rf oD[mk\.J om:
wpfa<muf[m wdww
f w
d yf ek :f \cJw
h m ]zpfajumif: t"dym <f\atmif
a\:xm:wJh owif:wpfy'k u
f kd azmf]ycJzh :l w<f` 'Dowif:[m rSm:ajumif:
eJ. rdr\d .J }kEo
f u
d mQ yg xdcu
dk \f ajumif: bk\if oD[mku a]ymygw<f`
olu epfemaju: a';vmoef:aygi:f rsm:pGm w\m:pJaG wmif:qkrd <fv.kd
cdr:f a]cmufcyhJ gw<f` tu<fI aiGaju:rawmifw
h if:vSwhJ owif:pm
uav:wpfapmifom 'Dvt
kd avsmfay:\r<fq\kd if vkyif ef:awmif vH:k &
\yfomG :dik yf gw<f`
25
IMMF2.pmd
25
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
"rR"d mef usus
b<fpmapmifrsKd:rSmyJ a\:a\:
tcsuftvufawGudkyJ
ta]ccHa\:yg`
owif:pmq\mawGtaeeJ. owif:awGukd a\:om:wif]ywJh

ae\mrSm rdrd\J.t]rifeJ. cHpm:\csufawGudk ab:z<fxm:yD: tcsuf
tvufuo
kd mvif ay:\rSm ]zpfygw<f` tcsuftvufawGe.J t]rif
awG a\maxG:aer<fq\dk ifawmh pmzwfot
l aeeJ. owif:uae wdus
wJh tcsuftvufawGukd b<fawmhrS \kid rf mS r[kwaf wmhb:l ` owif:
pmq\mawGtaeeJ.u ud<
k af y:vdu
k w
f hJ tcsufawGtay; ta]ccHyD:
pmzwfy\dowfu olw.dk bmom olw.dk awG:junhaf pzd.k ygy`J
'Dvdkqkdvdkufvdk. udk<hfowif:pm[m tajumif:udpPwpf\yf
ay;rSm \yfwnfcsuf rxm:\bl:vd.k rqkv
d ykd gb:l ` \yfwnfcsuf xm:
dik yf gw<f` xm:vnf:xm:oifw
h <f` 'gayrJh tJ'v
D kd oabmxm: t]rif
awGukd owif:awGe.J oD:]cm:cJx
G m:yD: t<f'w
D mh tmabmf? oabmxm:
t]rif e J . oH k : oyf c suf u rsm:rS m
oD : oef . azmf ] y\ygr<f ` 'gu
owif : pm\J . }k E f o d u Q m ud k v nf :
ydw
k ufapygw<f`
ta\S.awmiftm\Su tpk:d \
awG? 'grSr[kwf dkifiHa\:ygwDawGu
xdef:csKyfxm:wJh owif:pmrsm:rSmawmh
oabmxm:t]rif a wG u d k owif :
awG x J r S m yJ a\mxnf h yD : a\:om:
azmf]yavh \Syd gw<f`
uam'D : <m: bmomeJ .
xkwaf &wJh owif:pmwpfapmif\.J rjumao:cifu owif:wpfy'k x
f rJ mS
tpdk:\ xdyfwef:t\m\SduD: wpfa<mufukd aiGrsufSmudkyJjunfhol?
a\ndawG jum:xJ ykef:aeonhf rdausmif:uJhokd. t}wdtaygif:
o\zlaqmif:ol? ya'o\mZf tawG:tac;\SdyD: tmEm\Sifqefol
...uGef]rLepf wpfa<muf vdk. pGyfpJG a\:om:xm:ygw<f` 'g[m
aus:vufz.GH zdK:wk:d wufa\:&efuD:Xme t\m\Srd sm:\J. a]ym]ycsuft\
azmf]ywm vdk. owif:u qkdygw<f` 'gayrJh tJ'D t\m\SdawG\J.
emrnfukd razmf]yovdk pGypf cGJ suftwGuf oufao taxmuftxm:
awGvnf: r]ykid cf b
hJ :l `
'grsKd:u dkifiHa\:owif:rsKd:rSwif r[kwfygbl:` vlrSKa\:?
tm:upm:? rSKcif:wdk.t]yif obm&ab:t\m<f uyfuD:rsm:ay;
26
IMMF2.pmd
26
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
rSmawmifryS J owif:pmq\m tawmfrsm:rsm:u owif:awGxrJ mS ol

wk.d \J. ykvt]rifawGukd xnhx
f nhaf \:aejuw<f`
tJ'v
D q
kd \dk if owif:u \mSKef:]ynhf ormorwfusawmhrmS
r[kwb
f :l ` uefawmfw.dk wpfawG owif:a\:wJt
h cgrmS cHpm:csufawG?
t]rifawG ud<
k pf \D w
dS mcsnf:ygy`J owif:pmq\maumif:u ol.pdwu
f dk
ol xde:f dik w
f <f` qif:\JraGJ waewJh aus:\Gmom:rsm:\J. ]yemawGukd
uk<
d ]f rifawG.\yD: pdwq
f :dk a'go]zpfvmwJh owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf
[m 'Dtajumif:udk trsm:vlxo
k ad tmif owif:a\:yD: tpd:k \taeeJ.
ta\:<laqmif\Gufvm\atmif wGef:tm:ay:\r<fvdk. pOf:pm:rdoGm:
wwfw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmq\mqkw
d mu ud<
k w
f idk f b<favmufyJ
cHpm:\ygap? owif:udak wmh wdwu
d suseJ. rrwwyJ a\:\ygr<f`
odyrf jumao:wJh umvtxd uam'D:<m: owif:pmawG
u oabmxm:t]rifoufoufcsn:f yJ a\:om:azmf]ycJjh uw<f` 'gayrJh
tckawmh owif:tppfawGukd a\:vmjuygyD` tJ'o
D wif:pmawGxrJ mS
vGwv
f yfwhJ owif:pmrsm:t]yif tpd:k \ vdv
k m:wJh owif:pmrsm:eJ.
tpd:k \udk qef.usifwhJ owif:pmawGyg ygw<f` 'gu bm]zpfv.dk vJ
qkad wmh vlxt
k aeeJ. oabmxm:t]rifawGuo
kd mru b<fae\mrSm
bm]zpfovJ qkw
d mudyk g zwfcsifvmjuwmajumifh ]zpfajumif: a\mif:
taumif:qH:k \wfpar urfy:l csm: (uam'D:<m:tvif:) owif:f pm
t<f'w
D m yif qrfrpfou
D a]ymygw<f`
udk:um:azmf]ycsuf
ud<
k u
f owif:]zpfwahJ e\mrSm ud<
k w
f idk af \mufaew<f qkd
\if udk<f]rifwm? jum:wmawGudk 'Dtwkdif: a\:vdkuf|kHygyJ` 'gayrhJ
rsm:aomtm:]zifhawmh udk<f\wJh owif:tcsuftvufawG qdkwm
w]cm:wpfa<mufa<muf? 'grrS [kwf wpfae\m\muae \wm` tJ'g
[m xkwf]yefajunmcsufvm:? tifwmAsL:vkyfwmvm:? taxmuf
txm:pm\Gupf mwef:awGvm:` b<fou
l a]ymwmvJ`
tJ'v
D kd owif:tcsuftvuf b<fuae \w<fqw
kd m a\:
om:azmf]ywmudk ud:k um:azmf]ycsufv.kd ac;ygw<f` b<foal wGtae
eJ. owif:tcsuftvuf b<fu\w<fqdkwm od]cif:tm:]zihf 'D
tajumif:t\mudk olw.dk taeeJ. <Hjk unfoihf roif?h 'Dupd [
P m b<f
avmufta\:uD:w<f qkw
d mudk csdeq
f dik yf gw<f` 'Dawmh owif:a\:
wJhol[m owif:\if:]rpfu a]ym]yvdkufwmukd wkduf|dkufpum:a]ym
27
IMMF2.pmd
27
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
twdkif: xnhfw<fqkd\if b<folu a]ymw<fqkdwmudk xnhfa\:udk

a\:\r<f` 'gt
h ]yif ud<
k w
f idk f r]rifrawG.\wJh t]zpftysuftajumif:
udk a\:wJt
h cgrmS vnf: o|kyaf zmfa\:om:csufe.J \Si:f vif:csufawGukd
ud:k um:azmf]ycsufxnhf yD: a\:\ygr<f` ud<
k u
f tJ'v
D kd razmf]y\if
owif:axmuf? 'grrS [kwf owif:pm[m owif:\if:]rpfyv
J .kd pmzwf
olu <lqoGm:r<f`
uk:d um:azmf]ycsufukd &gus\J. tp? 'grrS [kwf tqH:k rSm azmf
]yavh \Syd gw<f` tJ't
D xm:todu
k awmh a\:[efe.J \Si:f vif:atmif
a\:om:yHw
k .kd ay; wnfw<f` erlemwcsKd.udk atmufrmS azmf]yvdu
k f
ygw<f`
tpd:k \ c\D:oGm:vma\:|k:H wm&ef\o
Sd w
l pfO:D tqkt
d \ rav:
od.k vma\mufvnfywfol dik if ]H cm:om: {nfOh :D a\onf

<refpS u
f Spq
f wufvmcJo
h nf`
rdrw
d .dk dik if t
H ae]zihf tmqD<H iS fh qufvufI eD:eD:uyfuyf
yl:aygi:f aqmif\u
G o
f mG :rnf ]zpfajumif: xkid :f dik if ]H cm:a\:
&efuD:u a]ymonf`
udk:um:azmf]ycsufu 'Dtajumif:tcsuf rSefuefajumif:
oufaocHwmrsKd:awmh r[kwyf gb:l ` 'gukd 'Dyk Kd vfu a]ymwmygyv
J .kd
qkdvdkwmyg` tJ'Dvdk udk:um:azmf]ydkfifwmeJ.yJ vlawGa]ymwmawGudk
avmufa\:wmrsKd:awmhvnf: rvkyo
f ifb
h :l ` a]ym]ywJh olu azmf]y
apcsiw
f muav:udyk J uGuf yD: ud:k um:wmrsK:d vnf: rvkyt
f yfb:l ` yxr
tcsufu a]ymwJhykdKvf[m 'Dtajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufyD:awmh
a]yma\:qkcd iG hf \Sw
d o
hJ l ]zpf\ygr<f` yD:\if ola]ymwm rSef rrSef udk
ud<
k u
f ppfaq:junh\f r<f` ola]ymwmu rrSeb
f :l ` 'gayrJh tJ'D vlu
xdyw
f ef:t\m\Sd uD:wpfO:D ? 'grrS [kwf owif:xJrmS azmf]yzk.d vdk tyfwhJ
vlwpfa<muf]zpfaevdk. ol.a]ymjum:csufukd xnhfr<fqkd\ifvnf:
ud k < f h o wif : xJ r S m t]zpf r S e f u d k a wmh &guswpf a jumif : a\:yD :
azmf]y\ygr<f` vlawGwpfO:D eJ.wpfO:D ydyuQ]zpfaewJh ta]ctaeudk
a\:\wmrsKd:qk\d if ]yemwufwwfw<f` ud<
k u
f bufpS zf ufpvH:k
udk ar:yD: b<fbufu bma]ymw<fqw
dk mukd pmzwfol \Si:f atmif
a\:om:\ygr<f`
owif:axmufu owif:\if:]rpf udk azmf]ywJhae\mrSm
emrnf? \mxl:wm&ef eJ. w]cm: tao:pdwaf wGuykd g ]zpfikd \f if a\:]y\
28
IMMF2.pmd
28
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
r<f` owif:\if:]rpf tajumif:udk pmzwfou

l
ydo
k \d av? olw.dk taeeJ. 'Dtajumif:t\m[m
rSef rrSef? 'Dtajumif:t\may;rSm b<fvdk
wH.k ]yefoifw
h <f qkw
d m awGukd ydk yD: vG<v
f <
G f
ulul qH:k ]zwfvmdik af v ]zpfr<f` wpfa<mufu
pD:yGm:a\:u paumif:vmyD vdk. a]ymw<f
qkyd gp.kd ` 'gukd a:onfwpfa<mufu a]ymwm
eJ. A[dk bEf tuD:tuJu a]ymwm av:euf
yHck sif: rwlikd b
f :l `
'gayrJ h tzG i f h p myd k ' f r S m emrnf ?
\mxl:t]ynft
h pHak wGukd xnfh a\:zd.k rvdyk gb:l `
owif:\if:]rpfemrnfu vlodyfrodbl:? 'grSr[kwf \mxl:wm&efu
\Snv
f sm:axG]ym:aer<f qk\d if tzGix
hf rJ mS xnfah \: \wm cufw<f`
tJ'gawGukd 'kw<
d tyd'k u
f srS xnhaf \:dik yf gw<f`
vmtdk idk if o
H wif:Xmewpfcu
k 'Dvakd \:yHrk sKd:udk a\Smifyg`
rdrdukd:um:aom ykdKvfukd
wdwu
d sus azmf]yay:yg`
]ynf e <f w G i f : \S d awmif o l r sm:onf rd k : \moD p yg:ud k

atmufwb
dk mu pwifum \dwo
f rd :f ajumif: bk\d cD rfaq:]ynfe<f
pd k u f y sKd : a\:S i f h opf a wmysKd : axmif a \: Xme tuD : tuJ
bGecf rfzeG rf mcsyfu a]ymonf`
tao:pdwt
f csufawGukd 'kw<
d pmyk'd rf mS a\:om:azmf]yxm:
wJh tdik t
f rftrftufzf oifwef:om:a[mif:]zpfwhJ befaumufy.kd pfu
yg\pPwm <loefrefae.\J. a\:om:[efukd junhyf g`
qif:\JrJGawrSK avsmhenf:a\:Sihf bEfvkyfief:uwGif
]yemrsm:udk a]z\Sif:ay:ae]cif:wkd.twGuf xdkif:tpkd:\tay;
umhbEfu csD:usL:a]ymjum:onf`
tpd:k \> qif:\JraGJ wrSKtay; tm|kpH :l pdu
k o
f nhf rl&g'Sihf
pD:yGm:a\:vkyfief:qefqef pDrHcef.cJGrSKwkd.ajumifh rdrdtae]zifh
tm:wufryd gajumif: umhbEf> ta\S.tm\SiS hf ypdzw
d af 'o
'kw<
d OU }srm: tl'ifumqrfu a]ymonf`
tm:vH:k udk ud:k um:azmf]yaezd.k awmhvnf: rvkyd gb:l ` ]rifrh m:
wJ?h odomvGe:f wJ?h t]iif:yGm:p\m bmrSr\Sw
d hJ a]ymqkcd sufawGukd uk:d
29
IMMF2.pmd
29
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
um:azmf]yaep\m rvdyk gb:l `

ywW<m:rdK.v<f vrf:ruD:ay;rSm trSKd ufykH uD:awG pGe.f ypf
xm:ju w<f` (]rifomw<f? owif:axmufu<

kd w
f idk v
f nf:
]rifikd w
f <f`)
AD<uferfikd if \H .J xGe:f opfp pawmha:uGurf mS ukrE
iD g:ckyJ
rSwyf kH wifxm:ygao:w<f` (odomygw<f`)
1997 ckpS rf mS pwhJ pD:yGm:a\: tusyftwnf:ajumifh
ta\S.awmiftm\Su vltawmfrsm:rsm: xdcu
dk ef pfemcJ\h w<f`
(t]iif:yGm:p\m rvdw
k u
hJ pd yP g`)
w\m:&ifiS hf w\m:r&ifa]ym]cif:
wpfcgwavrSmawmh owif:\if:]rpfrsm:u olw.dk a]ymvdu
k f
wJh tajumif:t\may;rSm uef.owfxm:wmrsKd: \Sw
d wfw<f`
wpfa<mufu ola]ymwmtukefvHk:udk ol.emrnfeJ.wuG
a\:om:azmf]ydik w
f <fv.kd cGiahf y:wmrsKd: \Syd gw<f` tJ'v
D kd tifwmAsL:
rsKd:udk w\m:&ifa]ym]cif: vd.k ac;ygw<f` a<bk<stm:]zifah wmh rdrd
ud<
k u
f kd owif:axmuf]zpfwt
hJ ajumif: \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: today:yD:
wJhaemuf a]ymjuqkdjuwmawG tm:vHk:[m w\m:&ifa]ym]cif:ygyJ`
ud<
k u
f aeyD: tvGwo
f abma]ymyg vd.k b<fawmhrS p rurf:vSr:f
ygaveJ.`
wpfcgwpf\rH mS usawmh owif:\if:]rpfu ola]ymwmawGukd
owif:xJrmS xnhrf a\:yge.J vd.k a]ymwwfjuw<f` 'Dvkd tifwmAsL:
rsKd:usawmh tvGwfoabma]ymwJh tifwmAsL:rsKd:\<fvdk. qkdjuyg
w<f` ola]ym]ywJh tajumif:t\mawGu ]zpfaewJh ta]ctaeudk
em:vnfoabmaygufvmapygw<f` 'gayrJh tJ'Dtajumif:t\mudk
vltrsm:odatmif a\:cs]yzd.k u cufaew<f` 'grrS [kwv
f nf: ud<
k u
f
ola]ymwmudk xnfha\:vkduf\if ol.twGuf raumif:wmrsKd: ]zpfae
wwfw<f` ud<
k u
f tvGwo
f abm a]ymygv.kd oabmwlxm:yD:\if
awmh uwdwnf\r<f`
tifwmAsL:vkyw
f t
hJ cgwidk :f rSm ola]ymwmawGukd xnfah \:kid f
ra\:dik f tJ'v
D el .J \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif:]zpfatmif vkyyf g`
30
IMMF2.pmd
30
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
trnfrazmfvakd om owif:\if:]rpf
\Hzef\cH grsm:rSm owif:\if:]rpf wpfa<mufa<mufu ud<
k hf
udk a\:p\m tajumif:t\mwpfcu
k kd a]ym]ycsifw<f? 'gayrJh owif:
xJrmS olua]ymwm\<fv.kd emrnfrazmf]yapcsifb:l ` 'grsKd:udk owif:
xJrmS trnfrazmfvo
kd l tpd:k \wm&ef\o
dS w
l pfO:D ta]ymt\... qdk yD:
a\:om:azmf]ydik yf gw<f` 'Dvkd owif:\if:]rpfukd trnfrazmfvakd om
owif:\if:]rpfv.dk ac;ygw<f`
b<fcgrqdk udk<fhowif:twGuf tcsuftvufawGudk
w\m:&ifa]ymqdck suf \atmifyJ udK:pm:\ygr<f` 'gayrJh tajumif:
t\mu ud<
k o
fh wif:twGuf wu<fu
h kd ta\:uD:aewm qk\d ifawmh
w\m:&ifr\ayr<hv
f nf: 'Dvt
dk rnfrazmfvw
kd hJ owif:\if:]rpftaeeJ.
xnhaf \:dik yf gw<f`
ukd<hfowif:\if:]rpfudk owif:xJrSm b<fvdkazmf]y\r<fqkd
wmudk tpuwnf:u oabmwlncD suf <lxm:\ygw<f` ol.emrnf
udk razmf]ybJe.J 'Dyk Kd vf[m b<fvykd k Kd vfrsKd:qdw
k mudak wmh wwfikd f
oavmuf wdwu
d sus azmf]yay:yg` Oyrm tpd:k \wm&ef\o
dS l qkw
d m
xuf bma\:&efuD:Xme tqif]h rift
h \m\Sd uD:wpfO:D qkw
d mu ydk yD:
tm:\Sw
d mayg`h owif:\if:]rpftajumif: wdwu
d sus azmf]yav? tJ'D
owif:u ckid rf mrSK\Sad vygy`J
trnfrazmfwhJ owif:\if:]rpfawGukd a\vJroH:k yge.J ` olw.kd
a]ymqkw
d mawGukd emrnfe.J wuG razmf]y\wJt
h cg olw.kd u olw.dk \J.
a]ympum:ay;rSmvnf: wm&ef<\l aumif:rSe:f rod ]zpfvmwwfw<f`
olw.dk \J. a&zefa]ymqkrd KS awGtay; b<fvrkd S t]ypfr]zpfikd b
f :l qkw
d m
odvmwJt
h cg w]cm:vlawGtay;? 'grrS [kwf ]zpf\yfawGay;rSm t\rf:
uma\m a&zefwmawG? r|d:k rom:a]ymwmrsKd:awG vkyv
f mdik yf gw<f`
olwkd.vdkvm:wJh dkifiHa\:? 'grSr[kwf vlrSKa\:udpPawGrSm vkdvm:wJh
bufuae a]ymcsif\m a]ymvmdik yf gw<f` ud<
k o
hf wif:xJrmS trnf
razmfwhJ owif:\if:]rpfawGukd rsm:rsm:xnhaf v? ud<
k o
fh wif:u tm:
avsmhav ]zpfrmS yJ`
atyDowif:Xmeuawmh trnfrazmfwhJ a]ympum: aumuf
kwcf sufawGukd ol.t]rifukd ra]ymbJ tcsuftvufawGuykd J a]ymwJh
a]ympum:awGrmS yJ oH:k w<fv.kd qkyd gw<f` atyDtaeeJ. atmufazmf
]yyg ta]ctaeawGrmS omvif trnfrazmfwhJ owif:\if:]rpfukd oH:k
w<fv.kd qkw
d <f` tJ'gawGuawmh (1) atyDu oH:k aeus owif:
31
IMMF2.pmd
31
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
\if:]rpf (2) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk b<fou

l ay:w<fqw
dk mudk trsm:u
odxm:yD:]zpfwJh owif:\if:]rpf? (3) owif:twGuf rygr]zpfwJh
tajumif:t\meJ. (4) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk w\m:&if b<fvrkd S r\dik f
awmhv.kd qkw
d mawGygy`J
rrww
owif:wpfy'k rf mS buft]rifwpfcrk u \Sw
d <fqw
dk m owif:
axmufwidk :f odygw<f` 'gajumifyh J olw.dk owif:awGtwGuf owif:
\if:]rpf trsm:uD:qDuae owif:\<ljuwmayg`h 'grsKd:u txl:o]zifh
vlawG\.J t]rifawG trsKd:rsKd:uJ]G ym:aewJh dik if aH \:eJ. vlrKS a\:vdu
k pd rP sKd:
awG? a\G:aumufyrGJ q
J <
G yf aGJ wG? 'grrS [kwf w]cm:]zpf\yf tajumif:awG
udk a\:\wJt
h cg ydk yD:ta\:uD:ygw<f`
udpw
P pf\yfukd ud<
k o
fh wif:xJrmS bufpS zf uft]rifukd xnfh
a\:xm:w<fq\dk if 'g[mrwrSK \dw
S <fayg`h ud<
k o
hf wif:u wpfzuf
zufukd bufvu
dk w
f mrsKd:vnf: r\Sb
d :l qk\d if 'g[m bufvu
kd rf KS uif:
w<fv.kd qk\d r<fayg`h
'Dvq
kd v
dk u
kd v
f .kd tajumif:t\m wpfct
k ay; bufpS zf uf\.J
a]ymqkcd sufe.J t]rifawGukd nDwrl wl ae\may: a\:om:\r<fv.kd qkd
vdw
k m r[kwyf gb:l ` 'gayrJh t]rifu]GJ ym:rSK tajumif:udak wmh ud<
k u
f
\nfe :f azmf]y\ygr<f` a\G:aumufyrGJ q
J <
G yf GJ owif:wpfy'k rf mS t"du
dik if aH \:ygwaD wGtm:vH:k \J. t]rifawG rygb:l qk\d if tJ'o
D wif:u rw
rSK \Srd mS r[kwb
f :l `
wpfa<mufa<mufay;rSm ]yif:]yif:xefxef pGypf x
GJ m:w<f
qk\d if ud<
k u
f tJ'v
D q
l u
D wH.k ]yefa]ymqkcd sufuykd g \atmif<\l ygr<f`
ol.ud<
k o
f l umuG<cf iG u
hf kd uk<
d u
f ay:\r<f`
tpd:k \? 'grrS [kwf dik if aH \:ygwrD sm:u ydik q
f idk x
f m:wJh owif:
Xmersm:[mvnf: rrww owif:a\:oifjh uygw<f` tJ'v
D rdk S r[kwf
\ifawmh &g']zef.csdaewmawGv.kd yJ pmzwfy\dowfu <lqoGm:vdrfh
r<f` owif:awGrmS <kwpf t
G qH:k ? owif:\J. tqH:k rSmyJ ]zpf]zpf t]rif
uJ]G ym:rSKtajumif:t\m wcsKd.udk \nfne :f azmf]yay:w<f qk\d if tJ'D
owif:awG[m ydk yD:awmh tm:\Syd gr<f`
32
IMMF2.pmd
32
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
\Sif:vif:]cif:
owif:awGukd pmzwfy\dowfuD:
em:vnf v G < f a tmif |d k : |k d : \S i f : \S i f : yJ
a\:oifyh gw<f` ta\:\Si:f zd.k qk\d if ud<
k fu
t\if tawG: \Sif:zdk. vkdygw<f` owif:
ra\:cifrmS a\:\r<ht
f ajumif:t\m tm:vH:k
udk em:vnfoabmaygux
f m:yD:om: ]zpf\
r<f` tJ't
D wGuf vdt
k yfwhJ tcsuf tvuf
awG\atmif ar:cGe:f awG rsm:rsm: ar:\r<f`
xda\mufwhJ ar:cGe:f awG trsm:uD: ar:\r<f`
yD:awmh owif: p ra\:cifrSm \xm:wJh
tcsuftvufawGukd pOf:pm: oH:k oyf \r<f`
tajumif:t\mudk aumif:aumif: em:vnf
oGm:yDqkd\if tzGifha\:\r<fh |SKaxmifh udk
a\G:cs<f vmdik rf <f` tJ'aD emuf owif: \J.
usefwJhtydkif:udkvnf: tqifhqifh pkpnf:yD:
a\:oGm:dik yf gr<f`
\Si:f vif:]cif:qkw
d m omreft\yfom: em:vnfwhJ |k:d |k:d \Si:f \Si:f
toH:k tSKe:f eJ.yJ a\:wmudk qkcd siw
f myg` ur:f usio
f al wGe.J AsL|du
k \uf
awGyJ oH:k wwfwhJ ynm\yfpum:awG? vltrsm: em:rvnfikd w
f hJ pum:
vHk:awG oHk:wmrsKd:udk a\Smifyg` \Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwmxJrSm pum:vHk:
uspfvspfwmvnf: ygw<f` pum:vH:k awGukd vkw
d mxuf ydrk oH:k yge.J `
a<bk<soabmrsKd: r[kwb
f J wdwu
d sus oH:k SKef:yg`
atmufrSm tckazmf]yr<hf owif:tzGihfpmydk'fu t}Fvdyf
bmomeJ. xkwaf &wJh tm\Sowif:Xmewpfcu
k ]zpfygw<f` tJ'rD mS
a\:om:yHu
k AsL|du
k \ufawG a\:[efrsKd:ayguaf eygw<f`
ukd<f]riforukd
wwfdkifoavmuf
\Sif:\Sif:vif:vif:
azmf]yay:yg`
rav:\Sm:Sihf ]refrmwd.k onf Spf ikd if t

H jum: ukeyf pPn:f
csif: zvS<af om ukeo
f <
G af \:vkyif ef:rsm: tqifa]yacsmarG.pGm
aqmif \ G u f d k i f a \:twG u f rjumrD u mvtwG i f : oabm
wlnDcsufwpf\yfudk tacsmowfrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:
t]ynf]ynfqidk \f m ukeo
f <
G af \:Sihf pufrKS vkyif ef:&efuD: \mzD'g
tZpfu jumoyaw:ae.wGif a]ymjum:onf`
33
IMMF2.pmd
33
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
tJ'aD \:om:csufu pum:vH:k awG azmif:yGaew<f` owif:

u bmudk qkv
d w
kd mvJ` tJ'gukd tckvkd ]yefa\:dik yf gw<f`
rav:\Sm:Sihf ]refrmdik if w
H .dk onf 4if:wk.d > ukeyf pPn:f csi:f
zvS<af om ukeo
f <
G af \:udk wk:d ]rirhf nfh oabmwlncD sufwpf\yf
rjumrDrSm \\Sdawmhrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:ukefoG<fa\:
&efuD:u jumoyaw:ae.u a]ymjum:onf`
\Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwmxJrSm zGihfqkd\Sif:]ycsufvnf:ygw<f`
tu<fI ud<
k o
hf wif:xJrmS aiGaju:usHK.]cif: qdw
k hJ pum:vH:k ygvm
\if tJ'pD um:vH:k tajumif:udk pmzwfoel m:vnfatmif \Si:f ]yay:\yg
r<f` OyrmaiGaju:usK.H ]cif:qko
d nfrmS aiGazmif:yG]cif:> qef.usib
f uf
]zpfyD: ukepf nfiS hf &efaqmifrKS a:SKef:rsm: usqif:vm]cif: ]zpfonf
qkw
d mrsKd:aygh`
\Si:f vif:]cif:qkw
d m pum:vH:k uspfuspfe.J &guswkw
d dk a\:wm
udkvnf: qkdvdkygw<f` t}Fvdyfbmom tygt&if bmompum:
tawmfrsm:rsm:rSm (uwWm:-ud<m- uH) yHpk eH .J &gusukd \Si:f vif:pGm
a\:om:juw<f`
Oyrm-
Police arrested three men on Thursday.

Subject: Police
Verb: arrested
Object: three men
Oyrm- The prime minister will visit China.

Subject: The prime minister
Verb: will visit
Object: China
]refrm\J. &gus zJ.G pnf:wnfaqmufyu

kH awmh uwWm:-uHud<m]zpfwmrd.k txufu &gusawGukd a\:r<fq\dk if jumoyaw:ae.wGif \Ju vlo:kH a<mufukd zrf:qD:vdu
k o
f nf`
&efuD:csKyfonf w|kwf ikd if o
H .kd tvnftywf oGm:a\muf
rnf vk.d a\:\ygr<f`
34
IMMF2.pmd
34
6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
k yfcsuf
]ynfhpHk]cif:
udk<hfowif:xJrSm ta\:uD:wJhtcsufawG usef\pfwmrsKd:
vH:k & r]zpfap\bl:` b a]cmufv:kH udk ta]zay:|kw
H ifru t"du
owif:\if:]rpfawGe.J awG.\r<f` t"duuswJh taxmuftxm:awGukd
pHpk rf:pdppf\r<f? t"duswJh ae\mudk ud<
k w
f idk o
f mG :junh\f ygr<f`
ud<
k \hf .J owif:[m tJ'v
D kd ta\:uD:wJh tcsufawGay;rSm
wnfaewmyg` [dKG ifrmS tdwpf af \m}g ]yef.aewJt
h ajumif: owif:
aqmif:yg: a\:r<fqydk gp.dk ` tJ'rD mS 'Dupd eP .J ywfoufyD: urf:usifwhJ
q\m&efwpfa<muf\w
dS <fq\dk if ud<
k u
f tJ'q
D \m&efe.J oGm:yD: awG.
qHpk um:a]ymoifw
h <f` wpfa<mufa<mufu 'Dtajumif:eJ. ywfouf
vd.k avhvmcsufpmwrf: ]yKpkxm:wm\S\d if tJ'pD mwrf:udk zwfjunh\f
r<f` rdK.xJrmS tdwpf f a&'emonfawG \Sad ewJh aq:|k\H w
dS <fq\dk if
ud<
k u
f tJ'aD q:|ku
H kd a\mufatmif oGm:junho
f ihyf gw<f`
35
IMMF2.pmd
35
6/2/2547, 23:41
tydik :f (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:
tydik :f (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:

owif:pmq\mrsm:[m tcsuftvufrsm:udk ta]ccHtm:]zifh
enf:oH:k enf:eJ. pkaqmif:<ljuygw<f` tJ'gawGu wku
d |f u
dk af vhvmpHpk rf:wmrsKd:` ud<
k w
f idk f oGm:junhw
f m ]zpf
ygw<f`
tifwmAsL:vkyw
f m` vlawGe.J awG.qHk yD: ar:]ref:a]ymqkw
d hJ
enf:yg`
okawoevkyw
f ehJ nf:` pmawGe.J taxmuftxm:awGukd
zwf|KS avh vmwJh enf:]zpfygw<f`
owif:a\:wJt
h cg ud<
k pfh w
d u
f kd zGix
hf m:yg` b<fvkd owif:
rsKd: a\:r<fqdk yD: tpuwnf:u yHak ocsrxm:yge.J ` w]cm: bmudrk S
rpOf:pm:bJ ud<
k af \:r<hf owif:twGuu
f ykd J tm|kx
H m:yD: tao:pdwf
tcsuftvufawGutp \atmif<\l ygr<f` ppcsif:rSm bufaygi:f pHk
uae \or pkaqmif:<l\r<f` owif:vdkufae\if:eJ. udk<ftpu
awG:xm:wmeJ. rwlbJ w]cm:pdw&f ifpm:p\m ta\:uD:wJh tcsufawG
udk awG.vmdik yf gw<f` tJ't
D cgusrS ud<
k af \:r<hf tajumif:t\mudk
odvmyDq\kd ifawmh ud<
k o
hf wif:\J. tzGiehf .J pmud<
k t
f wGuf vdt
k yfwhJ
tao:pdw
d af wGukd quf\mS ayawmhayg`h
tcef: (5)
pl:prf:avhvm]cif:
t]zpftysufwpfck ]zpfymG :wJah e\mrSm rsm:aomtm:]zifh ud<
k f
u \Srd aewwfwmajumifh tJ't
D ajumif:udk odz.kd twGuq
f \dk if tJ'D
t]zpftysufxrJ mS ud<
k w
f idk yf g&ifcw
hJ ?hJ 'grrS [kwf rsuf]rifawG.\Scd w
hJ hJ
vlawGudk awG.qHkar:]ref: tifwmAsL: vkyf\ygr<f` 'gayrJh owif:
tawmfrsm:rsm:twGuf ud<
k w
f idk u
f <
kd jf uyf pl:prf:avhvmyD: owif:<l
dik w
f mrsKd:awGvnf: \Syd gw<f` Oyrm owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG tajumif:
wd.k ? tpnf:ta&:yJG tajumif:wk.d ayg`h 'gt
h ]yif owif:aqmif:yg:rsm:
twGuf vlawGe.J ae\mawGtajumif:udv
k nf: ud<
k w
f idk f avhvm<l
dik yf gw<f`
36
IMMF2.pmd
36
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (5) pl:prf:avhvm]cif:f
uk d < f w k d i f u d k < f j uyf avh v mpH k p rf :

wmuawmh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:zk.d twGuf
taumif:qH:k enf:ygy`J rsuf]rifoufao qkw
d m
rsKd:u ud<
k v
f ckd sifwhJ tao:pdwf tajumif:t\m
awG u d k rS w f r d c sif r S rS w f r d r <f ? 'grS r [k w f
]zpfajumif:ukepf ifudk ]yefa]ymdik cf sifrS a]ymdik f
r<f? 'ght]yif wpfa<mufa<mufu a]ymwJh
tajumif:t\mwpfc[
k m [kwf r[kwf qkw
d mudk
ud k < f w k d i f u k d < f j uyf oG m :junh f w m[mvnf :
wu<fawmh tvGeaf umif:ygw<f` ud<
k fh rsufpd
eJ.wyftyf]rif\awmh rSef rrSef qkdwm aoao
csmcsm od\wmayg`h
t]zpftysufwpfck ]zpfwJhae\mrSm
udk<fwkdif\Sdaew<fqkd\if udk<fu tao:pdwf
tcsufawGudkyg \dkifygw<f` tJ'Dtao:pdwf
]zpf\yfawGeJ. pmzdwfy\dowfuD: rsufpdxJ
uGi:f uGi:f uGuu
f u
G f ay;vmatmif a\:]ydik yf gr<f` tJ'rD mS bm ]zpfchJ
w<fqw
dk mudk ud<
k u
f yDyD ]yif]yif azmf]ydik w
f mayg`h
owif:pmq\maumif:awG[m tm|kiH g:yg:pvH:k ]zpfwhJ tawG.?
txd? teH.? tjum:? t\omt]yif a<bk<s cHpm:\csuf udyk g oH:k
yD: owif:vdu
k jf uygw<f` vlawG bmvkyaf ejuvJ? olw.kd \J. tae
txm: b<fv\kd v
dS ?J bmoHawGjum:\vJ? bmeH.awG\vJ? \moDOwkukd
b<fvdkcHpm:\vJ (ylovm:? at:ovm:) 'gawGudk udk<hfbmom
ar:cGe:f xkwf yD: rSwpf pk mtkyx
f rJ mS tao:pdwf a\:rSw\f ygr<f`
bwfpum:wku
d rf KS tajumif: owif:vdu
k w
f hJ owif:pmq\m
wpfa<muf[m rD:cd:k rnf:awG wvdyv
f yd w
f ufvmwm? "mwfqeD .H ? rD:
avmifaewJh bwfpum:em:rSm yl]yif:yH?k toufraousef\pfoal wG\.J
u<fyg? <lyg wpmpmatmfoaH wGuykd g xnhaf \:dik yf gw<f`
uk<
d w
f idk u
f <
kd jf uyf awG.]rifwt
hJ wGuf owif:pmq\m[m
t]zpftysuf? tajumif:udpeP .J vlyk Kd vfw.kd tajumif:udk ydk yD: em:vnf
oabmaygu\f w<f` ud<
k u
f
puf|o
Hk pftajumif: a\:\w<f
qk\d if tJ'pD uf|u
Hk kd ud<
k w
f idk o
f mG :junhaf wmh ydk yD: od\wmayg`h abm
vHk:orm:wpfa<muf tajumif: a\:w<fqkd\ifvnf: tJ'DabmvHk:
orm: upm:wmudk ud<
k w
f idk jf unh\f \if ol.tajumif: ydk yD: ]ynh]f ynfph pkH kH
a\:dik w
f maygh`
tao:pdwf
tcsufawGudkvnf:
owdrlyg`
37
IMMF2.pmd
37
6/2/2547, 23:41
ol.tvSavmufukdyJ
ra]ymygeJ.`
vlawGeJ. pum:a]ymwJhtcgrSm olwkd.\J. trlt\mawGudk

avhvmyg` ud<
k u
f olw.dk a]z\cufwhJ ar:cGe:f rsKd:ar:vdu
k w
f t
hJ cgrmS
tJ'v
D al wG[m ta&:qDukd ai:armawGa&oGm:wwfjuovm:` olw.dk
\J. ywf&ef:usifuv
kd nf: tuJcwf\r<f` pm:yJaG y;rSm |SKyfaxG:yG\ae
ovm:? 'grrS [kwf pepfwuseJ.vm:` eH\aH y;rSm b<fvkd yef:csDum:
rsKd: csdwq
f x
GJ m:ovJ po]zihaf yg`h
'DtcsufawGtukev
f :kH u ud<
k o
f wif:a\:wJt
h cgrmS tkpw
d f
a\:dik af tmif taxmuftul ]zpfapygw<f` owif:pmq\maumif:
wpfa<mufu vlwpfa<muf tkrd if:\ifafh \mfaeyD qkw
d mudk tJ'v
D u
l
tkad eyDqdk yD: wnfrh a]ymbl:` qHyif]zLaewm? vufta\]ym:wGe.f ae
wm? ]znf:]znf:av:yJ vrf:avmufikd af wmhwm pwJt
h csufawGe.J azmf
]yay:wwfw<f`
'gayrJh b<ftcsufawGudk tao:pdwfa\:\r<f qkdwmudk
awmh udk<hf[mudk<f pdppfa\G:cs<f\r<f` tcsuftvuftm:vHk:udk
tao:pdwaf zmf]yaezk.d rvkyd gb:l ` vlwpfa<muf ae.v<fpmpm:ae wm
]rif\|kaH vmufe.J tJ't
D ajumif:udk owif:xJrmS azmf]yaep\m rvdyk gb:l `
vk y f i ef : \S i f wpf a <muf u d k tif w moG m :AsL: wJ h tcg tJ ' D v l u
qif|yk u
f av:ygwhJ vnfpnf:udk pnf:xm:w<fqydk gp.kd ` 'gayrJh tJ'D
vnfpnf:u vkyfief:\Siftajumif: azmf]y
wmrSm bmrS ta\:ygrmS r[kwyf gb:l ` 'Dawmh
tJ'grsKd:ukd ud<
k o
hf wif:xJrmS xnfrh a\:yge.J `
'g ayrJh tJ'D vkyif ef:\Siu
f awm|dik :f wd\pmef
xde:f odr:f a\:rSm vlord sm:wJh ykKd v]f zpfae w<f
qk\d ifawmh qif|yk u
f av:ygwhJ vnfpnf:u
wu<f xda\mufwJh tkpdwfazmfusL:csuf
wpfck ]zpf ygw<f`
owif:tm:\Sdvmatmif tao:pdwf
usus pl:prf:avhvmyHk tajumif: erlemrsm:udk
atmufrmS azmf]yvku
d yf gw<f` tm|kiH g:yg:eJ.
cHpm:<lxm:wJh tao:pdwt
f csufawGukd owdxm:junhyf g`
yxrwpfcu
k tar\duefe.J tm\Sikd if H owif:pm tawmf
rsm:rsm:rSm a\:om:azmf]ycJw
h hJ owif:aqmif:yg:wpfy'k \f .J tzGiphf myd'k f
yg` xkid :f dik if \H .J cspfp\m a\S:a[mif:rdK.wpfrdK.[m pufrKS zH.G zdK:wk:d wuf
rSK'Ef cH\wJt
h ajumif: ]zpfygw<f`
38
IMMF2.pmd
38
6/2/2547, 23:41
csif:rdkif? xdkif:` tifomcifac; a\S:yJGawmftwGuf

csif : rd k i f > rd K .a[mif : yif r &if a yguf }d w f & ig:ae\mwG i f
rjumao:rDu vltrsm:pka&:a\muf \SdcJhjuonf` vdarRmfa\mif
ouFef:rsm: ]cHKvrf:xm:aom Ak'bmom \[ef: oHCmrsm:u
bk\m:pmudk \Gwzf wfo\ZPsm<faejuum yJaG wmfvm vlxk uvnf:
yef:eH.omSifh qDrD:uyfvSLum rdk:Sifh oD:SHaumif:ygapajumif:
qkawmif:cJjh uonf`
ok.d aomf &ifaygu}f w
d &f rsm:teD:wGif <mOfusyfawmufae
aomajumifh [Gef:oHSifh pufoHrsm:u bk\m:pm\GwfzwfoHudk
vrf:]cHK ypfvdkufovdk um:Sihf armfawmfqkdifu<f pufckd:rsm:
ajumifv
h nf: eH.omar:\eH.rsm: ]y<fc\hJ onf`
tck xyfazmf]yrSmu uam'D:<m:dik if rH mS uav:oli<fawG
tay; rawmfrw\m: ]yKusifhcJhyHktajumif: tm\Sowif:pm tawmf
rsm:rsm:rSm azmf]ycJw
h hJ owif:aqmif:yg:\J. tzGiphf myd'k ]f zpfygw<f`
zG r f : yif ? uam'D : <m:` uav:r\J . rsuf v H k : awG u
]yL:]yL:? yg:u azmif:azmif:` oluav:u teDa\mifawmufawmuf
wD\yS ?f t]zLa\mif &wfpekH .J nyzf ed yf topfp:D xm:w<f` ol. tcef:
eH\aH y;rSm aea\mif atmufrmS csKd:iSuu
f av:wpfaumife.J twl
cspf p \mh u av:i<f a wG \ J . yH k u m:csyf u d k csd w f q J G x m:w<f `
w]cm:uav:i<fawGu t]yifbufrSm oDcsif:qkdaejuav\J.`
'gayrJh uav:ruawmh {nho
f nfudk armhf rjunhb
f J jurf:]yifuykd J
ai:junhaf e\Smw<f` wpfem\Davmufjumatmif a]ymqkd azsmif:zs
ayr<hv
f nf: uav:r ]yHK:\iv
f matmif vkyrf \bl:`
rde:f uav:u touf 10 Sp\f ydS gyD` ukecf w
hJ hJ oH:k ywfu
ol[maqmifjumrdKiw
f pfcu
k ae xGuaf ]y:vmcJw
h <f` oluav:udk
zcif \Jom:u tJ'rD mS a\mif:pm:ypfcw
hJ <f`
39
IMMF2.pmd
39
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (6) awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:
tcef:(6)
awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:
owif:axmufawGqw
dk m owif:]zpfwahJ e\mrSm t]rJwrf:
t\efoifh \Srd aedik yf gb:l ` 'gajumifyh J rjumcEqko
d vdk rsuf]rifouf
aoawG? 'grSr[kwf tajumif:t\mwpfcck u
k kd em:vnfwwfurf:wJh
olawGeJ. awG.ar:ju\wmyg` wpfcgwavrSm \mZ&wfrSKcif:wdk.?
obm& ab:t\m<fw.kd 'Ef ud<
k w
f ikd cf pH m:vdu
k \f wJh um<uH\iS f
awGeJ. awG.\wwfw<f` 'grSr[kwf wpfckck pGyfpJGcHxm:\ol wpf
a<mufeJ.]zpf]zpf awG.\r<f` owif:aumif:wpfyk'f \zdk.twGuf
owif:axmuf[m rSeu
f efwhJ ar:cGe:f udk rSeu
f efwhJ trlt\meJ. b<fvkd
ar:\r<fqw
dk mudk odxm:\ygr<f`
tifwmAsL:awmif:]cif:
<Ofaus:rcsif:
uJG]ym:wmuvnf:
xl:]cm:rSKwpf\yf ]zpfygw<f`
dik if w
H csKd.rSm tpd:k \xdyw
f ef:
yk d K vf r sm:u pme<f Z if : eJ . cyf
uif:uif: aewwfjuw<f` olw.kd
eJ. awG.qHkar:]ref:r<f qdkvnf:
ar: cG e f : ud k ud K ay: \wmrsKd : ?
'grS r [k w f ol w k d . \J . a]ymcG i f h \
ykKd vfe.J yJ vJ ay:wmrsKd:eJ. juHK\
wwfw<f` awG.r<f? rawG.bl:
qkdwmudkvnf: \uftawmfjumrS
]yefjum:wwfjuw<f` 'Dvkd ta]c
taeeJ . juH K \\if ud k < f u tJ ' D
t\m\SduD: \J. ae.pOftpDtpOfukd\atmif <lxm:oifhygw<f` tJ'D
t\m\SduD: t]yifxGufvmwJh wpfcsdefcsdefrSm cEjum:]zwf &ifyD:
ar:cGe:f wcsKd.udk ar:]ref:dik w
f mayg`h
tv<ftvwftqif\h dS wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:eJ. odurf:cifrifxm:
\if awmfawmf taxmuftul ]zpfygw<f` t\m\Sd uD:wpfO:D \J. tjuH
ay:ykKd vfe.J cifrifxm:w<fq\dk if tJ't
D \m\Sd uD:eJ. tifwmAsL:vkyf
cGihf awmif:zd.k twGuf vrf:yGiahf eygyD` ud<
k u
f t\m\Sd uD:awG\.J twGi:f
a\:rSL:awG? ud<
k af \:t\m\Sad wGe.J qufqaH ]ymqkw
d ahJ e\mrSm usKd:GH
40
IMMF2.pmd
40
6/2/2547, 23:41
<Ofaus:pGmeJ. a]ymqk\d if ud<

k t
hf wGuv
f nf: tcGit
fh vrf:aumif:awG
\vmdik yf gw<f`
tifwmAsL: tawmfrsm:rsm:udk zke:f eJ.yJ vkyjf u\wmyg` tcsed f
ukeo
f ufomwmayg`h 'gayrJh ]zpfikd \f ifawmh vlu<
kd w
f idk o
f mG :yD: AsL:
oifyh gw<f` txl:o]zifh ud<
k ef .J t\ifu wpfudrw
f pfcgrS rawG.zl:
ao:wJo
h q
l \dk if wwfikd o
f avmuf vlcsif:awG.AsL:dik af tmif udK:pm:\
ygr<f` vlcsif:awG.\wJt
h cgrmS ud<
k t
hf aeeJ. tJ'yD k Kd vfe.J ol.ywf&ef:
usiftaetxm:awGukd avhvmdik w
f mayg`h yD:awmh tJ'v
D dk avhvm
awG.\S\d wJt
h xJu tcsufwcsKd.udv
k nf: owif:xJrmS xnfah \:dik yf g
w<f`
udKwif]yifqifyg
ud<
k af \:r<hf tajumif:t\mudk ydik yf ikd f ikd f ikd f odxm:av?
owif:\if:]rpfawGe.J ar:]ref:a]ymqd\k wm vG<u
f al vygy`J 'Dvkd qkd
vdu
k v
f .kd ud<
k af \:r<hf tajumif:t\mrSm q\muD:wpfql ]zpfae\r<f
vd.k qdv
k w
kd mawmh r[kwyf gb:l ` 'gayrJh tajumif:t\mukd ud<
k u
f
tcsde<
f l okawoe vkyx
f m:yD:yDqw
kd m ud<
k u
hf kd owif:ay:a]ym]yr<hf
owif:\if:]rpfawGu od\if olwu
hkd ydk yD: \Si:f vif:a]ym]ycsifvmwwf
w<f` 'gajumifh ud<
k w
fh u
dk rf mS pkxm:wJh pmtkypf mapmifawGukd zwf|KS
avhvm\ygr<f` w]cm: owif:axmufawGe.J t<f'w
D mawG udk ar:]ref:
\r<f` urf:usifolawGqD zkef:qufar:? tifwmeufxJrSm \Smjunfh?
aemufco
H rkid :f udk odxm:av? ud<
k t
hf ifwmAsL:u xda\mufavygy`J
a'gi:f }sKH:pf e<l:pf&ikd <
f mtwGuf bma\: owif:awG a\:
om:ay:ydk.\wJh xkdif:trsKd:orD: owif:axmuf csef<myGef csef}sm|dk
<ifqkd\if pmawG trsm:uD:zwfxm:whJt]yif bma\: owif:
axmufawGtwGuf oifjum:yd.k cswJh oifwef:awGuv
kd nf: wufa\muf
cJo
h yl g` ae.pOf pawmhypGJ m:awGe.J dik if ]H cm:aiGaju: ta\mif:t&<f
orm:awGudk olu tifwmAsL:vkyf\r<f` tJ'DvlawG qkdwmu tif
rwef tvkyrf sm:wJo
h al wG`
uefr\J. yxrOD:qH:k ar:cGe:f udu
k vdck sifwt
hJ csufukd rdz.kd
vdkygw<f? uefrudk<fYvnf: olwdk.qDu udk<fbmvdkcsifw<fqkdwm
odxm:w<f? rsm:aomtm:]zihu
f wpfred pf? Sprf ed pfyJ tcsde\f wmav?
bmrSr[kww
f hJ ar:cGe:f awGe.J olw.dk udk pdwt
f aSmift
h <Suf r]zpfap
f a]ym]yygw<f`
csifb:l vd.k csef<myGeu
41
IMMF2.pmd
41
6/2/2547, 23:41
t"duuswJh ar:cGe:f awGukd csef<myGeu

f t\ifudKyD: a\:
rSwx
f m:wJt
h wGuf ar:ae\if:eJ. arhusef\pfwmrsKd: r\Sb
d :l ` olu ar:
cGe:f awGuv
kd nf: tpDtpOfusus pDyD: ar:wwfw<f`
ar:cGef:awGudk udKwif]yifqifwJh taeeJ. csa\:awmhr<f
qd\k if ud<
k o
hf wif:twGuf vkt
d yfwhJ b a]cmufv:kH t]yif ud<
k \hf .J
pmzwfy\dowfuD:u bmudk vkcd sifaewmvJ? olw.dk qk\d if b<far:
cGe:f rsKd: ar:rvJqw
dk mudyk g pOf:pm:zd.k vdyk gw<f`
tifwmAsL:wpfck atmif]rifyD:a]rmufz.kd twGuf qk\d if b<f
tajumif:t\mawG yg&if\r<fqw
dk mudk odxm:zd.k u t"duyg` tJ'D
tajumif:t\mawGa\m? 'D]h yiftcsuftvufawGyg \atmif rSeu
f efwhJ
ar:cGe:f awGukd udKwif ]yifqifxm:\ygr<f`
owif:a\:om:wJh ae\mrSm
bmhajumihf
]zpf\w<fqdkwmukdawmh
t]rJwrf: rodfikd yf g`
tcsdefrDoGm:yg
'g[m <Ofaus:orSK \S]d cif:eJ. tvkyu
f kd av:pm:]cif:\J. ]y<k}f
yg` udk<fhudk owif:ay: a]ym]ywJholawGqkdwmu rsm:aomtm:]zifh
tvkyrf sm:wJh olawG]zpfwwfyD: ud<
k u
hf kd wrifwum tcsdeaf y:ju\wm
]zpfygw<f`
42
IMMF2.pmd
42
6/2/2547, 23:41
tifwmAsL:udk pwif]cif:? rdru

d <
kd u
f kd rdwq
f ufyg
tifwmAsL: pw<fq\dk if rdru
d <
dk u
f ekd .J ud<
k \fh .J owif:pm?
pmapmifukd rdwq
f uf a]ymjum:ay:yg` bmvd.k vJqadk wmh ud<
k u
fh kd owif:
axmufreS :f rodbJ a]ymvdu
k w
f hJ vlwpfa<muf\.J pum:udk rSm:<Gi:f yD:
ud:k um:azmf]yrdrmS pd:k vd.k ]zpfygw<f` ud<
k rhf mS vdypf muwf\\dS if uwfukd
xkwaf y:yg` ud<
k b
f mtajumif: a\:r<fqw
dk m \Si:f ]yvdu
k yf g` tJ'gu
tifwmAsL:ay; tm|kpH u
dk v
f mapzd.k twGuf taxmuftul ]zpfygw<f`
wpfcgwpf\HrSmawmh udk<far:\wJhvlu tcsdefray:dkifwm
ajumifh csef<myGev
f ykd J ar:cGe:f udk wnfw
h nfah r:\wJh tcgrsKd: \Sw
d wfyg
w<f` 'gayrJh tcsde\f w<fq\kd ifawmh w]cm: tmvmyovmy (\moD
Owk? abmvH:k toif:tajumif: po]zih)f udk t\ifa]ymqdo
k ifyh gw<f`
ol oufaomiho
f ufom ]zpfomG :yDqadk wmhrS ud<
k af r:csifwhJ ar:cGe:f
awGukd ar:awmhayg`h
rSwpf ak \:rSw]f cif:Sihf wdy\f aD umf'goH:k ]cif:

wdy\f aD umf'g oH:k wmu wdwu
d sus \w<f` ola]ymwm rSm:
a\:ygw<fv.kd b<fou
l rS apm'u rwufikd af wmhb:l ayg`h wdy\f aD umf
'gukd oH:k awmh a]ymwJo
h l bma]ymaew<fqw
dk mudv
k nf: ydk yD: tm|kpH u
kd f
dik yf gw<f`
'gayrJh wcsKd.uusawmh wdyf\Daumf'gawGudk vef.w<f`
pum:vHk:wkdif:udk rSwfwrf:wifxm:r<hf toHzrf:pufa\S.rSm pum:
rsm:rsm: ra]ymcsijf ubl:` wdy\f aD umf'g oH:k wmu tcsed v
f nf: pm:w<f`
owif:tyD: a\:om:ay:ydk.\r<hf aemufqHk:tcsdef owfrSwfxm:wJh
tcgrsKd:rSm wdyaf cGxu
J csufuswJh aumufw
k pf um:udk ]yefem:axmif
yD: a\G:aezd.k tcsderf \wwfb:l ` aemufyD: wdy\f aD umf'gqw
dk mu ysuf
wwfw<f` "mwfceJ .J wdyaf cGtydafk wG <lomG :\r<f` 'gajumifh rSwpf ek .J
usm:uefxm:\ygr<f`
wpfzufvl a]ymwmudk em:axmif\if:eJ. rSwpf v
k u
kd rf w
S \f wm
vG<af wmhrvG<b
f :l ` a]ymwJv
h u
l ody]f ref]refuD: a]ymaewmqk\d if
<Of<Ofaus:aus:eJ. enf:enf: ]znf:]znf:a]ymzd.k arwWm\yfcyH g` ud<
k f
vdu
k rf rSwf ikd v
f u
kd w
f m \S\d ifvnf: ol.udk aemufwpfudrf ]yefa]ym]y
ay:zd.k awmif:yefyg` olw.dk a]ym]ywmudk wdwu
d sus a\:rSwcf sifv.dk
yg qdk yD: a]ym]yyg` tJ'gq\dk if olw.kd uvnf: oabmusr<f`
43
IMMF2.pmd
43
6/2/2547, 23:41
rSwpf rk w
S w
f <fq\dk ifawmh wpfenf:enf:eJ. vufa\:wkd a\:
\r<f` vufa\:wkdoifwef:awG wufdkifygw<f` owif:axmuf
trsm:pkuawmh ud<
k yf idk v
f ufa\:wked nf:awG xGix
f m:wwfw<f` Oyrm
bm]zpfv.kd vJqadk wmh qkw
d mudk .H H ? pD:yGm:a\: udk pD:/-? tpd:k \
udk Gov po]zihaf yg`h
a]ymor pum:vHk:wkdif:udkvnf: a\:rSwfzdk. rvdkygbl:`
t"duuswJh a]ymqkdcsufeJ. udef:}Eef:awG? wpfa<mufa<mufu
a]ymwJh xif]rifcsufawGavmufuykd J a\:rSw\f ygr<f` tawG.tjuHK
\vmwmeJ.tr b<fpum:uawmh]zihf ud:k um:csufaumif: ]zpfr<fqdk
wmudk em:vnfvmrSm]zpfyD: tJ'Da]ympum:udkvnf: csufcsif: wdwd
usus a\:rSwv
f mdik yf gvrd rfh <f`
owif:ra\:cifrmS ud<
k \fh .J rSwpf ak wGukd pkpnf:xkwf w
k \f
r<f` tzGipfh myd'k f ]zpfvmdik w
f hJ tajumif:t\mawGukd trSwt
f om:
]y\if]y? 'grrS [kwv
f nf: w]cm:ta\mif rife.J rsOf:om:? yD:awmh quf
pyfaewJh tajumif:\yfawGukd aygi:f pnf:\ygr<f` rSwpf u
k kd 'Dvkd pkpnf:
xkwf w
k ]f cif:tm:]zifh owif:ay;rSm ydk yD: \Si:f vif:vmr<f` 'gqk\d if
a\:\wm vG<o
f mG :ovdk a\:wJh tajumif:t\mawGvnf: tquftpyf
rdr<f`
tckatmufrmS a\S.ydik :f (tcef: 3? pmrsufmS 12) rSm azmf]y
cJw
h hJ tar\du]ynfaxmifprk mS pD:yGm:a\:wH.k qkid :f wmajumihf uam'D:
<m: txnfcsKyfvyk if ef:awG xdcu
dk \f yHt
k ajumif: owif:<lcw
hJ hJ owif:
axmuf\.J rSwpf pk mtkyu
f kd erlem azmf]yay:vdu
k yf gw<f`
44
IMMF2.pmd
44
6/2/2547, 23:41
tJ'DerlemrSm owif:axmuf[m t}Fvdyf article pum:

vHk:awG]zpfwJh (the, a) eJ. &dbwfawG]zpfwJh (to, in) pwmawGudk
xnfha\:rxm:wm awG.\ygr<f` cif:csuftaeeJ. a]ympum:ukd
aumufkwfukd:um: azmf]yr<fqkd\ifawmh a]ymwJhvl\J. pum:twkdif:
twdtus a\:rSwf\ygr<f` txufu erlemrSm owif:axmufu
economy udk econ? Cambodia udk Camb? Factories udk facts
po]zifh twkad umuf oH:k oGm:ygw<f` &efuD:udk tifwmAsL:aemufyikd :f
rSm xyfar:csifwhJ udpaP wGukd owif:axmufu rife.J &dik :f yD: rSwx
f m:
w<f` owif:axmufu ol.taeeJ. aemufcHorkdif: udef:}Eef:
tcsuftvufawG vdt
k yfaewmudk ol.ud<
k o
f l owday:wJt
h aeeJ. #
trSwt
f om:]yyD: aw:rSwx
f m:ygw<f` 'gawGukd wku
d af \mufa\muf
csif: \SmazG\rSm ]zpfygw<f`
&efuD:u tajumif:t\m tawmfrsm:rsm:udk a]ymoGm:wmyg`
owif:axmufu tar\duefrmS pD:yGm:a\:wH.k qkid :f wmajumifh txnf
csKyfvkyfief: xdckduf\yHkudk a\:csifw<f` 'gajumifh tJ'D ausm|dk:eJ.
qufpyfaewJh tcsufawG\.J ab:rSm axmifvu
kd rf sOf:awG a\:]cpfyD:
trSwt
f om:]yKxm:vdu
k w
f <f` 'Denf:eJ. owif:eJ.oufqidk w
f hJ tcsuf
awGukd xif:ceJ ]rifomoGm:\w<f` tJ'aD emufawmh owif:axmufu
trSef uav:awG]cpfyD: tzGiphf myd'k f ]zpfikd w
f hJ tajumif:\yfawGukd
trSwt
f om: vkyv
f u
kd yf gw<f`
bmajumifh ? b<fvkd ar:cGe:f rsm:

ar:cGe:f awG ar:wJt
h cg a]ymwJo
h u
l tajumif:t\mudk \Si:f
vif:a]ym]yvmatmif? tao:pdwu
f sus a]ymvmatmif ar:\ygr<f`
[kww
f <f? r[kwb
f :l avmufyJ a]z\r<hf ar:cGe:f rsKd:awG
udk a\Smifyg` Oyrm cifAsm: a\G:aumufc\H zd.k &ifydKifaew<f r[kwb
f :l vm:
cif A sm: \nf \ G < f c suf yef : wk d i f u d k a\muf d k i f y gh r vm:
qkw
d mrsKd:awGaygh`
tJ'v
D kd ar:cGe:f rsKd:tpm: bmajumifv
h J ? b<fvv
kd J qdw
dk hJ
ar:cGe:f rsKd:awG ar:\ygr<f` Oyrm-
45
IMMF2.pmd
45
6/2/2547, 23:41

a\G:aumufy&GJ ifz.kd cifAsm: bmajumifh qH:k ]zwfwmvJ
cifAsm: \nf\<
G cf suf yef:wkid u
f kd a\mufz.kd b<fvkd
pDpOfxm:ygovJ
qkd yD:awmhaygh`
ar:cGe:f rsm:udk wkw

d ydk J ar:yg
wcsKd.owif:pmq\mrsm:u pum:ajum \Snw
f wfjuw<f`
olw.kd u wpfudrw
f nf:rSm ar:cGe:f \Snf uD:awG qufwu
dk af r:cswwf
w<f` 'grsKd:udk a]z\wJo
h al wGu pdwrf \Snb
f :l ` pdwv
f nf:|SKyfomG :wwf
juw<f` olw.dk u yxrar:cGe:f udk a]zaewke:f rSmyJ aemufar:cGe:f awG
udk arhomG :wwfjuw<f` 'gajumifh ud<
k u
f |d:k |k:d eJ.\Si:f \Si:f yJ ar:yg`
em:axmifyg? owd\ydS g? rsufpu
d zdk iG x
fh m:yg
xl:]cm:wJh vlawGudk
\SmazGyg`
ud<
k t
fh vkyu
f ud<
k u
fh kd owif:ay: a]ym]ywJh owif:\if:]rpf
awG a]ymorudk em:axmifz.kd yg` olw.dk udk a[ma]ymzd.k ? yd.k cszk.d ? olw.dk
eJ. ]iif:ckezf .kd r[kwyf gb:l ` ud<
k x
hf if]rifcsuf \S\d ifvnf: ud<
k \fh ifxrJ mS
yJ xm:yg` 'gajumifh ud<
k u
f olrsm: a]ymor emcHov
l .kd qkv
d w
kd mawmh
r[kwb
f :l ` ud<
k u
f olwpfyg: a]ymorudk aoaocsmcsmeJ. pdppf a&zef
yD: em:axmif\r<f` bmawGa]ymoGm:ovJ qkdwm pOf:pm:\r<f`
ol.ta]zawGe.J xif]rifcsufawG[m xd\\S .J vm: qkw
d mudk junh\f r<f`
udk<far:wmudka\m wu<fwnfhwnfh
a]zovm:` ud<
k af emufxyf bmar:rvJ
qk d w mt]yif ud k < f h o wif : \if : ]rpf u
bmawGa]zaewmvJ qkdwmudkyg pOf:pm:
\ygr<f`
xl : ]cm:wJ h u d p P a wG t wG u f
t]rJ y J owd \ S d a e\ygr<f ` tu<f I
udk<hfowif:\if:]rpfu udk<farmfvifh
rxm:wJh w]cm: pdw&f ifpm:p\m tajumif:
t\m wpf \ yf u d k a]ymvmw<f q k d \ if
ud<
k u
f csufcsif: |SK axmifo
h pfa]ymif:yD:
vdkuf\r<f` owif:pmq\maumif: awG[m owif:wpfcktwGuf
tifwmAsL: oGm:vky\f if:eJ. e}krd v
l tajumif:t\m eJ. vH:k &rwlwhJ w]cm:
46
IMMF2.pmd
46
6/2/2547, 23:41
tajumif:t\mwpfcu
k kd \vmwwfjuygw<f`
tifwmAsL:vkyfpOftwGif:rSm owif:\if:]rpfawGu udk<fh
ar:cGe:f tay; b<fvw
kd .kH ]yefovJ qkw
d m udk rSwx
f m:yg` tcsufwpfck
udk a]ymwJh tcg vufo:D vuf armif:wef: a]ym ovm:? vufnKd :aiguf
aigux
f :dk a]ymovm:` pdwv
f KS yf\mS :yD: 'l:Se.f ovm:` aemufyD: ol.\J.
aetdr?f |k:H cef: taetxm:udv
k nf: rSwo
f m:\yg r<f` 'Dtao:pdwf
tcsuf awGajumifh owif: uouf&ifvKS yf\mS : vmwwfygw<f`
uwfo:D uwfowf ar:cGe:f rsm:ar:\ef rajumufygSihf

owif:\if:]rpfu r\Si:f rvif: a&a&&g:&g: a]zaew<fq\kd if
tJ'gukd \Si:f ]yckid :f yg`
pmzwfy\dowfukd |k:d |d:k \Si:f \Si:f a\:]ydik zf .kd twGuf ueaf wmf?
uefru 'Dtajumif:udk \Sif:\Sif:vif:vif: em:vnfrS]zpfr<f vdk.
olw.dk udk a]ymyg`
ueaf wmf? uerf em:vnfwmudk aocsmatmif a]ymyg\ap?
cifAsm:a]ymwmu... qdk yD: ola]ymwJh tajumif:t\mudk b<fvekd m:
vnfw<fqw
kd m ]yefa]ym]ydik yf gw<f` 'gqk\d if ud<
k u
f em:vnfrKS
rSm:<Gif:aew<fqkd\ifvnf: rSefuefatmif ]yifqifcGifh \dkifygw<f`
vltrsm:u udk<fhudk em:vnfoabmaygufatmif a]ym]ycsifjuwm
csnf:ygy`J olw.dk u a\:wJo
h wif:awGukd wdusapcsifjuw<f`
'Dae\mrSm uwfo:D uwfowf ar:cGe:f awGvnf: \Sw
d wfwm
ygy`J 'gayrJh xdyw
f ef:t\m\Sd uD:wpfa<mufukd ol.emrnf pmvH:k aygi:f
oGm:ar:wmrsKd:awmh rvkyaf veJ.` tvm:wlyJ bEfvyk if ef:\Sif wpfO:D
udk bEfw:kd SKef:awGuakd wmh oGm:rar:eJ.ayg`h 'gawGuakd wmh ud<
k u
f
udKyD: odukd odxm:\rSmrsKd:awGyg`
xif]rifcsuf awmif:cH]cif:
owif:\if:]rpfwpfOD:u xif]rifcsufay:zdk. ]iif:qkdwmeJ.
ueOD:rSm juHKqk\H \if pdw
d rf ysufyge.J ` aemufwpfrsKd: vSnahf r:yg` 'grS
tvkyrf ]zpfao:\if 'Dtcsuf[m olw.dk taeeJ. xif]rifcsuf tay:oifh
qH:k ? olw.dk t]rifukd ta]ymoifq
h :kH ]zpfwhJ tajumif: em:cs\ygr<f` tJ
'grv
S nf: olw.dk u xif]rifcsuf ray:ao:bl:qk\d ifawmh olw.dk tae
eJ. tckvkd xif]rifcsuf ray:wJt
h ajumif:udk owif:xJ xnfah \:\vdrfh
47
IMMF2.pmd
47
6/2/2547, 23:41
r<f qdw
k mudk \Si:f ]yvdu
k yf g` 'gq\dk if olw.kd taeeJ. wpfpw
kH pfcu
k kd zH:k
uG<fxm:w<fvdk. pmzwfy\dowfuD:u xifoGm:r<fqdkwmudk tJ'D
owif:\if:]rpfrsm:u odxm:juygw<f` 'gt
h ]yif olw.dk \J. xif]rifcsuf
awG ryg\if ud<
k o
fh wif:[m ckid v
f rkH KS ody\f rdS mS r[kwb
f :l qkd yD:awmhvnf:
olw.dk udk azsmif:zsdik yf gw<f`
b<fvykd ]J zpf]zpf owif:\if:]rpfu xif]rifcsuf ray:csifb:l
qk\d ifvnf: ol.tcGit
hf a\:udk av:pm:\ygr<f` a<bk<stm:]zifah wmh
owif:\if:]rpfu xif]rifcsufay:zdk. ]iif:qdkw<f qkdwmudk xnfh
ra\:yge.J ` tJ'yD k Kd vfu xif]rifcsuf ray:bl: vd.k yJ a\:yg` 'gu
rwrSK \Syd gw<f`
owif:\if:]rpfwpfO:D u ra]zonht
f cg...
dik if aH \:orm:rsm:u rsm:aomtm:]zihf owif:axmufar:wm
awGukd wnfw
h nfh ra]zqkw
d wfb:l ` 'grsKd:qk\d if ud<
k afh r:cGe:f udk xyf
ar:yg` 'grS tvkyrf ]zpf\if ar:cGe:f udk pum:vH:k toH:k tSKef: a]ymif:ar:
yg` aemufq:kH taeeJ. ol.tajumif: aumv[mvawG? ]ypfwifa&zef
csufawG ud<
k jf um:xm:\wmawG a]ym]yyD: ar:yg` owif:\if:]rpfu
ud<
k [
f m wpfzufu a]ymwmawGukd jum:xm:yDqw
dk m od\if ud<
k af r:
wJh ar:cGe:f udk ydk yD: wnfw
h nhf a]zvmwwfygw<f`
olw.dk wpfawG wa]ymwnf: a]ymaevif...

owif:\if:]rpfu udk<far:wmeJ. rqkdifwJhtajumif:awG
a]ymvmyDq\dk if a\G:cs<fp\m enf:vrf:Spo
f <
G f \Syd gw<f` wpfcu
k
ol.l [mol a]ym\if:eJ. pdw&f ifpm:p\m wpfcck rk sm: ygvmavrvm:vk.d
apmifjh unhw
f myg` 'gayrJh tcsdeu
f enf:enf:yJ \wmqk\d ifawmhtJ'gu wu<fpw
d &f ifpm:p\myJ? tckvkd a]ymwm aus:Zl:
wifygw<f? a\S.ua]ymwm ]yefaumuf\\if... qdk yD:<Of<Ofaus:aus:
eJ. pum:p ]zwfypf\ygr<f`
aemufqufwaGJ r:cGeG :f rsm:- tkpw

d af r:]ref:]cif:
rsm:aomtm:]zifah wmh owif:\if:]rpfawGu a<bk<s ta]z
awGyJ ay:juw<f` 'gayrJh t]zpftysufudk aumif:aumif:em:vnfz.kd
48
IMMF2.pmd
48
6/2/2547, 23:41
eJ. pmzwfot
l wGuf yDy]D yif]yif o|kyaf zmf]ydik zf .kd owif:axmuftae
eJ.u tao:pdwftcsuftvufawG odzdk. vdktyfygw<f` tJ'Dvdk
tao:pdwt
f csuftvufawG odatmifq\dk if aemufqufwGJ ar:cGe:f
aumif:awG ar:wwf\w<f`
w\ef[efa'gi:f vrf:rSm um:Sppf :D wku
d rf w
d <fv.kd [dck sDrif:
pD:wD: \Jt\m\Sd wpfa<mufu udk<fhudk a]ym]yw<fqkd\if bmum:
trsKd:tpm:vJ? um:awGu bmta\mifvJ qkdwmudk ar:\ygr<f`
wu<fv.kd vlo:kH a<muf 'Ef\m\oGm:w<fv.kd \Ju a]ym\if tJ'v
D l
awGu b<folawGvJ? bm'Ef\mawG \oGm:wmvJ? b<faq:|kHudk
o<fomG :wmvJ qkw
d mawGuykd g ar:\ygr<f`
dkifiHa\:orm:wpfa<mufu ol.toufcdrf:a]cmufcHae\
w<fv.kd qkv
d m\if b<fvkd cdr:f a]cmufwmvJ qdw
k mudk Oyrmay:ckid :f yg`
wpfcgwpf\rH mS ud<
k u
f aemufqufwaGJ r:cGe:f udk |kww
f \uf
uD: rar:dik w
f mrsKd:vnf: \Sw
d wfw<f` tJ't
D cgrsKd:rSm bmar:\r<fqkd
wm pOf:pm:zk.d tcsde\f atmif...
tJ'g bmajumif]h zpf\wmvJ? quf\iS :f ygO:D po]zifh ar:
]ref:\if: tifwmAsL:udk t\Sed rf ysufatmif qufxed :f oGm:\ygr<f`
a]z\cufaom ar:cGe:f rsm:
\Hzef\cH grmS a]z\cufwhJ ar:cGe:f
rsKd:awG ar:zd.k vdt
k yfwm awGvnf: \Sw
d wf
ygw<f` 'gudk zspfnpfyD: vkyf\r<f`
vlwpfa<mufudk cifAsm:tdwfpfa\m}g
b<fvdk\vmwmvJ vdk. ar:zdk.qdkwm
tawmf uav: tm:emp\m aumif:ayr<fh
vnf: 'Dta]zukd pmzwfy\dowfu odcsif
aew<f` 'Dvkd ta]zrsKd:ay;rSm rlwnfyD:
omrefowif:wpfyk'f eJ. owif:aumif:
wpfyk'fqkdwm uGm]cm: oGm:wwfwmyg`
'Dvakd r:cGe:f rsKd: ud-k
ueaf wmf? uerf taeeJ. tm: awmh emygw<f? 'gayrJv
h nf:
rar:r]zpf ar:\r<fqadk wmh em:eJ.rem z&g:eJ.em yg... vd.k ed'ge:f csDyD:
ar:dik yf gw<f`
wpfcgwpf\HrSm pGyfpJGa]ymqdk cHxm:\wJh ykdKvfwpfOD:OD:eJ.
vlawG\.J 'kuu
Q dk pmemyg`
49
IMMF2.pmd
49
6/2/2547, 23:41
awG.qHk yD: ol.\J. acsycsuaf wGukd owif:<l\wm rsK:d vnf: \Sw

d wfw<f`
'D tcgrSm udk<fu rrww ]zpfapcsifwJh tajumif: \Sif:]yyg`
ol.taeeJ.owif:rSm:awGukd ]yifqifikd w
f hJ tcGiahf umif: ]zpfajumif:udk
vnf: \Si:f vif:a]ym]y\ygr<f`
ar:cGef:awGudk vG<fvG<fuae p ar:yg` a]z\tcufqHk:
ar:cGe:f udk aemufq:kH rS ar:yg` 'gq\dk if a]z\cufwhJ ar:cGe:f udk awG.qHo
k l
u ra]zbl:qk\d ifawmifrS ola\S.rSm a]ymcJw
h mawGukd owif:tcsuf
tvufwcsKd.awmh \vdu
k f idk yf gw<f`
owif:\if:]rpfu ud<
k ef .J zke:f ra]ymbJ zke:f csypfvu
kd w
f <f?
tawG.rcHbJ wHcg:ydwyf pfvu
kd w
f <f qk\d ifvnf: pdwrf ysufyge.J ` ud<
k f
u owif:axmufy`J ola]ymvmatmif vkyzf .dk u uk<
d w
hf m&efyaJ v`
waphwapmif: |kyyf v
kH m tifwmAsL:rsm:
waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvm\J. oabmu vlwpfa<muf\J.
"avhp|ku
d u
f dk ay;vGiaf tmif a\:zd.k yJ` 'gajumifh owif:\if:]rpf ykKd vf
udk oufaomifo
h ufomeJ. vGwv
f w
G v
f yfvyf a]ymqkcd iG ahf y:xm:\r<f`
'Dvkd tifwmAsL:rsKd: vkyfr<fqkd\if aocsmpGm udKwif]yifqifoGm:\
ygr<f` 'grS udk<fhtifwmAsL:u vdkcsifwmudk acsmacsmarmarm
\dkifr<f` udk<fu tcsdef<l]yifqifcJhwJhtwGuf udk<fhudk a]ym]yr<hf
owif:\if:]rpfuvnf: oabmusvrd rhf <f` ola\:om:cJzh :l wJh aqmif:yg:
udk ud<
k u
f \nfne :f a]ym]ydik o
f vm:? olwufcw
hJ hJ ausmif:udk a]ym]y
dik rf vm: po]zifah yg`h
waphwapmif: |kyyf v
kH m twGuf tifwmAsL:vky\f if ol.\J.
t]yKtrlukd }|kpu
kd f avhvm\ygr<f` wu<fv.kd tcsde\f r<fq\kd if
ol.tdrrf mS b<fvakd ew<f? |k:H rSm b<fvakd ew<f? bmudk &goemyg
w<f qkw
d mawGutp avhvmoifyh gw<f` owif:aumif:awGqw
dk m
vlawG\.J vSKyf\mS :vkyaf qmifrKS awGukd azmf]yay:ygw<f`
tifwmAsL:udk tqH:k owf]cif:

owif:\if:]rpfukd tckvkd tcsdeaf y: a]ym]ywJt
h wGuf aus:
Zl:wifajumif: a]ymyg` 'gayrJh aemufq:kH ar:cGe:f oH:k ck ar:zd.k udak wmh
b<fawmhrS rarhyge.J `
50
IMMF2.pmd
50
6/2/2547, 23:41

tck uefawmf? uefr ar:oGm:wmawGxrJ mS ta\:uD:wJh
tcsufwpfcck k ar:zd.k usefomG :wmrsm: \Syd govm:`

'Dtajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufyD: aemufxyfawG.oifw
h hJ
ykKd vfrsm: \Syd gao:ovm:? \S\d if vrf:eaf y:dik rf vm:`
aemufxyf ar:p\mav:awG ay;vmcJ\h if xyfar:yg\ap`
(]zpfikd \f if tdrzf ek :f eJ. rkb
d idk :f zke:f eHygwaf wG \atmif awmif: <lyg`
tcsut
f vufawGe.J ywfoufv.kd r\Si:f wm\S\d if xyfar:yg\ap
qkw
d m aocsmatmif a]ymxm:cJyh g`)
51
IMMF2.pmd
51
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (7) taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toH:k cs]cif:
tcef: (7)
taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toH:k cs]cif:
owif:axmufawG[m vlawG a]ymwm rSef rrSef od\atmif?
'grSr[kwf ykd yD:]ynfph akH tmif taxmuftxm: tcsuftvufawGukd
wwfikd o
f avmuf \SmazGju\ygw<f` taxmuftxm:qkw
d m a\:xm:
wJh? 'grSr[kwf yHkSdyfxm:wJh rSwfwrf:rSwf\mudk qdkcsifwmyg` 'g[m
rSww
f rf:pm\Guu
f av:wpf\u
G ?f 'grrS [kwv
f nf: uGeyf sLwmxJrmS odrk :DS
xm:wJh tcsuftvufawG ]zpfikd yf gw<f` 'Dtaxmuftxm: qkw
d mxJ
rSm owif:xkw]f yefcsufawG? w<fvzD ek :f vrf:eaf wG? \oH:k rSe:f a]caiG
pm\if:awG? tpD\ifcpH mawG? tpd:k \pm\if:tif:awGe.J w]cm:rSww
f rf:
awG yg&ifygw<f`
ud<
k o
hf wif:xJrmS azmf]yxm:wJh tcsufawGukd ydk yD: ckid rf map
zd.k twGuf 'Dtaxmuftxm:awGukd oH:k \ygw<f` wpfa<mufa<muf
eJ. tifwmAsL:vkyw
f ek :f olu pmwpfapmif? 'grrS [kwf tpD\ifcpH mwpf
ck tajumif: a]ymvm\if tJ'pD m\J. rdwLW udk awmif:<lyg` owif:\if:
]rpfawGu owif:tp wpfck ay:w<fq\dk if olw.dk a]ymwm rSeu
f efwhJ
tajumif: ckid rf mapr<hf taxmuftxm:udk ar:]ref:\ygr<f`
tpd:k \? tpd:k \r[kww
f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:awGe.J umhbEfw.dk
vdk dik if w
H um tzJ.G tpnf:awGqu
D ae tpD\ifcpH mawGuv
kd nf: \wwf
w<f` \\if tJ'DtpD\ifcHpmawGrSm xl:xl:]cm:]cm: bmygovJqdkwm
\Smyg` wk:d wuf]zpfay;rSKtwGuf tJ't
D pD\ifcpH mxJrmS bmawG axmuf]y
w\m:r&if opfcw
k v
f rSJ owif:twGuf taxmuftxm:rsm: \zd.k rvG<u
f yl g`
52
IMMF2.pmd
52
6/2/2547, 23:41
tjuH]yKxm:ovJ qkw
d mukd tav:xm:junfyh g` yD:\if tJ't
D juH]yK
csuftay;rSm axmufcw
H ?hJ ydrk ckd idk rf mapwJh Oyrmay:rSKawG? aumuf
kwf a]ympum:awG? 'grSr[kwv
f nf: ude:f }Eef: azmf]ycsufawGukd
\SmazGyg`
vkyif ef:Xme tawmfrsm:rsm:u tpD\ifcpH mawGukd yHrk eS f xkwf
a&wwfjuygw<f` ta\:uD:wJh tpD\ifcHpmrsKd:awGudk qkd\ifawmh
w\m:&if rxkw]f yefcifrmS ud<
k u
f \atmif udK:pm:\ygr<f` 'grS aumif:
aumif: em:vnf oabmayguaf tmif zwfcsde\f r<f` tpD\ifcpH mrSm
ynm\yfeJ.qkdifwJh pum:vHk:awG trsm:uD:ygae\if? |SKyfaxG:ae\if
oufqidk \f m urf:usifoal wGqD ar:]ref:\r<f`
taxmuftxm:awGudk trsm:]ynfolawGtaeeJ. b<f
avmuf \\Sd ikd v
f q
J w
dk muawmh dik if t
H vdu
k f uGm]cm:rSK \Syd gw<f` 'g
ayrJh taxmuftxm:awG b<favmuftxd \Sw
d wfw<fqw
kd m a]ym
\\ifawmh wu<f tHjh op\mygy`J pOf:pm:junfrh <fq\dk if
tdr]f cHa]r rSww

f rf:awG?
\Jrw
S w
f rf:awG?
Oya']yKa\: tqk]d yKcsufawG?
w\m:|k:H rSww
f rf:awG?
ukrE
rD sm:\J. ajunmcsufe.J Spyf wfvnf tpD\ifcpH mawG?
obm&ywf&ef:usifqidk \f m tpD\ifcpH mawG?
opfcw
k rf ed .f cGi]hf yKcsufawG?
tpd:k \pD:yGm:a\: tpD\ifcpH mawG?
aumifpt
D pnf:ta&: rSww
f rf:awG po]zifh awG.\ygr<f`
bmtaxmuftxm:? rSww
f rf:rSw\f mawG \So
d vJqw
dk mudk
t]rJ vG<v
f <
G ef .J \wwfwmawmhvnf: r[kwb
f :l ` 'gayrJh ud<
k t
hf ae
eJ. yxrOD:qH:k rSm 'DXme tzJ.G tpnf:awG b<fvkd tvkyv
f yk jf uw<f
qkw
d mudk em:vnfatmif vkyo
f ifyh gw<f` olw.dk u yHrk eS f b<fvt
kd pD
\ifcpH mrsKd:awGukd xkw]f yefwwfovJ? tJ't
D pD\ifcpH mawGu b<fvkd
yHpk rH sKd:eJ. xGuv
f mwwfwmvJ? b<fXmepdw?f b<fwm&ef\dS ykKd vfu
xkw]f yefay:wmvJ qkw
d hJ tcsufrsKd:awGayg`h
owif:axmufawG taeeJ. tpd:k \qDu taxmuftxm:
awGudk w\m:&if awmif:cHjuwJh tcgrsKd:rSm rsm:aomtm:]zifhawmh
tjumuD : aerS y J \wwf w <f ` 'gajumif h ud k < f e J . cif r if a ewJ h
53
IMMF2.pmd
53
6/2/2547, 23:41
tpd:k \wm&ef\o
Sd w
l pfa<mufa<mufuu
kd yfyD: ol.qDuae awmif:junhf
wmuyJ tvG<u
f q
l :kH ]zpfygr<f`
'Dtaxmuftxm:awGuae t}wdawG? tmEmtvJo
G :kH rSK
awGukd owif:axmufawGu \SmazGazmfxw
k f ikd w
f mrsK:d awG \Sw
d wf w<f`
wcsKd.dkifiHawGrSm dkifiHa\:orm:awGudk b<fykdKvfu aiGaju:
ay:urf:aew<f qkdwmudk taxmuftxm: vkduf\Smw<f` yD:\if
tpd:k \u tJ'aD iGawGukd b<fvo
kd :kH pJw
G <fqw
kd hJ tpD\ifcpH mawGukd vdu
k f
pHpk rf:w<f` tJ'rD mS dik if aH \:orm:rsm:ukd aiGaju:ay:urf:olawG[m
t]rwftpGe:f uD:rm:wJh tpd:k \uefx|du
k f vkyif ef:uD:awGukd \oGm:ju
ovm:qkw
d hJ quf<
G rf KS awGukd vdu
k \f mS junhw
f wfjuygw<f` 'Dowif:
rsKd:awGu b<fo[
l m joZm\Sw
d <f? b<fou
l tpd:k \rSm aiGaju:]ynhpf kH
atmif yHyh :kd ay:aew<f qkw
d mrsKd:awGukd azmfxw
k f wif]yay:ygw<f`
'Dvkd owif:rsKd:udk owif:pHpk rf:a\:om:]cif:vd.k ac;ygw<f`
t]rJwrf: pdppfyg
taxmuftxm:awGu vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm:wmrsKd:? rSm:<Gif:
azmf]yxm:wmrsKd:awGvnf: \Sw
d wfwt
hJ wGuf owdawmh xm:\ygr<f`
ud<
k \f wJh taxmuftxm: tcsuftvufawGukd pdppfyg` ud<
k o
hf wif:
pm? pmapmifrmS 'Dtajumif:eJ.ywfoufyD: t\ifu b<fvkd a\:om:
azmf]ycJzh :l ovJ qkw
d mudk ]yefzwfjunhyf g` ud<
k u
f tJ'v
D kd ]yefzwf
rxm:\if t\ifv?l 'grrS [kwf uk<
d ahf \S.u rSm:cJw
h t
hJ rSm:rsKd:udk 'Dwpf
udrrf mS vnf: xyfrmS :wwfygw<f`
yD:awmh vltrsm:Sifh pum:a]ymjunhyf g

taxmuftxm: wpfcw
k nf:ay;rSmyJ ta]ccHyD: a\:w<f
qk\d if tJ'o
D wif:u ysif:p\muD: ]zpfaewwfw<f` yD:awmh rwrSK
vnf: \SdrSmr[kwfbl:` urf:usifolawGqDu xif]rifcsufawGeJ.
taxmuftxm:xJu azmf]ycsufxrJ mS tusHK:&ifwhJ ykKd vfawG\.J xif
]rifcsufawGuykd g \<lyg` wu<f ]zpfysufaewmawGe.J Oyrmay:yD:
owif:udk pdwf&ifpm:p\m aumif:atmif a\:\ygr<f` owif:u
uam'D:<m:dik if rH mS \Sw
d hJ a]r]rKyfridk :f eif:rdol ta\twGuf tajumif:
a\:\w<fq\dk if rkid :f eif:rdyD: a]cwpfzuf qH:k |SKH :\olwpfO:D eJ. wu<f
awG.ar:yg`
54
IMMF2.pmd
54
6/2/2547, 23:41
tydik :f (3) pk|:Hk aygif:pnf:]cif:
tydik :f (3) pk|:Hk aygif:pnf:]cif:

pdefac;csuf
tpudk a\:\wm[m tcufq:kH yJv.kd owif:pmq\m tawmf
rsm:rsm:uyJ a]ymjuygw<f` ud<
k o
fh wif:\J. tp pum:vH:k u wu<f
vnf: ta\:uD:wmud:k ` tzGipfh myd'k u
f pdw&f ifpm:p\mqk\d if pmzwfol
u tJ'o
D wif:udk qH:k wJt
h xd zwf]zpfomG :r<f` pdw&f ifpm:p\m raumif:
\ifawmh aemufpmrsufmS udk vSeo
f mG :rSmyJ`
ud<
k u
f tzGiphf myd'k u
f kd b<fvkd a\:r<fqw
kd m qH:k ]zwfyD:oGm:
\if aemufped af c;vmwmu owif:\J. usefwhJ tydik :f udk b<fvpkd pk nf:
yD: a\:rvJqw
dk myg` tqifa]ya]y ]zpfatmif owif:tcsuftvuf
awGukd b<fvpkd pD OfyD: a\:rvJayg`h 'Dvkd tcsuftvufawG tpDtpOf
wus ]zpfatmif qkw
d m[m &g\ihpf ma\:q\mawGtwGuaf wmifrS rjum
cEqkdovdk tcufawG.\wwfwmrsKd:` udk<fu tcsuftvufawG
trsm:uD: pkaqmif:<lvmwmav` 'Dawmh b<f[mawGudk oHk:yD:
b<f[mawGukd csefypfc\hJ r<fqw
kd m qH:k ]zwf\ cufaewwfwmayg`h
owif:aqmif:yg:awGrmS qk\d if ed}:Hk uvnf: ta\:uD:ygw<f`
pma\:q\mwcsKd.u olw.dk aqmif:yg:awGukd ta\:tuD:qH:k tajumif:
t\meJ. ed}kH:csKyfwwfjuw<f` wcsKd.uawmh aqmif:yg:\J. t"du
ausm|d:k udk pmzwfo\l ifxJ pJu
G sef\pfatmif a\:wwfjuygw<f` wpfcg
wavrSm wu<fxdrdwJh a]ympum:wpfckeJ. ed}kH:csKyfay:wwfw<f`
xdrw
d hJ ed}:Hk udk pOf:pm:\wmvnf: tawmfcufwhJ udpyP g`
owif:a\:om:]cif:
owif:a\:om:]cif:[m owif:axmuftaeeJ. pma\:pm:yJG
rSm xkid v
f u
kd w
f t
hJ cgusrS pwm r[kwyf gbl:` a\:om:]cif:qkw
d m[m
pOf:pm:]cif:ygyJ` owif:axmuf[m owif:twGuf pdwu
f :l \yDqu
dk
wnf:u 'Da\:om:]cif:uvnf: pwm]zpfygw<f` tJ'aD emuf t"du
tcsufukd \SmazGwm? ar:cGe:f awG ar:]ref:wmeJ. tao:pdwt
f csufawG
pkaqmif:wm pwJh owif:vdu
k af ewJh wpfcsdev
f :kH rSmyJ a\:om:]cif:u
'Gew
f v
GJ u
dk yf gvmw<f` owif:axmufu olpak qmif:\\Sv
d mwJh tcsuf
55
IMMF2.pmd
55
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
tvufawGukd pOf:pm:w<f` yD:awmh tJ't

D csuftvufawGukd cJ]G crf:
pdwf]zmavhvmw<f` owif:twGuf b<ftcsufawGu toHk:&if
w<f` b<ftcsufawGuawmh]zifh tydak wG qkw
d mudk pdppf\ygr<f`
aemufq:kH rSm pmzwfoal wG tvG<w
f ul em:vnfoabmayguaf tmif
'DtcsuftvufawGukd b<fvt
kd pDtpOfxm:yD: a\:rvJ qdw
k mudk pOf:
pm:\ygw<f`
owif:aumif: a\:dik zf .kd twGuf yxrqH:k ud<
k u
f owif:
tvku
d af umif:zd.k vdyk gw<f` owif:wpfy'k f a\:wmrSm tqifracsm
bJ tcuftcJawG.ae\w<fqkd\if udk<f[m owif:tcsuftvuf
]ynh]f ynhpf pkH \kH atmif rvku
d rf cd v
hJ .kd ygy`J ud<
k u
f ]ynh]f ynhpf pkH kH owif:
vdu
k rf xm:\if 'Dowif:uvnf: ud<
k phf w
d x
f rJ mS \Si:f rSm r[kwb
f :l `
tcef: (8)
tzGifh
tzGihf pS rf sKd: \Syd gw<f` wku
d |f u
kd t
f zGiefh .J tzJ.G tG.J tzGiyfh g`
wku
d |f u
kd t
f zGiu
hf pmzwfou
l kd owif:\J. yifrtajumif:t\m
udk wef:a]ym]yay:w<f` (yxrOD:qH:k &gusrSmyJ pyD: a]ym]ywm ]zpf
ygw<f`)
tzJ.G tJ.G tzGihf uawmh ]zpf\yfwu
dk av:wpfc?k 'grrS [kwf
ta]ctae wpf\yfrmS \Sad ewJh vlwpfa<mufukd Oyrmay:vd.k ]zpfap?
'grrS [kwf ]rifuiG :f wpfcu
k kd o|kyaf zmf]yvd.k ]zpfap t]rJpw<f` tJ'D
azmfusL:csufawGu owif:aqmif:yg:\J. t"dutajumif:t\mudk
azmf]yay:w<f? 'grrS [kwv
f nf: 'Dowif:ay;rSm pdw&f ifpm:vmatmif
qJaG c;vdu
k w
f <f` aemufyikd :f usrS pma\:olu ola]ymcsifwhJ t"du
tajumif:t\mudk wku
d |f u
dk af ]ym]ywmrsKd: ]zpfygw<f`
b<fvkd tzGirhf sKd: a\:rvJqw
dk muawmh ud<
k u
f owif:OD:
a\:rSmvm:? owif:aqmif:yg: a\:rSmvm:qdw
k ahJ y;rSm rlwnfw<f`
wkduf|dkuftzGifh
owif:OD:awGa\:zdk.twGuf qkd\ifawmh wkduf|kduftzGihfu
taumif:qH:k ygy`J 'DtzGix
hf rJ mS b a]cmufv:kH awGvrkd sKd: ta\:tuD:
qH:k ]zpfwhJ tcsuftvufawG yg&ifw<f` taumif:qH:k tzGiafh wGudk
56
IMMF2.pmd
56
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
a\S.rSm azmf]ycJo
h vdyk J t}Fvyd f &gusqk\d if subject-verb-object yHpk ?H
]refrmvdq
k \dk ifawmh uwWm:-uH-ud<myHpk eH .J a\:om:xm:wJh tzGiahf wG
ygy`J t}Fvyd v
f kd a\:r<fq\dk if owif:OD:\J. tzGihf pmyd'k [
f m pmvH:k a\
25 vH:k xuf rydo
k ifb
h :l ` tJ't
D zGi[
hf m \Si:f \r<f? wdus\r<f`
vmtdk ikd if H AD<efusif:wkid :f rfu 'DtzGiu
fh jkd unhyf g`
bdef:pdkufysKd:]cif: avsmhenf:a\:aqmif\GufrSK wpfpdwf
wpfa'ot]zpf }syeftpdk:\u [Gmzef:]ynfe<fwGif aus:vuf
vrf:rsm:azmufvyk af \:vkyif ef:twGuf aiGxnh&f if\ef oabmwl
cJo
h nf`
'DtzGix
hf rJ mS b<fov
l J (}syeftpd:k \)? bmvJ (aus:vuf
vrf:rsm: azmufvyk zf .kd oabmwlw<f)? b<frmS vJ ([Gmzef:]ynfe<f
rSm)? bmajumifv
h J (bde:f tpdu
k af vsmah pzd.k twGu)f qkw
d mawGyg\dS w<f`
befaumufy.kd pfu tzGi.hf ..
&g:vfpwm: |kyo
f u
H rk E
t
D ae]zifh |ky]f rifojH um: csefe<f
36 ckwiG f 'pf}spfw<fpepfo:kH pJG yD: xkwv
f i chf iG u
hf kd pmwku
d f iS hf
aju:eef:Xmeu <refae.u ]iif:qkv
d u
kd o
f nf`
'DtzGihfrSm b<folvJ (pmwkdufSifh aju:eef:XmeeJ. &g:vf
pwm:|kyo
f u
H rk E
)D ? bm]zpfvJ (xkwv
f i cfh iG u
hf kd ]iif:qkw
d <f)? b<f
wke:f uvJ (<refae.u) qkw
d hJ tcsufawG yg&ifygw<f`
tzJG.tJG.tzGihf
owif:aqmif:yg:twGuf qdk\ifawmh
tzJ.G tG.J tzGiu
fh ydk oifah wmfw<f` owif:\J.
t"d u tajumif : t\mud k a]ym]yzk d . twG u f
pma\:q\mu pdwf&ifpm:p\maumif:wJh Oyrm
wpfc?k 'grrS [kwf wpf a<mu af <muf tajumif:
t]zpftysuf Zmwfvrf:wku
d av: wpfy'k ?f 'grS
r[kwv
f nf: ]zpf\yfuav:wpfcek .J t]rJ ed'ge:f ysKd:
avh \Sdygw<f` 'Dvdka\:]cif:]zihf pmzwfolyg
'DxrJ mS ud<
k w
f idk &f if cHpm:rdvmw<f`
'Dvyk o
f m:rsm:xJrS wpfa<muf tajumif:eJh tzGiu
fh kd
pdkifygw<f`
57
IMMF2.pmd
57
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
'gayrJh tzJ.G tG.J tzGiu

fh kd oH:k wJt
h cgrmS tJ'o
D wif:\J. t"du
tajumif:t\mudak wmh pmyd'k f oH:k av:yk'd t
f wGi:f ay;atmifazmf]yzd.k
ta\:uD:ygw<f` tJ'v
D rkd [kw\f ifawmh pmzwfou
l 'Daqmif:yg:u
bmuD:vJqdk yD: qufzwfawmhrmS r[kwb
f :l `
owif:aqmif:yg:udk OyrmawG? t]zpftysuf Zmwfvrf:wkd
uav:awG? ]zpf\yf]rifuGif:awGeJ. rzGihfbJ t"dutajumif:t\meJ.
zGiv
hf .kd vnf: \wmygyJ` 'gayrJh tJ'v
D kd zGiv
hf u
kd \f if tajumif:t\m
twdtusudk pmzwfot
l aeeJ. zrf:rdz.kd rvG<w
f majumifh rxda\muf
bl:`
aysmufomG :wJh ol.orD:uav:udk ]yefawG.cJw
h hJ trsKd:orD:
wpfa<muftajumif: owif:a\:wmrSm xdik :f dik if x
H w
k f onfae:\Si:f
owif:pmuD:u tzJ.G tJ.G tzGiefh .J a\:cJyh gw<f`
ukecf o
hJ nhf oDwif:ywfu zl:cufvrf:ay;rSm ydu
k q
f aH wmif:
\rf:aeonhf t|d:k ay; ta\wifnpfrG :f aeaom rde:f uav:i<fukd
[Gyf qlqif (31 Spf) u rrSwfrdcJh` odk.aomf wpfpHkwpf\m
aphaqmf rSKajumifh olu\yfyD: 10 bwf ay:vSLcJrh o
d nf`
uav:u yd k u f q H u d k r junf h b J ol . rsuf S m ud k o m
pl:pku
d jf unfh aeonf`
arar
uav:ru wk:d ni:f pGmac;\if: ol> npfywfayusaH eaom
yg:]yifay;od.k rsuf\nfpawG vdrq
hf if:vmonf`
xdpk um:vH:k ajumifyh if juHKawmihjf uHKcJ tcGit
hf a\:t]zpf
oH:k Spjf um uJu
G mG aecJ\h aom b&Spcf >
k ajuuJzG <
G t
f ]zpfonf
tqH:k owfomG :\awmhonf...`
tJ'aD e\mudk uefawmfw.dk a\mufomG :juwJt
h cg tareJ.
orD:u wpfa<mufukd wpfa<muf zufyD:awmh idak ejuwke:f [k
[Gyft]zpfudk pdwf&ifpm:yD: a\mufvmaom \Jwpfa<mufu
a]ym]yonf`
touf ckepfpS \f dS umqGerf ifyw
G u
f kd vGecf ahJ om oH:k Spu
f
cGecf if\dS aqGrsKd:wpfO:D aetdrrf aS eI uam'D:<m:vlq:kd }dE
k :f u
]yef a y:qJ G o G m :cJ h o nf ` [G y f o nf &rf : enf : yl a qG : pG m ]zif h
orD:i<ftm: \SmyHkawmf zGifhcJhaomfvnf: aemufqHk:rSmawmh
armfvifch sufuek q
f :kH um vufavmh cJah vonf`
58
IMMF2.pmd
58
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
pma\:olu yxr orD:eJ.tar vrf:ay;rSm qHkpnf:cJhwJh

tajumif:uav:eJ. pyD:wJah emuf t"dutajumif:t\mudk qufazmf
]yoGm:w<f` (]yefay:qJcG \H wJh orD:i<fukd taru umvjum\Snf \Sm
azGcw
hJ <f qkw
d hJ tajumif:yg`)
wu<fvdk. 'Dowif:udk wkduf|dkuftzGifheJ.yJ a\:r<fqkd\if
tckvkd a\:\ygr<f`
aysmufq:kH aeaomorD:i<fukd oH:k Spjf um vku
d v
f H \SmazG\if:
ukefcJhonfhtywfurl zl:cufvrf:ay;Y awmif:\rf: pm:aomuf
aeonfukd rdcifu awG.\Scd o
hJ nf`
'gayrJh owif:u tawmhu
f dk tm:aysmhomG :w<f`
tajumif:csif:\mwpfc?k ab:'kuu
Q yfe.J vltrsm:ay; ouf
a\mufrSK\dSwJh w]cm:]zpf\yfwpfckck tajumif:udk owif:aqmif:yg:
a\:om:wJt
h cg a\:avha\:x \Sw
d mu tJ'v
D al wGxu
J wpfa<muf\.J
t]zpfwu
dk av:eJ. aqmif:yg:udk ed'ge:f csDvu
kd w
f mrsKd:yg`
zGrf:yifydk.pf owif:pmrSm uam'D:<m:dkifiH \wemuD\d
]ynfe<fukd oGm:yD: t\m<fyrf:wD:wJh ausmufrsufwiG :f awGrmS tvkyf
oGm:vkyjf u\wJh qif:\Jom:rdom:pkawG tajumif:udk owif:aqmif:yg:
a\:om:cJw
h <f` aqmif:yg:tpudk wGi:f wl:orm:wpfa<muf\.J \wem
\SmazGyekH .J pxm:ygw<f`
a]rrsufSm]yifatmuf 15 rDwmteuf Orifvrf:usOf:
uav:xJ w G i f yd k i f w pf a <muf tajumuf q H k : uaawmh ol .
za<mif:wkid f rD:idr:f oGm:rnfuykd if` xdo
k .kd qkv
d ifawmh yde:f yde:f ydwf
tarSmifxrJ mS olwpfa<mufwnf: xD:wnf:]zpfaeawmhrnf`
owif:aqmif:yg:awGukd aemufa\:aeus yHpk u
H ]rifuiG :f wpf
cke.J pvdu
k w
f mrsKd:yg`
tcef: (5) rSm azmf]yxm:wJh tzGi[
hf m ud<
k af vhvm awG.\Scd hJ
wJh ]rifuiG :f eJ. pxm:wm ]zpfygw<f`
csif:rdkif? xdkif:` tifomcifac; a\S:yJGawmftwGuf
csif : rk d i f > rd K .a[mif : yif r &if a yguf }d w f & ig:ae\mwG i f
59
IMMF2.pmd
59
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
rjumao:rDu vltrsm: pka&: a\muf \Scd jhJ uonf` vdarRmaf \mif

ouFef:rsm: ]cHKvrf:xm:aom Ak'bmom \[ef:oHCmrsm:u
bk\m:pmudk \Gwzf wfo\ZPsm<faejuum yJaG wmfvm vlxu
k vnf:
yef:? eH.omSihf qDr:D uyfvLS um rd:k Sihf oD:SH aumif:ygapajumif:
qkawmif:juonf`
od.k aomf &ifayguf }dw&f rsm:teD:wGif <mOfusyaf wmufae
aomajumifh [Ge:f oHiS hf puforH sm:u bk\m:pm\Gwzf wfou
H dk vr:f ]cHK
ypfvu
kd o
f vdk um:Sifh armfawmfqidk u
f <f pufc:dk rsm:ajumifv
h nf:
eH.om ar:\eH.rsm: ]y<fc\hJ avonf`
wpfa<mufe.J wpfa<muf a]ym|d:k a]ympOf yHpk rH sKd: tzGiu
fh
vnf: pmzwfoal wGukd pOf:pm:p\may:wJt
h wGuf pdw&f ifpm:p\m aumif:
wwfygw<f`
OyrmtaeeJ. onfae:\Si:f owif:pmu aemufaqmif:yg:
wpfy'k \f .J tpudjk unfyh g`
vyfppf"mwfr:D wkid af wG? w<fvzD ek :f wkid af wG r\Sad wmhwhJ
befaumufrdK.awmf\.J |SKcif:udk ]rifa<mifjunhpf rf:yg`
tJ'pD w
d u
f :l [m Oya'tajumif:t\ cif:csuaf wG r\Sad wmh
wmrd.k befaumufrdK.]y tkycf sKyfa\:tzJ.G (bDtrfat) pDru
H ed :f \J.
aus:Zl:eJ. rjumrwifrSm vufawG.wu<f taumiftxnf
ay;vmygawmhr<f`
bDtrfatu w<fvzD ek :f eJ. vyfppf&g<mudK:awGukd Orif
a]rmif:awG wl:yD: topfcszd.k twGuf tar\duefikd if u
H y|dk u
kd zf f
tkdiftifefpDudk uefx|dkufcsay:aumif: csay:ygvdrhfr<f` 'gu
rkd:ukyfpuf&kdif:udk t]rif\Sif:yD: rdK.awmf|SKcif:tvS wkd:vma\:
twGuf bDtrf at\J. pDru
H ed :f wpfpw
d w
f pfa'o ]zpfygw<f`
tzGiu
fh kd Spf rxm:ygeJ.
owif:OD:awGudk a\:wJhae\mrSm owif:axmuf tawmf
rsm:rsm:yJ t"du tajumif:t\meJ. owif:\J. |SKaxmifw
h .dk udk xif\mS :ay;
vGiaf tmif r]ydik jf ubl:` Oyrm tpnf:ta&:wpfck tajumif: a\:
w<fq\dk if 'Dtpnf:ta&:u bmawG qH:k ]zwfaqmif\u
G w
f <f qkw
d m
a\:\r<ht
f pm: 'Dtpnf:ta&:udk b<foal wG wufa\mufw<fqw
dk m
60
IMMF2.pmd
60
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
rsKd:eJ. pzGiw
hf <f` 'gukd wpfenf:a]ym\\if owif:udk Spf xm:w<f
vd.k a]ym\ygr<f`
vmtkddkifiHu t}FvdyfbmomeJ. xkwfa&wJh 'Dowif:udk
junhyf g`
bd\k cD rfaq:]ynfe<f v<f<mpdu
k yf sKd:a\:Sihf opfawm|k:H
tuD:tuJ bGefcrf zGefrmcsyfu ]ynfe<fwGif:\Sd awmifol
v<f o rm:rsm:onf rk d : \moD p yg:rsm:ud k atmuf w k d b mwG i f
pwif\w
d o
f rd :f aeyD ]zpf ajumif: tpD\ifco
H nf`
pkpak ygi:f v<fa]r 24792 [ufwm\So
d nft
h euf <ae.
txd [ufwm 19530(80\mckdifSKef:) \dwfodrf: yD:pD:oGm:yD
]zpfonf`
tJ'o
D wif:udk tckvkd ]yefa\:\ygr<f`
bkd\Dcrfaq:]ynfe<frS awmifolv<form:rsm:onf
rd:k \moD pyg: 80 \mckid f KS ef:eD:yg:udk \dwo
f rd :f yD:aeyD]zpfajumif:
tpd:k \wm&ef\o
dS w
l pfO:D u a]ymjum:onf`
pkpak ygi:f v<fa]r 24792 [ufwm\So
d nft
h euf [ufwm
19530 cef.udk \dwfodrf:yD:pD:oGm:yD]zpfajumif: ]ynfe<f
v<f<mpdu
k f ysKd:a\:Sihf opfawm|k:H tuD:tuJ bGecf rfzeG rf mcsyfu
a][onf`
]yefa\:wJh owif:rSm wm&ef\o
dS \l .J emrnfe.J bJ.G xl:}kEx
f :l
\Snf uD:ukd ]zKwfxm:vku
d w
f t
hJ wGuf tzGipfh myd'k u
f kd zwf\wm ydak csm
oGm:w<f` yD:awmh 'DtzGiu
hf wm&ef\ydS k Kd vfqw
dk hJ owif:\if:]rpfay;
rSm tav:xm:wJt
h pm: pyg:\dwo
f rd :f rSKqdw
k hJ wu<ho
f wif:om:ay;
rSm tav:ay:xm:ygw<f` yD:awmh (pwif\w
d o
f rd :f aeyDv.kd ) a<bk
<sta]ymrsKd:r[kwb
f J (80 \mckid f KS ef:eD:yg:udk qdk yD:) wdwu
d susvnf:
azmf]yay:w<f`
atmufrmS azmf]yxm:wJh uam'D:<m: bmomeJ. xkww
f hJ
owif:pmwpfapmifu owif:tzGifhpmydkf'fukd junhfygOD:` tJ'DrSmygwJh
vufaumuftaqmif qkw
d m uam'D:<m:vlrsKd:awG vufaumuf
&wfrmS taqmifoabm ab:uif:\efuif: &wfqifwhJ udK:uGi:f uav:
udk qkv
d w
kd m ]zpfygw<f`
61
IMMF2.pmd
61
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
td?k ud<
k \fh .J cspfonf:av: bufwrfbef` <if:rSm 60 Sihf
70 ]ynfv
h eG f pS rf sm:umvu rpPwm qifqq
D mrGwf oDqckd ahJ om
emrnfausmf aw:wpfyk'fyg` qrfcrf&dkpwmedd<rfacwf rSonf
<ae.acwf u mvtxd buf w rf b ef w G i f tk y f c sKyf a \:rS L :
r]zpfcsifol rnfol\Sdrnfenf:` tvm:wl bufwrfbefwGif
wm&efruscsifonfh \J? ppfom:Sihf taumufceG f t\m\Sd rnfol
\Srd nfenf:` tb<haf jumifq
h adk omf bufwrfbefonf zGr:f yifrdK.
uD:Sihf urfaygicf srfrdK.wk.d yD:vif urfaygiq
f rfiS hf tvm:wl
pD:yGm:a\:tcsuftcsm tusqHk: ]ynfe<fwpfck ]zpfaeaom
ajumihyf if` od.k aomf trsm:pku xd]k ynfe<fo.kd roGm:dik jf uacs`
oGm:dkifolrsm:uvnf: vufaumuftaqmif yg\rnf` ae\m
aumif : awG \ atmif tpf u k d uD : rsm:twG u f a';vmaiG a wG
ygomG :\rnf` od.k aomf onf'w
k <
d umvydik :f wGif bufwrfbef
onf <cifumvwke:f uvdk csufcsif:vufiif: uD:yGm: csrf:om
vmzd.k rvG<af wmhacs` tajumif:uawmh <cktcg bufwrfbef
onf zGrf:yifrdK.uD:yD:vif rvHk]cHKqHk: ]zpfaeaomajumifhyif`
]ynfe<ftwGi:f rSm ae.pOfiS t
hf r ck:d &Surf KS ? vk<ufrKS Sihf ypfcwf
owf]zwfrKS rsm: ]zpfaeyD: 4if:wk.d ukd rSrd ef if:dik b
f J ]zpfaeonf`
tajumif:uawmh rSKcif:rsm:udk ]ynfe<fiS hf &efuD:Xme t\m\Sd uD:
rsm:> uav:rsm:u OD : aqmif a omtpf u k d uD : rsm:tk y f p k u
usL:vGeaf eaomajumifh ]zpfonf`
f .dk >] owif:axmufu
bufwrfbefta]cpdu
k f [ufyk w
ay:yd.k csuft\ Zlvikd f 31 \ufn? cef.rSe:f a]c 2200 em\DwiG f
bdkrmwpfyf nuvyfacgifrdk:ay;odk. vufypfAHk:wpfvHk: ypfcJh\m
AH:k u atmuf od.k vdrq
hf if:vmyD: ayguu
f cGJ o
hJ nf` ayguu
f rGJ KS ajumifh
\JwpfOD: aoqHk:yD: t]cm:\Jig:OD:Sifh teD:tem:\Sd vlig:OD:yg
'Ef\m\\So
d mG :onf`
wu<hfowif:om:u aygufuJGrSKeJ. vlawGudk xdrSefwJh
tajumif:yg` 'gayrJh tJ't
D ajumif:udk owif:pmu xif]rifcsuf pmyd'k f
\Snf uD: yD:awmhrS a\:w<f`
ykad umif:atmif qk\d if tckvkd a\:\ygr<f`
62
IMMF2.pmd
62
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
bufwrfbefwGif Zlvdkif 31 nu nuvyfwpfcktm:

vufypfA:kH ]zifh ypfcwfwu
dk cf u
dk rf KS ajumifh \Jwpfa<muf aoqH:k yD:
vl q<fa<muf 'Ef\m \\So
d mG :onf`
tzGiefh pfaewJh aemufowif: wpfy'k u

f kd ]refrmdik if x
H w
k f
t}Fvyd o
f wif:pmrSm tckvkd a\:xm:w<f`
\efuek f rdK.ukd bmawGu

ouf&ifvKS yf\mS :aeapovJqw
kd m
vlwidk :f u odcsifjuw<f`
\efuek `f oaAnKbk\m: wnfaqmufa\:twGuf pwkwM

tudraf ]rmuf tvSLaiGrsm: ay:tyfyGJ tcrf:tem:udk r\rf:uke:f
rdK.e<f trSwf (5) \yfuu
G \f dS "rR\yd o
f m pmoifwu
dk w
f iG f <ae.
eHeufyikd :f u usif:y\m dik if aH wmf at:csrf:om<ma\:Sihf zH.G zdK:a\:
aumifpD twGif:a\:rSL: (1) 'kwd<AdkvfcsKyfuD: cifnGef. wuf
a\mufonf` tcrf:tem:od.k twGi:f a\:rSL:(1) 'kw<
d Adv
k cf sKyfuD:
cifnGef.> ZeD: a'gufwm a';cif&if:a\? trSwf (1) pufrSK
&efuD:Xme &efuD: OD:atmifaomif:? owWKwGif:&efuD:Xme
&efuD:Akdvf rSL:csKyf tkef:]rihf? ]yefjum:a\:&efuD:Xme &efuD:
63
IMMF2.pmd
63
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
AdkvfcsKyf junfatmif? e<fpyfa'oSifh wkdif:\if:om:vlrsKd:rsm:

zHG.zdK: wkd:wufa\: &efuD:Xme &efuD: AdkvfrSL:uD: odef:nGef.?
o<f<lydk.aqmifa\: &efuD:Xme &efuD: AdkvfcsKyfvS]rifhaqG?
vlrSKzlvHka\:? u<fq<fa\:Sifh ]yefvnfae\mcsxm:a\:&efuD:
Xme &efuD: Adv
k rf LS :csKyf ]ynfph ?kH vyfppfprG :f tm:&efuD:Xme&efuD:
Ad k v f c sKyf w if x G f ? tm:upm:a\:\m &ef uD : Xme&ef uD :
Adv
k rf LS :csKyfped &f if:? use:f rma\:&efuD:Xme &efuD: Adv
k cf sKyfuufped ?f
omoema\:\m &efuD:Xme&efuD: Adv
k cf sKyf pdex
f mG :? \efuek f rdK.awmf
pnf y if o m<ma\: aumf r wD O U rd K .awmf & ef OD : uk d a v:?
d k i f i H a wmf at:csrf : om<ma\:S i f h zH G . zd K :a\:aumif p D | k H :
wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:? c|dik f iS hf rdK.e<fat:csrf:om<ma\:Sihf zH.G zdK:a\:
aumifp&D ifrsm:Sihf tvSL\Sirf sm: wufa\mufjuonf`
tcrf:tem:wGif twGif:a\:rSL: (1) 'kwd<AdkvfcsKyfuD:
cif n G e f . tm: vk y f i ef : aumf r wD twG i f : a\:rS L : v<f < m
pdu
k yf sKd:a\:Sifh qnfa]rmif:&efuD:Xme 'kw<
d &efuD: Adv
k rf LS :csKyf
cifarmifu apwD wnfaqmufyD:pD:rSK ta]ctaeSihf bma\:
qyf a umf r wD O U \xm:yd k . aqmif a \:&ef uD : Xme &ef uD :
ol\OD:aomif:vGifu apwDawmfwnfaqmufa\:twGuf aiG
vSL'ge:f rSKrsm:Sihf toH:k p\dwf ta]ctaersm:udk wif]yjuonf`
ykKd vf 17 a<muf\.J emrnfe.J bJ.G xl:}kEx
f :l \Snf uD:rsm:
azmf]ytyD:rSm aemufq:kH owif:om:utwG i f : a\:rS L : (1) 'k w d < Ad k v f c sKyf uD : cif n G e f . S i f h
&efuD:rsm:onf vSL'ge:f aiG usyf 17.5 oef:udk vufc\H <lcjhJ uonf
qkw
d myg`
'Dowif:twGuf ydk yD:oifah wmfwhJ tzGiu
hf xdyw
f ef:Adv
k cf sKyfuD:cifneG .f Sihf w]cm:wm&ef\dS ykKd vfrsm:
onf apwDawmfopfwpfql wnfaqmufa\:twGuf vSL'ge:f aiG
usyf 17.5 oef : ud k <ref a e.u r\rf : uk e f : rd K .e<f w G i f
vufc\H <lcjhJ uonf vd.k ]zpfygw<f`
wcsKd.u tcrf:tem:udk wufa\mufwhJ tqif]h rifh t\m\Sd uD:
64
IMMF2.pmd
64
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
awG\.J emrnfuv
kd nf: azmf]yoifw
h <fv.kd xifr<f` tJ'v
D kd azmf]ycsif
w<fq\kd ifvnf: owif:\J. aemufyikd :f rSm xnho
f iG :f azmf]yay:ayg`h
tzGiu
fh kd rcsJ.vGe:f yge.J
tzGihfxJrSm bmawG xnhf
a\:oifhw<fqdkwmudk odem:vnfzdk.
ta\:uD:ygw<f` bmawGukd rxnfh
\bl:qkw
d m odxm:zd.k vnf: ta\:uD:
wmygy`J tzGirfh mS tajumif:t\mawG
trsm:uD:eJ. ydraerdyg apeJ.` yD:awmh
owif:\J.aemufpmydk'fawGrSm azmf]y
vd.k \wJh odyt
f a\: ruD:wJh tajumif:
t\mawGudkvnf: tzGihfpmydk'fxJrSm
xnhfa\:raeyg eJ.` b a]cmufvHk:
pvH:k udk tzGix
hf rJ mS ygatmif a\:p\m
rvdkygbl:` 'kwd<eJ. wwd<pmydk'fawGrSm usefwJhtcsufawGudk
xnhaf \:oGm:dik yf gw<f`
aiGaju:eJ. ywfoufyD: xdkif:dkifiHxkwf t}Fvdyfbmom
owif:pmrSm azmf]yxm:wJh owif:udjk unhyf g` a\S.ydik :f rSm \Si:f ]ycJo
h vdk
yJ 'Dowif:u rdrd ikd if o
H :kH aiGaju:wnfidrrf KS \Sad \:twGuf dik if ]H cm:
aiG acs:<lz.kd oabmwlncD suf tajumif:yg`
olwdk pdwx
f J bmawG\dS
aew<f qkw
d mukd
rar:bJeJhawmh
roddkifygbl:`
xdik :f Sihf }syefikd if w

H .dk onf aiGaju:wnfidraf \:twGuf
t]yeftvSef bma\: tultnDay:rSKt]zpf tar\duef a';vm
3 bDvD<H (bwf 135 bDvD<H) ay:urf:\ef yEmr oabm
wl n D c suf w pf \ yf u d k vmrnf h o D w if : ywf t wG i f : usif : yrnh f
tm\SzHG.zdK:rSKbEf pnf:a&:yJGtudK bma\:&efuD:rsm:>
[dk v
kd v
l l awG.qHyk w
GJ iG f vufrw
S af \:xd:k cJjh uonf`
bEfpnf:a&:yGJ umvtwGif:rSm 'DoabmwlnDcsufudk
&efuD:awGu vufrw
S af \:xk:d w<fqw
dk m wu<f ta\:uD:vd.k vm:`
'g[m oabmwlnrD KS tajumif: owif:r[kwb
f :l vm:` 'Doabmwl
nDcsufu bmtwGuv
f `J
'Dowif:udyk J atyDu a\:wJh tzGiu
fh \Si:f vif:wdusw<f`
65
IMMF2.pmd
65
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
aiGaju:wnfidraf \:twGuf bwfaiGukd usm:uefay:\ef

tar\duef a';vm 3 bDv<
D H ay:urf:a\: a<bk<soabmwlnD
csufwpf\yf xkid :f Sihf }syefidk if jH um: \\So
d mG :yD ]zpfonf`
bmxl:]cm:ovJ
tzGiahf umif:awG[m owif:tcsuftvufawG ay:dik |f rHk u
pdw&f ifpm:p\mvnf: aumif:juygw<f` tJ'v
D kd tzGiahf umif:awGrmS
ta\:tuD:qHk: tcsuftvufawG yg\Sd|kHrru 'Dt]zpftysuf[m
w]cm:aom tajumif:t\mrsm:eJ. b<fvkd uGm]cm:yD: xl:]cm:rSK\So
d vJ
qdw
k mudyk g pmzwforl sm:ukd a]ym]yay:ygw<f`
um:wku
d rf KS awG tm:vH:k twlwcl snf:yJvm:` b<f[w
k rf vJ`
tJ'aD wmh um:wku
d rf KS tajumif:udk owif:a\:\r<fq\dk if ud<
k af \:r<hf
um:wku
d rf KS u w]cm:aom um:wku
d rf KS awGe.J rwl? bmawG xl:]cm:ae
ovJqw
dk mudk pOf:pm:yg` tJ'D xl:]cm:csufukd tzGirhf mS xnhaf \:yg`
<ref a e.u rk d : onf : rk e f w d k i f : usa\muf p Of t wG i f :
\efuek f rdK. ]yifY c\D:onfwif bwfpum:wpfp:D wdr:f arSmufomG :\m
vlo:kH OD: aoqH:k oGm:onf`
vd.k a\:r<ht
f pm:<refae.u rk:d onf:rkew
f ikd :f usa\mufpOftwGi:f \efuek f rdK. ]yifY
c\D:onfwif bwfpum: wpfp:D wdr:f arSmufomG :\m aqGrsKd:wpfO:D
> tokbtdrrf S ]yefvmaom oufuD:\G<t
f dk trsKd:orD:uD:oH:k OD:
aoqH:k oGm:onf`
vd.k a\:dik zf .kd pOf:pm:\ygr<f`
66
IMMF2.pmd
66
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
tzGiu
hf kd a\:zd.k twGuf tjuHay:csuf
tzG i f h p myd k ' f a \:zd k . twG u f ud k < h f b mom ar:cG e f : xk w f \ r<h f
tcsufawGu
b<fou
l b<fo.l udk bmvkyv
f u
kd o
f vJ?
owif:\J. wu<ht
f ajumif:u bmvJ?
'Dtajumif:udk a\:\wJt
h csufu bmvJ?
'Dt]zpftysufrmS pdw&f ifpm:p\m taumif:qH:k u bmvJ?
'Dt]zpftysufe.J ywfoufyD: pmzwfou
l b<ftcsufukd
todcsifq:kH vJ?
'Dt]zpftysufrmS b<ftcsufu pmzwfoal y;rSm
toufa\muf qH:k vJ?
rde.f cGe:f wpfct
k ajumif: a\:\r<fq\dk if b<fou
l b <fo.l udk
bm a]ymwmvJ qdw
k m ud<
k b
hf momud<
k f ar:junhyf g?
tpnf:ta&:wpfct
k ajumif:a\:\r<fq\dk if bmawG qH:k ]zwf
aqmif\u
G cf w
hJ mvJ qkw
d m ud<
k b
fh mom ar:junhyf g`
tzGiphf myd'k u
f kd a\:\wm[m azmf]rLvmwpfct
k wkid :f vdu
k f
a\:|krH sKd: vG<w
f mr[kwyf gb:l ` b<fou
l bmvkyw
f <f? b<fae\mrSm
qkd yD:yJ a\:\r<fv.kd yHak oum:us r\Sb
d :l ` owif:t]zpftysufay;rSm
rlwnfyD: a\:\wmrsKd:yg`
um:wku
d rf KS wpfc]k zpfyD: vlav:a<muf aoqH:k cJw
h <fq\kd if<refae.u [dck sDrif:pD:wD:wGif rk:d pkad eaom vrf:ay;rS um:
wpfp:D vrf:acsmfomG :\m vlav:OD: aoqH:k oGm:cJo
h nf`
wu<fv.kd um:wku
d rf KS u a\uD:vd.k ]zpf\wmqk\d if tzGihf
u bmajumif]h zpf\w<fqw
kd t
hJ ay; tav:ay:\r<f`
<refae.u rk:d onf:xefyD: a\uD:cJah omajumifh [dck sDrif:
pD:wD:wGif um:wpfpD: vrf:ay;rSaeI a\pD:xJygoGm:yD: vlav:OD:
aoqH:k cJ\h onf`
67
IMMF2.pmd
67
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
wu<fv.dk um:xJrmS xdyw

f ef:t\m\Sd uD:wpfO:D ygomG :w<f
qk\d if tzGiu
hf b<foq
l w
kd t
hJ ay; tav:ay:\r<f`
bma\:'kwd<&efuD: rpPwm onf <refae.u
[dck sD rif:pD:wD:<mOfwu
dk rf KS Y toufq:kH |SKH :oGm:cJo
h nf`
um:wku
d rf KS ]zpfwahJ e\mu omrefae\mrsKd: r[kwb
f :l ? vl
vnf: raobl:qk\d if b<fae\mvJqw
kd mudk tav:ay:\ygr<f`
<mOfarmif:u rxde:f dik af wmhonhaf emufwiG f um:wpfp:D
onf [dck sDrif:pD:wD:\Sd emrnfausmf bk\m:ausmif:udk <refae.u
&if wku
d rf cd o
hJ nf`
]zpf\yf\.J b<ftcsufu ta\:tuD:qH:k vJ qdw
k mudk pOf:
pm:yD: a\:\ygr<f`
|SKaxmifh udk a\G:cs<f]cif:

wpfcgwpf\rH sm:rSm owif:wpfy'k u
f kd a\:zd.k twGuf tajumif:
tcsufu wpfcrk u \Sad ewwfygw<f` pdw&f ifpm:p\m tcsufawG?
wpfenf:a]ym\\if |SKaxmifh awG tawmfrsm:rsm: \Sad ewwfw<f`
Oyrm bma\:&efuD:\J. owif:pm \Si:f vif:yJu
G kd ud<
k u
f
wufcJhw<fqkdygawmh` olu t"du rl&g'wpf\yfudk ajunmcsuf
xkw]f yefcw
hJ mqk\d if ud<
k u
f tJ'gukd tzGirhf mS wifyD: a\:|kyH gy`J 'gayrJh
'Dwpfudrrf mS olu xl:xl:]cm:]cm: pdw&f ifpm:p\m tajumif:t\mtopf
bmrSra]ymbl:` 'Dawmh ud<
k u
f ola]ymwmawGxu
J ae t]rifwpfcu
k kd
a\G:cs<f<\l r<f` olu vmr<fh pS t
f wGuf }sD'yD t
D ay; taumif:]rif
a]ymwmudk ud<
k u
f tzGirhf mS wifcsifwifikd rf <f` 'grrS [kwf aiGazmif:
yGrKS xde:f csKyfa\:twGuf ol.t]rifuv
kd nf: a\:dik yf gw<f` 'grrS [kwf
vnf: w|kwfdkifiHeJ. ukefoG<fa\:udpPudk a\:aygh` tJ'D|SKaxmifhawG
tm:vH:k yJ owif:aumif:awG ]zpfygw<f`
wu<fv.dk ]refrm-xdik :f e<f]cm:u iSuzf sm:a\m}g]zpfymG :rSK
tajumif:udk a\:\r<fq\dk if tzGipfh myd'k u
f kd iSuzf sm:'Ef cHae\olwpf
a<muf\J. cHpm:csuft]rifu ]zpfap? a\m}gudk xdef:csKyfdkifzdk.
udK:pm:ae wJh q\m&efrsm:eJ. u<fq<fa\:vkyo
f m:rsm: tajumif:uae
68
IMMF2.pmd
68
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (8) tzGihf
]zpfap? ydk yD: tpGr:f xufwhJ iSuzf sm:aq:awG xkwf ikd zf .kd avhvmprf:oyf
aewJh odyyH nm\Sirf sm:tajumif:uae]zpfap pdik yf gw<f`
tzGiu
fh kd b<f|KS axmifu
h ae a\:rvJv.kd pOf:pm:wJt
h cgrmS
udk<fhbmom ar:cGef:xkwf\rSmu b<folawGu udk<fhowif:pmudk
zwfrmS vJ` olw.dk wpfawG[m omref pmzwfy\dowfawGyv
J m:` ynm
wwfawGvm:` txl: ur:f usio
f al wGvm:` dik if ]H cm:om:awGvm:` ud<
k hf
pmzwfy\dwo
f wftwGuf pdwt
f &ifpm:qH:k eJ. wefz:kd t\Sq
d :kH ]zpfr<hf |SK
axmifu
h kd a\G:cs<f\ygr<f`
]refrmdkifiH\J.
yHkSdyfrD'D<mvkyfief:[m
ta\S.aawmiftm\SrSm
tao:i<fqHk:ygyJ`
69
IMMF2.pmd
69
6/2/2547, 23:41
tcef: (9) owif:udk pkpnf:]cif:
tcef: (9)
owif:udk pkpnf:]cif:
ud<
k u
f owif:tzGiu
hf kd b<fvkd a\:r<fv.kd a\G:cs<f pOf:
pm:yD:yDq\dk if usefwt
hJ ydik :f udk qufyD: yHak zmf<l ikd yf gyD` pmzwfou
l kd
t"dutajumif:t\m? 'grrS [kwf |SKaxmift
h ajumif:udk a]ym]yyD:oGm:
yDav` 'Dawmh tck tJ'gukd qufyD:\Si:f ]y\awmhr<f` owif:\J. pmud<
k f
[m tzGiu
fh kd taxmuftul ay:\r<f` b<fvkd ay:\rSmvJ` tao:
pdwt
f csuftvufawG? a]ympum:aumufw
k cf sufawG? aemufco
H rkid :f
awGtm:]zihf taxmuftulay:\rSm ]zpfygw<f`
'gayrJh tJ't
D ajumif:t\mawGukd b<fvkd tpDtpOfxm:yD:
a\:\rSmvJ` owif:aumif:awG[m tajumif:t\mawGukd tusKd:oifh
tajumif:oifh wif]yxm:avh \Syd gw<f` ud<
k af \:vdu
k w
f hJ pmwpfy'kd f
ay;rSm pmzwfoltwGuf odcsifp\m ar:cGef:awGay;vmr<f` 'gudk
ud<
k u
f aemufwpfy'dk rf mS a]zay:\r<f` tJ'pD myd'k af y;rSm rlwnfyD:
aemufwpfy'kd u
f kd qufa\:oGm:\ygr<f`
rSwpf u
k jkd unhf yD: pOf:pm:yg
p ra\:cifrmS ud<
k o
hf wif:\J. t"duausm|k:d tajumif:t\m?
'grSr[kwf |SKaxmifu
h kd pOf:pm:yg` yD:\if tJ'D t"duausm|k:d eJ. |SK
axmifw
h .kd tay; ud<
k af ]ymcsifwhJ t"dutcsufawGukd pOf:pm:\ygr<f`
tJ't
D csufawGukd ta\:uD:wmtvdu
k f pOfvu
kd yf g` 'gu rSwpf pk mtkyf
udk yxr rjunhb
f v
J yk yf g` ta\:uD:wJh tcsufawGuakd wmh ud<
k u
f
rSwrf ad erSmyJav` yD:rS arhusefaewmawG \Sd r\Sd rSwpf pk mtky?f 'grS
r[kwf toHoiG :f <lxm:wJh wdyaf cGe.J wku
d q
f idk jf unh\f ygr<f` t"du
tajumif:t\mudk ykd yD:tm:\Sv
d mapr<fh tao:pdwt
f csuftvufawG?
a]ympum:aumufw
k cf sufawGukd \Sm\r<f`
tao:pdwt
f csufawG tukev
f :kH ygatmif xnfah \:zd.k rvdk
ygb:l ` pma\:q\maumif:rsm:[m taumif:qH:k tcsufawGukd a\G:oH:k dik f
pGr:f \Syd gw<f` b<ftcsufawGukd csefc\hJ rvJqw
dk m[m b<ftcsuf
awGukd xnfo
h :kH \rvJ qkw
d mvdyk J ta\:uD:wmygy`J
70
IMMF2.pmd
70
6/2/2547, 23:41
owif:OD:rsm:
dik if w
H idk :f rSmyJ tJ'D ikd if u
H kd b<fvw
kd nfaxmifw<f? dik if \H .J
ol\aJ umif:awG? <Ofaus:rSK"avhx:kH pHwpfcck k pwifcyhJ kH po]zifh tpOf
tvm tajumif:t\mawG \Sw
d mcsnf:ygy`J 'Dtajumif:awGukd a\:wJh
tcg tp tajumif:tcsufawGuaeyJ pa\:yD: ta\:tuD:qH:k udpeP .J
ed}:Hk csKyfjuw<f` &wMKawGuv
kd nf: 'DypkH eH .J yJ a\:juwmyg`
'gayrJh owif:OD:uku
d sawmh txufuyHpk eH .J qef.usifbuf
a\:\w<f` owif:pmzwfy\dowfqkdwmu bm]zpfovJqdkwmudk
csufcsif:odcsifwm` 'Dvdkowif:a\:enf:udk yd\rpfaZmufxdk:? 'grS
r[kwf wd}aH Zmufx:kd yHak \:enf:vd.k ac;ygw<f`
ta\:tuD:qHk:? pdwf&ifpm:p\m taumif:qHk:tcsuf?
(t"duausm|k:d )
ta\:tuD:qHk: b a]cmufvHk:
tzGifha\:om:csuf tay;\Sif:]yonhf tao:pdwfrsm:?
aumufkwfpum: rsm:
tzGifhSifhywfouf I qufpyfrSKtpOf?
aemufcHorkdif:ajumif:
ydkyD:]ynhfpHkaom tcsufrsm:?
tao:pdwfrsm:?
aumufkwfpum:rsm:?
aemufcHorkdif: ponfrsm:
ta\:ruD:aom
tcsufrsm:
yd\rpfu tay;ydik :f rSm us<fw<f` atmufbufukd qif:vm

wmeJ.tr usOf:usOf:vmyD: aemufq:kH xdyzf sm:cefuav:qD a\mufvm
\w<f` qkcd sifwmu owif:\J. ta\:tuD:qH:k tajumif:csif:\mawG
71
IMMF2.pmd
71
6/2/2547, 23:41
obm&ywf&ef:usif <k<
d iG :f
ysufp:D r[m npfnrf:rwpfck
wnf:ajumifh r[kwyf gbl:`
udk t\ifO:D qH:k a\:\w<f qkw

d myg` yD:rS odyt
f a\:ruD:wmawGukd
qufa\:oGm:\r<f` aemufq:kH ta\:ruD:qH:k tcsufe.J tqH:k owf
vdu
k \f r<f`
a<bk<stm:]zifah wmh tzGiu
hf ta\:tuD:qH:k ta]ccH b
a]cmufv:kH udk a]ym]yygw<f` 'kw<
d pmyd'k u
f tzGirhf mS ygwhJ tajumif:
t\m\J. tao:pdwt
f csufawGe.J aemufco
H rkid :f udk a\:\w<f` tJ'D
aemuf tzGiu
fh kd xyfyD: tm:ay:axmufurl <hf aumufw
k pf um:awG?
tao:pdw
d af wGe.J aemufco
H rkid :f awGukd qufa\:oGm:\ygr<f` owif:
\J. t"duausm|kd: tajumif:t\mawGudk a\:yD:wJhtcgusrS odyfyD:
ta\:rygvSwJh tajumif:tcsufawGudk qufa\:\ygr<f` xdrdwJh
aumufkwfpum:awG[m pmzwfy\dowfudk
qJaG qmifrKS ay:wmajumifh tJ'D aumufw
k f pum:
awG udk owif:\J.tay;ykid :f em:rSm xnhaf \: ay:
yg`
owif : pmq\mawG [ m bmajumif h
yd\rpf aZmufx:kd yHk owif:a\:enf:udk oH:k juwm
vJ`
tajumif:uawmh pmzwfy\dowf[m
owif:tyk'w
f idk :f udk tptqH:k zwfaezd.k tcsdef
r\Sdvdk.ygyJ` rsm:aomtm:]zifhawmh owif:
tpykid :f pmyd'k af wGuykd J zwfomG :wwfjuw<f`
'Dawmh tJ't
D pydik :f pmyd'k af wGrmS ta\:tuD:qH:k
tajumif:t\mawGukd azmf]yay:\r<f` olw.dk u
ydk yD: tao:pdwo
f cd sif\if? 'grrS [kwf tcsde\f
w<fq\dk if atmufbufukd qufzwf oGm:ju vdrfh
r<f`
aemufwpfcsufu owif:pmawGrSm
pmrsufSmae\muvnf: \Sm:w<f` pmrsufSm
xJrmS &ifqahH tmif t<f'w
D mawGu wnf:]zwf okwo
f ifju\w<f`
'DtcgrSm tvG<fqHk:enf:u owif:\J. atmufqHk: pmydk'fawGudk
]zKwfypfvkdufwmyJaygh` 'Dawmh ukd<fhowif:rSm ta\:ruD:qHk:
tcsufawGukd aemufq:kH rSyJ a\:yg`
tckowif:OD: erlemwcsKd.udk junh\f atmifyg`
'Dowif:u tcef: (3) rSm awG.cJh\yD:om:yg` rvdktyfwJh
72
IMMF2.pmd
72
6/2/2547, 23:41
pum:vHk:tydk? tao:pdwf tcsuftvuf tydkawGrygbJ vdk\if:udk

wdwu
d sus a]ymkid w
f hJ owif:aumif:wpfy'k yf gy`J
uam'D:<m: txnfcsKyfvyk o
f m:rsm: tusyftwnf:juHKae\
zGr:f yif? uam'D:<m: (atyD)-tar\du]ynfaxmifpw
k iG f pD:yGm:a\:
wHk.qkdif:rSKajumifh uam'D:<m:dkifiHwGif onfSpf <cktcsdeftxd
txnfcsKyfpuf|kH tenf:qHk: 12 |kH <m<Dydwfvkduf\yD]zpfajumif:
ul:oef:a\mif:&<fa\:&efuD: csefy\mqd'fu <refae.u a]ymjum:
onf`
f rm: 3000 ausmfukd tvkyrf S
<m<D\yfqkdif:xm:\yD: ta]ctae wkd:wufrvmygu aemufxyf
tvky]f yKwfjuvdrOfh :D rnf[k olu a]ymonf`
xd.k ]yif txnfcsKyftvky|f Hk 200 cef.u tcsdeyf u
kd kd avmh
csvu
dk o
f ]zifh tqkid :f Spq
f idk :f rS wpfqidk :f yJ]zpfomG :\m tvkyo
f rm: trsm:
t]ym:onf tvkycf sdeef m\D avsmhenf:oGm:rnf]zpfajumif:vnf: &efuD:
u a]ym]yonf`
tar\du]ynfaxmifprk mS ]zpfaewJh pD:yGm:a\: ]yemawG
ay;rSm uefawmfw.kd qDu puf|yHk ikd \f iS af wGa\m? tvkyo
f rm:awGuyg
tvGepf :kd \draf ejuygw<f [k olua]ymonf`
uam'D:<m:dkifiH txnfcsKyfvkyfief:wGif vl 200000
tvkyt
f ukid f \\Sad ejuyD: wpfO:D vif wpfvysrf:r a';vm 40 cef.
\\So
d nf` csKyfxnf 80 \mckid f KS ef:ausmfukd tar\du]ynfaxmifpo
k .kd
wify.kd a\mif:cs\onf`
<cktcg Sp&f ufusKd:oGm:yD ]zpfaomf]im: uam'D:<m:u
tar\du]ynfaxmifpo
k .kd Sppf Ofwify.kd aeus cJw
G rf:yrmE> 40 \m
ckid f KS ef:udyk if r]ynhrf aD o:ajumif: &efuD:u a]ymygonf` <refpS u
f
qkv
d if ZGet
f ukeu
f wnf:u tar\du]ynfaxmifpt
k wGuf cJw
G rf:udk
t]ynft
h &eD:yg: wify.kd cJh yD:]zpfajumif: olua]ymygonf`
bm]zpfaew<fqdkwmudk
|kd:|kd:\Sif:\Sif:azmf]yay:w<f`
tzGiu
fh puf|Hk 12 |kH
ydwv
f u
dk \f w<f qdw
k hJ
ta\:tuD:qHk:
tcsufukd azmf]yw<f`
'gukd owif:axmuf taeeJ.
tao:pdwf rodikd w
f mrd.k
&efuD:u a]ymwmqdk yD:
udk:um:azmf]yxm:w<f`
'Dawmh bm]zpfvmovJ
qkw
d mudk \Si:f ]yw<f`
tck]zpf\yfajumifh
vlawGtay; b<fvkd
oufa\mufrSK\Sdw<f?
'gajumifyh J vltrsm:u
'Dowif:udk pdw&f ifpm:juwm
]zpfw<f qkw
d m awG.\ygr<f`
aumufkwfazmf]ycsuf
pum:u a\S. pmyd'k f oH:k ckukd
axmufyhH ay:ygw<f`
&efuD:u bma]ym w<fqw
dk m
wkduf|kdufazmf]yay:w<f`
'Dpum:xJrSmpuf|kHawG
tajumif:a\m? tar\du\J.
pD:yGm:a\: tajumif:yg
yg\SdoGm:w<f`
aemufcHorkdif:eJ.
qufpyfrKS tpOf ]zpfygw<f`
uam'D:<m: txnfcsKyf
vkyif ef:eJ. tar\du\J.
pD:yGm:a\: b<fvkd
<Suf <
G af ew<f qkw
d mudk
azmf]yay:xm:w<f`
aemufxyf owif:wpfy'k u
f tdik t
f rftrftufzf oifwef:
qif: auuifrq
f eG :f \J. uam'D:<m:a':vD: owif:pmu ]zpfygw<f`
73
IMMF2.pmd
73
6/2/2547, 23:41
rauseyfol tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm: 6 at vrf:ruD:udk ydwq

f .kd
'Dowif:rSmvnf:
bm]zpfw<fqkdwmudk
|k:d |d:k \Si:f \Si:f azmf]y
ay:xm:w<f` yD:awmh
<mOfusyfawmufrSK
]zpfoGm:w<fqdkwJhtusKd:quf
udyk g a]ym]yxm:w<f`
rdK.awmfOya'opft\ zGrf:yifrdK.wGif:odk. &ifa\mufcGifh

wm:]rpfvu
kd o
f nht
f wGuf pdwq
f :dk a'goxGuaf eaom tiSm:<mOfarmif:
20 cef.onf 6 at trsKd:om:vrf:ruD: tpdwt
f ydik :f wpfcu
k kd t}Fg
ae.u ydwq
f .kd xm:cJ\h m wpfem\Djum <mOfajumusyfawmufomG :cJ\h
onf`
tzGiu
fh tajumif:t\mudk
qufyD: tao:pdwf
azmf]yay:w<f`
'grSmvnf: |d:k |d:k \Si:f \Si:f yJ`
4if:wk.d > armfawmf<mOfrsm: rdK.awmfwiG :f ok.d &ifa\mufvm

]cif:udk wm:]rpfonfh \Jtygt&if t]cm:tmEmydik rf sm:Sihf tcsif:rsm:
aeaom tqkyd g <mOfarmif:rsm:tm: vlpck \GJ ef rD:owfum:a]cmufp:D udk
xdak e\mod.k ac;<lc\hJ onf`
aemufcHorkdif:`
a\S.u owif:rSm
aemufco
H rkid :f udk owif:\J.
tqH:k rSm xnfw
h <f`
'Dowif:rSmusawmh
aemufco
H rkid :f udk OD:pm:ay:yD:
a\:xm:wm awG.\r<f`
tajumif:uawmh tckvo
kd m
r\Si:f ]y\if pmzwfy\dowfu
'D]yemtajumif:udk
em:vnf oabmrayguf
dik w
f m ajumifyh `J
tiSm:<mOfarmif:awGbufu
cHpm:\wmudk <mOfarmif:
wpfa<muf\J.
a]ym]ycsufeJ
azmf]yay:xm:w<f`
a]rmufyifkd :f ]ynfe<frsm:rS tiSm:<mOfrsm: rdK.awmfwiG :f od.k

&ifa\muf]cif:udk wm:]rpfonfh pnfyifom<mtrde.f onf t}Fgae.u
pyD: touf&ifco
hJ nf`
<if:od.k wm:]rpf\]cif:rSm <mOfusyfawmufrKS oufomap
\efiS hf rdK.awmf om<mvSyap\ef ]zpfajumif: wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:u a]ym
onf`
<cktcg tiSm:<mOfrsm:onf rdK.awmf]yify 5 uDvrkd w
D m
tuGm\Sd y\ufv(d yf) a:wGif c\D:onfrsm:udk csay:\rnf]zpfyD: xdu
k rS
bwfpum:rsm:]zifh zGr:f yifo.kd c\D:quf\rnf`
rav:\Sm:ukrEDwpfck]zpfaom [dk&g}sifhwif: o<f<lydk.
aqmifa\: ukrE
o
D nf zGr:f yifrS y\ufv(d yf)Sihf y\ufv(d yf)rS ]ynf
e<frsm:qDo.kd bwfpum: a]y:qJcG iG fh vdik pf if\xm:]cif:rSm w\m:rwr
r\Sad jumif: tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:u apm'u wufjuonf`
wu<fv.kd [d&k gu tJ'D tcGit
hf a\:udk \oGm:w<fq\dk if
usKyfw.dk tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG ydu
k q
f \H awmhrmS r[kwb
f :l ? bmvd.k
vJqadk wmh vlawGu bwfpum:wpfp:D uae wpfp:D a]ymif:pD:oGm:ju
awmhrmS ud:k [k <mOfarmif:wpfO:D ]zpfol [Gr[
f ufu a]ymonf` olu
urfaygicf srf]ynfe<frS vlrsm:udk o<fy.kd ay:aeol ]zpfygonf`
[d&k g vufaxmuf refae}sm qifeaf z\rfurl [d&k gurk E
D
onf bwfpum:rsm: a]y:qJG\ef ]ynfol.vkyfief:rsm: &efuD:XmeSifh
pnfyifom<mwd.k rS cGi]hf yKrde.f \\Sx
d m:yD ]zpfo]zifh tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:
74
IMMF2.pmd
74
6/2/2547, 23:41
tae]zifh ukrE
>
D pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:tay; taSmift
h <Suf ray:oifh
ajumif: a]ymygonf`
ukrE
u
D tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:udk iJn
h m onft
h ae]zihf y\uf
vd(yf)rS ]ynfe<frsm:od.k wpfae.vif 12 udraf ]y:qJaG e\mrS ckepfudrf
od.k avmhcsay:rnf ]zpfajumif:vnf: oluqko
d nf`
tu<fI uefawmfw.dk u 'DrmS \if:S:D ]rKyfHS rvkyu
f ikd f ikd f
bl:qk\d if 'Duae xGuo
f mG :rSmyJ? yD:awmh uefawmfw.dk rdwaf qGawGukd
vnf: 'Dikd if rH mS tvkyf vmrvkyef .J vd.k a]ym\rSmyJ [k qifeaf z\rfu
a]ymygonf`
pnfyifom<mXme> ]ynfo.l vkyif ef:rsm:Xme nejf um:a\:
rSL: eifrq
f m\efu tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:tae]zifh [d&k gtm: t]ypfwif
aernft
h pm: rdrw
d .dk > &efaqmifrKS t\nftaoG:awG wk:d wufaumif:
rGeaf tmif tm|kpH u
dk o
f ifah jumif: a]ymqko
d nf`
uefawmhftxifawmh vlawGu [dk&gbwfpum:awGudk
pD:juwm[m vH]k cHKab:uif:w<f? avat:ay:puf ygw<f? yD:awmh
oufaomifo
h ufomvnf: \Sv
d .kd ygyJ [k olua]ymygonf`
bwfpum: ukrE
b
D ufu
tajumif:udkvnf:
ukrEDvluD:wpfa<muf\J.
a]ympum:aumufw
k cf suef .J wuG
azmf]yay:xm:ygw<f`
a]ympum: aumufw
k cf sufe.J
wuG azmf]yw<f`
'Da]ympum: aumufw
k cf suf
oH:k cku owif:udyk kd yD: ouf&if
uwufvmapwJht]yif
pmzwfolawGudkvnf:
ydyuQxrJ mS &ifyD:
cHpm:rdoGm:apw<f`
t"du ausm|k:d wpfcx

k uf ydak evif...
owif:tawmfrsm:rsm:rSmu t"duausm|k:d tajumif:t\m
[m wpfckwnf:yJ \Sdwwfw<f` 'gayrJh wpfcgwavrSmusawmh
owif:]zpf\yfwpfcrk mS wef:wl ta\:uD:wJh tcsufawGu Spcf ?k oH:k ck
ru \Sad ewwfw<f`
Oya']yKtzJ.G u Oya'Sp\f yfudk ]ymef:vku
d w
f <f qdyk gp.dk `
wpfcu
k &ifaiGceG w
f :dk ]riv
hf u
kd w
f m\<f? aemufwpfcu
k uav:awGukd
tvkyv
f yk cf idk :f wm w\m:r&ifb:l qkw
d m\<fayg`h Spcf pk vH:k ta\:uD:
wmyJ` ud<
k u
f 'DpS cf pk vH:k ukd tzGix
hf rJ mS xnhaf \:r<fq\dk if owif:
\J. yxrwpf&ufrmS tcGet
f ajumif:udk a\:\r<f` 'kw<
d wpf&ufrmS u
tvkyef .J ywfoufyD: toufuef.owfcsuf tajumif:udk a\:\ygr<f`
Oyrm&ifaiGceG w
f :kd ]ri]hf cif:Sihf uav:tvkyo
f rm:rsm:tm: ydwyf if
]cif:qkid \f m Oya'rsm:udk trsKd:om:vwaf wmfu <ae.]ymef:vdu
k yf g
onf`
75
IMMF2.pmd
75
6/2/2547, 23:41
'gayrJh pmud<
k rf mS awmh oyfoyfpD cJaG \:\r<f` yxr tcGeef .J
ywfoufwhJ tao:pdwt
f csufawGukd a\:yg` yD:rS uav:tvkyo
f rm:
Oya' tajumif: tao:pdwu
f kd a\:yg` 'Dvrdk S r[kwb
f J tajumif: t\m
Spcf u
k [dck ek 'f u
D :l ]zpfaer<fq\dk if pmzwfwo
hJ l pdw|f KS yfomG :vdrfh r<f`
owif:aqmif:yg:
owif:OD:awGudk yd\rpfaZmufxkd:yHkeJ. a\:avh\Sdayr<hf
owif:aqmif:yg:awGuu
kd sawmh yHpk t
H rsKd:rsKd:eJ.a\:om:dik yf gw<f` a\:
om: yHk tjurf:zsif:yHpk u
H awmh atmufrmS azmf]yxm:wJh yHpk t
H wkid :f yg yJ`
]zpf\yfwpfct
k ajumif:
tp
vlwpfa<muftajumif:
erlemwpfck
Zmwfvrf:wkduav:
odk.r[kwf
odk.r[kwf
'grSr[kwf
ae\mwpfae\mtajumif:`
t"duausm|d:k pmyd'k f (rsm:)-'Daqmif:yg:u bmtajumif:udk a\:wmvJ`
qufpyfrKS tpOf` 'D]zpf\yf? taetxm:u vlawGtay; b<fvkd ouf a\mufrKS \Sv

d `J
'Dvt
kd aetxm:atmuf vlb<favmuf rsm:rsm:\Sad evJ po]zif`h
aemufco
H rkid :f ` 'Dv]kd zpf\]cif:tajumif:\if:u bmvJ`
tckvt
kd aetxm:rsKd: b<fvakd jumifh a\mufvm\wmvJ`
w]cm:\Si:f vif:csufrsm:` tckv]kd zpf\]cif:tay; w]cm:aom|SK]rifcsuf t]rifrsm: po]zif`h
tv<f
tzGirhf mS a\:xm:wJh o|kyaf zmfcsuf? ]zpf\yfZmwfvrf:wk?d OyrmawG\.J tao:pdwt

f csufawG?
aumuf k w f p um:awG po]zif h ` yD : awmh aqmif : yg:twG u f yk d yD : ]ynh f p H k a pr<h f
tcsuftvufawG`
tqH:k
xdrw
d hJ aumufw
k pf um:? Zmwfvrf:wk?d 'grSr[kwf aqmif:yg:tpydik :f eJ. G<af ewJh
tajumif:t\m`
76
IMMF2.pmd
76
6/2/2547, 23:41
owif:aqmif:yg:awGrSm a<bk<stm:]zifhawmh tzJG.tGJ.

tzGihfukdyJ oHk:wwfjuw<f` rjumcEqkdovdkyJ pma\:q\mu vl
trsm:juHKawG.cHpm:ae\wJh ]yemrsKd:udk \ifqkdifcHpm:ae\ol wpf
a<muftajumif:eJ. pzGiw
hf wfw<f` 'Dvkd bmvd.k a\:juwmvJ qkad wmh
]zpf\yfwpfcktajumif:udk ]cHKiHk azmf]ywmrsKd:xuf wpfpHkwpfa<muf
awmh]zihf 'Dvdk'Dvkd cHpm:ae\ygw<f qkdyD: tao:pdwfusus
a]ymwmrsKd:u pmzwforl sm:taeeJ. ydk yD: em:vnfv<
G v
f .kd ygy`J tJ'v
D l
udk erlemtaeeJ.? 'grrS [kwf ta]ctae wpf\yfv:kH udk ud<
k pf m:]yK azmf
]ywJt
h aeeJ. xm:yD: a\:]ywmyg` owif:aqmif:yg: tzGirhf mS aemuf
xyf ta\:rsm:wmu ae\m wpfae\mtajumif:udk ta\mif taoG:pHk
o|kyaf zmf]c<frKS ef:]ywm ]zpfygw<f`
tJ't
D zGihf yD:oGm:wJt
h cgrmS awmh 'Dowif:aqmif:yg:[m bm
tajumif:udk a\:wmygqkdwm pmzwfol od\atmif t"duausm|kd:
tajumif:t\m udk 'kw<
d tyd'k f taeeJ.
a\:\ygr<f ` 'D p myd k ' f u tzG i h f r S m
a\:]ycJw
h hJ erlem? 'grS r[kwf o|kyaf zmf
csufawGeJ. pmudk<fukd csdwfqufay:
wmyg` 'Dvdk pmydk'frsKd:u aqmif:yg:
wpfyk'frSm a]cmufydk'f avmufxuf rydk
oifb
h :l `
aqmif:yg:\J. usefwt
hJ ydik :f u
tzGifhrSmygwJh tajumif:t\mudk ydkyD:
]ynfph akH tmif \Si:f ]yay:wmawG? tJ'v
D kd
\Si:f dik zf .kd twGuf taxmuftul t]zpf
tao:pd d w f t csuf a wG ? aumuf k w f
pum:awG ? OyrmawG e J . a\:]y\ygr<f ` rsm:aom tm:]zif h a wmh
pma\:q\mrsm:[m t"d u ausm|d k : pmyd k ' f u d k a\:yD : oG m :\if
tzGirhf mS a\:]ycJw
h hJ vlyk Kd vf? 'grS r[kwf ae\mwpfae\mtajumif:qD
]yefomG :yD: tJ't
D ajumif:t\mudk ydk yD:]ynfph akH tmif tao:pdwu
f sus
a\:oGm:avh\Sdw<f` aqmif:yg:awGrSm t]rJyJ o|kyfazmf]c<frSKef:
a\:om:csufawGe.J aumufw
k pf um:awG ygavh\ydS gw<f` 'gajumifyh J
aqmif:yg:u ta\miftaoG:pHk yD: uwuf vm\w<f` ed}:Hk usawmh
vnf: aqmif:yg:\J. t"dutajumif:t\m[m pmzwfo\l ifxJ pJu
G sef\pf
atmif a\:wwfjuw<f`
'gajumifyh J owif:aqmif:yg:awG[m &wMKwdw
k pfy'k v
f ykd J p?
aA'ifa[mjum:]cif:[m
owif:aqmif:yg:aumif:
wpfyk'f t]rJ]zpfdkifygw<f`
77
IMMF2.pmd
77
6/2/2547, 23:42
v<f? qH:k oH:k yg:pvH:k udk pepfwus wnfaqmuf<\l wmrsK:d yg` 'gajumifh
owif:OD:awGvkd atmufq:kH ykid :f uawmh ta\:ruD:bl:qkd yD: ]zwfxw
k f
ypfvu
kd v
f .kd r\bl:`
tckatmufrmS azmf]yvdu
k w
f hJ owif:aqmif:yg:u ta\mif
taoG:xdrw
d hJ aumufw
k pf um:? t"dym <f]ynh&f wJh tao:pdwt
f csuf
tvufe.J \Si:f vif:csufawGt]yif bm]zpfaew<fqw
dk mudv
k nf: odom
xif\mS :atmif a\:]yxm:wm awG.\ygw<f` pma\:olu olu<
kd w
f idk f
avhvmawG.\Scd sufawG? taxmuftxm: okawoeeJ. awG.qHak r:]ref:
vd.k od\wmawGukd pepfwus aygi:f pnf:yD: csdwq
f ufrrd d a\:xm:wm
yg` 'Dowif:aqmif:yg:\J. tzGipfh myd'k u
f akd wmh a\S.tcef:awGrmS awG.cJh
yD:om: ]zpfygvrd rhf <f`
tvsift]ref zH.G zdK:rSKrsm:ajumifah \S:rdK.awmfvnf:

'kw<
d befaumuf ]zpfvak e
]rifuGif:wpfckvHk:udk
]c<frSKef:]y]cif:]zihf
pma\:olu pmzwf
y\dowfuD:ukd tJ'aD e\mqD
a\mufoGm:ovdk
]zpfatmifudk
qJGac;oGm:w<f`
pmzwfot
l aeeJ.tajumif:t\mxJ
arsm&ifoGm:atmif
ac;oGm:wJh t]yif
t"dutajumif:t\m
udv
k nf: wif]yxm:w<f`
'Dpmyd'k rf sm:u ed'ge:f rSm
azmf]yxm:csuftay;
qufyD:awmh ta\miftaoG:pHk
]c<frKS ef:ay:yD: aqmif:yg:\J.
t"duausm|kd:tajumif:t\m
udv
k nf: \Si:f ]yay:w<f`
t"duausm|d:k ay;vGizf .kd twGuf
twdwef .J ypPKye\f .J
qef.usifbufta]ctaeudk
azmf]yxm:yHu
k o
kd wdxm:junhyf g`
csif:rkid ?f xkid :f ` tifomcifac; a\S:yJaG wmftwGuf csif:rkid >

f
rdK. a[mif: yifr&ifayguf }dw&f ig:ae\mwGif rjumao:rDu vltrsm:
pk a&:a\muf\cdS jhJ uonf` vdarRmaf \mif ouFe:f rsm: ]cHKvr:f xm:aom Ak'
bmom \[ef:oHCmrsm:u bk\m:pmudk \Gwzf wfo\ZPsm<faejuum
yJaG wmfvm vlxu
k vnf: yef: eH.omSihf qDr:D uyfvLS um rk:d Sihf oD:SH
aumif:ygapajumif: qkawmif:cJjh uonf`
od.k aomf &ifayguf }dw&f rsm:teD:wGif <mOfusyfawmufae
aomajumifh [Ge:f oHiS pfh uforH sm:u bk\m:pm\Gwzf wfou
H kd vr:f ]cHK
ypfvu
kd o
f vdk um:Sihf armfawmfqidk u
f <fpufc:dk rsm:ajumifv
h nf: eH.om
ar:\eH.rsm: ]y<fc\hJ avonf`
vefemxkid :f bk\ifh ikd if >
H rdK.awmf]zpfcahJ om csif:rdik >
f 702
Spaf ]rmuf arG:ae.yJu
G kd <ckpS t
f wGi:f qif<ifusif:yrnf ]zpfonf`
4if:xuf Spaf ygi:f ig:\mpk toufi<faom befaumuf yD:vif onf
rdK.u xkifd :f dik if w
H iG f umvSn{fh nho
f nfrsm:udk 'kw<
d tqJaG qmifq:kH
rdK.]zpfygonf` csif:rdkifwGif <ae.wkdifatmifyif bk\m:ausmif:rsm:?
vufrKS ypPn:f rsm:? teD:tem:\Sd awmifay; vlenf:pk aus:\Gmrsm:? awm
rdKifuD:rsm:Sihf a\wHceG pf rd phf rf:rsm: uJo
h .kd aom qJaG qmifrKS awG trsm:
uD: \Sad eygao:onf` rkcOf :D rsm:Sihf tckid t
f cHh aqmufvyk x
f m:aom
&ifaygu}f w
d &f rsm:udk <ae.wkid f xde:f odr:f xm:qJ ]zpfonf` awmvr:f
78
IMMF2.pmd
78
6/2/2547, 23:42
awmifwef:rsm:Sihf yif:]rpfw.dk u axG:ayG.xm:aom csif:rdik u

f kd a]rmuf
ydik :f Si:f qD[yk if ac;cJjh uavonf`
od.k aomf a\S:tarG xde:f odr:f a\: &g'rD sm:uawmh onfrdK.udk
aemufxyfbefaumufvdk ]zpfOD:r<hfrdK. [lI ac;aejuonf`
tajumif:uawmh vsif]refpmG zH.G zdK:rSKajumifh <mOfrsm: usyfawmufvm
]cif:? npfnrf:vm]cif:? txyf]rifh uGe'f rdk eD <
D H uD:rsm:Sihf a:\dyo
f m
vrf:uD:rsm:ay;vmum dik if aH ]rmufyikd :f > tpOftvm <Ofaus:rSKrsm:
tay; t\m<f]yK cdr:f a]cmufvmaomajumihyf if` topfziG v
hf pS v
f u
kd f
aom acwfydKifyef:csD]ywku
d \f dS csif:rkid f 1997 yef:csDum:wGif um:puf
ck:d rsm:Sihf rk:d ]rifw
h u
dk w
f m taqmufttHrk sm:ajumifh rsu\f nfa&aeaom
qifuD:wpfaumifyu
kH kd a\:qJx
G m:onf`
csif:rdik >
f pD:yGm:a\: zG.H zdK:rSKrSm rdK.awmifyikd :f \Sd }syefpu
kd yf sKd:
pD:yGm:vkyif ef:rsm:Sihf w]cm:aom puf|rHk sm:ajumifh ydk yD: tm:aumif:cJ\h
onf` od.k aomf qef.usifbuf tusKd:quftae]zifh befaumufrdK.
awmf> pdw
f q
f if:\Jp\m ta]ctaerS a\Smifa]y:vmaom vlcsrf:omrsm:
&ifvmrpJ woJoJ ]zpfcahJ wmh>` befaumufrmS uJo
h .dk yif csif:rdik f qif
a]czH:k v<fuiG :f rsm:onfvnf: tdr\f mpDru
H ed :f uD:rsm:twGuf ae\m
z<fay:vdu
k \f onf` od.k aomf xdt
k rd \f mrsm:rSm aexdik zf .kd tqifra]y
o]zifh rnforl raexdik b
f J vlou
l if:rJv
h sufom \Sad eonf`
avmavmq<f xkdif:dkifiH> pD:yGm:a\:u usqif:ae\m
tuD:pm: aqmufvyk af \: pDru
H ed :f rsm:\yfem:xm:\I touf|LS acsmif
oGm:cJah omfvnf: aiGaju:]yef\vmonfiS hf wpfydKifeuf csif:rdik o
f nf
rnfonhv
f rf:ajumif:ay; ]yefa\mufomG :rnf qko
d nfrmS odomaeyg
onf`
csif:rkid >
f yxrqH:k qlygpwk:d qkid f uD: udk vGecf ahJ om oH:k Spf
u zGiv
hf pS cf >
hJ ` csufcsif:qko
d vdyk i f ukecf ahJ om 'DZifbmu aemufxyf
oH:k qkid f zGiv
hf pS v
f mcJo
h nf` abmvH:k uGi:f wpfuiG :f pm <mOf\yfem:pcef:
uD:rsm:xJu }dka'gifyHk xdktaqmufttkHuD:rsm:wGif 'l:\if:oD:rStp?
bmbD|kyfrsm:tv<f? t&wfavmfpufrsm: tqHk: t\mtm:vHk:udk
a\mif:csay:onf` wpfae\mwnf:rSm ukefypPnf:tukefudk \\SddkifyD:
a:vnf: csKdaomajumifh vltrsm: <cifu tpOftquf &<f<al e
cJah om wpfyikd w
f pfikd f rdom:pkuek pf q
kH ikd rf sm:Sihf a:rsm:rSm qufvuf
\yfwnfz.kd cufcv
J monf`
'Dpmydk'fawGu
qufpyfrSKtpOfeJ.
aemufco
H rkid :f udk a]ym]y
ay:w<f` 'DtcsufawGu
csif:rdik f 'Dta]ctaeudk
b<fvkd a\mufvm\wmvJ
qkw
d m \Si:f ]yw<f` yD: a\S.
b<fvkd pcef: oGm:OD:rSmvJ
qdw
k mudv
k nf: \Si:f ]yw<f`
pma\:q\mu yxrpmyd'k f
Spyf 'kd rf mS twkid :f yJ rdK.\J.
]yem rsm:tajumif:udk
OyrmawG xyf]znhf yD:
a]ym]yxm:ygw<f`
(um:\yfem: pcef:ae\mudk
abmvHk:uGif:t\G<ftpm:eJ.)
SKd if: <SOcf suf? ('l:\if:oD:?
bmbD|yk ?f t&wfavmfpufpwJ)h
tao:pdwf tcsufawG
a\:]ywmudk }|kpu
dk yf g`
]zpf\yfukd pmzwfou
l
ydkyD:\Sif:\Sif:vif:vif:
]rifvm\wmaygh`
79
IMMF2.pmd
79
6/2/2547, 23:42

pma\:q\mu csif:rkid rf mS
pm:oH:k ol &g'opfwpf\yf
ay;xGe:f vmwJh tajumif:udk
aumufw
k pf um: wpfcek .J
]rifomatmif
azmf]yay:xm:ygw<f`
aqmif:yg:\J. tzGiefh .J
t"duausm|kd:udk
ydk yD: tm:\Sad pwJh
]yemtajumif:
erlem azmf]ycsufawGukd
xyfyD: azmf]yxm:w<f`
tao:pdwu
f sus a\:wmudk
owd]yKjunhfyg`
pma\:q\mu ]yemawGukd
a\:]yyD:yD` tck olu
pmzwf y\dowftaeeJ.
tm:vH:k tqk:d csnf:yJ
]rifroGm:\atmif
]yef\iS :f w<f` aqmif:yg:udk
rrww \Sad tmife.J
tm:vH:k udk ]cHK ikrH ad tmif
a\:xm:ygw<f`
]yifopfyikd f u<f\aD zmSihf atmfcsef qlygpwk:d qkid rf sm:onf

umwpf&ef: olw.dk ydKifqidk rf KS udk csif:rdik o
f .kd vnf: uGi:f csJ.J vmcJh
onf` Spq
f idk pf vH:k u wpfywfwnf:rSm zGiv
hf pS cf jhJ uonf`
uefawmfw.dk \nf\<
G w
f mu ukepf nftm:vH:k udk wifxm:yD:
a:&<fawGtaeeJ.udKufpS o
f uf\mudk a\G:cs<fapzd.k yJ? wpfae.xuf
wpfae. vly&kd ifvmaeygw<f [k atmfcsef refae}sm zdvpf \pfcswfu
a]ymonf` <if:atmfcsefqikd f uD:wGif aiGvufcaH umifwm 50 \Sd yD:
qkid u
f pwk\ef:udu
k f 10000 us<f&ef:onf`
atmfcsefu teD:\Sd ta&:a]y:vrf:ruD:atmufrS vrf:wpfck
udk azmufvyk v
f u
dk o
f ]zihf a:&<frsm:onf bufaygi:f pHrk S um:armif:
&ifvmdik yf gonf` onf qlygpwk:d qkid f uD:rsm:ajumifh rdK.wGif <mOf
usyfawmufrKS rsm: ydrk q
kd :dk \Gm:vmyD: <mOft\m<fvnf: ydv
k monf`
4if:wk.d u trSmpm]zifh &<f<al om acwfopfwpfcu
k v
kd nf: xlaxmif
vku
d o
f nf` olw.dk > ajumf]im]zwfyidk :f uav:rsm:u pm:yJaG wGay;rSm
pkyakH eovdk pmwku
d yf :kH xJrmS vnf: t]ynf?h tcef:wHcg: atmufuae
avmoGi:f vdo
k iG :f ? ]cHwcH g:rsm:rSm vmxm:vdx
k m:]zifh rdK.vH:k tS.H ]yef.
aeawmhonf` (<if: ta\mifawmufawmuf ]zwfyidk :f uav:rsm:u
csif:rkid >
f topfay;xGe:f vmaom pD:yGm:a\: ydKifqidk rf KS Sihf pm:oH:k ol
&g'> edrw
d yf ykH if ]zpfavonf`)
befaumufrmS vdyk J okawoDrsm:u csi:f rkid <
f mOfxed :f \Jrsm: >
aoG:xJwGif cJ"mwfyg&ifrSKudk ppfaq:junhfaeonf` befaumuf
rdK.awmfrmS ppfaq:cJph Ofurl aoG:xJwiG f cJ"mwfrsm: t\m<f]zpfap
avmufatmif \Sdaewm awG.ju\onf` olwkd.u ydk:owfaq:rsm:
ajumifh npfnrf:aeaom yif:]rpfuv
kd nf: ppfaq:aejuonf` xdak q:
rsm:udk ]rpfnmrS awmiforl sm:u oH:k pJaG eygonf` rdK.u zH.G zdK:vmonf
Sit
hf r trSKd ufo|ku
d af wGu oef.pifa\:puf|aHk wG rdik f ikd af tmif txd
xGu\f v
dS monf`
od.k \mwGif ]yem\yfrsm:udk yHk uD:csJ.yD:awmhrl ra]ymoifh
yg` bk\m:ausmif:rsm:teD: &ef:usifrmS wku
d ]f rifh uD:rsm: aqmufvyk ]f cif:
udk tmEmydik rf sm:u ydwyf ifco
hJ nf` rdK.a[mif:udk um\Hxm:aom rkcf
OD:wHwidk :f ae\mrS trSKd ufrsm:udk z<f\mS :ypfyD: oef.\Si:f a\:pepfwpf\yf
csrSwaf y:onf` vlO:D a\t\ csif:rkid o
f nf befaumuf> av:q<fykH
wpfykH t\G<o
f m \Sad eao:onf`
80
IMMF2.pmd
80
6/2/2547, 23:42
vltrsm: pk:d \draf eonfu rdK.> vlrKS b& yHpk aH ]ymif:oGm:rSm

udk ]zpf>`
raumif:rSKrsm:u t]rJvykd if befaumufiS hf quf<
G af e>`
<if:wkd.xJwGif <refSpfu ppfwyft\m\Sdrsm:Sifh rdK.cH&efxrf:rsm:
aygi:f yD: umvSncfh \D:onfrsm: ae\m]zpfonfh rdK.v<faumif na:
\Sd a:onfrsm:xHrS aiGnpfonhf t}wd vdkufpm:rSKvnf: ygonf`
tvm:wl <refSpfuyif \nf:pm:aumifrav:u dkifiH]cm:om:wpf
a<mufaemuf ygoGm:onfhtwGuf a'go]zpfaeaom \Ju csif:rkdif
avqdyw
f iG f ypfcwfc\hJ m tDwvDvrl sKd: {nfo
h nfpS Of :D 'Ef\m\\So
d mG :
cJhonf` tdwfpfa\m}guvnf: befaumuf\Sd yufykef:rSmvdkyJ qkd:\Gm:
aeonf` csif:rdik w
f iG f ydq
k :kd onfu aqmifjumrdKifrsm:Y t\G<rf a\muf
ao:aom rde:f uav:rsm:ukd oH:k ae]cif:]zpfonf`
rdb
k ikd :f zke:f rsm:]zifh [efa\:w]y]y OD:a\u wk:d vmaeonf`
<if:rSm befaumufwiG af wmh csr:f omu<f&]cif:> ]y<k}yf if ]zpfonf`
pm:awmfqufwiG v
f nf: xkid :f dik if aH ]rmufyikd :f }kEaf qmif cefww
k f udk
txl:wnfcif:onf` <if:rSm aumufnif:]zifh pm:\aom [if:vsm
]zpfonf` qkid w
f iG f }pfwmorm:wpfa<mufu xdik :f oDcsif:awGtpm:
}ef'ifAm> tar\duefaus:vufaw:udo
k m oDqadk eavonf`
uefawmfw.dk \J. e}dak e |k:d |k:d om:om: at:csrf:rSKudk avmb
u "m:]ywku
d <
f o
l mG :yD [k csif:rdik w
f Uodv
k f tkynmSihf <Ofaus: rSK
]riw
fh ifa\: Adrmefne jf um:a\:rSL: OD'rf|eG :f }|ktefq\Du a]ymyg onf`
OD'rfu xdik :f dik if aH ]rmufyikd :f <Ofaus:rSKtajumif: pG<pf kH
usrf:twGuf a]cmufpS jf um avhvmrSKvkyif ef:udk vufpowfaeygyD`
olu xdpk mtkyu
f dk ukyf w
f .dk vl.tzJ.G tpnf: rysufoOk :f rD aemufq:kH
cHwyf? aemufq:kH wHwidk :f [lI trnfay:xm:onf`
tpOftvm <Ofaus:rSKrsm: t\m<f\adS e\]cif:rSm xdik :f dik if H
> A[krd S csKyfuidk v
f eG :f aom dik if aH \:pepfajumifh ]zpfajumif: OD'rfu
qko
d nf` csif:rkid u
f kd a'ocHrsm:u rtkycf sKyf\bJ befaumufraS pvwf
aom t\m\Srd sm:uom rsm:aomtm:]zifh tkycf sKyfonf` xk.d ajumifh
befaumufpw
H efz:kd rsm:uyJ vr:f rk:d aeajumif: olu a]ymygonf`
uefawmfu orD:udk a]rmufydkif:pum: oifay:rvkd.yJ?
'gayrJh ol.q\mawG? ol.oli<fcsif:awGe.J |kyo
f aH wGajumifh orD:u
roifcsifb:l av [k olua]ymonf`
'Dpmyd'k u
f t"du tajumif:
t\muD:atmufu
aemuf tajumif:
t\mwpfckqDudk
acsmacsmarG.arG.uav:
ul:oGm:wm awG. \r<f`
csif:rdik [
f m |kyyf idk :f om
a]ymif:vJae|krH u vlrKS a\:eJ.
<Ofaus: rSKawGvnf:
a]ymif:vJvmyHkudk
azmf]yxm:w<f`
a]ymif:vJomG :yHk tajumif:udk

aemufcHorkdif:eJ.a\m
udk<fwdkifowif:vkduf
awG.\SdcsufeJ.yg
aygif:a\:xm:w<f`
wkw
d edk .J xdrw
d hJ
aumufkwfpum:oHk:ckudk
awG.\r<f` 'Dvkd xdrw
d hJ
pum:rsKd:ukd ynm\Siaf wGqu
D
t]rJ\wwfwmrsKd:awmh
vnf: r[kwyf gb:l `
81
IMMF2.pmd
81
6/2/2547, 23:42
<Ofaus:rSKcsif: rwlayr<fh tpm:tpmrSmawmh tudKufcsif:wlvmjuygyD`
pma\:q\mued'ge:f rSm pcJw

h hJ
tajumif:t\mqD]yefomG :w<f`
'De}d :kH ydik :f rSmvnf:yJ azmf]ycsuf
awGu tao:pdwyf gy`J
ta\miftaoG:vnf: pHw
k <f`
rde:f rysKu
d av:oH:k a<muftajumif:
a\:]yxm:wmajumifph mzwfo[
l m
aqmif:yg:udzk wfyD:oGm:wJt
h cgrmS
pOf:pm:oGm:r<f` 'Dowif:
aqmif:yg:[m p? v<f? qH:k
oH:k yg:pvH:k udk pepfwus zJ.G pnf:
wnfaqmufxm:w<f`
wpfy'k v
f :kH udk t"dtajumif:
t\matmufrmS yJppk nf:xm:w<f`
aumufw
k pf um:awGe.J
tao:pdwaf \:om:csuaf wGajumifh
pmzwfou
l pmyk'q
f :kH wJt
h xd
qufzwfomG :]zpfw<f` yD:awmh
tJ'aD umufw
k f pum:eJ.
tao:pdwt
f csuaf wGuvnf:
t"du tajumif: t\meJ.
qufpyfaewmawGyg`
umvSncfh \D:onfrsm:tm: <Ofaus:rSK ]yyJrG sm: wifquf

]yo\eftwGuf tpd:k \wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:u pDpOfaomfvnf: xdyk k Kd vfrsm:
tae]zihf a'o\<Of aus:rSKtajumif:udk pd:k pOf:ryif rodjuajumif:
w]cm:aom a\S:arGxdef:odrf:a\: &g'Drsm:uvnf: apm'u wufju
onf` csif:rdik >
f orkid :f ajumif:Sifh tarGtSprf sm:onf zsufq:D cHae\
ajumif:? <Ofaus:rSKS tay; wefz:kd xm:cHpm:]cif:? ok.d r[kwf ynmay:
]cif:rsm:xuf azsmfa]zwifqufyD: ydu
k q
f \H a\:twGuo
f m toH:k csae
ajumif: olw.dk u a]ymonf` na:ae\mwGif pm:aomufqikd rf sm:ok.d
vl&if\eftwGuf |k:d \mtu]zifh toH:k awmfcaH ejuavonf` xdik :f vl
enf:pk&if trsKd:orD:rsm:uvnf: awmifay;ae vDql:&wfpHkrsm:&wf
qifum awmifay;ae tcgvlrsKd:tu]zifh wifqufu]yjuonfudk
awG.\onf`
csif:rkdifrdK.vlxkonf bk\m:ausmif:rsm:tm: tav:rxm:
awmhajumif: OD'rfu a]ymonf` ol.tqkt
d \ vdck sifwm\Srd yS J bk\m:
ausmif:qDvmum qkawmif:juawmhonf` Aku
d q
f mvm\if acguq
f GJ
qkid o
f mG :yD: &<fpm:ovdyk aJ ygh
rjumao:rDu qif<ifusif:ychaJ om tifomcif yJaG wmfwiG f
ZeD:armifSHpHkwJGwpfwJGonf 13 \mpkacwf rdK.awmfrkcfOD:qDodk.
82
IMMF2.pmd
82
6/2/2547, 23:42
zdwzf w
d af wmufaeaom [Ge'f gtufaumh um:opfuD:]zifh armif:&ifvm
onf` xk.d aemuf pmtdwu
f av:]zifh tvSLaiGay:vSLyD:aemuf pUef.
20 tjumrSm ]yefomG :juonf` bke:f uD:rsm:> w\m:pm\Gwq
f o
kd u
H kd
vihfxkwfay:aeaom toHcsJ.atmfvHuD:ay;wGif vltrsm:udk vm
a\muf bk\m:\Scd :dk ju\ef zdwaf c;aom t&ga\miftvHuD:udk vix
fh x
l m:
onf` xdt
k vHuD:ay;rSmawmh rdb
k ikd :f zke:f ukrE
D uD:wpfc>
k wHqyd u
f kd
awG.\onf` rvSr:f rurf:rSmawmh rde:f rysKdo:kH a<mufonf w\m:pm
awGukd tm|krH ]yKbJ tcsif:csif:\<farm a]ymqk\d if: qlygpwk:d qkid f uD:
wpfqidk >
f ajumf]imudk junh|f KS aejuavonf`
w]cm: owif:aqmif:yg: yHpk rH sm:

owif:aqmif:yg: trsKd:rsKd:\So
d vdk 'Dowif:aqmif:yg:awG\.J
pkpnf:a\:om:yHu
k vnf: yHpk t
H rsKd:rsKd:ygy`J 'gawGukd ]ymef:pmtkyx
f m:yD:
oifz.dk qkw
d m wu<frvG<w
f m` ud<
k t
fh aeeJ.a\:aewJh owif: aqmif:yg:
eJ.ywfoufyD: b&ifrus]zpfae\ifem:vnfwwfurf:wJh t<f'Dwm
aumif:? q\morm:aumif:udk ]yjunfw
h m[m taumif:qH:k ygy`J
owif:aqmif:yg: trsKd:tpm:wcsKd.uawmh atmufygtwkid :f
]zpfygw<f`
owif:OD: owif:xl:wpfy'k rf mS ygwhJ tajumif: t\mwpfcu
k kd
tcsderf D 'g b<fv]kd zpfwm? 'Dt]zpf\.J oufa\mufrKS ?

a\S.tvm:tvmawG tajumif:udk \Si:f vif:a\:om:wJh
owif:aqmif:yg:? 'grrS [kwf owif: oH:k oyfcsuf aqmif:yg:rsKd:
\Syd gw<f` Oyrm AD<uferfikd if rH mS rkwo
f kH \moD a\uD:rSKtwGi:f
uav:awG bmajumifah o\wmvJ qkw
d mrsKd:? ta\S.awmif
tm\Sikd if rH sm:tzJ.G xJ tzJ.G &ifikd if o
H pfawG &ifvmwJh twGuf
b<fvkd ]zpfvmrvJ qkw
d mrsKd:awGayg`h
vlpw
d &f ifpm:wJt
h ajumif: aqmif:yg:awGayg`h wd\pmefawG?
uav:i<fawGtajumif:rsKd:? &rf:enf:ajuuJpG \m t]zpfrsKd:?
tm:uD: olwpfa<mufa<mufukd tdik \f oGm:wmrsKd:
po]zihaf yg`h 'Daqmif:yg: awGu aysmfp\m]zpfcsif]zpfr<f?
&rf:enf:p\m aumif:csifvnf: aumif:r<f` 'Dvkd
aqmif:yg:rsKd:awGu vlawGudkf pdwv
f KS yf\mS :cHpm:rSK ]zpfapw<f`
vlwpfa<muf\.J |kyyf v
kH m udk waphwapmif:ay;atmif azmf]ywJh
83
IMMF2.pmd
83
6/2/2547, 23:42
aqmif:yg:rsKd:vnf: \Sw
d <f`
ae\ma'owpfct
k ajumif: azmf]ywJh c\D:oGm:aqmif:yg:rsK:d vnf:
\Sd w<f`
owif:pHpk rf:a\:om:\wJh aqmif:yg:rsK:d uawmh enf:enf:wmoGm:
w<f` 'Daqmif:yg:rsKd:udk aoaocsmcsm tuGucf s?

tifwmAsL:awG vky?f ]zpfwahJ e\mawGqD ta\mufomG :?
taxmuftxm: rSww
f rf:awGudk okawoevky?f
cJ]G crf:pdw]f zmpo]zifh udK:pm:yrf:pm: vky\f w<f`
'Dvakd qmif:yg:rsKd:u wpfpw
kH pfa<muf? vkyif ef:wpfc?k
tpd:k \wpfz.GJ u wpfcck u
k kd zH:k uG<zf .kd udK:pm:aewJh tcgrsKd:rSm
owif:vdu
k f yD: a\:\wJh aqmif:yg:rsKd:yg`
84
IMMF2.pmd
84
6/2/2547, 23:42
tydik :f (4) owif:a\:om:]cif:
tydik :f (4) owif:a\:om:]cif:

tcef: (10)
a]ympum: aumufw
k cf sufrsm:udk oH:k ]cif:
a]ympum: aumuf k w f c suf a wG u
owif:ukd <Hjk unfrKS \Sad pw<f? joZm\Sad pwmajumifh
wu<fta\:uD:ygw<f` 'Dpum: aumufw
k f csuf
awGu tzGirhf mS azmf]ycJw
h hJ tcsut
f vufawGukd ydk yD:
\S i f : vif : ]ynh f p k H a tmif axmuf u l a y:ygw<f `
owif:\J. t"duuswJh tcsufawGukd ydk yD: av:euf
atmif v nf : tav:aqmif : ay:w<f ` pmzwf
y\dowfuD:u a]ympum: aumufkwfcsuf uae
wpfqifh owif: \if:]rpfu a]ymwmudk wku
d |f u
kd ef m:eJ.qwfqwf jum:
apygw<f` 'gh t]yif tJ'o
D wif:\if:]rpf\.J taetxm:? pdwcf pH m:rSKeJ.
tusifhp|dkuf wkd.udkyg pmzwfy\dowfuD:taeeJ. xdawG.cHpm:cGifh
\apygw<f` 'Dvdk a]ympum: aumufkwfcsufawGyg\if owif:u
rdKifomG :w<f` pmzwfot
l aeeJ. owif: tcsuftvufawGuckd snf:yJ
wpfajumif:yD:wpfajumif: zwfae\wmrsKd: ]zpfraeawmhb:l ayg`h
a]ympum: aumufkwfcsufawG rygwJh owif:wpfyk'fudk
zwf\wmrsKd:uawmh wu<f iD:aiG.p\muD:yg`
bmomw\m:rsm:\J.
tqkdtrdefrsm:u
ukd:um:p\myg`
a]ympum:udk rnfonht
f cg oH:k rnfenf:
a]ympum:wpf\yfu ta]ctaewpfcck ak y;rSm csKyfyD: azmf
]ydik pf rG :f \Sw
d hJ tcgrsKd:rSomvif tJ'aD ]ympum:udk aumufw
k af zmf]y\
wm ]zpfygw<f` tJ'pD um:rSm cHpm:csuf? 'grrS [kwf |kyyf v
kH m ? 'grS
r[kwv
f nf: wpfa<mufa<muf\.J tusihpf |ku
d u
f kd azmf]ywmrsKd: ygrS
omvif oH:k \ygr<f`
erlemt]zpfe.J uam'D:<m: a\vkyo
f m:wpfa<muf\.J a]ym
pum:ukd azmf]yxm:ygw<f` zGr:f yify.kd pf owif:pmyg 'Da]ympum:
aumufw
k cf sufu b&tay; 'Da\vkyo
f m:\J. |SK]rifyu
kH kd csKyfyD: azmf
]ydik pf rG :f \Sw
d m awG.\ygr<f`
85
IMMF2.pmd
85
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (10) a]ympum: aumufw

b&rSm usKyfvkyfwwfwm Spfck\Sdw<f? ig:zrf:zdk.eJ.

pm:zdk.yJ? usKyftazvnf: ig:zrf:pm:cJhovdk usKyfom:awGvnf:
ig:zrf:pm:oGm:ju \rSmyJ
xkdif:]ynfxJa\:&efuD:u \mZ&wfrSKrsm:? rl:<pfaq:&g:eJ.
avmif:upm:rSKrsm: usL:vGeaf ewJh ]ynfwiG :f rmzD:<m: vlq:kd }dE
k :f awG
udk qufvufrdS ef if:oGm:r<ht
f ajumif: a]ympum:udk befaumufy.kd pf
owif:pmu tckvkd aumufw
k af zmf]yxm:ygw<f`
uefawmfhtaeeJ.befaumufeJ. teD:&ef: usif]ynfe<f
rsm:rSm rSKcif:awG uif:pifatmif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif\u
G f
r<fqw
kd m tJ'v
D al wGukd owday:yg\ap`
tJ'aD wmh raumif:rSKusL:vGeaf eolawGtaeeJ. ud<
k u
hf <
kd f
udk aumif:atmif]yifjuawmh? uefawmfu owdray:bl:vd.k awmh
ra]ymeJ.aemf
'Da]ympum:u &efuD:\J. ]ywfom:yHu
k kd ay;vGiaf pygw<f`
tckqufyD: AD<uferfppfyrGJ mS yg&ifwu
dk cf u
kd cf w
hJ hJ tar\duef
wpfa<mufu ppfyD:oGm:wJhaemufydkif: AD<uferfaus:vufwpfckrSm
ole.J qef.usifwb
hJ ufu yg&ifwu
dk cf u
dk cf o
hJ l wpfa<mufe.J awG.qHk
cku
d rf mS a]ymcJw
h hJ pum:udk azmf]yygO:D r<f` 'Da]ympum: aumufw
k cf suf
u pmzwfou
l kd owif:ae\mqD qJaG c;oGm:dik o
f vdk ud<
k w
f idk v
f nf:
cHpm:\apw<f` 'Dowif:udk atyDowif:Xmeu a\:om:cJw
h myg`
tJ'rD mS olu uefawmhpf ufb:D qDudk a]y:vmyD: uefawmhf
udk vSr:f qJ?G yD:awmhzufvu
kd w
f <f? tazu om:udk ayG.zufwmrsK:d `
wu<f h u d k vS d K uf v S d K uf v S J v S J y gyJ A sm? aG : axG : rS K ud k
ueaf wmf ud<
k w
f idk f cHpm:\w<f? ueaf wmft
h aeeJ. ig:rdepfavmuf
jumatmifukd \ifxJ cHpm:\rdw<f
xdrw
d hJ a]ympum: aumufw
k cf sufukd ud<
k o
fh wif:tpydik :f
em:rSm xnhaf \:ay:yg` tJ'gu pmzwfou
l kd qufzwfomG :apzk.d tm:ay:
ygw<f` owif:tqH:k rSmvnf:yJ xdrw
k cf suf
eJ. ed}:Hk csKyfikd yf gw<f` tJ'gu pmzwfopl w
d x
f rJ mS pJu
G sef\pfapdik yf g
w<f`
86
IMMF2.pmd
86
6/2/2547, 23:42

tzGihfudk taxmuf tul]zpfap

r<hf a]ympum:aumufw
k cf sufudk a\: r<ff
qk\d if owdxm:\rSmu tzGirhf mS a\:cJh yD:
wmudyk J xyf a\:wmrsKd: r]zpfapbJ aemuf
xyftajumif:t\mtopf wpfck ]zpfap\yg
r<f ` tzG i f h r S m yJ ] zpf ] zpf ? owif : xJ u
b<fae\mrSmyJ]zpf]zpf ygyD:om: tajumif:
t\m wpfckwnf:ukdyJ aumufkwf pum:
t]zpfe.J a\:wmrsKd:ukad wmh a\Smifyg`
zGr:f yif? uam'D:<m:` ydv
k <
D kd tajumao a\m}g vH:k &
uif:pif atmif wku
d zf sufikd cf hJ yD ]zpfajumif: uam'D:<m:dik if u
H
<refae.u ajunmvdu
k \f m 4if:onf ypdzw
d t
f aemufyikd :f a'o
wGif Ta\m}gukd aemufq:kH wku
d zf sufaomdik if H ]zpfvmonf`
&efuD:csKyf [Geq
f efu ydv
k <
D akd \m}gukd uam'D:<m:dik if H
orkid :f wGif yxrOD:qH:k tudrt
f ]zpf t]rpf]ywfwu
dk zf suf ikd af jumif:
wpfumvHk:odk. ajunmdkifcJhonf udk }kEf<lrdygajumif:
a]ymjum:onf`
qefpyg:a\mif:&<fa\:eJ
ywfouf yD: olwdk b<fvkd
]rifjuovJ`
a]ympum:awG aumufkwfazmf]ywJhtcgrSm iD:aiG.p\m

aumif:wJhpum:rsKd:awG? em:vnf\cufwmawG? odomxif\Sm:yD:om:
udpPawGudk a]ym]ycsufawGqdk\if roHk:ygeJ.` tJ'grsKd:awGudk owif:
pmom:xJrmS ud<
k phf um:eJ.ud<
k yf J a\:vku
d yf g` owif:axmuftrsm:pku
ud<
k rfh w
S pf pk mtkyx
f rJ mS ygvmw<fqdk yD: a]ympum:awGukd odypf Of:pm:
raeawmhbJ csa\:ypfwwfw<f` olwkd.u 'Dowif:udk owif:\if:
]rpfawGqD oGm:ar:yD: a\:wm qkw
d t
hJ csufuykd J ay;vGiaf pcsifw<f`
tJ'grsKd:ukad wmh a\Smifyg`
f csK.d udk atmufrmS azmf]yvku
d f
qk:d whJ a]ympum: azmf]ycsuw
ygw<f`
AD<uferfikd if H tpd:k \tzJ.G &if &efuD:wpfO:D \J. a]ympum:
aumufw
k cf sufwpfcyk g`
pyg:e<fwm? w]cm:pm:oH:k oD:SaH wG? aumfzeD .J vufzuf
t]yif opfe.J w]cm:opfawmxGuu
f ek yf pPn:f awG xkwv
f yk af \: [m
tvkyo
f rm:awG tvkyt
f rsm:uD:\kid w
f hJ pD:yGm:a\: vkyif ef: awGygyJ
87
IMMF2.pmd
87
6/2/2547, 23:42

'g[m AsL|ku
d \uf t\m\Sad wG a]ymqdw
k wfwJh em:vnf\cuf
wJh a]ymqdcdk sufyg` 'gukd \Si:f vif:atmif ud<
k pfh um:eJ.ud<
k yf J a\:]y
oihyf gw<f` 'Dae\mrSm ta\:uD:wJh tcsufuawmh tJ'v
D kd csra\:cif
rSm &efuD:u bmqkv
d ckd sifwmvJ qkw
d mudak wmh ud<
k b
fh mom t\if
em:vnfatmif vky\f ygr<f`
atmufrSm azmf]yxm:wm zGrf:yif ukvortzJG.uD:\J.
wm&ef\dS ykKd vfwpfO:D u a]ympum:]zpfygw<f`
uam'D:<m: bk\ift
h pd:k \eJ. umvH:k qkid \f m obm&ywf
&ef:usif \efyakH iGtzJ.G wk.d tjum: yl:aygi:f aqmif\u
G rf KS e.J tultnD
ay: rSKawG ydk yD:aumif:rGev
f mzd.k udk armfvihaf eygw<f
'Da]ympum:u toufryg? iD:aiG.p\muD:` yD:awmh \Si:f
vnf:r\Si:f bl:`
atmufrmS xyfyD: azmf]yxm:wmu aemufco
H rkid :f udo
k m
a]ym]ywJh a]ympum:wpfcyk g` 'grsK:d udk aumufw
k af zmf]yp\m rvdyk gb:l `
]ref]ref<l ]ref]refpm:vd.k \wJh tpm:taomufwpfrsKd:u
bwf 40-50 \Sdw<f` SdKif:<SOfa]ym\r<fqkd\ifawmh 'grsKd:u
pifumylrmS qk\d if tar\duef 7 a';vmeJ. tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk
rSm qk\d ifawmh 12 a';vmavmuf uswmaygh
ydq
k :kd wmu 'Da]ympum:udk b<fob
l <f&gu a]ymw<fqdk
wJh owif:\if:]rpf rygwmbJ`
vkyo
f uf\ifv
h mwmeJ. tr b<fpum:udk aumufw
k af zmf]y
oifw
h <f? b<fpum:udak wmh 'Dvkd azmf]yp\m rvkb
d :l qkw
d mukd odvm
rSmyg`
a]ympum:eJ. p rzGiyhf gSihf

a<bk<stm:]zifah wmh owif:wpfy'k u
f kd a]ympum:eJ. p rzGifh
oifhygbl:` tJ'DvdkzGifhvdkufr<fqkd\if pmzwfy\dowfuD:taeeJ.
em:vnf\ cufomG :wwfw<f` olw.dk taeeJ. 'gukd b<fou
l a]ymwm
vJqw
dk m Za&Z&g ]zpf\ovdk 'Dowif:[m bmtajumif: t\mudk a\:
aewmvJ qkw
d mudyk g oabmrayguf idk w
f mrsKd: ]zpfomG : wwfygw<f`
88
IMMF2.pmd
88
6/2/2547, 23:42

atmufrmS azmf]yxm:wmu t}Fvyd b

f momeJ. xkwaf &wJh
vmtko
d wif:pmwpfapmif\.J tzGipfh myd'k yf g`
uefawmft
h aeeJ. pdwrf csrf:a]r. ]zpf\wmu wcsKd. dik if H
]cm: pme<fZif:awG[m vmtdk ikd if aH y;rSm t]rJyJ t]zpfreS af wGukd
xnhf rpOf:pm:bJ olwkd. pdwful:ayguf\mtwkdif: avmufyD:
pGypf aGJ \:om: aewmudyk gyJ [k csefygquf]ynfe<f tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:
tGeef D &l gzeG rf m csefu yufaq:wGif usif:yonfh owif:pmq\m
oifwef:zGiyhf w
GJ iG f a]ymjum:oGm:onf` xdrk eufcif:wGif "m:]yrsm:
u vmtd-k xdik :f Aefawmif:-acsmifruf e<f]cm:vrf:rS wpfqihf
vmtkd ikd if x
H J &ifa\mufcjhJ uonf`
tJ'grmS qk\d if tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:\J. a]ympum: &gus\Snf uD: zwf
yD: aemufq:kH "m:]yawGtajumif: a\mufawmhrS e<f]cm:udk "m:]yawG
&ifwu
dk w
f <fqykd gvm: qkw
d m od\w<f` 'gawmifrS bm]zpfw<fqw
dk m
\Sif:\Sif:vif:vif: rod\ao:bl:aemf` t]zpfrSefawG qkdwm bmvJ`
pdwu
f :l aygu\f m qkw
d mbmvJ` t]zpftysuu
f kd ud<
k u
f \Si:f vif:a\:]y
xm:yD:wJah emufrS a]ympum:udk xnhaf \:wm[m ydk yD: \Si:f ygw<f`
'Dawmh txufu owif:udk t ckvkd ]yefa\:junh\f atmifyg`
vmtkd ikd if H awmifyikd :f e<fpyfa'owpfck wku
d cf u
dk cf \H ]cif:
tay; dkifiH]cm: rD'D<mrsm:> a\:om:azmf]ycsufrsm:tm:
csefygquf ]ynfe<f tkyfcsKyfa\:rSL: tGefeDl&g zGefrmcsefu
<refae.wGif ]ypfwif a&zefco
hJ nf`
dik if ]H cm:owif:axmufrsm:u xd]k zpf\yftm: tpd:k \tay;
olyek rf sm:u wku
d cf u
dk o
f vdk yHak zmfa\:om:cJah jumif: tkycf sKyfa\:
rSL:u a]ymonf` od.k aomf xdw
k u
dk cf u
kd rf KS rSm "m:]ywku
d rf KS om ]zpf
onf[k olu qko
d nf`
uefawmft
h aeeJ. pdwrf csrf:a]r.]zpf\wmu...
b<fou
l a]ymaewmvJ
wu<fvdk. a]ympum: aumufkwfcsufawGu vlwpf
a<mufwnf:u r[kwb
f J oD:]cm:wpfa<mufpD ]zpfaew<fq\dk if tJ'D
a]ympum:awGukd 'Dtwdik :f tay;atmufpOfyD: azmf]yoGm:vd.k r\bl:`
89
IMMF2.pmd
89
6/2/2547, 23:42

pmzwfot
l aeeJ. 'Dpum:udk b<fou
l a]ymaewmvJ qkw
d m \Si:f rSm
r[kwaf wmhb:l ` 'gajumifh aemufwpfa<muf\.J a]ympum:udk a\:
awmhr<f qk\d if t\ifO:D qH:k tJ'yD k Kd vfe.J rdwq
f ufazmf]yay:\r<f` 'grS
'kw<
d vlwpfa<muf\.J a]ympum:qkw
d m \Si:f r<f`
trSm:` \ok:H rSe:f a]c aiGpm\if:topf[m qif:\Jom:awGukd
xd c k d u f aprS m ajumif h uef a wmf u awmh oabmrawG . bl : [k
tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:u a]ymygonf`
'D \oHk:rSef:a]c aiGpm\if:t\ qkd\ifawmh aemufqHk:rSm
tpk:d \[m tcGet
f aumufukd wk:d ]riafh umufcv
H m\vdrrfh <f [k txuf
vwaf wmfOUu a]ymonf`
trSe`f \oH:k rSe:f a]c aiGpm\if:topf[m qif:\Jom:awGukd
xd c k d u f a p rS m ajumif h uef a wmf u awmh oabmrawG . bl : [k
tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:u a]ymygonf`
txufvw
af wmfOUuvnf: 'D\oH:k rSe:f a]caiGpm\if:t\
qk\d ifawmh aemufq:kH rSm tpd:k \ [m tcGet
f aumufukd wk:d ]rifh aumufcH
vm\vdrrfh <f [k a]ymonf`
a]ymonf qkv
d if vHak vmufyD
a]ympum: aumufw
k cf sufawGukd azmf]ywJah e\mrSm rnfol
rnf&gu a]ymonf qdk yD:yJ azmf]ywwfwm rsm:ygw<f` tJ't
D oH:k
tSKef:u |kd:w<f? \Sif:w<f? yD:awmh jum:aeoabmvnf: ouf
a\mufw<f` a]ymonf qkw
d mawG xyfaerSmudk rpd:k \dryf ge.J ` pmzwf
olu 'gukd }|krpdu
k yf gb:l ` t}Fvyd pf mrSmawmh a]ymonf qkw
d hJ said
tpm: w]cm: claimed ? declared ? asserted po]zih f
oH:k wmawGvnf: \Sw
d <f` 'gayrJh tJ'pD mvH:k awGu ol.t"dym <fe.J olyg`
Oyrm wpfa<mufa<mufu claimed vkyfw<fvdk. a\:vdkuf
w<fq\dk if tJ'gu tJ'yD k Kd vfa]ymwmeJ. ywfoufyD: ud<
k u
f oHo<
\Sw
d <fqw
dk mudk azmf]ywm ]zpfygw<f`
a]ympum:udk wrif a]ymif:ra\:ygiS hf
rsufawmif tzGifhtyddwf twGif:u a]ympum:qkdwm[m
owif:\if:]rpfu a]ymvdu
k w
f mudk ola]ymwJt
h wkid :f twdtus a\:]y
90
IMMF2.pmd
90
6/2/2547, 23:42

xm:w<fv.kd qkv
d ykd gw<f` pmzwfoal wG \Si:f oGm:atmifqkd yD: tJ'D
a]ympum:udk ]yifra\:yge.J ` a\:cGirhf \Syd gb:l ` (cif:csuftaeeJ. vlawG
pum:a]ymwJt
h cg ygavhygx\Sw
d hJ tif:? tJ pwJh t"dym <fr\Sw
d mrsKd:
awGuakd wmh xnfah \:p\m rvkyd gb:l ` wcsKd. owif:pmq\mawGuawmh
o'NgtrSm: tao:trm:awGuadk vmufawmh ]yifa\:kid yf gw<fv.kd vnf:
qk d j uw<f ` ) ud k < f u a]ympum:ud k
aumufkwfazmf]yr<fqkd\if tJ'D ykdKvf
a]ymvdkufwJhtwdkif: twdtus a\:om:
azmf ] yyg` tJ ' D v d k r S r[k w f \if a wmh
a]ympum:\J. wpfpw
d w
f pfyikd :f udyk J aumuf
kwfaygh` tJ'geJ. rS tqifra]ybl: qkd
\ifawmhvnf: ol.a]ympum:udk ol a]ymwJh
twkid :f rsuaf wmiftzGihf tydwf eJ. ra\:bJ
udk<fhpum:eJ.udk<f \Sif:vif:yD:yJ a\: \
ygr<f`
tquftpyf r\Sw
d hJ a]ympum:
awGukd aumufw
k af zmf]y wmrsKd: rvky\f
bl:` qkv
d w
kd mu owif:\if:]rpfu bmudk qkv
d ckd sifwmvJ qkw
d mudk
pmzwfy\dowfuD:taeeJ. wdwdusus od\atmif a\: ]y\r<f`
tifwmAsL:vkypf OfrmS owif:\if:]rpfu ola]ymxm:wJt
h ay; ]yifyD:
a]ymwm \Sdcsif\Sdr<f` 'grSr[kwf xyf]znhfyD: tao:pdwf\Sif:]y
csif]yr<f` 'grrS [kwv
f nf: olu \<fp\m ta]ymift]yuf a]ymwm
vnf: ]zpfcsif]zpfr<f` ud<
k u
f awmh tquftpyf rdred .J wif]y\rSmyg`
ola]ymwJt
h wkid :f twdtus
azmf]yay:yg`
uk<
d u
f abmvH:k orm:wpfa<mufe.J tifwmAsL:vkyw
f <f
qkyd gp.kd ` olu touf 35 Spt
f xuf a bmvH:k orm:awG tajumif:udk
a]ym]y\if: uefawmfuawmh tJ'x
D rJ mS taumif:qH:k yJ vd.k a]ymw<f`
'gukd a]ympum:wpf\yftaeeJ. aumufw
k af zmf]ydik yf gw<f` 'gayrJh
'gukd pmzwfy\dowfuD: \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: em:vnfatmifawmh ud<
k u
f
a\:]y\ygr<f` abmvH:k orm:u ol abmvH:k upm:dik w
f hJ pGr:f \nfukd
a]ym]yaewmom ]zpfygw<f` w]cm:udpaP wGrmS ol pGr:f w<fv.kd a]ymwm
r[kwyf gb:l ` abmvH:k upm:wmawmifrS abmvH:k orm:tm:vH:k eJ. ol.
ud<
k o
f l SKd if:<SOaf ]ymaewm r[kwb
f J touf 35 Spt
f xuf upm:
orm:awGe.J om SKd if:<SOf yD: a]ymaewm ]zpfygw<f`
91
IMMF2.pmd
91
6/2/2547, 23:42

a]ympum:rsm: tvGet
f rif:oH:k ]cif:udk owdxm:yg
a]ympum:awGukd ol.ae\meJ.ol tHusoH:k r<fq\kd if owif:
[m ydk yD: tm:\Syd gw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmq\m tawmfrsm:rsm:yJ a]ym
pum:awGukd wpfck yD:wpfck qifq
h ifh yD: aumufw
k af zmf]ywwfjuw<f`
txl:o]zifh ajunma]ymqdkcsufawG? rdef.cGef:awGeJ. owif:pm\Sif:
vif:yJaG wGtajumif: owif:a\:om:\wJh tcgrsKd:awGrmS ayg`h tJ'gu
ysif:p\maumif:wJh owif:pm ta\:tom:rsKd:yg` tJ'v
D dk a\:wmu
iD:aiG.p\m? pdw|f KS yfp\mvnf: aumif:wwfw<f` b<fa]ympum:u
ta\:uD:w<f? tJ'g[m owif:\J. t"du tajumif:t\meJ. b<fvkd
qufpyfaew<fqw
kd m pmzwfol oabmayguf em:vnfatmif ud<
k f
u \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: a\:]ydik \f ygr<f`
92
IMMF2.pmd
92
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (11) owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:dik \f ef vkt

d yfcsufrsm:
tcef: (11)
owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:dik \f ef vkt
d yfcsufrsm:
t"dutcsuf-owif:vdkuf]cif:
a\:om:wifqufyHk aumif:
w<fqdkwmxJrSm t\m\mudk tm|kH
pl:pkduf rSK\Sdwmvnf: ygw<f` 'gayrJh
yxr OD:qHk:taeeJ. owif: tcsuf
tvuf awGukd aphaphii rvdu
k f xm:
bJeJ.awmh owif:aumif: wpfyk'f
ra\:dkif bl: qkd wmudk odxm:\r<f`
tajumif:t\m wpfckckudk udk<fwkdif
aoaocsmcsm em:vnfoabmaygurf S
tJ't
D ajumif: owif:wpfy'k u
f kd ckid cf idk f
rmrm a\:om: wif]ydik rf mS ]zpfygw<f`
aumif : aumif : rG e f r G e f owif : vd k u f
xm:w<fq\dk if tao:pdwt
f csufawG? a]ym pum: aumufw
k cf suf
awGe.J owif:ukd tm:\S\d dS a\:kid rf <f`
udk<hfowif:[m touf&ifae\atmif xdrdwJh a]ympum:
aumufkwfcsufawG? o|kyfazmfcsufawG? Zmwfvrf:wkduav:awG?
wu<hv
f w
l pfa<muftajumif: OyrmawGe.J a\:\r<fqw
dk mudk a\S.
ydik :f rSm a]ymcJh yD:om:yg` yD:awmh pmzwfoal wG aumif:aumif: em:rvnf
dik w
f m? a<bk<sqefqefuykd J zwfvu
kd \f wmrsKd: r]zpfapbJ olw.dk
taeeJ. ]zpf\yfwpfcu
k kd csufcsif: ]rif\? jum:\? cHpm:oGm:\atmif
tao:pdwu
f sus a\:]yzd.k qkw
d m[mvnf: ta\:uD:ygw<f`
xl:]cm:rSK\Sdatmif
a\:om:wif]yyg`
|d:k |k:d \Si:f \Si:f

owif:aumif:wpfy'k t
f wGuf r\Srd ]zpf ta\:uD:wJt
h csuf
wpfcsufu \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: \S\d r<f qdw
k m tcef: (4) rSm \Si:f ]ycJh
yD:om:yg` tJ'v
D dk \Si:f vif:\atmif ud<
k af ]ymcsifwhJ tcsufukd wnfh
wnfah ]ym\r<f` yD:awmh uwWm: uH ud<m &gus wnfaqmufyekH .J
a\:\ygr<f` uspfvspf\r<f? tydpk um:awG rygap\bl:` a\:wJt
h cg
93
IMMF2.pmd
93
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
ae.pOfo:kH bmompum:eJ.yJ a\:\r<f` Oya'ynm\Siaf wG? abm}

aA'ynm\Siaf wGe.J tpd:k \r[kww
f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:awGu &efxrf:awGvkd
rsKd: ynm\yfwpfcrk mS S.H pyfurf:usifoal wGyJ oH:k wwfwhJ ynm\yfpum:
rsKd:awGukd a\Smifyg` aemufyD: qDonfrvufow
k v
f kd zefw\mawae
wJh t"dym <frphJ um:vH:k awGuv
kd nf: a\Smifyg` Oyrm a]ym\\if owif:
pmq\mawG oH:k avho:kH x\Sw
d hJ wpfarmfwpfac;uD: ]yef.usJaeaom
'kuo
Q nfpcef:rsm:? tqih]f rift
h yef:a]zpcef:? aiGaju:a:upm:]cif:
u dik if aH \:rwnfridrrf KS udk rD:xk:d ay:cJo
h nf qkw
d mrsKd:awGayg`h
\Snfvsm:axG]ym:wJh &gusrsKd:awGvnf: ra\:ygeJ.` &gus
wpfajumif:rSm tajumif:t\mwpfcx
k uf ryd\k atmif owdxm:yg` em:
vnfv<
G rf <fh |k:d |k:d \Si:f \Si:f pum:vH:k awGe.J yJ a\:yg` ud<
k af wmfajumif:?
wwfajumif: pmzwfol txifuD:oGm:atmif pum:vH:k uD:awG oH:k yD:
ra\:rdygapeJ.` Oyrm- ud<
k af ysmufuek o
f <
G af \: vd.k a\:r<fh tpm:
taumiftxnfr\Sdaom &efaqmifrSKvkyfief:rsm:udk ]ynfyodk.
wify.kd ]cif:? ]ynfyrSwifoiG :f ]cif: vd.k a\:oihyf gw<f` tJ'v
D kd a\:wm
pmajumif:enf:enf: \Sno
f mG :ayr<hf vlem:vnfv<
G w
f <f` b<fvykd J
]zpf]zpf \Sif:vif:zdk.twGufqkd\if wkdwkdwkwfwkwf a\:wmuawmh
taumif:qH:k ygy`J t\nftaoG: wnfaqmufidk \f eftvd.k iSm tpm:
t\nftaoG:\Sdvm\ef? axmifSifhaomif:SifhcsDI tpm: axmif
aomif:csDI qdk yD: a\:kid yf gw<f`
owif:wpfyk'fudk vltrsm: em:vnfvG<fatmif a\:zdk.
cufaew<fqdk\if udk<hfpdwfxJrSm awmu bmrS rodem:rvnfwJh
awmifolOD:uD:wpfa<mufudk em:vnfatmif \Sif:]yae\w<fvdk.
oabmxm:yD: a\:junhfyg` 'grSr[kwfvnf: [if:\Gufpdrf:a:onf
wpfa<muf em:vnfatmif b<fvadk ]ym]y\rvJ qkw
d m pOf:pm:junhf
yD: tJ't
D wkid :f csa\:yg` ta\:tom:aumif:qdw
k m vlwpfa<mufe.J
wpfa<muf pum:p]rnf a]ymaeovdk oufaomifo
h ufomeJ. tpOf
acsmaewmrsKd: ]zpfae\r<f` pmzwfou
l ud<
k t
hf ay; txifuD:vmap
\r<fqw
dk hJ oabmeJ. ra\:yge.J ` ud<
k [
f m jum:cH qufo<
G af y:ol?
yHak ]ym]yol taetxm:rsKd:yJ \Syd gap`
tm:\Sad omud<mSihf emrfrsm:udo

k :kH yg
r}FvmaqmifyrGJ mS aw:}Dw wD:cwfaewmvm:? 'grrS [kwf
}DwoHu qlnaH yguu
f GJ xGuv
f mwmvm:`
94
IMMF2.pmd
94
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
pD:yGm:a\:u wkd:wufvmwmvm:? 'grSr[kwf ckew

f ufvm
wmvm:`
ckid rf mtm:\Sw
d Jh ud<mawGo:kH yg` ]yK]cif:cH\wJh ud<mxuf
]yKvkyw
f hJ ud<mudk oH:k wmu ydak umif:ygw<f` \Ju ouFmruif:ol
udk zrf:qD:vdu
k o
f nf qkw
d mu ouFmruif:olonf \Jtzrf:cHvu
kd \f
onf qkw
d mxuf ydak umif:w<f` a<bk<sqefwhJ emrfawGo:kH r<hf
tpm: ckid rf m wduswJh emrfawGukd oH:k wm ydak umif:ygw<f` vli<f
wpfa<muf vd.k a\:wmxuf q<fausmfoufwpfa<muf vd.k a\:
wmu ydak umif:w<f` emr&daooeawG? ud<m&daooeawG tvGef
tuH oH:k wmrsKd:udk a\Smifyg` tJ'gawG xnhaf \:wmu pmvH:k azmif:yG
wmuvJv
G .kd tusKd:oufa\mufrKS odyrf \Sb
d :l `
tm:\SdwJh ud<meJ. emrfawGudkoHk:yD:a\:wJhtcg pm[m pm
zwfy\dowf\ifxJ pJG usef\pfw<f` 'gayrJh r[kww
f |kwf csJ.um:yD:
awmhvnf: ra\:yge.J ` kid if aH \:orm:awGjum: t]iif:tckef ]zpfrKS wkid :f
[m ]yif:xefaomydyuQ r[kww
f wfb:l ` wpfcgwpf\H uawmuf
uqwf ]zpfwmuav:avmufyJ \Sw
d wfwm` tpd:k \juHKawG.\wJh tcuf
tcJwkdif: tusyftwnf: r[kwfwwfbl:` wpfcgwpf\H ]yem
uav: wpfcak vmufyJ ]zpfwwfwmyg`
ra]ymygeJ.? ]yyg
tajumif : t\mawG u d k azmf ] y
wJah e\mrSm tao:pdwf wdwd ususeJ. Oyrm
Oyar<sawG a y:yD : a\:om: \ygr<f `
b<fcgrqdk wwfikd o
f r wduswJh a&g[m\eJ.
pum:vH:k awGuo
kd :kH yg`
pmzwfou
l kd O<smOf[m vSw<f qkw
d m
avmufyJa]ym]ywmrsKd: rvkyfygeJ.` tJ' D
pum:vH:k u pdwu
f :l ]rif a<mif junhzf .kd cuf
w<f` O<smOfu vSyw<f qkw
d m b<fenf:
b<fykH vSywmvJ` yef:yGiafh wG? opfyifawG
eJ. a\uefawG\.J tajumif:? ta\mif tqif:
eJ. ar:\eH.awG tajumif:udk azmfa\:\ygr<f`
tdrf uD:u tkad [mif:aeyD qkw
d mavmufyJ ra\:yge.J ` aq:a\mif
awG uGmusaeyH?k t&ifwcH g:&u oHacs:awGuu
kd af eyHek .J ]ywif:ayguf
olwkd \J. xif]rifcsufawG

ay;vGifygap`
95
IMMF2.pmd
95
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
awG usKd:ysufaeyHak wGukd ]rifomatmif a\:]yyg`

[if:oD:[if:\Guo
f nf aysmf\i af eonf qkw
d mavmufyJ ra\:yge.J `
ol]yHK:aewm[m yg:pyfu em:\GufrSm wufcsdwfawmhrwwfyJ qkdwm
ay;vGiaf tmif a\:]yyg`
owif:aumif:qkw
d mu b<favmufaumif:aumif: pl:prf:
avhvmxm:ovJ qkw
d t
hJ ay;rSm wnfw<f` ta\:tom: aumif:w<f
qkd\if pmzwfol[m oludk<fwkdif juHKawG.od]rifae\ovdkudk cHpm:\
w<f`
vlawG vSKyf\mS :vkyu
f idk af ewmawGukd ]rifomatmif ]yzd.k qkd
wmuvnf: ta\:uD:ygw<f` txl:o]zifh owif:aqmif:yg:aumif:
awGrmS vlawG\.J vSKyf\mS :aqmif\u
G yf akH wGukd azmf]ywJt
h wGuf pmzwfol
taeeJ. vSKyf\mS :ouf&ifaewJh ]rifuiG :f wpfcu
k kd yHak zmf]rifa<mif junfh
dik w
f mayg`h
uam'D:<m: pme<fZif:oifwef:ol qefaqmhzek :f u 17 Spf
orD:uav:wpfa<muf ]ynhw
f efqmtdru
f kd a\mif:pm:cH\wJh tajumif:
]yef a ]ym]ywmud k o|k y f a zmf a \:om:cJ h y gw<f ` ol u uav:r
idak ew<f vk.d a\:dik af yr<hv
f nf: tJ'gtpm: ydk yD: xd\aS tmif a\:
cJyh gw<f`
qGwef mu tndKa\mifbavmuftusr S zm:vsm:usaeaom
tus vuf]zifh rsuf\nfpawGukd okwyf pfvu
kd o
f nf`
udef:}Eef:rsm:
ude:f }Eef:awGuvnf: ta\:uD:ygw<f` bm]zpfv.dk vJ qkd
awmh 'Dued :f }Eef:awGu t"dutcsufukd ]rifomatmif azmf]yay:dik f
vd.k ygy`J ud<
k u
f tdwpf af \m}g]zpfapwJh Adik :f \yfy:kd tajumif: owif:
a\:aewmqk\d if 'DAikd :f \yfy:kd &ifaewhJ a\m}gonf b<favmuf\o
dS vJ
qkw
d mudk pmzwfy\dowfuD:u odcsifr<f` 'gayrJh wcsKd.ude:f }Eef:
awGu w]cm:[mawGe.J <SO\f if bmrS ra]ymyavmufwmrsKd: ]zpfae
wwfw<f` 'Dawmh ud<
k u
f 'DpS f tdwpf af \m}g]zpfwhJ ta\twGuf
udk a\:r<fq\dk if rSpu
f ]zpfcw
hJ hJ ude:f }Eef:eJ. SKd if:<SOaf zmf]y\r<f`
tJ'u
D ed :f }Eef: Spcf pk vH:k udk pkpak ygi:f vlO:D a\eJ. xyfyD: SKd if:<SOf azmf
]yay:\r<f`
96
IMMF2.pmd
96
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
bwf}sufpm\if: twGuf
vnf: tvm:wlygy`J Xmewpfck \J.
bwf } suf tajumif : a\:wJ h
owif:wkid :f yJ t\ifpS u
f bwf}suf
aiGyrmEeJ. SKd if: <SOf azmf]yay:\
ygr<f` 'DSpfrSm ydkvm ovm:?
avsmo
h mG : ovm:ayg`h b<favmuf
ydv
k movJ? b<favmuf avsmo
h mG :
ovJ` ud<
k u
f yxr oH:k vywf
twGuf udef:}Eef:awG \xm:
w<fq\dk if t\if wpfpS f oH:k v
ywfu ude:f }Eef:awGe.J SKd if:<SOf
azmf]yay:\ygr<f`
ude:f }Eef:awGukd azmf]y|kH oufoufe.J awmhvnf: owif:u
r]ynh f p H k a o:ygbl : ` 'D v d k ud e f : }Eef : awG a]ymif : vJ \ ]cif : \J .
aemufuG<fu tajumif:w\m:awGudk udk<fu \Sif:]yay:\ygr<f`
tdw
f pf af \m}g \wJh vl bmajumifh wk:d vm\wmvJ` 'DpS rf mS bwf}suf
bmajumifh wd:k ay:\wmvJ po]zihaf yg`h tJ'v
D kd r\Si:f ]ybl:qd\k ifawmh
ude:f }Eef: awGukd azmf]ywm[m bmrS t"dym <fr\Syd gb:l `
ude:f }Eef:awG xnhaf y:\r<fqv
dk nf: aoaocsmcsm pdppf
a\G:cs<f\r<f` owif:xJrmS ude:f }Eef:awGcsnf: ]zpfae\if pmzwfwhJ
ol tdyaf ysmfomG :vdrrfh <f`
tJ'v
D kd a\:vd.k tdyaf ysmf raysmfqw
dk m vmtdk ikd if u
H rd:k \moD
pyg:pdu
k yf sKd:rSKtajumif: owif:a\:om:csufuo
kd m zwfjunhaf yawmh`
owif:axmufawGeJ
xDxdk:olawG[m
udef:}Eef:eHygwfaumif:awG
udk a\G:cs<foihyf gw<f`
a[mif<mzef:]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif: pdkuf{\d<m> 80

\mckdifSKef:SifhnDraom [ufwm 9000 wGifvnf:aumif:?
qm<mbd\k ]D ynfe<fwiG f pkpak ygi:f pdu
k {f \d<m> 53.9 \mckid f KS ef:
Sihf nDraom [ufwm 11700 wGiv
f nf:aumif:? zkeq
f av]ynf
e<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 40 \mckdifSKef:SifhnDraom
[ufwm 2300 wGiv
f nf:aumif:? Zifacgif ]ynfe<fwiG f pkpak ygi:f
pdu
k {f \d<m> 85 \mckid f KS ef:Sihf nDraom 12155 [ufwm wGif
vnf:aumif:? crfrt
l ef]ynfe<fwiG f pkpak ygi:f pdu
k {f \d<m> 50
\mckdifSKef:SifhnDraom [ufwm 35800 wGifvnf: aumif:?
qmAefemcuf]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 79 \mckdif
97
IMMF2.pmd
97
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
S K ef : S i f h nD r aom [uf w m 85000 wG i f v nf : aumif : ?

qm\mAef]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif:pkduf{\d<m> 64 \mckdifSKef: Sifh
nDraom [ufwm 30000 wGif vnf:aumif:? csrfygquf]ynf
e<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 56 \mckdifSKef:Sifh nDraom
[ufwm 46000 wGiv
f nf:aumif:? tmwufzsL: ]ynfe<fwiG f
pkpak ygi:f pdu
k {f \d<m> 60.6 \mckid f KS ef:Sihf nDraom [ufwm
8000 wGiv
f nf:aumif: pyg:rsm:udk ysKd:cif:rS a\.a]ymif: pdu
k yf sKd:
cJo
h nf`
'Dowif:udk pyg:pdu
k yf sKd:rSK tay; tifrwef pdw&f ifpm:wJo
h l
uyJ qufzwfrmS ` 'Dowif:u ude:f }Eef:awG azmf]ywm rsm:vGe:f ae
w<f` wu<fvdk. azmf]ycsifw<fqkdvnf: oD:]cm: Z<m:wpfck 'grS
r[kwf }\yfzpfyekH .J azmf]y\ygr<f`
ud<
k u
f tcsuftvuf? ude:f }Eef:awG tawmfrsm:rsm:uD:
pkaqmif:rdaumif:rdr<f` 'gayrJh tJ'v
D kd \or tcsuftvuf? ude:f
}Eef:awGukd owif:xJxnhaf \:p\m rvdyk gb:l ` ta\:tuD:qH:k ude:f
}Eef:awG udo
k m <la\:yg` ]zpfikd o
f r ude:f }Eef:awGukd teD:pyfq:kH
<la\:oifyh gw<f` Oyrm vl 11235684 a<mufv.kd a\:r<ft
h pm:
11.2 oef: vd.k a\:\ygr<f` }syefvrl sKd:{nfOh :D a\[m 48.75 \mckifd f
SKef: vd.k a\:r<ft
h pm: wpf&ufe:D yg: vd.k a\:\ygr<f`
wpfcgwavrSm xifom]rifom\SdwJh |kyfyHkvmwpfckeJ.
SKd if:<SOaf ]ymr]ybl:qk\d if ude:f }Eef:awGukd em:vnf\cufwwfw<f`
Oyrm a]ym\\if vl.cmud<
k rf mS \Sw
d hJ aoG:ajumawG\.J t\Sn[
f m uD
vdkrDwm aomif:csD\Sdw<fqkdwJh tajumif:qkdygawmh` udef:}Eef:u
tuD:uD:ayr<hf pdwu
f :l ]rifa<mifjunfzh .kd u cufw<f` 'gukd vl.
udk<fcmxJrSm \Sdonfh aoG:ajumrsm:udk qef.xkwfvkdufrnfqkdygu
um}dK[fukd Spyf wfrtxd ywfrd ikd af vmufatmif \Snv
f sm:ygonf
vd.k a\:]ydik af tmif udK:pm:\ygr<f` 'DtcgrmS ude:f }Eef:u |kyyf u
kH m:
csyfwpfck ]zpfvmwmrd.k em:vnfz.kd vG<u
f o
l mG :ygw<f`
oHrEdacsmif:awGukd {\mr taqmufttHk uD:xJrmS wif:wif:
usyfusyf xnho
f iG :f xm:wJt
h wGuf aygicf sdef 8 oef:tm:\Sw
d <f qdk yD:
owif:axmufu odvm\w<f` 'gayrJh aygicf sdef 8 oef:tm: qkw
d m
bmvJ` owif:axmufu tif}sife<
D mwpfa<mufukd ar: junhaf wmhtJ't
D m:u um:tpD: 220 udk wpfp:D ay;wpfp:D xyfyD:wif
xm:wJh tav:csdeef .J nDrw<f vd.k a]ymvdu
k w
f <f`
98
IMMF2.pmd
98
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
tJ'v
D kd KdS if:<SO]f y]cif:u 'Dtm:[m b<favmufuD:rm:w<f
qkdwm pmzwfy\dowfuD:taeeJ. ydkyD: em:vnfoabmaygufapyg
w<f`
um\efeabSihf &gus twk?d t\Snf

ta\:tom:aumif:awGrmS um\efeabvnf: ygw<f`
First there was the Green Revolution.
Now comes the Gene Revolution.
'gu zGr:f yify.kd pf owif:pmu owif:axmuf bdq

k m\Gef
a\:om:wJh xkid :f dik if u
H v<f<mpdu
k yf sKd:a\: ta]ymif:tvJtajumif:
owif:\J.tzGiyfh g`
tJ't
D zGiu
hf uAsmqefygw<f` &guswpfcpk \D .J zJ.G pnf:wnf
d hJ t"du pum:
aqmufyu
kH qifww
l <f` 'gayrJh Green eJ. Gene qkw
vH:k Spcf \k .J uGm]cm:rSKuvnf: ay;vGiw
f <f` 'DtzGiu
hf pm:eyf\u
d mQ
twGuf oD:SHrsKd:aphawGudk odyHenf:ynmtm:]zifh a]ymif:vJxkwf
vkyv
f myHk tajumif:udk ysKd:vku
d w
f myg`
pma\:wJt
h cgrmS &gustwkt
d \Snf upm:ay:zd.k vnf: ta\:
uD:ygw<f`
pmzwfot
l wGuf ta\:uD:yD: pdw&f ifpm:p\m owif:tcsuf
tvufawGukd acsmacsmarG.arG.eJ. wif]ydik w
f <fq\dk if 'D&gusvykd J &gus
\Snf\Snfuvnf: tqifa]yygw<f` 'gayrJh aemuf&gusudkawmh
wkw
d ydk aJ \:\ygr<f`
avoH
a\:wJah voH (cHpm:csuf 'grrS [kwf a\:[ef) [m
tajumif: t\meJ. vdu
k af vsmnDaxG ]zpf\ygr<f` ud<
k u
f
vltrsm:uD: aoauswJh rawmfwq]zpfrKS wpfct
k ajumif:
a\:aewmqk\d if tav:teuf xm:wJh avoHe.J a\:\r<f`
wu<f v d k . yvwf p wpf arsmuf | k y f uav:awG
vkyaf \mif:wJh vlwpfa<muftajumif: a\:wmqk\d ifawmh
avoH cyfaygah ygeh .J \i]f rL:p\m ]zpfatmif a\:\r<fayg`h
pD:yGm:a\:wk:d wufru
dk pmzwfoal wG ]rifatmif
owif:axmufawGu ulnaD y:ygw<f`
99
IMMF2.pmd
99
6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
]yefa\:yg
a\:yD:oGm:wJh pmrljurf:ay;rSm auseyfyw
D d ]zpfraeygeJ.`
ud<
k o
hf wif:ukd tptqH:k ]yefzwfyg` ud<
k b
hf mom rnmrwm ]yefyD:
wnf:]zwfjunhyf g` \Si:f \J.vm:? vltrsm: em:vnfv<
G \f .J vm: qkw
d m
ud<
k b
fh mom ]yefyD: ar:cGe:f xkwo
f :kH oyfyg`
wkdufrl
o'Ng owfyHkawGeJ. ywfoufyD: trSm:trSef owfrSwfxm:
wmawG \Syd gw<f` 'gayrJh wcsKd.pmvH:k awGrmS rlu\GJ w
dS wfovdk &gus
t]zwftawmufrmS vnf: uJ]G ym:]cm:em:rSKawG \Sw
d wfygw<f` 'gawG
wpfa]y:nDwnf: ]zpfzdk.twGuf owif:pmwkdufawGtaeeJ. owfyHk?
t]zwftawmuf? ude:f }Eef: pwmawGe.J ywfoufv.kd b<fvkd a\:
om:\r<fqw
kd hJ wku
d rf v
l ufpGJ xm:ay:oifw
h <f` tJ'w
D u
dk rf \l .J ]ymef:
csuftwkid :f owif:axmufawGe.J t<f'w
D mawGu vdu
k ef m a\:om:
juayg`h tJ'v
D kd xm:\S]d cif:u tvkyu
f kd tvkyef .J wlatmif ydk yD: pepf
wus vky\f mvnf: a\mufygw<f`
100
IMMF2.pmd
100
6/2/2547, 23:42
tydik :f (5) awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnfo

h wif:rsm:
tydik :f (5) awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf:

owdxm:\rnfhowif:rsm:
tcef: (12)
owif:xkwf]yefcsuf
owif:tawmfrsm:rsm:udk owif:xkwf
]yefcsufawGuae wpfqifh <la\: juwmygy`J tJ'D
owif:xkw]f yefcsufawGukd tpd:k \tzJ.G ? pD:yGm:a\:
vkyfief:awG? tpdk:\r[kwfwJh tzJG.tpnf: awGeJ.
ukvorvdk dkifiHwum XmeawGu xkwf]yef
wwfjuw<f`
'gayrJh owif:ukd tJ'D owif: xkw]f yef
csufawGuae 'D twkid :f rul:<loihyf gb:l ` ud<
k fh
owif:udk b<fvakd \:\rvJqw
dk mu pyD: pOf:pm:
\r<f ` owif : xk w f ] yef w <f q d k w mu tJ ' D
xkw]f yefwhJ tzJ.G tpnf:awGtaeeJ. olw.dk tusKd:
twGuf? olwkd. aqmif\GufcsufawG ay;vGifzdk.
twGu?f olw.dk u xkwv
f yk v
f u
kd w
f hJ ukeyf pPn:f awG
twGuf xkw]f yefjuwmyg` tJ'aD wmh \wJt
h csuf
tvufawGu r]ynfh pHw
k mrsKd:? wpfzufowf ]zpf
aewmrsKd:awG \Sdaewwfw<f` 'grSr[kwfvnf:
owif:wpfyk'f\J. t}FgeJ. r]ynhfpHkwJh cyfnhHnHh
ta\:tom:rsKd:awG ]zpfaewwfygw<f`
owif:pmq\maumif:awGuawmh olwkd.\J. wDxGifzefwD:
a\:om:dik w
f hJ pGr:f \nfe.J wif]ydik w
f hJ pGr:f \nfw.kd \Sw
d majumihf omref
owif: xkw]f yefrKS wpfcu
k ykd J owif:aumif:wpfy'k f ]zpfatmif a\:om:
wifqufikd jf uygw<f` olw.dk u pmzwf y\dowfuD:ukd wpfzufowf
owif:rsKd: r]zpfapbJ tJ'D owif: xkw]f yefcsufukd ud<
k b
fh momud<
k f
]yefa\:yD: yD:]ynhfpHkwJh |kyfyHkum:csyfwpfck ]zpfatmif ]c<frSKef:
ay:wwfjuw<f`
cufcJwJhtajumif:t\mawGudk
wpfcgwpf\HrSm
xdyfwdkuf\ifqkdifypfvdkufwmu
taumif:qHk:ygyJ`
vdt
k yfv.kd \S\d if owif:xkw]f yefwhJ tzJ.G tpnf:udk qufo<
G f
101
IMMF2.pmd
101
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (12) owif:xkw]f yefcsuf
yD: \Sif:vif:atmif? vdktyfwJh tao:pdwftcsuftvufawG ]ynhfpHk

atmif xyfyD: ar:]ref:\ygr<f` owif:xkw]f yefwhJ tajumif:t\meJ.
ywfoufv.kd ud<
k o
f x
d m:wJh aemufco
H rdik :f ? A[kow
k eJ. okawoe
]yK avhvmxm:csufawG t]yif w]cm:qufpyfaewmawGuykd g xnfh
a\:\ygr<f` owif:xkw]f yefcsuftay; oabmrwlwhJ olawG? 'grS
r[kwf rwlwJh t]rif\SdolawGeJ. awG.qHkyD:awmhvnf: olwkd.qDu
oabmxm:t]rifrsm: <l\r<f` owif:xkw]f yefcsufxrJ mS azmf]yxm:
wJh tajumif:udpeP .J ywfoufyD: tusKH:&ifoal wG \S\d if tJ'yD k Kd vfawG
qDu oabmxm:t]rifawGuykd g <l\ygr<f`
owif:xkw]f yefcsufawGukd AsL|du
k \ufqefqefe.J enf:ynm
toH:k tSKef:awG oH:k SKef:yD:yJ a\:wwfw<f` 'Dowif:xkw]f yefcsuf[m
trsm:]ynfoltwGuf qkdvdk\if:u bmvJqkdwmudk rdrdudk<fudk ar:
cGe:f xkwzf .dk ukad \m? ud<
k phf mzwfy\dowfuD:udk \Si:f ]yzd.k twGuyf g rarh
ygeJ.`
owif:xkw]f yefcsuf wpfct
k ajumif: owif:a\:zd.k t<f'D
wmu wm&efay:vmyDq\dk if tav:xm: pOf:pm:\r<fh tcsufawGu
atmufygtwdik :f ]zpfygw<f`
'Dxw
k ]f yefcsufxrJ mS tajumif:t\mtopf? pdw&f ifpm:p\m tcsuf
bmygovJqw
dk m ud<
k b
hf mom ar:cGe:f xkwjf unhyf g`
xkw]f yefcsufxrJ mS ygwhJ tcsufawGukd xyfqifh ppfaq:yg` tJ'D
tcsufawG[m rSeu
f efwu
d s\J.vm:ayg`h
b a]cmufv:kH eJ. wku
d q
f idk jf unhyf g` b<ftcsufawG vdak eovJ`
owif: xkw]f yefcsufrmS azmf]yxm:wJh qufo<
G \f ef ykKd vfqD
qufo<
G f yD: owif:tcsuftvufawG xyf\atmif awmif:yg`
w]cm: owif:\if:]rpfawGuv
kd nf: awG.qHak r:]ref:yg` owif:\J.
aemufu<
G u
f tajumif:t\m udv
k nf: \atmif<yl g`
owif:xkw]f yefcsufawGukd b<fvkd udik w
f <
G f aqmif\u
G f
\rvJqw
kd mod\atmif owif:xkw]f yefcsuf Spcf u
k kd junhjf u\atmifyg`
wpfzufpmrsufSmu owif:xkwf]yefcsufu ukvor
tzJG.tpnf:wpfckuae xkwf]yefxm:wmyg` 'Dxkwf]yefcsufxJrSm
tcsuf t vuf a wG tawmf u av: ]ynf h p H k w majumif h ud k < f u
enf:enf:uav: tm:pdkufxkwfvdkufwmeJ. owif:aumif:wpfyk'f
\vmr<f`
102
IMMF2.pmd
102
6/2/2547, 23:42
ud<
k u
f owif:udk \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: a\:om:dik zf .kd twGuf
yxrOD:qHk: vkyf\rSmu tm:vHk:\Sif:oGm:\atmif umhpm:eyf\duQm
tpDtpOfukd pnf:|k:H qufo<
G zf .kd ygy`J Oyrm- vl 40000 pvH:k qef\
yD:yDvm:` wu<fv.kd r\ao:bl:qd\k if b<fawmh\rSmvJ` 'Dval wGu
b<fe<fuvJ` olw.dk trsm:pku awmifov
l <form:awGyv
J m: pwm
awG odatmif ar:\ygr<f` owif:xkw]f yefcsufxrJ mS vl 300000
ausmf[m tk:d tdraf wGypf xGuaf ]y:cJ\h yD: pm:a\\dumQ ]ywfvyfaew<f
vd.k azmf]yxm:w<f` 'Dawmh 'Dvl 40000 u b<fvakd jumifh ta]c
taetqd:k qH:k ]zpfae\wmvJ` aemufq:kH pmyd'k rf mS ygwhJ a\ab:ysufp:D
rSKudk ]yefvnf]yifqifa\:twGuf rdom:pktqifh qkw
d m\<f? aus:
vuf ta]ccHtaqmufttHk ]yefvnfxlaxmifa\:twGuf a\\Snf
aqmif\Guf\ef qkdwm\<fawGu bmudka]ymcsifwmvJ` 'gawGudk
ud<
k u
f odrS pmzwfou
l kd \Si:f ]ykid rf <f`
owif:xkwf]yefcsuf
pufwifbm 7? 2001
'AvsLtufzfyD u uam'D:<m:dkifiHrS a\ab:'kuQonf 40000 okd.
tpm:tpmrsm:ay:yd.k ]cif:`
zGr:f yif` a\uD:rSKrsm: topfwpfzef usa\mufaeaom uam'D:<m: dik if rH S
aetdrf iS hf pm:a\\dumQ rsm: a\vr:f rd:k rSKxJ ygomG :ol 40000 cef.twGuf ukvor umh
pm:eyf\u
d mQ tpDtpOf ('AvsLtufzyf )D u ta\:ay;pm:eyf\u
d mQ rsm: ay:yd.k vdu
k yf gonf`
yxrtqihf t]refqHk:tae]zifh 'AvsLtufzfyDonf tpdk:\ ab:'kuQ
pDrcH ef.cJaG \: wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:u a\uD:rSK'Ef tqk:d \Gm:qH:k cH pm:\onf[k owfrw
S af y:aom
uam'D:<m:vlrsKd:rsm:tm: (wpfvpm) pkpkaygif: qefrufx\pfwefcsdef 500 ay:ydk.
xm:ygonf` wpfcsdew
f nf:rSmyif at}sifpo
D nf ydrk kd uD:rm:aom vkyif ef:aqmifwmrsm:
vkyu
f ikd af qmif\u
G \f ef? vdt
k yfvmygvif taumiftxnfazmfaqmifikd \f eftwGuf a\vr:f
a'orsm:wGif tpm:tpm\\Sad \: vrf:ajumif:rsm:udyk g wm&ef<l vkyaf qmifaeygonf`
'D S p f \ J . tck t csd e f y d k i f : rS m aemuf x yf a\uD : rS K awG t wG u f uef r wd k .
toihf]yifxm:\r<f [k uam'D:<m:dkifiHqkdif\m 'AvsLtufzfyD nefjum:a\:rSL:
\Dbufum [efqifu a]ymjum:onf` <if:rSm 'AvsLtufzyf t
D ae]zifh qefwefcsdef 500
udk ab:'kuu
Q yftwGuf vlom:csif: pmemaxmufxm:rSK tultnDt]zpf 24 em\DtwGi:f
axmufyahH y:urf:dik cf ]hJ cif:udk \nfe :f ]cif: ]zpfygonf` tqdyk g qef rsm:udk ta\:ay;
u<fq<fa\: \efyakH iG tpDtpOf]zifh \\Scd ]hJ cif: ]zpfygonf`
103
IMMF2.pmd
103
6/2/2547, 23:42
rSpu
f rJacgi]f rpf&uef:ay;a\uD:cJw
h mtwGuf ]yefvnfxal xmifa\: vkyif ef:
awGu tckrS vufpowfcg \Sad o:wmqdak wmh uefrwk.d rSm pdwyf al e\w<f? tck topf
]zpfwhJ a\uD:rSKawG 'Efukd olw.dk wpfawG cHidk rf mS r[kwb
f :l [k [efqifu qufa]ymonf`
uam'D:<m:dkifiH ta\S.ydkif:Sifh awmifydkif:rS ]ynfol 300000 ausmfonf
4if:wk.d > aetdrrf sm:udk pGe.f cGmcJjh u\um tpma\pm ]ywfvyfrKS Sihf juHKawG.ae\onf`
a\vr:f 'Efukd wpfenf:r[kwf wpfenf: cHpm:ae\olaygi:f 1.2 oef:\Srd nf]zpfajumif: tpk:d \
ab:'kuQ pDrcH ef.cJaG \: wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:u cef.rSe:f onf`
<refpS u
f rJacgi]f rpf&uef:ay;wGif tqk:d \Gm:qH:k t]zpf rSww
f rf:wif\avmuf
aom a\vr:f rd:k rSK ]zpfc\hJ m tk:d tdrf aomif:csD ysufp:D yD: uam'D:<m:dik if >
H v<fa]r
[ufwm 200000 ausmfvnf: ysufc\hJ ygonf` tqdyk g obm&ab:'kuu
Q yfuD: twGi:f vl
347 OD: aoqHk:yD: <if:aoqHk:ol 80 \mckdifSKef:rSm uav:oli<frsm: ]zpfygonf`
(a\vr:f rd:k rSKu Spf 70 twGi:f tqk:d \Gm:qH:k ]zpfygonf`)
<ckSpfwGif uam'D:<m:dkifiHY tcsKd.ae\mrsm:u a\uD:aeum tcsKd.
ae\mrsm:Y rk:d acgiaf eygonf` tqkyd g ]zpf\yfrsm:ajumifh tm\SrS tqif:\Jq:kH dik if rH sm:xJ
wpfikd if t
H ygt&if ]zpfaom uam'D:<m:wGif pm:eyf\u
d mQ zlvakH \:twGuf ta]ctae
qk:d \Gm:aeygonf`
'AvsLtufzfyDonf uam'D:<m:dkifiHwGif yxrtqihf u<fq<fa\:
aqmif\u
G cf suf t]zpf vl 500000 twGuf pm:a\\dumQ rsm:udk tvsift]ref ay:yd.k cJh yD:
'kwd<tqifht]zpf a\ab:ysufpD:rSK ]yefvnfwnfaqmufa\:twGuf rdom:pktqifh
tpm:tpm taxmuf tyHu
h kd vl 250000 tm: ay:tyfco
hJ nf` tqkyd g a';vm 9 oef:zd:k
ta\:ay; tultnDrsm: ay:urf:rSKudk wpfSpfjum aqmif\GufcJhygonf` <ckvwGif
vuf p owf r nf [ k armf v ih f x m:aom wwd < tqif h w G i f vl 115000 onf
aus:vufta]ccH taqmufttHk ]yefvnfxlaxmifa\:twGuf a\\Snf aqmif\Guf\ef
tpm:tpmrsm:udk \\Scd yhJ gonf`
aemufxyf tao:pdwf tcsuftvufuav:awG xyf
aqmif:ay:vku
d \f if owif:u wu<fukd tm:\So
d mG :rSmyg` a\vr:f rd:k rSK
topfawG b<fawmh xyf]zpfvmdik o
f vJ` tck rd:k \moD p&ifaeyD
vm: pwJt
h csufawGayg`h
owif: xkw]f yefcsufxrJ mS ygwhJ [efqif\.J a]ymqkcd sufu
xdrw
d mrd.k tJ'aD ]ympum:udk ud<
k o
fh wif:xJrmS aumufw
k af zmf]ydik f
ygw<f` tao:pdwt
f csufawG ydo
k \d atmif ol.udk qufo<
G af r:]ref:
dkifygao:w<f` Oyrm- ol.taeeJ. aetdrfawG ]yefaqmufyD:wJh
aus:\Gmom:awGqaD \mufyD:yDvm:` bmawG awG.cJ\h ovJ` wpfvpm
104
IMMF2.pmd
104
6/2/2547, 23:42
pm:zd.k ay: xm: wJh qefawGuek o

f mG :\if tJ'D
vlawG bmquf vkyjf urvJ` aemufxyf
a\vrf:rdk:rSK 'Ef rcH\atmif 'DvlawGudk
b<fvkd ulnDapmifha\Smufay:dkifrvJ`
'grrS [kwf ukvortaeeJ. pm:eyf\u
d mQ
tultnDyJ ay:dik w
f mvm: po]zihaf yg`h
aemufyD: a\ab:'Efukd qk:d qk:d
\Gm:\Gm: cHpm:cJ\h wJh vlawGe.J xdawG.cJ\h wJh
tpk d : \r[k w f w J h tzJ G . tpnf : rsm:u
ykdKvfawG? (owif: xkwf]yefcsuf xJrSm
azmf]yxm:wJh) tpdk:\ wm&ef\SdolawGeJ.vnf: qufoG<f awG.qHk
dik yf gao:w<f` a\ab:'kuo
Q nfawGqD a\mufomG :wJh tcg bmawG
awG.]rifc\hJ ovJv.kd ar:junhyf g` 'Da\vr:f rd:k rSKtay; umhpm:eyf \dumQ
tpDtpOf\J. wHk.]yefaqmif\Gufcsuftay; olwkd. b<fvdk]rifovJ`
taxmuftyHah y:wmawG avmufi\J.vm:` ay:wJh tul tnDawGu
wu<fvt
dk yfaewmawG [kw\f .J vm:` 'DtultnDawG tckxufykd yD:
]ref ] ref a\muf o if h o vm: po]zif h a ygh ` od x m:\rS m u 'D
owif:xkw]f yefcsufukd umhpm:eyf\u
d mQ tpDtpOfu xkw]f yefwm ]zpf
wJt
h wGuf 'DtzJ.G \J. xkw]f yefcsuf[m w]cm:aom tzJ.G tpnf:rsm:u
xkw]f yefcsufawGvydk J olw.dk |SKaxmifh t]rif\<f? aumif:wJt
h csufawG
\<fyJ azmf]ywwfjuw<f` ud<
k u
f owif:pmq\mqkad wmh ud<
k \fh .J
pmzwfy\dowfuD:udk w]cm:|SKaxmift
h ]rifuae wif]yay:\r<f`
a\ab:'Efc\H wJh tJ'v
D l 40000 xJu wcsKd.wpf&ufe.J
oGm:awG.yD: olw.dk \J. cHpm:\csufawG? olw.dk wpfawG aexdik af e\yHk
awGuykd g azmf]ydik rf <fq\dk ifawmh 'Dowif:u trsm:uD:ydk yD: pdw&f if
pm:p\m aumif:oGm:vdrrfh <f` olw.dk b<fenf:b<fykH \Sio
f ef usef\pf
cJw
h mvJ` aemufwpfudrf a\uD:vmOD:r<ht
f ay; olw.dk b<fvckd pH m:
rdjuovJaygh` tJ'DaemufrSmawmh udk<fu owif:udk a\uD:rSK'Ef
wu<fcpH m:vdu
k \f wJh vlwpfa<muf\.J wu<ft
h ]zpftysufe.J pzGihf
vdu
k af yg`h tJ't
D cg pmzwfov
l nf: uk<
d cf si:f pmcHpm:rdvmr<f` 'Dowif:
tzGiu
fh qefawGa&aewJh tajumif: ajunmcsufe.J pa\:wmxuf
pm\if trsm:uD: ydk yD: tm:aumif:ygw<f`
'gayrJv
h nf: wpfcgwpf\rH mS ud<
k u
f a\ab:'kuo
Q nfawG
qD udk<fwdkif ta\muf roGm:dkifwmrsKd:awG \Sdwwfw<f` 'grSr[kwf
umhpm:eyf\u
d mQ tpDtpOftajumif: wpfcck u
k kd w]cm:owif:pmawG
'DqefawGu
olwdk.\GmtwGuf
avmufiyghrvm:`
105
IMMF2.pmd
105
6/2/2547, 23:42
xuf OD:yD: azmf]yzd.k \Sad ewmajumifh tvsifvakd ewmrsKd:vnf: ]zpf

wwfw<f` tJ'v
D t
kd cgrsKd:rSmawmh owif:\if:]rpfawGqD zke:f eJ.quf
oG<af r:]ref:yD: owif:udk csufcsif:a\:\ygr<f` tJ'aD emufrS a\ab:
oifw
h hJ a'oawGqD ud<
k w
f idk t
f a\mufomG :yD: xdrw
d hJ o|kyaf zmf a\:
om:csufawG? a]ympum: aumufkwfcsufawGeJ. owif:aqmif:yg:
wpfy'k f ]zpfatmif vky\f ygr<f`
tckwpfcg xdik :f tpd:k \c\D:oGm:vkyif ef:? xdik :f dik if H c\D:oGm:
vkyif ef: tmEmydik t
f zJ.G u xkw]f yefwhJ owif: xkw]f yefcsufwpf\yf
udk azmf]yvdu
k yf gw<f`
owif:xkwf]yefcsuf
yxr a]cmufvywfumvtwGi:f {nhif g:oef:txd a\muf\cdS ]hJ cif:
befaumuf? xkid :f dik if H pufwifbm 11 \uf? 2001 ckpS `f ` 2001 ckpS f
Zefe&g\-D ZGet
f wGi:f dik if w
H um {nho
f nfaygi:f 5003691 OD: a\muf\cdS \hJ m <cif 2000
]ynhf pS f TumvtwGi:f a\muf\cdS ahJ om OD: a\xuf 7.86 \mckid f KS ef: wk:d wufcyhJ gonf`
a\muf\v
dS molrsm:rSm t"duc\D:oGm:vmaom a'orsm:]zpfonhf ta\S.tm\S
(298670 OD : )? Oa\my (1175436 OD : )? tar\d u wk d u f (326787 OD : )?
ork'\N muef:rsm:a'o (200407 OD:)? awmif tm\S (172247 OD:)? ta\S.tv<fyidk :f
(99581 OD:) Sihf tmz\du (42530 OD:) wd.k rS ]zpfygonf`
xdka'orsm:tm:vHk:yif pD:yGm:a\:zHG.zdK:wdk:wufaeajumif: od\Sd\ygonf`
ta\S.tm\SrS vma\mufoOl :D a\onf 6.09 \mckid f KS ef:? Oa\myrS vma\mufoOl :D a\onf
8.5 \mckdifSKef:? tar\duwkdufrS vma\mufol OD:a\onf 12.96 \mckdifSKef:?
ork'N\muef:rsm:a'orS vma\mufolOD:a\onf 16.58 \mckdifSKef:? awmiftm\SrS
vma\muf olO:D a\onf 6.38 \mckid f KS ef:? ta\S.tv<fyikd :f rS vma\muf olO:D a\onf
22.52 \mckid f KS ef:Sihf tmz\durS vma\mufoOl :D a\onf 15.02 \mckid f KS ef: toD:oD:
wufvmygonf`
xdkif:dkifiH c\D:oGm:vkyfief: tmEmydkiftzJG. tkyfcsKyfa\:rSL: y\m'uf
yg<ufApfcsifuuefawmfwkd.\J. t"dua:uGuf ae\mawGuae tckvdk wkd:wufvmwmudk
wu<fyJ &rf:omrdygw<f? tpd:k \u tife.J tm:eJ. axmufyu
hH n
l aD y:rSK\<f? quf<
G af ewJh
tpdk:\eJ. ykvdu uawGu yl:aygif:yg&ifulnDrSKawG\<f\J. aus:Zl:ajumifhygyJ [k
oH:k oyfa]ymjum:ygonf`
TumvtwGi:f wGif xkid :f dik if o
H .kd vma\mufvnfywfaom {nho
f nfrsm:xJY
106
IMMF2.pmd
106
6/2/2547, 23:42
}syefvrl sKd: {nfo

h nfO:D a\u trsm:qH:k ]zpfyD: pkpak ygi:f {nhOf :D a\> 12.23 \mckid f KS ef:?
(611902 OD:) \Sdygonf` <if:wdk.aemufrSm rav:\Sm:vlrsKd:rsm: (pkpkaygif:{nfhOD:a\>
10.27 \mckid f SKef:? 514112 OD:)? xkid &f rfvrl sKd:rsm: (7.44 \mckid f KS ef:? 372070 OD:)?
w|kwf (6.77 \mckid f KS ef:? 338578 OD:) Sihf pifumylvrl sKd: (6.53 \mckid f KS ef:? 326757
OD:) wd.k toD:oD: ]zpfjuonf`
tvm:wl 2001 ckpS ?f Zefe&g\-D ZGet
f wGi:f wGif trsK:d orD: {nht
f a\twGuo
f nf
(200597 OD:od.k ) 8.6 \mckid f KS ef: wufvmyD: trsK:d om:ta\twGuu
f (2997734 OD:od.k )
7.37 \mckid f KS ef:om wufco
hJ nf`
yxrOD:qH:k tudrf t]zpf vma\mufol {nfOh :D a\rSm 3.37 \mckid f KS ef: (2354724
OD:) odk. tenf:i<f usqif:oGm:aomfvnf: xyfrHvma\muf vnfywfolOD:a\rSm
pkpak ygi:f {nhOf :D a\> 52.94 \m ckid f KS ef: (264897 OD:) txd \Scd \hJ m 20.84 \mckid f KS ef:txd
]rifw
h uf vmcJyh gonf` rdrw
d .dk bmom vGwv
f w
G v
f yfvyf c\D:oGm:vmol OD:a\ rSm a:uGuf
a&pk tae]zifh ydrk ]kd rihrf m:um pkpak ygi:f {nhOf :D a\> 58.72 \mckid f KS ef: (2937971 OD:)
txd\I
dS 2000 ]ynhf pS u
f xuf 13.30 \mckid f KS ef: ydw
k ufvmcJh yD: c\D:oGm:tkypf rk sm:]zifh
vma\mufoOl :D a\u 0.96 \mckid f KS ef: (2065720 OD:) rom wk:d wufrKS \Scd o
hJ nf`
pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:orm:rsm:Sihf nDvmcHu<
kd pf m:vS<f OD:a\ u 441339 OD:? 3.69
\mckid f KS ef:Sihf 45328 OD:? 0.99 \mckid f KS ef: toD:oD: tenf:i<fpD wk:d wufcyhJ gonf`
touft\G<f tydik :f t]cm:tvdu
k f qkyd gu xkid :f dik if o
H .kd vma\muf vnfywf
aom {nfo
h nftrsm:pkrmS touf 25 rS 34 Spf twGi:f (pkpak ygi:f {nhOf :D a\> 26.73
\mckid f KS ef:? ok.d r[kwf 1337458 OD:) Sihf 35-44 Spjf um:t\G<rf mS (24.06 \mckid f KS ef:?
od.k r[kwf 1203957 OD:) \Syd gonf`
touf 15 Spfatmuft\G<fSifh touf 65 Spftxuf oufuD:\G<ftkd
{nfhonfOD:a\uvnf: 6.73 \mckdifSKef:Sifh 6.55 \mckdifSKef: toD:oD:wufvm\m
xd k i f : d k i f i H o nf rd o m:pk r sm:S i f h yif p if p m:rsm: vma\muf o nf h a e\mwpf c k t ]zpf
ckdifrmvsuf\Sdajumif: azmfef:aeygonf` ausmif:om:{nfhOD:a\ 11.8 \mckdifSKef:
wufvm]cif:uvnf: dik if >
H |kyyf v
kH m onf taygi:f vuQEmbufqo
D .kd a]ymif:vJvmae
ajumif: azmfe :f vsuf\o
dS nf`
2000 ]ynfh pS f Zefe&g\-D ZGef umvtwGi:f wnf:ckad exdik rf KS umvonf ysrf:r
8 \uf\cdS \hJ mrS 2001 ckpS f Zefe&g\-D ZGef umvtwGi:f wGif 8.11 \ufo.kd wufvmcJo
h nf`
TonfrmS xdik :f dik if H c\D:oGm:vkyif ef: tmEmydik t
f zJ.G > c\D:onfrsm: ydI
k \ufjumjum
aexkid af \:twGuf t"du udK:yrf:csufajumifh ]zpfygonf`
rdcifdkifiHrS ]ynfyodk. c\D:xGufcGmrSK tydkif:wGifvnf: yifv<f\yf]cm:odk.
oGm:vmol xdik :f OD:a\onf 2001 ckpS f Zefe&g\-D ZGef umvtwGi:f wGif 1072479 OD:\Scd hJ yD:
107
IMMF2.pmd
107
6/2/2547, 23:42
2000 ]ynfh pS f TumvtwGi:f oGm:vmolO:D a\xuf 9.03 \mckid f KS e:f ydrk rkd sm:]ym:cJyh gonf`
xkid :f dik if H c\D:oGm:vma\: tmEmydik t
f zJ.G u 2001 ckpS f twGi:f xdik :f dik if o
H .kd
vma\mufvnfywfol OD:a\ pkpak ygi:f 10.0 oef:txd 8.32 \mckid f KS ef:wufvmap\efiS hf
dik if phH :D yGm:a\:od.k &ifaiG bwf 320124 bDv<
D H \\S\d ef pDru
H ed :f csrSwx
f m:ygonf`
qufo<
G \f ef
dik if ]H cm:owif:Xmepdwf
]ynfo.l qufqaH \:XmecJG
zke:f ` 662694 vdik :f cJG 1540-3

zufp`f 662694-1325
tD:ar:vf` prdiv3@tat.or.th
'Dowif:xkwf]yefcsufu udef:}Eef:awGudk xkwf]yefxm:

wmavmufyJ \Sw
d myg` 'gayrJh aoaocsmcsm zwfjunhf yD: qufo<
G f
\r<fh zkef:eHygwfawGudk qufoG<far:]ref:r<fqkd\if owif:aumif:
wpfy'k af wmh \dik yf gw<f`
yxrtaeeJ. owif:xkw]f yefcsu\f .J yxrOD:qH:k &gusrmS ygwhJ
t"du tcsuw
f pfcsuu
f <
kd Yf u ar:p\m ]zpfaewmyg` tJ'gu dik if ]H cm:
{nho
f nfO:D a\ bmajumifw
h :dk wufvmwmvJ qkw
d m\<f? txl:o]zifh
ta\S.tv<fyikd :f ? ork'\N muef:rsm:a'o eJ. tmz\duwk.d u tJ'v
D kd
bmajumifh wk:d wufvm\wmvJ qkw
d mygy`J c\D:oGm:vkyif ef:Xme wm&ef
\So
d w
l pfa<muftaeeJ. tJ'aD r:cGe:f awGukd a]zoihyf gw<f`
aemufyD: ud<
k t
hf aeeJ.uvnf: tckazmf]yxm:wJh 2001 ck
Spf Zefe&g\u
D ae ZGet
f xdumvtwGi:f ude:f }Eef:awGukd 2000 ]ynhf
Spf 'DumveJ.omru usefww
hJ ]cm:Spaf wGe.J vnf: SKd if:<SOjf unhcf sif
rSmyJav` tckxw
k ]f yefwhJ ude:f }Eef:awGu t]rifrh m:qH:k yJvm:` 'grS
r[kwf tm\Sp:D yGm:a\:tusyftwnf: r]zpfcif 1996 ckpS ef .J SKd if:pm
\if avsmhusoGm:ovm:` pD:yGm:a\:vkyfief:t\ vmolawGeJ. w]cm:
tvnftywf vma\mufoal wG z<fvu
kd \f if umvSnchf \D:onf \m
ckid f KS ef:u b<favmuf\rdS vJ` tar\duwdu
k f eJ. ork'\N muef:rsm:
a'o qkw
d m bmudq
k v
dk w
kd mvJ` tJ't
D oH:k tSKef:awGu vltrsm:oH:k
r[kwb
f :l av`
c\D:oGm:vkyif ef: XmetuD:tuJ\.J a]ymqdck sufuawmh odyf
pdwf&ifpm:p\m raumif:ygbl:` tpdk:\u udk<hfbmomcsD:rGrf:wm
oufoufavmufygy`J 'gajumifh ud<
k o
fh wif:rSm xdrw
d hJ a]ympum:
aumufw
k cf suw
f pfck \zd.k twGuf owif:\if:]rpfwpfa<mufa<mufqD
qufo<
G af r:]ref:zd.k vdyk gr<f`
108
IMMF2.pmd
108
6/2/2547, 23:42
owif:xkw]f yef csuf \J.

atmufydkif:rSmrS pdwf&ifpm: p\m
awGawG.\w<f` xdkif: dkifiH udk
ausmif:om:awG? uav: i<f awG
eJ.oufuD:\G<ftkdawG ta\muf
tayguf ydrk sm:vmw<fw`hJ tJ'gu
dkifiH> |kyfyHk vmonf taygif:
vuQEm buf qDo.kd a]ymif:vJ vm
aeajumif: azmfe :f vsuf\o
dS nf
vdk. qkdxm:w<f` xdkif:dkifiHrSm
]ynhw
f efqmawG rl:<pfaq:&g:awG
aygrsm: wmajumifh trsKd:om: {nfo
h nf awGuykd J qJaG qmifcw
hJ <fqw
dk m
trsm:u odxm:yD:om:udpPyg` 'Dawmh tckvdk xkwf]yefa]ymqdk
wJhtcsufu olwkd.taeeJ. bmudk \nfef:csifwmvJ? |kyfyHkvmu
bmajumifh b<fvakd ]ymif:vJwmvJ qkw
d mawGukd ar:dik yf gw<f`
'gt
h ]yif tpd:k \tzJ.G xJu r[kwb
f J ]yifyu qef:ppfoal wG
udv
k nf: |kyyf v
kH m a]ymif:vJvmw<f qdw
k m wu<f[w
k f r[kwf ar:
junhf ikd yf gw<f` uav:awG? oufuD:\G<t
f adk wGe.J ausmif:om:awG
ydak \mufwt
hJ ajumif: aemufwpfcck rk sm: \Sad eOD:rvm:` 'gudk ykvdu
c\D:oGm:vkyif ef:awGrmS vkyu
f ikd af eolawG? bma\:Xmersm:u c\D:
oGm:vkyif ef: qkid \f m qef:ppfoal wGe.J w]cm:oufqidk o
f al wGukd ar:
junhf ikd yf gw<f`
olw.kd u ta]ctae[m owif:xkw]f yefcsufxrJ mS azmf]y
xm:oavmuf taumif:bufukd ra\mufao:wJt
h ajumif: a]ymcsif
a]ym]yjur<f` 'grSr[kwf owif:xkw]f yefcsufu t"dutajumif:
tcsufwcsKd.udk xdecf sefxm:wmrsKd: vkycf sifvyk x
f m:r<f` 'grrS [kwf
vnf: olwdk.u owif:xkwf]yefcsufeJ. oabmwlnDrSK\SdyD: tJ'geJ.
oufqidk w
f hJ xif]rifo:kH oyfcsufawG ay:csifvnf:ay:r<f` 'gawG tm:
vH:k u ud<
k o
fh wif:udk tm:\Sad pyD: ydk yD: ]ynhpf akH pygw<f`
wu<fv.kd ]zpfikd \f if ud<
k u
f tJ'v
D v
kd mvnfwhJ uav:?
oufuD:\G<t
f edk .J ausmif:om:awGukd oGm:awG.yD: olw.dk udk xkid :f dik if \H .J
|kyyf v
kH m tajumif:ar:junh?f yD:awmh olw.dk bmajumifh tckvkd vm
a\mufvnfywfwmvJ qkw
d mudyk g ar:junfah yg`h tJ'v
D q
kd \kd if ud<
k \hf .J
owif:udk udef:}Eef:awGeJ. p\r<fhtpm: vma\mufvnffywfwJh
wu<fv
h w
l pfa<mufa<mufe.J pa\:dik w
f mayg`h
c\D:oGm:OD:a\wpfcw
k nf:uko
d m
rjunfhygeJJ.`
109
IMMF2.pmd
109
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (13) tpnf:ta&:rsm:? rde.f cGe:f rsm:? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm:
tcef: (13)
tpnf:ta&:rsm:? rde.f cGe:f rsm:?
owif:pm\Sif:vif:yJGrsm:
owif:XmeawGtaeeJ. owif:tawmfrsm:rsm:udk tpnf:
ta&:awG? rde.f cGe:f awGe.J owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJaG wGuae \juwmyg`
tJ't
D wGuf owif:axmuf[m yxrOD:qH:k taeeJ. rde.f cGe:f a]ymqkrd <hf
vl? 'grrS [kwf tpnf:ta&:eJ. owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG vkyrf <ht
f ajumif:
t\mawGukd t\if udKwif ]yifqifomG :\ygr<f` 'gro
S m ar:cGe:f aumif:
awG ar:dik rf mS ]zpfyD: pmzwfy\dowfuD:ukd \Si:f vif:]ynhpf w
kH hJ owif:
a\:om:wif]ydik rf mS ]zpfygw<f`
tpnf:ta&:rsm:
tpd:k \? 'grrS [kwf rl&g'csrSww
f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:wpf\yf tpnf:
ta&:vkyw
f <fq\dk if tJ't
D pnf:ta&:\J. qH:k ]zwfaqmif\u
G cf sufay;
rSm tm|kpH u
kd \f rSm ]zpfyD: tJ'q
D :kH ]zwf vkyaf qmifcsu[
f m pmzwfy\dowf
uD:ay;rSm b<fvkd tusKd:oufa\mufrKS \So
d vJqw
dk mudk azmf]y\yg
r<f` tpnf:ta&:rSm rJcq
JG :kH ]zwfcw
hJ mvm:` ausmif:q\mawG\.J vpm
wk:d ay:zk.d twGuf aumfrwDu tjuH]yK wif]ycJo
h vm:` \oH:k rSe:f a]c
aiGpm\if:topfukd twnf]yKay:vku
d o
f vm:` wu<fv.kd bmqH:k ]zwf
csufrS rcsrSwfdkifbl:qkd\if tJ'g[m bmajumihfvJqkdwJh tcsufay;
tm|kpH u
kd \f r<f` 'grrS [kwf tacstwif ]iif:ckrH KS awGtay; tav:xm:
junf\h r<f`
tpnf:f ta&:owif:awGrmS yg&ifoifw
h hJ tcsufawGuawmhb<foal wG wufa\mufcw
hJ <f?
tpnf:ta&: vky\f ]cif:tajumif:?
csrSwaf qmif\u
G cf w
hJ hJ qH:k ]zwfcsuf?
bm]zpfv.kd 'Dvakd qmif\u
G cf w
hJ <f?
tpnf:ta&:wufa\muforl sm:? tuJcwfrsm:\J. rSwcf suf?
qH:k ]zwfaqmif\u
G cf suf\.J oufa\mufrKS [m b<foal wGtay; us
a\mufrvJ? tJ'v
D al wG\.J xif]rifcsuf?
tu<fI bmqH:k ]zwfcsufrS rcsrSwf ikd cf b
hJ :l qd\k ifvnf: tajumif:
110
IMMF2.pmd
110
6/2/2547, 23:42
t\mwpfcu
k kd tJ'v
D kd ta\:<l aqmif\u
G o
f ifw
h <f qkw
d t
hJ ajumif:
a<bk<s oabmwlncD suf \cJo
h vm:?
tu<fI bmqH:k ]zwfcsufrS rcsrSwf ikd cf b
hJ :l qk\d ifvnf: wpfa<muf
a<mufu ta\:uD:wJt
h ajumif:t\m? 'grrS [kwf pdw&f ifpm:p\m
wpfcck k a]ymcJo
h vm:?
'Dupd \P .J aemufco
H rkid :f ?
tckatmufrmS azmf]ywJh vmtkb
d momeJ. xkwaf &wJh owif:
pm\J. tzGiphf myd'k u
f tpnf:ta&:udk b<fyk Kd vf wufa\mufcw
hJ <f
qkw
d m\<f? olw.dk aqG:aG:juwJh tajumif:t\m\<fukd a]ym]yxm:yg
w<f` 'gayrJh aqG:aG:wJt
h ajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufyD: olw.dk u bm
a]ymw<fqw
dk m rygb:l ` 'grsKd:u ta\S.awmiftm\Su owif:pmq\m
awG t]rJ rSm:aewJyh pkH yH g`
vmtdq
k yfaumfrwDOU Adv
k rf LS :uD: bkq
d if csrfygzef:Sihf
xdik :f qyfaumfrwD twGi:f a\:rSL: Adv
k rf LS :csKyf q\D\wfoif\wfw.dk
onf vmtk d - xd k i f : e<f p yf v H k ] cH K a\: xd e f : od r f : rS K aumf r wD
tpnf:ta&:od.k wufa\mufcjhJ uum Zlvikd f 3 \ufae.u ]zpfymG :cJh
aom Aefawmif: t]zpftysufupd u
P kd aqG:aG:cJjh uonf`
owif : \J . aemuf y d k i f : usrS tajumif : t\mud k
ydo
k v
d m\w<f` vufeufuikd "f m:]y awGu e<fpyfuif:pcef:udk
&ifwkdufyD: taumufcGef t\m\SdawGudk "m:pmcHrsm:t]zpfeJ.
zrf:oGm:juw<fwJh` vmtdkbufu AdkvfrSL:uD:u tcktcgrSm
xdkif:eJ.vmtdkwyfawG yl:aygif:yD: e<fpyfrSm idrf:csrf:a\:
xde:f odr:f aewJt
h ajumif: a]ymygw<f` wu<fu tJ't
D csufudk
tzGirfh mS wifa\:\rSm`
tckwpfcg t}FvdyfbmomeJ. xkwfa&wJh vmtdk
owif:pm wpfapmifu tpnf:ta&:owif:wpfy'k u
f dk t]ynft
h pHk
azmf]yvdu
k yf g w<f`
wd\pmefawGtwGuf vlawGu
t]rJyJ pd:k \drf wwfjuw<f`
rde:f uav:rsm: aq:vdyyf akd omufvm

q<fausmfoufrsm:? txl:o]zihf rde:f uav:rsm: aq:vdyf
aomufoHk:rSK ydkrsm:vmajumif: Zlvdkif 24 \ufu vmtdk
111
IMMF2.pmd
111
6/2/2547, 23:42
yvmZm[dkw<f wGifusif:yonhf vmtdk]ynfol. 'Drkdu\ufwpf

orRwdik if t
H wGi:f aq:vdyx
f ed :f csKyfa\:rl&g'qdik \f m wpf\ufjum
pnf:a&:yJGY usef:rma\:ynmay: ]yefjum:a\:Xme tuD:tuJ
a'guw
f m qGecf sKdi:f zdv
k q
f eD mu a]ymjum:onf`
tqdyk g tpnf:ta&:udk paeOykot
f oif: zH.G zdK:wd:k wufrKS
u<fwifa\:toif:u OD:aqmifusif:y]cif:]zpfyD: usef:rma\:
&efuD:XmeSihf <if:Siq
fh uf<
G af eaom Xmersm:rS vl 40 yg&if
wufa\mufco
hJ nf` dik if w
H um tzJ.G tpnf:rsm:rS ud<
k pf m:vS<f
tcsKd.vnf: wufa\mufcJhyD: tpnf:ta&: obmywd t]zpf
]ynfo.l usef:rma\: 'kw<
d &efuD:u aqmif\u
G cf o
hJ nf`
tpnf:ta&: tpDtpOfwiG f umhaq:vdyaf omufo:kH rSK
ta]ctae tjurf:zsif:Sihf <if:udx
k ed :f csKyfae]cif:? vmtdk ikd if H
aq:vdyaf omufo:kH rSKSihf xde:f csKyfaqmif\u
G af e]cif:? aq:vdy>
f
usef : rma\:tay; qk d : usKd : ? aq:vd y f w if o G i f : aerS S K S i f h
tcGefaumufcH]cif: tajumif:\yfrsm:? tem}wfr[mAsL[mSifh
aq:vdyx
f ed :f csKyaf \: rl&g' rsm:udk aqG:aG:nd KdS i:f rSKrsm: yg&ifonf`
dkifiHtus<ft&ef: pwk\ef:uDvdkrDwm 7500 \Sdaom
vmtdk dkifiHonf aq:\GufuD:udk t"du pdkufysKd:vsuf\Sdonf`
rdK.]yrsm:wGif vmtkt
d rsKd:om: 25 \mckid f KS ef:Sihf trsKd:orD: 1.5
\mckid f KS ef:wk.d u aq:vdyaf omufo:kH aejuonf` aus:vufrsm:
wGifrl vmtkdtrsKd:om: 60 \mckdifSKef:Sifh trsKd:orD: 30
\mckdifSKef:u aq:vdyfaomufolrsm: ]zpfjuonf` vmtkdvlrsKd:
aq:vdyfaomufoHk:ol 70-90 \mckdifSKef:onf vlenf:pk&if
vlrsKd:pkrsm: ]zpfjuygonf`
vmtdkdkifiHwGif tm'ifSifh a'ghcfar'if trSwfwHqdyf
aq:vdyfrsm: xkwfvkyfonhf puf|kHSpf|kH\Sdonf` at}sifpDSpfcku
ig:oH:k vH:k Sihf rmvfb|kd pdk :D u\ufrsm:udk wifoiG :f vsuf\o
dS nf`
tpnf:ta&:\J. \nf\<
G cf sufu aq:vdyaf omufo:kH rSK xde:f
csKyfa\:twGuf rl&g'opf csrSwfzdk.]zpfwJhtajumif: tzGihfpmydk'fu
azmf]yxm:w<f` 'gayrJh tpnf:ta&:\J. \nf\<
G cf suf xa]rmufatmif
]rifovm:? ratmif]rifb:l vm: qkw
d m owif:xJrmS rygb:l ` wu<fv.kd
rl&g'opfcsrSwcf w
hJ <fq\dk if tJ'gbmvJ` b<fr&l g'topfrqkd ]ynfol
awGay;rSm oufa\mufrKS \dw
S mcsnf:ygy`J wu<fv.kd tpnf:ta&:u
rl&g' rcsdik cf b
hJ :l qd\k if bm]zpfv.kd rcsdik \f wmvJ`
112
IMMF2.pmd
112
6/2/2547, 23:42
tzGifhuawmh ]ynhfpHkaumif:rGefw<fvkd.yJ a]ym\rSmygyJ`

tpnf:ta&:rSm a]ymwJh pdw&f ifpm:p\m tajumif:t\mwpfcu
k kd azmf
]yxm:w<fav` 'gayrJh tJ't
D ajumif:udk usefwhJ owif:om:xJrmS
bmrS qufr\Si:f xm:bl:` rde:f uav:awG bm]zpfv.kd aq:vdyyf akd omuf
vmjuwmvJ` rdef:uav:awG aq:vdyfaomufoHk:rSK b<favmuf
wk:d yGm:vmwmvJ` 'gukd xde:f csKyfz.kd enf:vrf:awGukd 'Dtpnf:ta&:rSm
aqG:aG:cJjh uovm:`
owif:u tpnf:ta&: tpDtpOfawGuakd wmh azmf]yxm:yg
\J.` 'gayrJh tpnf:ta&:rSm xkwaf zmfa]ymqdw
k hJ t"duxif]rifcsuf
tajumif:t\mawGusawmh rygb:l ` ]yemeJ. ywfoufv.kd ? xde:f
csKyfa\:eJ. ywfoufv.kd tpnf:ta&:wufa\mufvmjuolawGjum:rSm
oabmwlncD suf \cJo
h vm:? 'grrS [kwf r\cJb
h :l vm:`
aq:vdyfaomufol \mckdifSKef:eJ. aq:vdyftrsKd:trnfudk
awmh owif:xJrmS azmf]yxm:ygw<f` 'gayrJh vuf\dS aq:vdyf xde:f
csKyfa\: rl&g' tajumif:]zpfwhJ ta\:uD:wJh aemufco
H rkid :f usawmh
rygb:l ` aemufyD: qufpyfrKS tpOfu bmvJ` tpd:k \u 'D]yemudk
bm]zpfv.dk tckusrS ta\:w<l vkyv
f m\wmvJ`
tckwpfcg owif:vdu
k \f wm cufyD: a\:\wmvnf: |SKyfwhJ
oHcif:wrefcif: tpnf:ta&:yJGwpfcktajumif: owif:udk junhf\
atmif`
owif:a\:ol[m ol.\J. aemufco
H rkid :f A[kow
k ? tpnf:
ta&:rSm a]ymwJh rSwcf sufpum:awGe.J twl tpnf:ta&:yJG yD:oGm:wJh
aemufyikd :f yg&ifwufa\mufco
hJ al wGe.J awG.qHak r:]ref:yD: bmawG]zpf
cJw
h <fqw
kd m ]ynh]f ynhpf pkH ekH .J t"dym <fygyg yHak zmfa\:]yoGm:wmudk }|k
pku
d jf unhyf g`
owif:axmufu emrnfwyfyD:awmha\m? emrnfrazmfbeJ .J
a\m a]ympum: aumufw
k cf suf ckepfcu
k dk azmf]yxm:ygw<f` 'gt
h ]yif
tpnf:ta&: ]yKvkyaf ewJt
h wGi:f rSm w]cm:owif:\if:]rpfawGe.J awG.
qHk yD: bmawG]zpfysufcw
hJ <f? 'D]zpf\yfawG[m bmajumifh xl:]cm:rSK \Sd
w<fqw
dk mawGukd odatmif vkycf w
hJ <f`
owif:u tajumif:t\mwpfckuae wpfckudk acsmacsm
arG.arG. <kwWd\Sd\SdeJ. ul:a]ymif: a\:om:oGm:w<f` ta\:tuD:qHk:
tajumif:t\muae ta\:ruD:qHk: tajumif:t\mqDudk a\:oGm:
w<f` qufpyfaewJh tajumif:t\mawGukd owif:axmufu pkpnf:
azmf]yxm:w<f` pmzwfopl w
d x
f J ay;vmr<fh ar:cGe:f tm:vH:k udv
k nf:
113
IMMF2.pmd
113
6/2/2547, 23:42
a]z\Si:f ay:oGm:w<f` owif:wpfy'k u

f kd 'Dvkd pepfwus pkpnf:yD: tpD
tpOfwus a\:kid w
f <fqw
dk m owif:axmuftaeeJ. pmawG trsm:
uD: zwfxm:\ovdk tajumif:t\mudv
k nf: ydik f ikd v
f .kd ]zpfygw<f`
tm\Sv]kH cHKa\:udk tav:xm:? w|kwf iS hf

qufqaH \:wk:d ]ri\hf ef tar\duefu <if:>
r[mrdwrf sm:tm: tmrcHa]ymjum:
&gusSpfajumif:yg
tzGifhpmydk'fuowif:]zpf\yfSpfck
tajumif:udk wif]yxm:w<f`
tJ'gu tpnf:ta&:taeeJ.
bmu txa]rmufatmif]rifyD:?
bmu ratmif]rifb:l qdw
k mudyk g`
'gayrJh tajumif:t\mawGukd
|k:d |k:d eJ.\Si:f \Si:f yJ azmf]yxm:wm
owd]yKyg`
[d G K if ? AD < uf e rf (atyD ) ` tar\d u

]ynfaxmifpk iS hf w|kwf kid if u
H Spf ikd if t
H jum: rjumao:rD
twG i f : u ]zpf a y;aeaom wif : rmrS K rsm:ud k tqH k :
owfaprnf ]zpfajumif: Ak'[
:l ae.u usif:yaom vH]k cHKa\:
qdkif\m aqG:aG:yJGwGif tm\SSifhOa\mydkifiHrsm:odk. xyfrH
tmrcH a]ymjum:vdkufygonf` okd.aomf aphpyfaqG:aG:
yJGrsm:wGif a]rmufudk\D:<m:dkifiH yg&ifvma\:udkrl tpnf:
ta&:yJu
G razsmif:zsdik cf ahJ y`
t"duuswJh a]ympum:
aumufw
k cf suf tygt&if
'Dpmyd'k f awGu tzGi\hf .J
yxrtajumif:t\mudk
tm:]znfhay:xm:w<f`
rdrdwkd.dkifiHtae]zifh tar\du]ynfaxmifpkSifh
quf q H a \:ud k wef z d k : xm:ygajumif : S i f h a'owG i f :
idr:f csrf:a\:Sihf wnfidrrf KS \Sad \: twGuf &g\Siw
f efiS t
hf wl
vufwaGJ qmif\u
G rf nf]zpfajumif: w|kwf dik if ]H cm:a\:&efuD:
wefusd\e :f u a]ymygonf`
tcsdet
f wdik :f twm wpfct
k xd tcuftcJawGe.J
juHKawG.cJh\wJh w|kwf-tar\duefqufqHa\:tay;rSm
wpfumvHk:u pdwf&ifwpm: \SdcJhjuygw<f? tckawmh
'DqufqaH \:u wd:k wufrKS vrf: ajumif:ay; a\mufvmcJyh gyD
[k wefu tmqD<H a'o\ aqG:aG:yJGwGif rdef.cGef:
a]ymjum:cJyh gonf`
aphpyfwhJ pmzwfoq
l \dk if
tmqD<aH 'o\ aqG:aG:yJq
G w
kd m
bmvJv.dk csufcsif:ar:r<f`
tzGiu
fh ae 'Dtxdukd vH]k cHKa\: qkid \f m
aqG:aG:yJ\G <fv.kd yJ pmzwfou
l
odxm:wmav`
owif:axmufu ar:cGe:f udk

csufcsif: a]zay:xm:ygw<f`
'Da\:om:csufu (tm\Se.J Oa\my
dik if rH sm:qkw
d )hJ tzGirhf mS ygwJh
tcsufay;rSmvnf:
tm:]znhfay:xm:w<f`
ta\S.awmiftm\S toif:&if 10 dik if u

H uD:rSL:
usif:yaom tqkyd g aqG:aG:yJw
G iG f tar\du ]ynfaxmifp?k
w|kwf? |k\S? awmifudk\D:<m:? Oa\myorSifh w]cm:
dkifiHrsm: yg&ifonf` a]rmufudk\D:<m: dkifiHu avhvmol
t]zpf wufa\mufcyhJ gonf`
114
IMMF2.pmd
114
6/2/2547, 23:42
tar\duef dik if ]H cm:a\:&efuD: aumvif:yg&<f u

tar\du]ynfaxmifpkonf w|kwfdkifiHSifh qufqHa\:udk
txl:tav:ay:yD: tm\S-ypdzdwfSifh qufqHa\:udkvnf:
aumif:rGefatmif aqmif\GufoGm:rnf[k a]ymjum:oGm:
ajumif: tmqD<H oHwrefwpfO:D u a]ymygonf`
xdkif:dkifiH]cm:a\:&efuD: ql\macwf qwfo\D
wmeDSifh awG.qHkcJhpOfwGif yg&<fu tar\duefdkifiHonf
Ta'ota\:ud k tav:xm:ygajumif : ? tar\d u ef
tpd:k \ tae]zifh tm\Stay; av:av:euf euf tm|kpH :l pku
d rf KS
\S d y gajumif : tav:teuf x m: a]ymjum:oG m :cJ h o nf
[k xkdif:a]ymcGifh\ykdKvf dk\mcspfqif}gqeDu a]ymyg
onf`
tar\duefikd if w
H iG f ta]cpdu
k af exdik o
f l ynm\Sif
rsm:tm: olvKdvkyfonfqkdum ta\:<l t]ypfay:]cif:?
tar\duefolvKdav<mOfta\:? tar\duefu tqdk]yK
xm:onhf 'H:k ysHumuG<af \:pepfiS hf vl.tcGit
hf a\: udprP sm:
ajumifh yD:cJhonhfvrsm:twGif: tar\duef- w|kwf
qufqaH \: qk:d \Gm:cJo
h nf`
ta\S.awmif tm\S dkifiHrsm:> oabmxm:udk
ar:]ref:junhf\m dk\mcspfu tar\du]ynfaxmifpkeJ.
w|kwf ikd if w
H .kd oHcif:wrefcif: aqG:aG:yJaG wG yHrk eS f ]yefvyk f
wmudyk J uefawmfw.dk ]rifcsifygw<f? tck 'Dvrf: ajumif:
ay;a\mufvmyDvdk. qkd\r<f? 'Dvdkwkd:wufvmwmudk
uefawmfw.dk u udKqdyk gw<f [ka]ymjum:oGm:onf`
vlO:D a\ oef: axmif&uf\dS yD: umhta\:tygq:kH
yifv<fa\vrf:ajumif: wnf\adS eonhf ta\S.awmif tm\S
wGif w|kwfSifh tar\du]ynfaxmifpk SpfkdifiHpvHk:onf
pD:yGm:a\:wGiaf \m vH]k cHKa\: wGiyf g ta\:uD:onfh tcef:u
rS yg&ifvsuf \Syd gonf`
owif:axmufu tzGiu
fh kd
w|kw\f .J a]ympum: aumufw
k f csufe.J
tm:]znhaf y:cJh yD:yD` tck olu
aemufwpfzuf]zpfwhJ tar\du
]ynfaxmifpb
k ufu a]ymwmudk
azmf]yyD: xyfrH tm:]znfah y:vdu
k w
f <f`
owif:twGuf yg&<fukd tifwm
rAsL:dkifwmajumifh
tpnf:ta&:wufcJhwJh
aemufvw
l pfa<mufu wpfqifh yg&<f
\J. a]ymqkcd sufukd azmf]ycJw
h <f`
'Dowif:udk em:vnfz.kd twGuf

aemufcH orkid :f u rygv.kd r\bl:`
aemufco
H rkid :f u tzGirhf mS azmf]ycJw
h hJ
tar\du]ynfaxmifpkeJ.
w|kwf ikd if w
H .kd qufqaH \:
wdk:wufaumif:rGefatmif
udK:pm:aew<f qkw
d t
hJ csuf\.J
ta\:uD:yHu
k dk pmzwfou
l dk xyfavmif:
a]ym]yay:w<f` aemufco
H rkid :f u
vkw
d \dk iS :f vnf: \Sw
d <f`
'Dpmyd'k f pS yf 'kd u
f qufpyfrKS tpOfudk
\Si:f ]yyD: 'Dawmh bm ]zpfovJqw
kd hJ
tar\du]ynfaxmifpek .J w|kwq
f ufqaH \:
aumif:rGe]f cif:[mta\S.awmiftm\StwGuf
t"dym <f\ydS u
kH kd azmf]yay:ygw<f`
tmqD<u
H uD:rSL:usi:f yaom vH]k cHKa\: aqG:aG:yJG
wGif a]rmufudk\D:<m:dkifiHu'kwd<tudrft]zpf wuf
a\mufvmcJah omfvnf: <ckwpfudrw
f iG f dik if ]H cm:a\:&efuD:
115
IMMF2.pmd
115
6/2/2547, 23:42

pma\:q\mu
a]rmufu\dk :D <m:tajumif:udk pyD:
rdwq
f uf azmf]yvdu
k w
f <f`
'Dpmyd'k f pS yf 'dk u
f tzGirfh mS
a]ymcJw
h t
hJ ajumif:udk wdu
k |f u
dk f
axmufulay:ygw<f`
owif:axmufaumif:[m t]rJ
bufpS zf ufu owif:udk
\atmif <lwwfw<f`
tckvnf: tar\du]ynfaxmifpu
k
a]rmufu\kd :D <m:\J. pGypf cGJ suftay;
b<fvw
kd .kH ]yefovJv.dk ar:cJw
h t
hJ wGuf
'Dta]zudk \\Scd w
hJ myg`
tzGiu
hf kd ydk yD: tm:]znhaf y:ygw<f`
yuferfqef vma\mufc]hJ cif: r\Sb

d J tqihef rd hf t\m\Sd wpfO:D
]zpfol [m}r:f omvifwufa\mufco
hJ nf` xd.k ajumifh <ckpS f
aqG:aG:yJGwGif tar\duef-a]rmufudk\D:<m: aqG:aG:yJG
r]zpfa]rmufcahJ y`
a]rmufu\kd :D <m:dik if o
H nf tar\du ]ynfaxmifp?k
awmifudk \D:<m:wkd.Sifh aqG:aG:yJGrsm: taqmwvsif
]yefvnf]yKvkyaf \:udk [mu zsufq:D ypfvu
kd yf gonf`
aqG:aG:yJ]G yefpzd.k twGuf tar\duef dik if u
H cif:
csufawG xm:\Sdaew<f qkdyD: olwkd.u qkyfudkif a]ymqkd
aew<f [k tmqD<H tzJG. twGif:a\:rSL:csKyf |dka'ghzdk
qAm\Du
kd vH]k cHKa\: aqG:aG:yJrG sm: twGi:f [m > a]ymqkd
csufukd ]yefvnf a]ym]yygonf`
tar\duefuawmh r[kwfygbl:vkd. qkdw<f?
olw.dk u bm cif:csufrS owfrw
S f rxm: bl:wJ?h aqG:aG:
yJGvkyfzdk. a]rmufudk\D:<m:bufu urf:vSrf:vmrSmudkyJ
apmifah ewmygv.kd qkw
d <f [k qAm\Du
kd a]ymygonf`
t]cm:aomdik if rH sm:u awmif-a]rmuf aqG:aG:yJG
rsm: ]yefvnf pwifapcsifajumif: 4if:wkd.> qNudk
xk w f a zmf c J h j uonf h w k d i f a]rmuf u d k \ D : <m:wd k . buf u
a\iHk KS wfyw
d f aecJo
h nf[k qAm\Du
kd a]ym ]yonf`
pifppf olw.kd u aqG:aG:yJaG y;rSm raumif: ]rifae
wmyg [ktrnfrazmfvakd om awmifu\dk :D <m: t\m\Sd wpfO:D
u a]ymygonf`
w|kwf ikd if ]H cm:a\:&efuD: wefuvnf: a]rmuf
ud k \ D : <m:S i f h t]cm:aom d k i f i H r sm: quf q H a \:wG i f
aemufxyf wkd:wufrSKrsm: \Sdvmonfudk &rf:yef:wom
awG.]rifvykd gajumif: xkwaf zmfa]ymjum:cJyh gonf`
vH]k cHKa\:aqG:aG:yJw
G iG f a]rmufu\kd :D <m:dik if o
H nf
vGefcJhaom wpfSpfu yg&ifwufa\mufcJhyD: xdkpOfu
tar\du]ynfaxmifpk? awmifudk\D:<m:wdk.Sifh qufqHa\:
vrf:yGichf \hJ onf` <if:rSm 1950 ]ynhv
f eG f Sprf sm:twGi:f
116
IMMF2.pmd
116
6/2/2547, 23:42
awmifu\dk :D <m:Siphf pf]zpfcahJ om uGe]f rLepf dik if w

H pf dik if H
tae]zifh ]yifyumodk.\Sm:\Sm:yg:yg: wHcg:zGifhay:cJh]cif:
]zpfygonf`
vH]k cHKa\: aqG:aG:yJw
G iG f aemufxyf tm\Sv]kH cHKa\:
udp]P zpfonhf awmifw|kwf yifv<fuef:rsm:ta\: t]iif:
yGm:rSKrsm:wGiv
f nf: wk:d wufrKS r\cJah cs` <if:ue:f rsm: tay;
e<fa]rydik q
f ikd rf KS t]iif:yGm:\mrS w|kwf iS hf tmqD<H tzJ.G &if
d k i f i H w csKd . tjum: vuf e uf u d k i f wk d u f c k d u f r S K rsm:
]zpfymG :cJ\h onf`
aemufxyf ydyuQrsm: r]zpf\atmif SpfOD:
Spfzuf vdkufem \rnfh pnf:rsOf: wpf\yfudk tqkdyg
dik if rH sm:u aqG:aG:nd KdS if: aejuaomfvnf: 4if:pnf:rsOf:
xJwGif tusKH:&ifrnfh yx&D&if ae\m tus<ft&ef:
tygt&if udp\P yfrsm:wGif oabmwlnrD KS r\ao:ajumif:
vH k ] cH K a\: aqG : aG : yJ G obmywd t ]zpf aqmif \ G u f o l
AD<uferf dik if ]H cm:a\:&efuD: ik<if'ikd ef if:u a]ymygonf`
a\S.rwd:k aemufrqkwf ]zpfaeaom ta]ctaeukd
ausmfvm : dik \f ef <cktcg zdvpfyikd f ikd if >
H tqk]d yKcsuf
wpf\yfukd dik if rH sm:u pOf:pm:oH:k oyfaeajumif: olu a]ymyg
onf`
aqG:aG:yJGrsm:twGif: Oa\my or tygt&if
dik if rH sm:u tar\duefikd if >
H 'H:k ysHumuG<af \:pepftay;
qef.usif uef.uGufcJh juajumif: tD:<ludk udk<fpm:]yK
wufa\mufonfh b<fv}f sD<efikd if H ]cm:a\:&efuD: vl&pf
rku
d u
f <fu a]ymonf`
'H:k ysHumuG<af \:pepfe.J ywfoufyD: tar\duef
awGe.J uefawmfw.kd aqG:aG:\r<f? bm]zpfv.kd vJqadk wmh
'D [m u vufeuf zsuford :f a\:udprP mS qk:d usKd:awG ]zpfvm
apdik v
f .dk ygyJ [k rku
d u
f <fu owif:axmufrsm:udk a]ym]y
ygonf`
wefu ol.rdef.cGef:xJwGif 'Hk:ysHumuG<fa\:
tpD t pOf o nf a 'oid r f : csrf : a\:S i f h wnf id r f a \:uk d
pmzwfot
l aeeJ. owif:udk ydk yD: em:vnf
atmif aemufcH orkid :f awG ]znhaf y:
xm:wmyg` ud\k :D <m:udpP aqG:aG:rSKawG u
t\if wpfpS u
f atmif]rifcw
hJ <f` 'gayrJh
'DpS rf mS awmh ratmif ]rifb:l `
t"duowif:om: 'DrmS yJ yD:oGm:ygyD`
pma\:q\mu tpnf:ta&:\J.
odyt
f a\:ruD:wJh tydik :f udk ul:oGm:w<f`
aemufxyf tm\S
vHk]cHKa\:udpP...rsm:wGif
wk:d wufrKS r\cJah cs qkw
d m
aemuftajumif:t\m wpfcq
k D
acsmacsmarG.arG. ul:a]ymif:vdu
k w
f myg`
orkid :f aemufceH .J xl:]cm:csufawGukd
|d:k |k:d \Si:f \Si:f yJ azmf]yxm:w<f`
tpnf:ta&: usif:ywJh
wpfae.wmtwGi:f rSm wk:d wufrKS
bmajumifh r\wmvJ qkw
d m\<f?
a]z\Si:f csuf tvm:tvm \<fukd
azmf]yay:xm:ygw<f`
pma\:q\mu aemufxyf
ta\:odyrf uD:wJh udpw
P pfcq
k D
xyfu:l oGm:w<f` 'Dowif:u
awmifw|kwyf ifv<f ydyuQavmuf
ta\:ryg bl:` tajumif:uawmh
tar\duef 'H:k ysHtpDtpOftay;
uef.uGurf KS awGe.J ywfoufv.kd
w]cm: rD'<
D mawGrmS owif:azmf ]yxm:yD:
]zpfvdkhygyJ`
117
IMMF2.pmd
117
6/2/2547, 23:42
t\m<f]zpfapdik af jumif: w|kwf dik if >

H owday:csufukd
xyfavmif:a]ymjum:cJhygonf` Tpepfonf dkifiHrsm:
tjum: <HkjunfrSKSifh yl:aygif:aqmif\GufrSK wkd.twGuf
raumif:ajumif: olu a]ymqdo
k nf`
nDvmcHrsm:
nDvmcHawGrSm owif:<lzkd. cufygw<f` nDvmcHawGudk
ynm\Siaf wG? tpd:k \r[kww
f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:awG? vkyif ef:wpfcck u
k kd vuf
awG. taumiftxnfazmf vkyu
f ikd af eol tkypf ak wGe.J tpd:k \wk.d u OD:
pD:usif:yavh \Sw
d wfjuw<f` tJ'D nDvmcHawGrmS rsm:aomtm:]zifh
qH:k ]zwfcsufwpf\yf\yfukd csrSwt
f aumiftxnfazmfwmrsKd: r\Sw
d wfbJ
ol.t]rif? ud<
k t
fh ]rif zvS<w
f mrsKd:awGyJ \Sw
d wfjuw<f`
nDvmcHrmS OD:aqmifa]ymqkw
d hJ ykKd vf\cdS \hJ if ol.\J. oH:k oyf
a]ymqdck suf[m ud<
k o
fh wif:\J. t"du tajumif:t\m ]zpfvmdik yf g
w<f` wufa\mufvmol trsm:u ]yemwpfct
k ay; OD:wnf aqG:
aG:juw<fq\kd ifvnf: tJ't
D ajumif:u ud<
k t
hf wGuf owif: ]zpfikd f
ygw<f` nDvmcH cEem:csderf mS wufa\mufvmolrsm:eJ. pum:p]rnf
a]ymqkyd g` olw.dk \J. xif]rifo:kH oyfcsufawGtay; tao:pdw
d f ar:]ref:
yg` tckvkd ]zpfysuaf ewmudk b<fvkd aqmif\u
G o
f ifw
h <fv.kd xifovJ
qkw
d m ar:junhyf g`
nDvmcHawGuae t]rJwrf:awmh owif:aumif:awG r\
wwfygbl:` 'gayrJh urf:usifolawGeJ. awG.qHkyD: owif:tpawG
\dik w
f hJ ae\maumif:awmh ]zpfygw<f`
tpnf:ta&:yJG tajumif: owif:a\:wJhtcgrSm tzGifhukd
b<foal wG wufa\mufw<f? b<fae\mrSm usi:f yw<f? b<ftcsed u
f
usif:yw<f qkw
d mavmufyJ ygwhJ tzGirhf sKd: ra\:yge.J ` tJ't
D zGirhf sKd:u
tck atmufrmS azmf]yxm:wJh AD<uferfbmomeJ. xkwaf &wJh owif:pm
xJu tzGirhf sKd:yg`
tvkyo
f rm: vSKyf\mS :rSK t zJ.G &ifrsm:twGi:f rl:<pf aq:&g:
Sifh vlrSKa\: ]ypfrSKrsm: qef.usifwkdufzsufa\: SpfSpfjum
vSKyf\Sm:rSK (1999-2000) tay; oHk:oyfonhf nDvmcHukd
uGrx
f \DwiG f A[du
k ek o
f <
G af \:or vSKyf\mS :rSKu OD:aqmif usif:y
cJ\h m rwf 20 \uf u yD:qH:k oGm:cJo
h nf`
118
IMMF2.pmd
118
6/2/2547, 23:42
aemufyikd :f usrS tqif]h rifh t\m\Sw

d pfa<mufu rl:<pfaq:
&g:eJ. vlrKS a\:]ypfrKS awG[m avsmhyg:oGm:rSK r\Sad jumif:? bmajumihf
vJqakd wmh tzJ.G &ifwcsKd.u 'DvKS yf\mS :rSK[m olw.dk twGuf b<favmuf
ta\:uD:w<fqw
dk m em:rvnfjuwJt
h wGuf ]zpfajumif: a]ymqko
d mG :
wmudk azmf]yxm:w<f` tJ'D ]yemawGtwGuf a]z\Si:f dik rf <fh enf:
vrf:awGuv
kd nf: tJ'yD k Kd vfu tjuH]yKwif]yoGm:w<f` wu<fq\dk if
tzGirhf mS tJ'gukd a\:\r<f`
rde.f cGe:f Sihf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm:

rwrSK \Syd g
rde.f cGe:f a]ymwJo
h ?l owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG mS \Si:f vif:a]ymjum:
wJo
h al wGrmS olw.dk a]ymqdck sifwt
hJ ajumif:t\m wpfck \Sad ew<fqw
dk m
odxm:yg` \Sif:vif:a]ymqkdolawG taeeJ. rD'D<mawGu wpfqifh
vlxq
k D tajumif:t\mwpfck ]yef.oGm:apcsifw<f` olw.dk u dik if aH \:
ygww
D pfc?k 'grrS [kwf pD:yGm:a\: xkwu
f ek w
f pfcu
k kd ]riw
fh ifay:aewmrsKd:
]zpfcsifvnf: ]zpfr<f` udprP \Syd gb:l ` owif:pmq\maumif:taeeJ.
'g[m wpfzufowf owif:awGyJ qkw
d m odxm:yD:om:` ud<
k u
f owif:
tcsuftvufawG ydk yD: ]ynf]h ynfph pkH kH \atmif \Si:f vif: a]ymqdw
k o
hJ u
l kd
ar:cG e f : awG ar:zdk. ? ol. \J. xkwf] yefa ]ymqkdcsuf u k d pd ef ac;zd k .
toif]h zpfae\ygr<f` rjumcEqko
d vdk \Si:f vif:a]ymqdw
k hJ ykKd vf[m
udk<far:vdkufwJh ar:cGef:tay;rSmyJ tm|kH&ifpm:oGm:wwfwmajumifh
a\S.u xkw]f yefcsufxu
J tajumif:t\mawGukd owdvw
G o
f mG :wwf
w<f` tJ't
D cg owdvw
G f yD: ola]ymvdu
k w
f m[m ud<
k t
fh wGuf owif:
]zpfomG :kid yf gw<f`
\Si:f vif:a]ymqdo
k l a]ymwJh tajumif:t\mawGu t]iif:yGm:
p\m ]zpfaew<fq\dk if owif:xJrmS ol.\J. xif]rifa]ymqkcd sufudk xnfh
oGi:f azmf]y\r<ft
h ]yif ole.J <SOzf uf w]cm:ykKd vfawG? urf:usifol
awG? 'grrS [kwf tJ'yD u
GJ kd wufa\mufvmwJh y\dowfxu
J oabmxm:
csif: rudu
k n
f o
D al wGe.J awG.qHk yD: olw.dk oabmxm:t]rifawGuv
kd nf:
xnfah \:\ygr<f` 'grS ud<
k o
fh wif:u rwrSK \Srd mS yg`
119
IMMF2.pmd
119
6/2/2547, 23:42
b<fou
l bma]ymw<f qk]d cif:udk tav:xm:yg
rde.f cGe:f eJ. owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG tajumif: owif:awGa\:\if
atmufazmf]yygtcsufawG yg&ifoihyf gw<f`
b<fou
l a]ymwmvJ (emrnf? \mxl:eJ. tzJ.G tpnf:)`
\Si:f vif:a]ymqdo
k u
l bmawGa]ymwmvJ (t"dutcsuf)?
xdrw
k cf sufawGvnf: yg\ygr<f`
rde.f cGe:f ? 'grrS [kwf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJu
G b<ftcsed ?f b<fae\mrSm
a]ymwmvJ? usif:ywmvJ`
b<foal wG wufa\mufovJ (y\dowf)? yD:awmh olw.dk u b<fvkd
wk.H ]yefjuovJ`
'Dupd rP mS <Suf <
G f yg&ifaewJh w]cm:olawGua\m xif]rifcsuf?
wH.k ]yefcsuf b<fv\kd v
dS `J
tzGiu
hf yxrtcsuf pS cf su]f zpfwhJ b<fou
l bma]ymwmvJ
qkw
d hJ tcsufawGay;rSm tav:xm:\ygr<f`
rde.f cGe:f eJ. owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJaG wGtajumif: owif:pmawG
rSm rsm:aomtm:]zifah wmh b<fou
l b<ftcsde?f b<fae\mrSm b<f
olawGukd a]ymqk\d iS :f vif:w<f qkw
d mukad wmh a\:om:azmf]ywwfju
ygw<f` 'gayrJh \Si:f vif:a]ymqko
d u
l a]ymwJh t"dutcsufuakd wmh
razmf]ywwfjubl:` 'Dawmh \Si:f vif:a]ymqdo
k l a]ymwJt
h xJrmS b<f
tcsufu ta\:tuD:qHk:eJ. pdwf&ifpm:p\m taumif:qHk:vJ? 'grS
r[kwf xl:]cm:rSK bm\So
d vJqw
dk m ud<
k b
fh mom ar:cGe:f xkwjf unhyf g`
Oyrm-\Si:f vif:a]ymqdo
k u
l ]yemwpf\yftwGuf a]z\Si:f csuf topf
wpf\yftajumif:udk a]ym]yovm:` t]iif:yGm:p\m udpt
P ay;rSm xif
]rifcsufwpfckck ay:ovm:` tJ'gawG ygw<fqkd\if tzGifhpmydk'frSm
wifa\:yg`
olu b<f a e\mrS m a]ymw<f q k d w m\<f e J . y\d o wf
tajumif:\<fukd 'kw<
d ? 'grrS [kwf wwd<pmyd'k af wGrmS a\:om: azmf
]ydik yf gw<f` 'Denf:tm:]zihf tzGiu
hf kd |k:d |k:d \Si:f \Si:f a\:dik rf mS ]zpfygw<f`
yD:awmh t"dutcsufawGuykd J tav:ay:yD: azmf]yyg` rde.f
cGe:f xJ? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJx
G rJ mS ygor tajumif:t\mawGtm:vH:k udk
xnhaf \:aep\m rvdyk gb:l ` ud<
k t
fh vkyu
f ta\:tuD:qH:k eJ. pdw&f if
pm:p\m taumif:qHk:tcsufawGudkom a\G:cs<fyD: pmzwfolawGqD
wif]yay:zd.k ygyJ`
120
IMMF2.pmd
120
6/2/2547, 23:42
ta\:tuD:qk:H udpaP wG[m \Snv

f sm:axG]ym:wJh rde.f cGe:f awG
\J. ed}:Hk ydik :f rSm ygvmwwfwmrd.k ud<
k u
f t]rJ:kd d:k jum:jum: \Sad e\yg
r<f` &efuD:csKyfu aq:ynmoifwef: ausmif:qif:yJG tcrf:tem:wpf
ckudk wufa\mufvmw<f qkyd gp.kd ` ol.rde.f cGe:f \J. yxr 45 rdepfrmS
usef:rma\: apmifah \SmufrKS awGtajumif:ukyd J a]ymoGm:w<f` aemuf
qH:k ig:rdepfrmS awmh olu tajumif:t\m a]ymif:yD: w\m:r&if &if
a\mufvmolawGukd ta\:<lrdS ef if:r<ft
h ajumif: ajunmvdu
k w
f <f
qkyd gawmh` w\m:r&if a\.a]ymif:&ifa\mufvmol tm:vH:k udk Xmae\if:
]yefy.dk r<fqkd yD: olu a]ymoGm:w<fayg`h
tu<fI ol a]ymwJt
h xJrmS usef:rma\: apmifah \SmufrKS eJ.
ywfoufyD: bmrS xl:xl:]cm:]cm: rygb:l qd\k if tzGiu
hf kd tckvkd ra\:
oifyh gb:l `
vrf:ay;rS vl\.J t]rifu

b<fvdk\SdrvJ`
&efuD:csKyfonf <refae.u usif:yaom yxrtudrf

a]rmuf aq:ynmoifwef:ausmif: qif:yJo
G .kd wufa\mufum use:f
rma\:apmifha\SmufrSK tajumif: rdef.cGef:a]ymjum:yD:aemuf
atmifvuf rSwrf sm: csD:]rit
hf yfiS :f cJyh gonf`
tJ'v
D kd a\:r<ft
h pm: tckvkd a\:\ygr<f`
&ef uD : csKyf u w\m:r&if &if a \muf v mol r sm:tm:
Srd ef if:rnf ]zpfajumif: <refae.u ajunmvdu
k yf gonf`
121
IMMF2.pmd
121
6/2/2547, 23:42
owif:aemufydkif:rSm 'Dvdka]ymqdkcsuf[m ausmif:qif:yJG

wpfcrk mS wufa\mufred .f cGe:f a]ymjum:wJt
h xJxnhaf ]ymoGm:wm]zpf wJh
tajumif: a\:om:azmf]y\ygr<f` yD:awmh ol.rde.f cGe:f trsm:pku awmh
usef:rma\:apmifah \SmufrKS awGtajumif:udyk J a]ymoGm:w<f qkw
d mvnf:
azmf]y\ygr<f` 'Dvkd a\:vdu
k v
f .kd oifwef:qif:awGu pdwrf qk:d ygb:l `
rSwfxm:\rSmu udk<fowif:a\:wm[m oifwef:om:awG twGuf
a\:wmr[kwb
f :l ? pmzwfy\dowfuD:twGuf ]zpfw<fqw
dk mudyk g`
\Sif:vif: a]ymqkdolawG[m rsm:aomtm:]zifh ta\:uD:wJh
tajumif:t\mwpfcu
k kd xkwaf zmfa]ymqdjk uayr<fv
h .kd tJ't
D ajumif:
tao:pdwu
f adk wmh olw.kd u ra]ymwwfjubl:` 'gajumifh olw.dk a]ym
yD:oGm:wJt
h cgrmS a]ymoGm:wJt
h ajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufv.kd \Si:f ]yzd.k ?
Oyrmay: a]ym]yzd.k xyfar:\ygr<f` 'gukd owif:xJrmS xnfah \:wJh t
cgrSmvnf: tckazmf]ywJh xif]rifcsuf? oH:k oyfa]ymqkcd sufawG[m ol
rde.f cGe:f a]ymyD:wJah emuf ud<
k ef .J tifwmAsL:vkyw
f t
hJ cgrmS a]ymoGm:
wm ]zpfw<fqw
kd mudk a\:om:azmf]yay:\r<f` 'Dvrkd S r[kw\f if tJ'D
yJu
G kd wufa\mufcw
hJ hJ y\dowfu r\Si:f rvif:]zpfyD: ud<
k af \:wJo
h wif:
[m rrSeu
f ef? rwdusbl:vd.k qkv
d mjuvdrrfh <f` csKyfyD:awmh a]ym\
\ifawmh rde.f cGe:f awG? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJaG wG wuf\if olw.dk a]ym
yD:oGm:wJt
h cgrmS \Si:f vif:a]ymqko
d el .J awG.yD: pum:a][cGio
hf matmif
udK:pm:yg` tJ'v
D kd a]ym\]cif:tm:]zifh tao:pdwf tcsuftvufawGukd
ydkrdk od\dkifwJht]yif ydkyD: pdwf&ifpm:p\maumif:wJh a]ympum:
aumufw
k cf sufawGuv
kd nf: \\Sd ikd yf gw<f`
udKwif]yifqifyg
wpfa<mufa<muf rdef.cGef: ray:cifrSm ola]ymr<fh
tajumif:t\mawG udKwif]yifqifxm:wJh rde.f cGe:f pm\Guu
f kd t\ifO:D
yD: \atmif<x
l m:yg` 'Dv\kd xm:]cif:tm:]zihf rde.f cGe:f tajumif:t\mudk
ud<
k u
f avhvmzd.k tcsde\f yD: xda\mufwahJ r:cGe:f awG ar:dik rf mS vnf:
]zpfygw<f` 'gayrJh ud<
k f udK\xm:wJh rde.f cGe:f pm\Guef .J olwu<fa]ym
wJh rde.f cGe:f wd.k wl rwl qkw
d mukad wmh }|kpu
kd \f ygr<f` rde.f cGe:f a]ymol
awGu r jumcEqko
d vdyk J rde.f cGe:f pm\Gux
f rJ mS rygwhJ tajumif:t\m
awGukd xnhaf ]ymwwfovdk wcsKd. tajumif:t\mawGukd csefxm:cJh
wmrsKd:vnf: vkyw
f wfjuw<f` ud<
k u
f rde.f cGe:f pm\Guu
f kd udKr\xm:
bl:qkd\ifvnf: \Sif:vif: aqG:aG:r<hf tajumif:t\mawGudkawmh
122
IMMF2.pmd
122
6/2/2547, 23:42
zwfxm:\rSm ]zpfygw<f` 'Denf:tm:]zifh rdef.cGef:a]ymqkdwJhtcgrSm

'Dowif: tajumif:t\mudk ud<
k u
f odaeyD:om: ]zpfaer<f`
rde.f cGe:f wpfck tajumif: a\:xm:wJh owif:aumif:wpfy'k f
udk junhjf u\atmifyg`
befaumuf? xkid :f (atyD)` &efuD:csKyf oufqif
\Sief m&yfx\m onf wevFmae.u ol.tpd:k \opf> rl&g'
rsm:udk xkw]f yefajunmum uwdta]rmuft]rm: ay:vdu
k f
aomfvnf: ol.tae]zifh vufawG.vkyf aqmif\ef cufcJ rnf
]zpfajumif: a&zeforl sm:u a]ymqko
d nf`
'Dowif:u oufqifa]ymorudk
]yefa\:xm:wm r[kwq
f w
dk m
pmzwfou
l csufcsif:odvu
dk f yD`
pma\:q\mu tzGirhf mS uwnf: u
qef.usifbuf t]rifuykd g
xnfha\:xm:wmudk:`
vwaf wmfopf> yxrtudrf tpnf:ta&:wGif

oufqif u 4if:> rl&g'udk a]ymjum:\mY tvkyt
f udik rf sm:
zefw:D ay:\ef? &if aiGw:dk ap\efiS hf dik if b
hH Efrsm:> au:rD
28.5 bDvD<Ha';vmudk avmfypf\ef \nf\G<fonf[k
qkyd gonf`
tpd:k \taeeJ. b&opftwGuf tcGit
hf vrf: awG
udk \So
d r tiftm:eJ. zefw:D wnfaqmuf<rl mS ]zpfygw<f?
xdik :f dik if [
H m buf aygi:f pHrk mS a]ymif:vJz.kd vdt
k yfaeygw<f
[k w<fvu
D eG f vkyif ef:\Sif olaX:uD:t]zpfrS dik if aH \:orm:
]zpfvmol oufqifu a]ymygonf`
tzGirhf mS a<bk<soabmyJ azmf]ycJw

h hJ
t"dutajumif: t\m]zpfwhJ
rl&g'tajumif:udk pma\:q\mu
csufcsif:tusOf:csKyfyD: azmf]yay:w<f`
'gukd oufqif\.J a]ympum:eJ.
tusOf:csKyfazmf]yyD: tzGiu
hf kd
tm:]znhaf y:w<f` 'Dae\mrSm rl&g'u
tajumif:t\m topf tqef:
r[kww
f majumifh tzGirhf mS ra\:wmudk
owd]yKyg` tJ'u
D wdawGu a\G:aumufyGJ
rJq<
G yf aGJ wGrmS ay:cJw
h mrd.k
owif:awGxrJ mS zefw\mawatmif
ygyD:aeyD`
oufqif> xdkif:\wfxkdif:ygwDonf v<form:

rsm:tm: au:rD oHk:Spfqkdif:iHhxm:ay:rnf? xdkif:aus:\Gm
77000 tm: wpf\mG vif zH.G zdK:a\:tulaiG a';vm 23800
pDay:rnf? qif:\Jom:rsm:twGuf a:SKef:csKdomaom
aq:&g:ukorSKSihf bEfau:rDupd t
P wGuf dik if hH \\efyidk cf iG hf
pDrHcef.cJGrSK ukrEDuD:wpfck zJG.pnf:ay:rnfqkdaom uwd
oH:k ck]zifh Zefe&g\D 6 \uf taxGaxGa\G:aumufyw
GJ iG f tdik \f
\Su
d m nGe.f aygi:f tpd:k \udk OD:aqmif zJ.G pnf: cJ]h cif: ]zpfonf`
pmzwfo[
l m owif:udk
em:vnfdkifzdk.twGuf
aemufcHorkdif:udk
ra\:r]zpf a\:\r<f`
od.k aomf a&zeforl sm:url vlyde:f udKuf rl&g'rsm:

rS m p\d w f p u uD : rm:vG e f : rnf ] zpf a jumif : owd a y:
xm:onf`
tawG:tac;opfawG? vkyfaqmifcsuf topf
123
IMMF2.pmd
123
6/2/2547, 23:42
pma\:q\mu tzGi\hf .J
'kw<
d ydik :f ]zpfwhJ oufqif\.J rl&g'
tay; a&zefwt
hJ ajumif:qD
a]ymif:a\:vmw<f` olu
aoaocsmcsm a\G:cs<f<x
l m:wJh xdxrd rd d
a]ympum: oH:k ckukd azmf]yxm:ygw<f`
rjumao:cifu ]zpfysufcw
hJ hJ
xkid :f dik if \H .J pD:yGm:a\:]zpfpOf

aemufcHorkdif:udkazmf]yay:vkduf]cif:
tm:]zifh pmzwfot
l ae eJ. crfvyd idk \f .J
rSwcf sufe.J qufpyfro
d mG :wJt
h ]yif tJ'D
qufpyfrKS tpOfu oufqiftaeeJ.
rl&g'opfawG bmhajumifh csrSw\f wmvJ
qdw
k mudyk g ay;vGiaf pygw<f`
wu<fawmh owif:u'DrmS yJ
]ynfph o
kH mG :ygyD` owif:pmrSm ae\musef
ao:w<fq\dk ifawmh ta\:ruD:vSwhJ
oufqif\.J rl&g' a\:\m ajunmcsuf
awGeJ.aemufdkifiHa\:orm:wpfOD:\J.a&zef
a]ymqdrk KS awGukd qufvuf
azmf]ydkifygw<f`
awG[m rSeu
f efwt
hJ awG:tac;? rSeu
f efwhJ vkyaf qmifcsuf
vd.k a]ymvd.k r\bl:[k twku
d t
f cH acgi:f aqmifcrfvyd ikd u
f
ouf q if > rd e f . cG e f : S i f h ywf o uf I v w f a wmf w G i f :
tacstwif aqG:aG:yJw
G iG f a]ymqko
d nf`
odxm:\rSmu 'Dikd if [
H m cifAsm:vdk rcsrf:ombl:
qkw
d mudyk g [k olu a]ymygonf`
\\efydkifcGifh pDrHcef.cJGrSK ukrED wnfaxmifyD:
ykvdubEfrsm:> au:rDukd wm&ef<al \:onf vlcsrf:om
vkyif ef:\Sif uD:rsm: twGuo
f m tusKd:\Srd mS ]zpfyD: tpd:k \tay;
&efxkyf&efydk:uD:om ydkvmrnf]zpfajumif:vnf: crfu
owday:a]ymjum:onf`
tcGefxrf:awG\J. aiGeJ. vlcsrf:omuD:awGudk
ulnaD xmufyhH ay:zd.k cifAsm:rSm bmvkyyf idk cf iG rhf S r\Sb
d :l [k
crfu a]ymygonf`
wpfcsdefu pnfyifzGH.zdK:cJhaom xkdif:dkifiH>
pD : yG m :a\:onf uk e f x k w f v k y f r S K S i f h yk d . uk e f r sm:twG u f
toufaoG:ajum]zpfaom dkifiH]cm:\if:SD:]rKyfSHrSKrsm:
]yefvnfxkwf<loGm:aomtcg 1997-98 tm\S pD:yGm:a\:
usqif:rSKxJ GeH pfc\hJ avonf` TpD:yGm:a\: tusyftwnf:
rsm:u bma\:pepftwGi:f vufoif\h m pm:awmfac; ]cif:
Sifht}wd vdkufpm:rSKrsm: us<fus<f]yef.]yef. ]zpfay;ae
]cif:udk azmf]yae]cif:]zpfyD: dkifiHhpD:yGm:a\:u <ckwkdif
]yefvnf emvefxv
l m\ef |ke:f uefudK:pm:ae\qJ ]zpfygonf`
tpd:k \taeeJ. tvsift]refe.J ta\:wuD: vkyf
aqmif\rSmuawmh pD:yGm:a\:taqmufttHk? tkyfcsKyfa\:
taqmufttH?k vlrKS a\: eJ. dik if aH \: taqmufttHk awGukd
]yK]yifa]ymif:vJ]cif:tm:]zifh pD:yGm:a\: ]yemawGudk
t]refqHk:a]z\Sif:ay:a\:ygyJ? 'gawGtm:vHk:udk wpfydKif
eufwnf: vkyjf u\r<f [k oufqifu a]ymygonf`
ol uwd]yKaom w]cm:tajumif:t\mrsm:rSm
vkyif ef:i<f orm:rsm:tm: acs:aiGxw
k af y:dik \f ef aus:\Gm
bEfrsm: wnfaxmifa\:? dik if zH .GH zdK:wd:k wufaf \: vkyif ef:rsm:
udk dik if aH \:t\ &ifa\mufpu
G zf uf ]cif: r\Sb
d J urf:usifol
124
IMMF2.pmd
124
6/2/2547, 23:42
ynm\Sifrsm:uyJ OD:pD:aqmif\Gufa\:? rl:<pf aq:&g:

arSmifcrdk KS rsm:tm: Srd ef if:a\:Sihf tpd:k \> t}wdvu
kd pf m:rSK
wkdufzsufa\:wGif ]ynfolrsm: yg&if\ef tm:ay:a\:wkd.
]zpfygonf`
acwfrDenf:ynmrsm: oHk:pJG]cif:]zifh tpdk:\ toHk:
p\dwfudk avmh cs\efSifh tcGefaumufpepfudk wkd:wuf
aumif:rGeaf p\ef vkyaf qmifyD: bma\:qkid \f m pnf:rsOf:
pnf:urf:udk ]rifhwnfrnf]zpfajumif:vnf: olu uwd]yK
cJo
h nf`
ouf q if nG e f . aygif : tpk d : \tzJ G . > 'k w d <
acgif:aqmifurl vlydef:udKufrl&g'rsm:udk trsm:Sifhtwl
qef.usifygajumif: we}FaG ae.u xkwaf zmfa]ymqko
d nf`
e<l:tufpfya\:\Sif:ygwD 'kwd<acgif:aqmif
csmvrf <lbrf\efu oufqif> uwdpum:rsm:onf
rJrsm:rsm: \a\:twGuo
f m ]zpfyD: ]ynfo.l au:rD &efxyk f
&efy:kd uD:om ydv
k maprnf[k qkyd gonf` aus:vuf au:rD
uif:\Sif:a\:rl&g'rsm:rSm <ckrS topfr[kwfbJ <cif
uwnf:u rSm:<Gi:f vkyaf qmif cJh ]cif:rsm: ]zpfajumif: olu
a]ymygonf`
'Dowif:udk enf:enf:yg:yg: wnf:]zwfvu
kd \f if ydk yD:
tm:\S?d ydk yD: \Si:f vif:vmygr<f` Oyrm- tzGiu
hf kd tckvkd
a\:oihyf gw<f`
&ef uD : csKyf ouf q if \ S i f e m&yf x \monf
wevFmae.u ol.tpd:k \> pD:yGm:a\:Sihf vlrKS a\:rl&g'
rsm:udk ajunmyD: uwd u&wfrsm: ]yKcJ\h m a&zeforl sm:
url tqkyd guwdrsm:udk ]znhq
f nf: zd.k cufcv
J rfd rhf nf
]zpfajumif: a]ymqkyd gonf`
b<fvykd ]J zpf]zpfygav? tJ'o
D wif: uav:uawmh
rde.f cGe:f wpfck tajumif:a\:wJh erlemowif:aumif: wpfy'k f
ygy`J
125
IMMF2.pmd
125
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcrf:tem:rsm:rSmvnf:...
omref
owif:\if:]rpfawGudkvnf:
arhrxm:ygeJ`
owif:axmufawG[m tcrf:tem:yJG
awGtajumif: owif:a\:om:wJh tcgrSmvnf:
rd e f . cG e f : awG e J . owif : pm\S i f : vif : yJ G a wG
tajumif:a\:wJt
h cg rSm:wwfwt
hJ wdik :f rSm:wwf
juygw<f` olwkd.u t\m\SduD: wpfa<muf
tcrf:tem:udk wufa\mufwJh tajumif:udkyJ
tzG i f h r S m tom:ay: wif a \:avh \S d w wf
juygw<f` 'gayrJh tJ'g[m wu<hf owif:
[kwf\J.vm:` tcrf:tem:eJ. zGifhvSpfay:vkduf
w<fqw
dk hJ ausmif:tajumif:usawmh b<fa\mufaeovJ` 'Dausmif:
zGihfvdkufwmajumifh \GmxJu uav:awG yxrOD:qHk:tudrf t]zpf
ausmif:wuf cGihf \oGm:yDvm:`
t]rJwrf:rSm bmu ta\:ygwmvJ? vlxktay; bm
oufa\mufrKS \So
d vJ qkw
d mudk pOf:pm:yg`
]refrmdik if u
H pme<fZif: oifwef:om:wpfpu
k kd armfvrdKif rdK.
uD:rSm |kyf\Sif|kHopfwpf|kH zGifhvSpfvkdufwJhtajumif: owif:wpfyk'f
a\:ckid :f cJw
h <f` trsm:pku zGiyhf t
GJ crf:tem:udk ppfbuft\m\Sd uD:awG
wufa\mufwJhtajumif:udkyJ tzGifhpmydk'f t]zpf wifa\:cJhjuw<f`
tzGihf wpfcrk mS qd\k if |ky\f iS |f aHk \S.wGif zJudK:udk ]zwfay:yD:aemuf tcrf:
tem:wufa\mufvmolrsm:tm: vufaqmifypPn:f rsm: a&iSay:cJo
h nf
qdk yD: a\:xm:w<f`
wu<fu 'D|yk \f iS |f u
Hk kd zGiv
hf pS v
f u
dk w
f t
hJ wGuf trsm:]ynfol
awGtaeeJ. b<fvkd tusKd:\Srd mS vJqw
kd muom t"du ta\:uD:wm
yg`
armfvrdKifrdK.wGif 1971 ckpS u
f pyD: <cktcsdet
f wGi:f
yxrqH:k tudrf t]zpf zGiv
hf pS v
f u
kd af om qlygpwm:|ky\f iS |f o
Hk .dk
|ky\f iS cf spfol 400 ausmfu <ae.wpfceJ uf vma\muftm:ay:
cJjh uonf`
qdk yD:yJ a\:oihyf gw<f`
126
IMMF2.pmd
126
6/2/2547, 23:42
tydik :f (6)
tydik :f (6)
tcef: (14)
a\'D<?kd |kyo
f t
a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:axmufawG taeeJ.vnf: a\S.u
tcef:awGrmS azmf]yoGm:cJw
h hJ ta]ccHpnf:rsOf:rsm:twkid :f yJ vku
d ef m usifh
oH:k dik yf gw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmrSm owif:a\:om:]cif:eJ. a\'D<ekd .J
|kyfoHawGtwGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:wkd.tjum:rSm ta\:uD:wJh
uGm]cm:csufawGawmh \Syd gw<f`
pme<fZif:orm:awG owif:a\:w<fqdkwmu tajumif:
t\mwpf\yfukd pmzwfopl w
d x
f J ]rifa<mifvmatmif o|kyaf zmf a\:]y
\wmrsKd:yg` a\'D<ekd .J |kyo
f H owif:axmufawGusawmh y\dowfukd
a]ym]y\wmrsKd:`
a\'D<ekd .J |kyo
f H owif:axmufawGu owif:]zpf\yfwpfck
tajumif: toHoiG :f xm:wm ]zpf]zpf? "mwfyakH wGu]kd zpf]zpf? AD'<
D w
kd yd f
acG]zpf]zpf wifqufay:wmajumifh y\dowf[m t]zpftysufawGukd
ud<
k w
f idk jf um:\? ]rif\w<f` a\'D<ekd .J |kyo
f o
H wif:axmufaumif:
wpfa<muf[m toHoiG :f xm:wmawG? "mwfyakH wGe.J AD'<
D w
kd yd af cGawG
udk wifquf]yo|kHreJ. wm&efrausao:ygbl:` 'Dt]zpftysuf
tajumif:csif:\mudk y\dowfuD: em:vnfoabmaygufatmifvnf:
\Si:f vif: wif]yay:\ygw<f`
wpfudryf rJ .kd aocsmygap

owif:pmzwf y\dowftaeeJ. owif:wpfy'k u
f kd r\Si:f bl:
qk\d if ol.rSm tcsde\f oavmuf ]yefzwfjunhv
f .kd \ygw<f` owif:udk
tudrfudrf \Sif:wJhtxd zwfaevdk. \w<f` a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH
y\dowfuD:uawmh tJ'Dvdk rvkyfdkifbl:` olwkd.taeeJ. owif:
wpfyk'fudk wpfudrfyJ jum:odcGifh\Sdw<f` 'ght]yif a\'D<kdeJ. |kyfoH
owif:xkwv
f i rhf KS awGu rsm:aomtm:]zifh tcsdew
f w
kd u
kd av:` a\'D
<dek .J |kyo
f o
H wif:axmufawG taeeJ. owif:awGukd ajunma]ymqdk
zd.k twGuf cEuav:yJ tcsde\f wwfw<f`
127
IMMF2.pmd
127
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (14) a\'D<?kd |kyo

f t
'gajumifh a\'D<ekd .J |kyo

f o
H wif:axmufawG[m owif:awG
udk a\:om:wJah e\mrSm pme<fZif: q\mawGxuf ydk yD: \Si:f vif:? uspf
vspf\r<hft]yif vufa\G:pifowif:rsKd:vnf: ]zpf\ygr<f` omref
ae.pOfo:kH pum:vH:k awGe.J tmvmyovmy a]ymwJh yHpk rH sKd: ajunm
a]ymqk\d r<f` tajumif:t\m ]zpf\yfwpfcu
k kd w]cm:vlwpfa<mufukd
a]ym]yaewJh yHpk rH sKd:twkid :f yJ &guswpfcek .J wpfc[
k m tquftpyf \S\d edS .J
acsmarG.aeap\ygr<f` em:axmifwJh y\dowf[m udk<hfowif:udk
jum:vku
d \f wmeJ. em:vnf oabmayguf ikd \f r<f`
t]zpftysufwpfc\k .J ? 'grrS [kwf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG wpfck
\J. tajumif:ud]k zpfap? |SKyfaxG:ayGvw
D hJ ]zpf\yfwpfcu
k kd ]zpfap wif]y
wJt
h cg ta\:tuD:qH:k tcsuftvufawGuykd J a\G:cs<fwif]y\ygr<f`
udk<fhowif:\J. tp yxr&gus Spfck? oHk:ckrSm tJ'D t"dutcsuf
tvuf? 'grrS [kwf tajumif:t\mudk wif]y\r<f` 'Dvekd nf:eJ. y\d
owfu 'Dowif:[m ta\:uD:wJh owif:ygvm:? pdw&f ifpm:p\mygvm:
qkd yD: qufem:axmif]zpfomG :r<f`
owif:pmawGrSmvdk aemufcHorkdif:eJ. tao:pdwftcsuf
tvufawG (Oyrm-vlrsm:\J. touf? ae\yfvyd pf m? pm\if:tif:awG)
u kd azmf]yay:zd.k rvdyk gb:l ` tJ'gawGuo
kd m azmf]yae\\if a\'D<ekd .J
|kyo
f o
H wif:awG[m \Snv
f sm:axG]ym:yD: tm:vH:k |SKyfuek rf <f`
vuf\]dS zpfaeonfudk tm|kpH u

kd yf g
a&:vHacgifow
D hJ ae\mu
vlawG[m owif:ukd
tvkt
d yfq:kH ygyJ`
vlawGu owif:pm
udk aumuf ukid v
f u
dk w
f meJ.
'g rae.u owif : awG q d k
wm odxm:yD:om:yg` 'gayrJh
vlawGu a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH
puf a wG u d k
zG i f h em:
axmifw<f? zGijhf unfw
h <f
qkdwmuawmh aemufqHk:
owif:awGudk odcsifvdk.yJ
]zpf y gw<f ` 'D u ae.rS m
bmawG ]zpfysuf aeovJ?
<kwpf t
G qH:k tck avmavm vwfvwfrmS udk bmawG ]zpfaeovJayg`h
'gajumif h a\'D < k d e J . |k y f o H owif : axmuf a wG [ m aemuf
128
IMMF2.pmd
128
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
qHk:t]zpftysufawGeJ. tck avmavmvwfvwfrSm bmawG]zpfae

ovJ qkw
d mawGay;rSmyJ wwfikd o
f avmuf tm|kpH u
kd \f ygr<f`
pnf:urf:csuf tcsKd.
a\'D<ekd .J |kyo
f o
H wif:aumif:wpfy'k f a\:om:vdw
k <fq\kd if
atmufygtcsufawGukd vku
d ef moifyh gw<f`
&gusawGukd wkw
d ydk J oH:k yD: uwWm:-uH-ud<m yHpk eH .J |k:d |d:k \Si:f \Si:f yJ
a\:yg`
&guswpfajumif:rSm tajumif:t\mwpfcu
k ykd J wif]yyg`
cGet
f m:\Sw
d hJ ud<mrsm:udo
k :kH yg? vdt
k yfwt
hJ cgrsm:rSm emr&daooeeJ.
ud<m&daooeawGuv
kd nf: oH:k ay:yg`
ud<
k o
fh wif: xda\mufrKS \daS tmife.J aemufq:kH t]zpftysufukd wif]y
aew<fqw
kd m ay;vGiaf tmif t}Fvyd b
f momeJ. ajunmaewmqk\d if
present tense 'grr
S [kwf present perfect tense rsm:eJ. ajunma]ymqkd
\ygr<f`
omrefvlawG em:rvnfdkifwJh? |SKyfaxG:cufcJwJh pum:vHk:rsm:udk
a\Smifyg` tpd:k \ wm&ef\ydS k Kd vfrsm:eJ. ynm\yfqidk \f m ur:f usio
f rl sm:
om oHk:SKef:wJh toHk:tSKef:rsKd:awGudkvnf: a\Smifyg` udk<hfrdwfaqG
taygi:f toif:awGe.J edp"P &l a]ymqko
d vdk a]ym|d:k a]ympOf toH:k tSKef:
awGudkyJ oHk:\ygr<f` taumiftxnfazmf aqmif\Gufaeygw<f
tpm: vkyaf qmifaeygw<f vd.k yJ a]ymyg`
a<bk<stm:]zifh owif:udk p ajunmwJt
h cg 'Dowif:udk b<fu
od\w<fqw
dk hJ owif:\J. \if:]rpfe.J &gusudk p\ygr<f` tJ'grS y\d
owftaeeJ. qufem:axmif]zpfomG :zd.k ydt
k qifa]yw<f` 'Dtcsufu
pme<fZif:awGrmS a\:om:[efe.J uGmw<f` pme<fZif:awGrmS usawmh
owif:\if:]rpfukd &gus\J. tqH:k rSmrS azmf]ywwfjuygw<f`
ta\:tuD:qHk: pum:vHk:udk &gus\J. a\S.qHk:ydkif:rSm xnhfa]ymyg`
a]rqDvmtwGif: ta]ymif:tvJawGajumifh \Gmom:awG toD:tSH
yifrsm: pdu
k \f cufae\ygw<f vd.k ra]ymyge.J ` \Gmom:rsm:toD:tSH
pdu
k yf sKd:a\:[m a]rvmtwGi:f ta]ymif:tvJawGajumifh tckawmh t
cufawG.ae\yD vd.k a]ymyg`
\Snfvsm:ayrsm:vGef:wJh \mxl:trnfawGeJ. XmetrnfawGudk
twdkcsHK.ypfyg` taumufcGefXme xkwfukefXmecJG nefjum:a\:rSL:
129
IMMF2.pmd
129
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
tpm: taumufceG t
f \m\Sd vd.k yJ |d:k |d:k \Si:f \Si:f oH:k vdu
k yf g` a\'D<kd
em:axmifoal wG? |kyo
f jH unho
f al wG[m bJ.G xl:}kEx
f :l awGukd t]ynhf
tpHk odaep\m rvdyk gb:l `
]refrmh|yk o
f u
H xkwv
f i w
hf hJ owif:wpfy'k \f .J tzGiu
hf jkd unhyf g`
vlrKS zlvaHk \:? u<fq<fa\:Sihf ]yefvnf ae\mcsxm:a\:
&efuD:Xme&efuD: Adv
k rf LS :csKyf pdex
f mG :onf a'guw
f m rku
d u
f <f
'gvfwef acgif:aqmifaom ta\S.awmiftm\Sa'o vlarSmifckd
ukeo
f <
G rf KS yaysmufa\: tmqD<-H jopajw:vs pDru
H ed :f yl:aygi:f
aqmif\Gufa\: tzJG.tm: a'opHawmfcsdef 18:30 em\Du
]r\dyn
f Kd |dKG if\<f[w
kd <f ]ynfaqmifrmS vufcaH wG.qHck yhJ gw<f`
tzGirhf mS emrnfe.J bJ.G xl:}kEx
f :l \Snf uD: oH:k cke.J rd.k \Snf
vnf:\Sn?f |SKyfvnf:|SKyfaewJt
h wGuf em:qifoal wGtaeeJ. em:vnf
dik rf mS r[kwb
f :l ` owif:\J. tajumif:t\mua\m bmvJ` awG.qHk
|kyo
f u
H vlawG\.J pdwcf pH m:rawGudk trdt\ azmf]ydik af yr<fh wpfcsdew
f nf:rSm
taSmihft<Sufvnf: ]zpfapygw<f`
juw<fq|kd Hk oufoufyv
J m:` olw.dk awG.qHjk uawmh bmawG a]ymqdk
aqG:aG:juovJ` wpfcck u
k kd vkyjf uzd.k oabmwlcjhJ uovm:` yD:awmh
'DtzJ.G u bmtzG.J vJ` bm]zpfv.kd ]refrmdik if u
H kd vm\wmvJ` 'g awG
wpfcrk S rod\bl:`
'kw<
d tyd'k rf mS usawmh Adv
k rf LS :csKyu
f npmwnfcif:wJh tcrf:
tem:udk wufa\mufvmwJh ykKd vfcek pfO:D \J. \mxl:? }kEx
f :l awGuykd J
130
IMMF2.pmd
130
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
zwf]yoGm:w<f` owif:\J. wwd<yk'd u

f akd wmh t\m\Sd uD: Spaf <muf
emrnfe.J tzJ.G oGm:a\mufvnfywfcw
hJ hJ ae\mawGuykd J a]ymoGm:w<f`
'Dowif:wpfy'k v
f :kH udk junf|h KS em:axmifaeol taeeJ. b<f
vdv
k yk f yD: em:vnfoabmayguf ikd rf mS vJ`
uJ-tck 'Dpmtkyt
f a\S.ydik :f rSm azmf]ycJw
h hJ owif:OD:Spyf 'k u
f kd
junhfju\atmif` tJ'Dowif:awGudk a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHxkwfvifhzdk.
twGuf b<fvkd a\:rvJqw
dk mudyk g`
b<fbuf]crf:u owif:pmxJrSmygwJh owif:]zpfygw<f`
nmbuf]crf:u 'Dowif:udk a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHxkwfvihfr<fqdk ]yef
a\:oifw
h hJ yHpk yH g`
uam'D:<m:txnfcsKyfvkyfom:rsm: tusyftwnf:juHKae\
owif:pm ta\:tom:
a\'D<ekd .J |kyo
f o
H wif:ta\:tom:
tar\du]ynfaxmifpk wGif pD:yGm:

a\: wH.k qkid :f rSKajumifh uam'D:<m: dik if w
H iG f
onfpS f <cktcsdet
f xd txnf csKyfpuf|Hk
tenf:qH:k 12 |kH <m<D ydw
f v
f u
dk \f yD ]zpf
ajumif : ul : oef : a\mif : &<f a \: &ef uD :
csefy\mqd'u
f a]ymjum:onf`
avmavmq<fwGif tvkyform:
3000 ausmfukd tvkyrf S <m<D \yfqidk :f xm:
\yD: ta]ctae rwk:d wufvmygu aemuf
xyf tvk y f ] yKwf j uvd r h f O D : rnf [ k ol u
a]ymonf`
xd.k ]yif txnfcsKyf tvky|f Hk 200
cef . u tcsd e f y d k u d k avmh c s vk d u f o ]zif h
tqkdif:Spfqkdif:rS wpfqkdif:yJ ]zpfoGm:\m
tvkyform: trsm:t]ym:onf tvkyfcsdef
em\D avsmhenf:oGm:\ajumif:vnf: &efuD:u
a]ym]yonf`
tar\du]ynfaxmifprk mS ]zpfae
wJh pD:yGm:a\:]yemawG ay;rSm ueaf wmfw.dk
uam'D : <m:d k i f i H
ul : oef :
a\mif:&<fa\: &efuD:u <ck\uf ydik :f twGi:f
txnfcsKyf|Hk 12 |kH <m<Dyw
d o
f rd :f vdu
k \f wJh
twGuf vl 3000 tvkyf]yKwfoGm:\ajumif:
a]ymyg w<f`
&efuD:csefy\mqd'u
f 'Duae. a]ym
jum:\mrSm <ckvkd ydwyf pf \wm[m tar\du
]ynfaxmifprk mS pD:yGm:a\: wH.k qdik :f \wmajumifh
]zpfajumif: tajumif:]yygw<f`
'ght]yif ta]ctaeawG wkd:wuf
aumif:rGef rvmbl:qk\d if vlawG aemufxyf
tvk y f ] yKwf \ vd r h f O D : r<f v k d . vnf : ol u
a]ymygw<f`
dik if \H .J txnfcsKyf|Hk 200 [m t
csdefydkeJ. tvkyftqkdif:awGudk avmhcs\wm
ajumifh tvkyo
f rm: tawmfrsm:rsm: tvkycf sdef
avsmh enf : oG m :w<f v d k . vnf : &ef uD : u
a]ymoGm:ygw<f`
uam'D : <m:d k i f i H txnf c sKyf
131
IMMF2.pmd
131
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
qDu puf|yHk idk \f iS af wGa\m? tvkyo

f rm: awGu
yg tvGepf :kd \draf ejuygw<f olu a]ym onf`
uam'D : <m:d k i f i H txnf c sKyf
vkyif ef: wGif vl 200000 tvkyf vkyu
f ikd af e
juyD: wpfO:D vifwpfv ysr:f r a';vm 40 cef.
\\Sdonf` csKyfxnf 80 \mckdifSKef:ausmfudk
tar\du]ynfaxmifpkodk. wifydk.a\mif:cs \
onf`
<cktcg Spf&ufusKd:oGm:yD ]zpf
aomf v nf : uam'D : <m:u tar\d u
]ynfaxmifpo
k .dk Sppf Of wify.kd aeus cJw
G rf:
yrmE> 40 \mck d i f S K ef : ud k y if r]ynf h r D
ao:ajumif: &efuD:u a]ymygonf` <ref
Spfuqkdvif ZGeftukefuwnf:u tar\du
]ynfaxmifpt
k wGuf cJG wrf:udk t]ynft
h & eD:yg:
wify.kd cJh yD:]zpfajumif: olu a]ymyg onf`
vkyif ef:u vl 200000 ausmf udk tvkyt

f udik f
ay:xm:wmyg` csKyfxnf 80 \mckdifSKef:u
tar\du ]ynfaxmifpu
k kd wify.kd ae\ygw<f`
rdrdtaeeJ. vkyfief:\Sifrsm:twGuf a\m?
tvkyform:rsm:twGufyg pdk:\drf ylyefrdwJh
tajumif: &efuD: csef y\mqd'u
f a]ymyg w<f`
a\'D<dkeJ.|kyfoHvifhowif:rSm t"du tajumif:t\mudk

wdkwdkeJ. \Sif:\Sif:yJ tzGifhrSm wif]y]cif:]zifh em:qifjunhf|SKolawG
pdwf&ifpm:atmif zrf:qJGxm:ygw<f` &gus |dk:|dk:pif:pif: awGeJ.yJ
wif]yoGm:wmudk owd]yKjunhyf g`
owif:ukd ul:oef:a\mif:&<fa\:&efuD:eJh tpcsDvdkufwJh
twGuf em:qifjunfh|SKolawGtaeeJ. csufcsif:yJ 'Dowif:tcsuf
tvuf\.J \if:]rpfukd odvu
kd jf u\w<f` t}Fvyd v
f kd a]ymr<fq\dk if
awmh csufcsif:vufiif:]zpfaewmqkw
d m cHpm:\atmif present tense
eJ.yJ oH:k yD: ajunm\rSm]zpfygw<f` owif:pm tzGiphf myd'k rf mS awmh
txnfcsKyfpuf|kHawG tajumif:a\m? tar\duefdkifiH\J. pD:yGm:a\:
tajumif:udyk g azmf]yxm:ygw<f` toHvi o
hf wif:rSmawmh tar\duef
dik if \H .J pD:yGm:a\:tajumif:udk 'kw<
d pmyd'k rf mS xm:vdu
k ]f cif:tm:]zifh
tzGipfh myd'k [
f m wdw
k \kd iS :f \Si:f ]zpfomG :yD: ajunma]ymqk\d wm vG<o
f mG :
ygw<f` tJ'v
D ]kd zpfatmif &efuD:\J. emrnfuv
kd nf: 'kw<
d tyd'k u
f srSyJ
azmf]yay:vku
d w
f <f`
'kw<
d tyd'k rf mS &efuD:\J. emrnfe.J ol b<fwek :f u a]ym
w<fqkdwmudk \Sif:atmif azmf]yay:xm:ygw<f` a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH
132
IMMF2.pmd
132
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
owif:axmufu t]zpftysufwpf\yfukd ae.csif: owif:ajunm\

wmajumifh 'Duae. qdw
k mudk oH:k SKef:xm:wmyg`
wwd<pmydk'fu 'hgt]yif qdkwJhpum:vHk:u tay;u
owif:tcsuftvufeJ. atmufrSm qufpyfazmf]yr<fh owif:
tajumif:t\mwk.d jum:rSm aygi:f ul:ay:xm:wm ]zpfygw<f` a\'D<kd
eJ. |kyo
f o
H wif:awGrmS &gustpudk 'gt
h ]yif eJ. pwm[m enf:aumif:
wpfcyk g` 'Dvkd pvdu
k ]f cif:tm:]zifh &guswko
d mG :wJt
h ]yif owif:uvnf:
tcsdwt
f quf rdred .J qufomG :ygw<f`
pwkwt
M yd'k rf mS vnf: 'D]zpf\yfu avmavmq<f ]zpfysuf
aew<fqw
dk m ay;vGiaf tmif a\:om:azmf]yxm:ygw<f`
aemufq:kH tyd'k rf mS owif:pma\:om:csufavmuf aemufcH
orkid :f awGukd razmf]yxm:ygb:l ` tajumif:uawmh (1) a\'D<ekd .J |kyf
oHowif:awGu tcsdew
f w
kd t
hJ wGuf ]zpfygw<f` (2) em:qifjunh|f KS
aeolawG taeeJ.vnf: tcsuftvuf tao:pdwaf wGukd trsm:uD:
rrSwrf w
d wfjuvd.k ygyJ`
tckwpfcg a\S.rSmazmf]ycJh yD:]zpfwhJ uam'D:<m:a':vD:
owif:pm aqmif:yg:udk xyfjunhjf u\atmif`
rauseyfol tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm: 6 at vrf:ruD:udyk w

d q
f .dk
rdK.awmf Oya'opft\ zGr:f yifrdK.wGi:f od.k &ifa\mufciG hf
wm:]rpfvu
kd o
f nft
h wGuf pdwq
f :kd a'goxGuaf eaom tiSm: <mOf
armif: 20 cef.onf 6 at trsKd:om:vrf:ruD: tpdwf tydik :f
wpfckudk t}Fgae.u ydwfqdk.xm:cJh\m wpfem\Djum <mOfajum
usyfawmufomG :cJ\h onf`
4if:wk.d > armfawmf<mOfrsm: rdK.awmfwiG :f od.k &ifa\muf
vm]cif:udk wm:]rpfonhf \Jtygt&if t]cm:tmEmydkifrsm:Sifh
tcsif:rsm: aeaom tqkdyg <mOfarmif:rsm:tm: vlpkcJG\ef
rD:owfum: a]cmufp:D udk xdak e\mod.k ac;<lc\hJ onf`
a]rmufyikd :f ]ynfe<frsm:rS tiSm:<mOfrsm: rdK.awmfwiG :f od.k
&ifa\muf]cif:udk wm:]rpfonfh pnfyifom<m trde.f onf t}Fgae.
up yD: touf&ifco
hJ nf`
<if:od.k wm:]rpf\]cif:rSm <mOfusyfawmufrKS oufomap
\efiS hf rdK.awmfom<mvSyap\ef ]zpfajumif: wm&ef\o
dS rl sm:u
a]ymonf`
133
IMMF2.pmd
133
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
<cktcg tiSm:<mOfrsm:onf rdK.awmf]yify 5 uDvrdk w

D m
tuGm\Sd y\ufv(d yf) a:wGif c\D:onfrsm:udk csay:\rnf]zpfyD:
xdu
k rS bwfpum:rsm:]zifh zGr:f yifo.kd c\D:quf\rnf`
rav:\Sm:ukrEDwpfck]zpfaom [dk&g}sifhwif: o<f<lydk.
aqmifa\: ukrE
o
D nf zGr:f yifrS y\ufv(d yf)Sihf y\ufv(d yf)rS
]ynfe<frsm:qDodk. bwfpum: a]y:qJGcGifhvkdifpif \xm:]cif:rSm
w\m:rwrSK r\Sdajumif: tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:u apm'u
wufjuonf`
wu<fv.kd [d&k gu tJ't
D cGit
hf a\:udk \oGm:w<fq\dk if
usKyfwkd. tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG ydkufqH\awmhrSm r[kwfbl:?
bmvdk.vJqkdawmh vlawGu bwfpum: wpfpD:uae wpfpD:
a]ymif : pD : oG m :juawmh r S m ud k : [k <mOf a rmif : wpf O D : ]zpf o l
[Gr[
f ufu a]ymonf` olu urfaygicf sef]ynfe<frS vlrsm:udk
o<fy.kd ay:aeol ]zpfygonf`
[d&k g vufaxmufrefae}sm qifeaf z\rfurl [d&k gurk E
D
onf bwfpum:rsm: a]y:qJ\G ef ]ynfo.l vkyif ef:rsm: &efuD:XmeSihf
pnfyifom<mwkd.rS cGifh]yKrdef.\\Sdxm:yD ]zpfo]zihf tiSm:<mOf
armif: rsm:tae]zifh ukrE
>
D pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:tay; taSmifh
t<Suf ray:oifah jumif: a]ymygonf`
ukrEDu tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:udk iJhnmonfhtae]zihf
y\uf vd(yf)rS ]ynfe<frsm:od.k wpfae.vif 12 udrf a]y:qJG ae\mrS
ckepf udro
f .kd avmhcsay:rnf]zpfajumif:vnf: olu qko
d nf`
tu<fI uefawmfw.dk u 'DrmS \if:S:D ]rKyfrHS KS rvkyu
f ikd f
dkifbl:qkd\if 'Duae xGufoGm:rSmyJ? yD:awmh uefawmfwkd.
rdwaf qGawGuv
kd nf: 'Dikd if rH mS tvkyv
f mrvkyef .J vk.d a]ym\rSmyJ
[k qifeaf z\rfu a]ymygonf`
pnf y if o m<mXme> ]ynf o l . vk y f i ef : rsm: Xme
nGefjum:a\:rSL: eifrfqm\efu tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm: tae]zihf
[d k & gtm: t]ypf w if aernf h t pm: rd r d w k d . > &ef a qmif r S K
t\nftaoG:awG wkd:wuf aumif:rGefvmatmif tm|kHpdkufoifh
ajumif: a]ymqko
d nf`
uefawmft
h xifawmh vlawGu [d&k g bwfpum:awGukd
pD:juwm[m vH]k cHKab:uif:w<f? avat:ay:pufygw<f? yD:awmh
oufaomifo
h ufomvnf: \Sv
d .dk ygyJ [k olua]ymygonf`
134
IMMF2.pmd
134
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
'gukd |kyo
f o
H wif:t]zpf a]ymif:yD:ajunmdik yf gw<f` tJ'D
owif:xJrmS 'DtxJrmS ygwv
hJ al wGxu
J tenf:qH:k wpfa<muf\.J a]ym
qdkcsuf\<f? owif:axmuf\J. tcsif:]zpfwJh ae\muae owif:ydk.
a]ymqkcd suf\<f? wcsKd.ae\mawGrmS aemufct
H oHawGe.J aw:}DwoH
awGukd a\marv.kd \<f udKwif toHoiG :f <lxm:yD: xkwv
f i ahf y:dik yf g
w<f` txnfcsKyfpuf|kH owif:u ta]ccHowif:tcsuftvuf
twkcd sKyfyJ ygwmrd.k owif:ajunmolu zwf]yoGm:wm ydak umif:yg
w<f`
|kyo
f o
H wif: xkwv
f i rhf KS rSmusawmh owif:ta\:tom:u
owif:vmrSm a\:ovdk odyu
f spfvspfp\m rvdb
k :l ` taoG:ta\mifawG
xnho
f iG :f ]c<frKS ef:dik yf gw<f` 'gayrJh ta]ccHpnf:rsO:f awGuawmh twl
wlygy`J owif:udk twwfikd q
f :kH \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif:? wnfw
h nfeh .J <kwdW
\S\d dS wif]y\ygr<f`
'Dvkd owif:udk wifqufxkwfvifhwmrSm udk<hftwGuf
tm:omcsufu vlawGa]ymwJh toHukd rl\if:twkid :f xnhaf y:dik w
f myJ
]zpfygw<f` vlawGu olwkd.tajumif: a]ymqkdcsufawGudk ]zpfdkif
oavmuf olw.dk bmom a]ym]ywmudyk J xnhaf y:yg` tJ'v
D kd a]ympum:
aumufw
k cf suf tydik :f uav:awGukd ]zwfp (clips) vd.k ac;yg w<f`
uJ-tck txufrmS azmf]ycJw
h hJ owif:udk |ky]f rifojH um:rSm
b<fvkd xkwv
f i ahf y:r<fqw
dk m junh\f atmifyg` 'Dt]zpf ]zpfysufwhJ
ae.rSmyJ owif:xkwv
f i w
hf <f qkw
d mudak wmh rSwx
f m:yg`
owif:ajunmol
zGrf:yif rdK.awmfxJudk &ifwJh t"du
ta&:a]y:vrf:ruD: wpfcak y;rSm pdwq
f :kd a'go xGuf
aewJh tiSm:<mOfarmif: 20 cef.u qN]y aewm
ajumifh 'Duae.rSm wpfem\Dausmfjum vrf:ydwq
f .dk
oG m :\ygw<f ` tJ ' D a e\muae owif : axmuf
auuifrq
f eG :f u tckvkd owif: ay:yd.k xm:ygw<f`
owif:axmuf auuifrq
f eG :f
olw.dk \J.um:awG rdK.awmfxJ r&if\ atmif
wm:xm:wJh \JawG eJ. tcsif:rsm:aewJh <mOfarmif:
owif:tajumif:t\m tpysKd:wJh tzGiu

fh kd
owif:ajunmoluykd J ajunmapwm rsm:ygw<f`
yD:awmhrS owif:axmuf u tajumif:t\mudk
qufa]ymoGm:ayg`h 'Dvkd vkyw
f mu owif:ay;rSm
ydk yD: pdw&f ifpm:rSK \Sad pygw<f` ta&:a]y:vrf:r
uD:emrnfukd csefxm:\pfwm owd]yKyg`
'Dvkd csefxm:vdu
k f wmajumifh owif:tpydik :f udk
xkwv
f i \hf wm vG<o
f mG :ovdk em:vnfv<
G af tmif
vnf: twwfikd q
f :kH udK:pm:xm:wmyg`
aemufqufvi rhf <ft
h ydik :f rSm qN]yaeyHak wGukd ]yyD:
owif: axmufu aemufuae ajunmay:aeoHukd
toHoiG :f <lyD: xkwv
f i ahf y:dik o
f vdk
owif:axmufu tcsif:]zpf\muae rwfwyf\yfyD:
owif:ay:yd.k aewmudv
k nf: xkwv
f i ahf y:dik f
ygw<f`
135
IMMF2.pmd
135
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
aemuf bmquf]zpfw<fqw
kd m a]ym]yw<f`
owif:pmazmf]ycsufe.J twlwv
l ykd gy`J 'gayrJh
armfawmf<mOfrsm: tpm: um:awG? wm:]rpfonfh
tpm: wm:xm:wJh po]zih|f :kd |d:k \Si:f \Si:f pum:vH:k awG
oH:k xm:wm }|kpu
dk yf g` owif:ajunmcsuf
wpfudrw
f nf:udyk J jum:cGi\fh r<fh em:qifot
l aeeJ.
|k:d \Si:f wJh pum:vH:k awGo:kH rS ydk yD: em:vnfv<
G yf gr<f`
owif:pmrSmvkyd J |kyo
f o
H wif:rSmvnf:
em:axmifoal wG taeeJ. owif:tajumif:t\mudk
tpuwnf:u odem:vnfikd zf .kd twGuf
aemufco
H rkid :f udk odxm:zk.d vdyk gw<f` 'DrmS vnf:
csay:\rnf]zpfyD: tpm: \yf\r<f vd.k
|d:k |d:k \Si:f \Si:f oH:k xm:ygw<f`
tiSm:<mOfarmif:bufu t]rifyg` 'Dtyd'k rf mS vnf:

ta\: tom:u owif:xufykd yD: \Si:f vif:rSK\Syd gw<f`
ydk yD: ta\:ygwmu [Gr[
f uf\.J owif:
]zwfpukx
d nhaf y:wmajumifh <mOfarmif:\J. a'goudk
em:eJ.qwfqwf jum:ju\w<f` 'gu a\'D<ekd .J
|kyo
f o
H wif:awG\.J tm:omcsufygy`J
awGukd vlpck yGJ pfz.kd twGuf rD:owfum: a]cmufp:D udk

ac;vdu
k af wmhryS J ydw
d af ewhJ 6 at vrf:ruD:[m
yGio
hf mG : cJyh gw<f`
rdK.awmfxJudk a]rmufydkif: ]ynfe<frsm:
qDu tiSm:um:rsm: &ifa\mufwmudk 'Duae.rSm
pyD: ydwfvdkufygyD` 'Dvdkydwf\wm[m <mOfusyf
awmufrSK oufomap\efeJ. rdK.awmfom<mvSy
ap\ef ]zpfajumif: wm&ef\o
dS al wGu a]ymyg w<f`
tckq\dk if tiSm:um:awGu rdK.awmft]yifbuf 5
uDvrkd w
D mtuGm\Sw
d hJ y\ufv(d yf)a:rSm \yf\ r<f`
c\D:onfawGu tJ'u
D ae bwfpum:eJ. c\D:quf
\ rSm ]zpfyg w<f`
owif:axmuf auuifrq
f eG :f ]yef&if`
zGrf:yifuae y\ufvd(yf)? tJ'DurS
wpf q if h ]ynf e <f a wG q D a]y:qJ G c G i f h \ xm:wJ h
rav:\Sm:ydkif [dk&g}sifhwif: o<f<lydk.aqmifa\:
ukrE
aD y;rSm txl:yJ rauseyfjuygb:l `
'D t ajumif : ud k urf a ygif c srf vrf :
ajumif:ay;u tiSm:<mOf armif:wpfOD:]zpfwJh
[Gr[
f ufu tckvkd \Si:f ]yygw<f`
]zwfp? [Gr[
f ufa]ymyHu
k kd ]yo
ol w k d . u
usKyf w k d . yg:pyf x J u
xrif:vkwu
f kd vk<o
l mG :wmyJAs? wu<fv.dk [d&k gu
tJ'D tcGifhta\:udk \oGm:w<fqkd\if usKyfwkd.
tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG ydkufqH\awmhrSm r[kwfbl:?
bmvd k . vJ qk d a wmh vl a wG u bwf p um:
wpfp:D uae wpfp:D a]ymif:pD:oGm:ju awmhrmS ud:k
'gayrJh ukrE
b
D ufuae a]ymqkw
d hJ vuf
axmufrefae}sm qifefaz\rfuawmh vHk:&vuf
rcHb:l `
136
IMMF2.pmd
136
6/2/2547, 23:42

f t
]zwfp? qifeaf z\rf a]ymyHu

k ]kd yo`
'Dr<f? 'DvlawGtaeeJ. uefawmfwkd.
vk y f i ef : rS m bmrS v myD : pG u f z uf c G i f h r \S d b l : ?
uefawmfwkd. u bwfpum:a]y:qJGcGifhudk ]ynfol.
vkyfief:&efuD: XmeeJ. pnfyifom<mwdk.uae
cG i f h ] yKrd e f . \xm:yD : om:? uef a wmf w k d . buf u
tiSm:um:orm:awGudk iJhnmwJh taeeJ. ae.pOf
a]y:qJGaewJh c\D:pOfudk 12 ckuae 7 cktxd
avmhcsay:rSmyg? tu<f I uefawmfwkd.u 'DrSm
\if:S:D ]rKyfHS rvkyu
f ikd f ikd b
f :l qd\k if 'Duae xGuo
f mG :
rSmyJ? yD:awmh uefawmfwdk. rdwfaqGawGudkvnf:
'Dikd if rH mS tvkyf vmrvkyef .J vd.k a]ym\rSmyJ
]zwfpSpcf u
k kd xyfxnhaf y:yD: rwl ]cm:em:wJh
|SKaxmifh t]rifrsm:udk azmf]y]cif:tm:]zifh
pdw&f ifpm:p\m ydak umif: vm\ovdk
ormorwfvnf: usapygw<f`
yD:awmh um<uH\iS af wG ud<
k w
f idk u
f
a]ymwmudk jum:\awmh ydk yD:vnf:
tm:\Sdwmaygh`
owif:axmuf auuifrq
f eG :f
]ynfo.l vkyif ef:rsm: Xme nejf um:a\:rSL:
eifrq
f m\efuawmh tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:\J. a pm'u
wufrSKay;rSm ydkyD:awmhawmifrS \ufpufygao:
w<f`
]zwfp? eifrq
f m\ef a]ymyHu
k ]kd yo
olw.dk u [d&k gukd t]ypfa]ymaer<ht
f pm:
olwkd.\J. &efaqmifrSKudk ydkaumif:atmif vkyfoifh
w<f? ueaf wmht
f xifawmh vlawGu [d&k g bwfpum:
pD:juwm [m vH]k cHKab:uif:w<f? avat: ay:puf
ygw<f? yD:awmhoufaomifh oufom vnf:\Sv
d .kd ygy?J
\Si:f yg w<fAsm
ed}:Hk ? auuifrq
f eG :f
auuifrq
f eG :f ? t cktcg \Si:f oGm:yD]zpfwhJ zGr:f yif
t&if 6 atvrf:r uD:ay;uae owif:ay:yd.k csuf
]zpfygw<f`
ed}:Hk u vdt
k yfcsufwpf\yfawmh r[kwyf gb:l `
'gayrJh ed}:Hk yg\ifawmh owif:\J. tqH:k u
oyf\yfoGm:wmaygh`
137
IMMF2.pmd
137
6/2/2547, 23:42
tydik :f (7)
tydik :f (7)
tcef: (15)
usifh&wf
usif&h wfxed :f \ef wm&ef\]dS cif:
'Dtxd aqG:aG:cJw
h mawGuawmh pl:prf:avhvm]cif:? rSwpf k
vdkuf]cif:? owif:a\:om:]cif:pwJh owif:pmynm\yfqkdif\mawG
tajumif:]zpfygw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmq\maumif: qdw
k m ynm\yf
udk urf:usifwwfa]rmuf|Hk ruao:bl:? olw.dk wpfawG[m usif&h wf
apmifx
h ed :f olrsm:vnf: ]zpfygw<f` olw.dk u trSeef .J trSm:ukd odw<f`
yD:awmh t]rJyJ twwfikd q
f :kH trSeu
f efq:kH ]zpfatmif udK:pm:w<f`
'Dpmtkyf tpydik :f rSm azmf]ycJw
h t
hJ wkid :f owif:awGqw
dk m vl
trsm:t]ym:qD a\mufomG :yD: tJ'o
D wif:awGu vlawG\.J pOf:pm:awG:
ac;yHek .J vkyu
f ikd af qmif\u
G rf KS awGay;rSm joZmvr:f aewmrd.k owif:
pmq\mawG\.J wm&efu odyf uD:ygw<f` 'gajumifh owif:pmynm
qdw
k m[m ]ynfo.l &efaqmifrKS twGuf tifrwef joZmuD:wJh vufeuf
ud\<
d mwpfcv
k .kd awmif qdk ikd yf gw<f` 'Dawmh tJ'jD oZmeJ.twl wm&ef
&wW\m:awGvnf: ygvmygawmhw<f` wm&efawGuawmh a]zmifrh wf
\r<f? trScD u
kd if:\r<f? rwrSK\S\d r<f qkw
d mawGygy`J
owif:pmq\mawG usifh&wfrxdef:bl: qkd\ifawmh vl
ta]rmuft]rm:udk xdcu
dk ef pfemaprSmom ]zpfygw<f` olw.dk \J. owif:
\if:]rpf? olw.dk \J. owif:pm? olw.dk \J. pmzwforl sm:omru tqH:k rSm
vl.tzJ.G tpnf:uD:wpfcv
k :kH udyk g xdcu
dk ef pfem apwwfygw<f`
trSeftwdkif:a]ymyg
owif:\atmif qdk yD: rkom:roH:k yge.J ` owif:\if:]rpf wpf
a<mufa<mufe.J awG.vd.k ud<
k u
fh <
kd u
f kd rdwq
f ufwt
hJ cgrmS ud<
k efh m
rnf? udk<fvkyfaewJh owif:pm pmapmifemrnfeJ. udk<fvdkufaewJh
owif:tajumif:wd.k udk \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: a]ym]yyg` ae\mwpfae\mu
ae owif:\atmifqdk yD: q\m&ef? tpd:k \t\m\Sd po]zifh [efaqmif
138
IMMF2.pmd
138
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (15) usif&h wf
wmrsKd : rvk y f y geJ . ` awG . qH k a r:]ref : a]ymqd k c suf a wG u d k v nf :

tcGirhf \bJe.J toHoiG :f <lwmrsKd: rvkyyf ge.J ` ud<
k f tvdraf y;oGm:\if
ud<
k hf owif:pmwku
d \f .J emrnfe.J }kEo
f u
d mQ us\vdrrhf <f` vlawGu
vnf: ud<
k hf owif:pmudk aemufxyf owif:ay:awmh rSm r[kwf bl:`
owif : a\:om:
wJ h t cgrS m vnf : t]rJ w rf :
trSew
f \m:udyk J a\:yg` \wJh
owif : tcsuf t vuf a wG
]ynfph w
kH u
d srSK \Sad tmif wwf
d k i f o avmuf &g<rpd k u f
vk y f y g` ud k < h f o wif : [m
]ynhf]ynfhpHkpHkeJ. rr ww
\Sdw<fqdkwm aocsmatmif
vkyf\ygr<f` trSefw\m:udk
tdk:rnf: okwfwmrsKd: r]zpf
ap\bl:` udk<fh owif:[m
aumvm[v tqifh twef:
rsKd:avmufvnf: ]zpfraeap\bl:` udk<fa\:vkdufwJh owif:rSm:
oG m :w<f q k d w mod \ \if ud k < f h o wif : pmrS m csuf c sif : trS m :
]yifqifcsufxnfah y:yg` 'grS pmzwfy\dowftaeeJ. trSeu
f kd od\rSm
]zpfyg w<f`
pJaG eatmif rSwx
f m:\rSmu udpw
P pfcek .J ywfoufyD: ud<
k fh
\J.t]rifu b<fvdkyJ \Sdaeae tJ'gudk tav:ray:ygeJ`. udk<fh\J.
owif:xJrmS |SKaxmifph u
kH kd axmifah phatmif azmf]yay:\ygr<f`
wcsKd. owif:pmq\mrsm:u olwkd.owif:awGxJrSm xif
]rifcsufawG xnfah \:wwfw<f` olw.dk wpfawG[m olw.dk ud<
k w
f idk f \J.
t]rifawG? 'grSr[kwf olwkd. owif:pmudk aiGaju:yHhydk:ay:aewJh
tkypf \k .J t]rifaf wGukd ]zef.]zL:ay:csifwhJ qN\jdS uw<f` olw.dk u dik if H
a\:orm:rsm:vdk w]cm:ykKd vfrsm:tay; t]rJyJ ]ypfwif a&zefavh\dS
w<f` 'gayrJh trSefw\m:udkaomfvnf:aumif:? olwdk.a&zefovdk
r[kww
f mudak omfvnf:aumif: }|krpdu
k jf ubl:` 'Dawmh pd:k \drpf \mu
'Da&zefcsufawGukd owif:pmxJrmS yHk ydS af zmf]yxm:wmrd.k vltrsm:u
tJ'D xif]rif<q
l csufawGuykd J trSev
f .kd xifomG :r<fh udpu
P ykd g`
'Dvkd xif]rifcsufrsKd:awG udk<fhowif:xJ xnfha\:atmif
t<f'w
D m? owif:pmwku
d yf ikd \f iS ?f ajumf]im\Si?f 'grrS [kwf tmEmydik f
tkpw
d u
f sus avhvm
wwfatmif ysKd:axmif<yl g `
'Dyu
kH \Siaf vmif:vSnyfh v
GJ m:?
pm:aomufqkdifrSm
at:at:aq:aq:
a]ymqdkaejuyHkvm:`
139
IMMF2.pmd
139
6/2/2547, 23:42
tzJ.G tpnf:awGu twif:tusyf zdtm:ay: ckid :f apwmrsKd: \Sw

d wfyg
w<f` 'grrS [kwf rrSerf uefwmawGukd a\:ckid :f wmrsKd:vnf: \Sw
d <f`
olw.dk 'Dvckd idk :f wmudk ]iif:qefz.kd qkw
d m tifrwef cufygw<f` 'gay
rJh tJ'Dt]zpfrsKd:eJ. juHKvmwJhtcg udk<fhwm&ef? udk<fhtvkyfeJ. vl.
todu
k t
f &ef:uD:udk tav:xm: pOf:pm:\r<f`
owif:pmq\mwcsKd.udk aumfvpH m: owif:pmq\mawGv.kd
ac;w<f` olw.dk u ud<
k \fh .J ykvdu t]rifukd wif]yyD: aqmif:yg:
a\:om:juolawGyg` tJ'aD qmif:yg: aumfvaH wGukd owif: pmrsufmS
rsm:eJ. oD:]cm:cJG yD: azmf]yxm:w<fq\dk if \ygw<f` 'gayrJh aumfvpH m:
owif:pmq\mrsm:\J. t]rifawG[m tusKd:oifh tajumif:oifah wmh
]zpf\ygr<f` ol.txifukdyJ wpfzufowf a\:om:xm:wmrsKd:awmh
r]zpfoifyh gbl:`
udk<fa\:om: azmf]yvdkfufwJh owif:[m rSm:<Gif:oGm:wm
ajumifh vlyk Kd vfwpfO:D wpfa<mufukd xdcu
dk ef pfemapw<fq\dk if tJ'g
udk toa\zsufrKS vd.k ac;ygw<f` tJ'v
D kd ]zpfvm\if cH\wJyh k Kd vf[m
owif:rSm:a\:ole.J azmf]ywJh owif:pmudk toa\zsufrKS eJ. w\m:pJG
dkifygw<f` w\m:vdkbufu trSKdkifoGm:w<f qkd\ifawmh udk<hf\J.
owif:pm? 'grrS [kwf owif:Xmeu tJ'yD k Kd vfukd epfemaju:taeeJ.
aiGyrmE tawmfrsm:rsm: ay:avsmfapzd.k w\m:|k:H awmfu trde.f csrSwf
wwfw<f` 'Dvo
kd m]zpf\if ud<
k o
hf wif:Xme\J. }kEo
f u
d mQ a\m? bm
a\:taetxm:awGyg xdcu
dk \f w<f` owif:pm \yfem:oGm:\wmrsKd:
txd ]zpfomG :dik w
f <f` toa\zsufrKS Oya'awGu wpfikd if eH .J wpf
d k i f i H uG m ]cm:wmawG a wmh \S d y gw<f ` 'gajumif h ud k < f h d k i f i H \ J .
Oya'udak wmh aoaocsmcsm odatmif avhvmxm:\ygr<f`
wrifcsJ.um:]cif: od.k r[kwf pdwq

f aG y:]cif:rsKd: rvkyyf gSihf
ydyuQawG[m owif:awG]zpfw<f? ydyuQtajumif:
owif:rsm:yg\if owif:pm a\mif:aumif:w<fqw
dk m tm:vH:k todyg`
vlrsKd:a\:? bmoma\:? dik if aH \:ydyuQawG[m vrf:ay; tjurf:zuf
rSKawGtxd ]zpfwwfwmrsKd:yg` usih&f wfapmifx
h ed :f wJh owif:pmawG[m
olw.dk \J. owif:eJ. owif:"mwfyakH wGxrJ mS ydyuQ tajumif:t\m
awGukd wrifcsJ.um: a\:om:wmrsKd: rvkyjf ubl:` bm]zpfv.kd vJqadk wmh
tJ'v
D kd a\:om: azmf]ywmrsKd:ajumifh ta]ctaeawG ydq
k :kd oGm:dik v
f .kd
ygy`J 'gt
h ]yif olw.dk owif:awGajumifh vlrsKd:a\:? bmoma\:? 'grS
140
IMMF2.pmd
140
6/2/2547, 23:42
r[kwf wpfpek .J wpfpt

k jum: trke:f rD:yGm:\r<fh t]zpfrsK:d vnf: ta\muf
rcHygb:l `
trsm:tusKd:udk aqmifyg? ud<

k t
fh usKd:udk raqmifygiS hf
owif:pmq\maumif:rsm:[m trsm:]ynfow
l .dk \J. tusKd:udk
yJ aqmifwwfygw<f` ud<
k w
fh pfu<
kd af umif:twGuaf wmh rvkyyf ge.J `
ud<
k \hf .J owif:\if:]rpfawG aiGaju:tusK:d t]rwf \a\:twGuo
f ufouf
owif:a\:ay:wmrsKd:vnf: rvkyyf ge.J ` ud<
k \hf .J owif:\if:]rpf awGe.J
pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:udpP quf<
G af ewmrsKd:vnf: r\Syd gapeJ.` dik if aH \:
'grSr[kwf vlrKS a\:tkypf w
k pfpu
k olw.dk tusKd:pD:yGm:twGuf ud<
k u
fh kd
ckw:kH vkyw
f mrsKd:udv
k nf: t]zpfrcHyge.J `
wu<fv.kd ud<
k u
f tpd:k \ tvkyv
f yk af ewmqk\d if tpd:k \
tajumif:udk owif: ra\:oifhbl:` a\:w<fqkd\ifvnf: ukd<fh\J.
a\:om:csufawG[m "rR"dmefrus? jum:aer[kwfwJh a\:om:csuf
awGyJ ]zpfaevdrrfh <f` tvm:wlyJ ud<
k u
f dik if aH \:ygww
D pfct
k wGuf
rJq<
G af y:aew<fq\dk ifvnf: dik if aH \:tajumif:awGukd ra\:oifb
h :l
ayg`h
tpd:k \t\m\Sad wG? dik if aH \:orm:awGe.J pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:\Sif
awG tygt&if vlawGqu
D aiGaju:? vufaqmifawGay:wm? 'grS
r[kwf wpfcck k aus:Zl:]yKwmawGukd vufrcHyge.J ` ay:wJv
h al wGuawmh
arwWmeJ.ay:wmygvdk.yJ a]ymjur<f` 'gayrJh wu<fwrf:usawmh
olw.dk u ud<
k af \:wJo
h wif:ay;rSm joZmvr:f csifv.kd ay:wm` trSef
twkid :f wnfw
h nfah ]ym\\ifawmh vmbfx:kd wmyg` ta\S.awmiftm\S
dik if w
H csKd.rSmawmh 'Dvkd vmbfx:kd wmawGukd r<lb:l vd.k t]ywf]iif:
zd.k cufw<fqw
dk m em:vnfygw<f` 'DrmS u pma\:q\m? owif:pm
q\mqkw
d m aiGaju: r]zpfpavmufbJ \juwmyg` olw.dk crsmrSm p\dwf
puawG? rdom:pkwm&efawGu weihfwydk:uD:` 'gajumifh tJ'Dta]c
taersKd:eJ. juHKvm\w<fq\dk if ud<
k b
fh momyJ qH:k ]zwfyg` 'gayrJh ud<
k f
[m trScD u
dk if:\r<fqw
dk hJ rdKifuakd wmh r<dr:f <dik af pzd.k odyt
f a\:
uD:ygw<f` udk<fhpmrlcxJrSm 'DwHpdk:vufaqmifawGudkyg xnhfwGuf
wmrsKd:ukad wmh b<fawmhrS rvky\f bl:`
141
IMMF2.pmd
141
6/2/2547, 23:42
w]cm:olqu
D ck:d rcsyge.J
aumif:rGefwJh
owif:pmynmu vlwikd :f ukd
tusKd:\Sdapygw<f`
udk<fhowif:pm? a\'D<dk 'grSr[kwf

|kyfoHowif:awGrSm w]cm: owif:axmuf
awG\.J owif:awG? owif:"mwfyakH wGukd <lo:kH
wmrsKd: rvkyf\ygbl:` wu<fvdk. <loHk:csif
w<f qk\d ifvnf: um<uH\iS q
f u
D cGi]hf yK csuf
\rS? ol.udk y\dowfoad tmif azmf]y ay:yD:rS
oH:k \ygr<f` tifwmeufxu
J owif:awG[m
vnf: 'Dpnf:rsOf: xJrSm tusKH: &ifygw<f`
tJ'Dvdk rlvowif: a\:om:oludk razmf]y
ay:bl: qkd\if 'g[mpmzwf y\dowfuD:udk
nmwmyJ` yD:awmh w]cm: owif:pmq\m
wpfa<muf a\:xm:wmudk ckd:cswm ]zpfwJh
twGuf owif:pmq\mawG \J. tcGit
hf a\:udk
csKd:azmuf\mvnf: usr<f`
'Dupd u
P a]ym\wmawmh cufygw<f`
wcsKd. owif:pmwku
d if <fuav:awGu olw.dk
bmom owif:vdkufzdk.twGuf aiGaju:u
vnf:csKd.iJ?h &efxrf:OD:a\uvnf: rvHak vmuf
wmrk.d olrsm: owif:awG udyk J <lo:kH \rSmyJv.kd apm'u wufjuw<f`
b<f v d k y J ] zpf ] zpf ol r sm: owif : ud k ck d : oH k : w<f q k d w muawmh
pme<fZif:avmurSm tifrwef qkd:\Gm:wJh usihf&wfazmufzsufrSK
wpf\yfygy`J 'gukd olrsm:qDu owif: cd:k cswmvd.k owfrw
S yf gw<f`
wcsKd.dik if rH sm:rSm 'Dvdk owif:ck:d cswm udk w\m:pJq
G dk ikd yf gw<f`
rwyg
a\S.ydik :f u tcef:wpfcef:rSm owif:awG[m ormorwfus
rwzd.k ta\:uD:ajumif: aqG:aG:cJyh gyD` tJ'v
D kd ormorwfus rw
rSK \S\d r<fv.kd qkw
d mrSm ta\:uD:wJt
h csuaf wG ruse\f pfapbJ ]ynf]h ynfh
pHkpHk owif:vdkufzdk.qkdwJh tcsufvnf: ygw<f` pGyfpJGcHxm:\wJh
vlwpfa<muftajumif: owif:a\:\if tJ'v
D \l .J wH.k ]yefa]ymqdck suf
udyk g xnhaf \:ygrS owif:u ]ynhpf rkH KS \Syd gw<f` \mZ&wfrKS owif:awG?
"mwfyakH wGukd azmf]ywJt
h cgrmS olw.dk wpfawGukd \Ju zrf:qD:vdu
k w
f <f
142
IMMF2.pmd
142
6/2/2547, 23:42
qk|d eHk .J tJ'v

D al wGukd w\m:cHtppfawGtaeeJ. azmf]ywmrsKd: rvky\f
ygb:l ` b<forl qkd w\m:|k:H rSm ckcaH vmufvcJ iG hf \Syd gw<f` w\m:|k:H
awmfu Oya'ajumif:t\ t]ypf\w
dS <fv.kd ]ypf'EfcsrSwf rcH\rcsif:
tJ'v
D [
l m t]ypfuif:pifot
l ]zpfyJ rSw<
f \l ygr<f`
\nfreG yf g? ud<
k cf sif:pmyg
owif : awG a \:wJ h t cg?
"mwfyakH wG azmf]ywJt
h cgrmS oifw
h ifh
avsmufywfpGmyJ a\:om:azmf]yyg`
qJ a \:wmawG ? |k e f . \if : jurf : wrf :
wmawGvdk toHk:tSKef:rsKd:awGudk
a\Smifyg` txl:o]zifh rawmf wqrSK?
\mZ&wfrSKeJ. obm& uyfab:awG
tajumif : owif : a\:wJ h t cgrS m
wpf w pf c G c G uD : eJ . tvG e f t usL:
ajumuf p \mvef . p\m ]zpf a tmif
a\:]cif:rsKd:udk a\SmifjuOf \ygr<f` tcsif:]zpf\mrSm aoqHk: oGm:ol?
'grrS [kwf xdcu
kd ef pfem\olrsm:eJ. olw.dk \J. aqGrsKd:om:csif:rsm: b<f
vdk cHpm:\r<fqw
kd mudk xnfo
h iG :f pOf:pm:ay:yg` aooGm:wJh ud<
k hf rS
uav: tajumif:udk wpfwpfccG G uD: a\:om:yD: tavmif:aumif"mwfykH
uD:eJ.wuG owif:pmxJygvm\if ud<
k b
f <fvkd cHpm:\rvJ` rawmf
rw\m: ]yKusihfcH\wJh rdef:ri<fav:wpfa<muf ol.ywf&ef:usifrSm
acgi:f razmf&ahH wmhatmif emrnfa\m? vl"mwfyu
kH akd \m a\:om:azmf]y
vd.k oifah wmfygrh vm:`
vdiftajumif:eJ. aoG:xGufoH<dkrSKawG tajumif:yg\if
owif:pma\mif:pGHw<f qdkwmudkawmh tm:vHk:todyg` 'gayrJh udk<fh
wm&efu owif:pm a\mif:aumif:|ko
H ufouftwGuyf J r[kwyf gb:l `
owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk ]ynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf wm&efoo
d d azmf]y
ay:zd.k om ]zpfygw<f`
tdyfcsftdkifADydk:\SdaewJh
olawGtaeeJ. olw.kd
b<folb<f&gqkdwm
razmf]ywmudk
ykdudKufjuvdrfhr<f`
vlrsm:>ykKd vfa\:udprP sm:udk av:pm:yg

vlawG[m olw.dk \J. ykKd vfa\:udpaP wGukd vlord cHbJ xm:
ydik cf iG \hf ydS gw<f` vlwpfa<muf\.J ykKd vfa\:twGi:f udpaP wGukd owif:
143
IMMF2.pmd
143
6/2/2547, 23:42
pmu azmf]yp\m rvdyk gb:l ` ud<

k t
hf cspfa\:udp?P ud<
k u
hf sef:rma\:udpP
awGukd owif:pmuae wpfumvH:k odatmif ajunmarmif:cwfvu
fkd f
w<f qk\d if ud<
k f b<fvkd cHpm:\rvJqw
kd m pOf:pm:junhyf g`
'gayrJh cif:csufawGawmh \Syd gw<f`
tpd:k \&efxrf:rsm:rSmawmh ykKd vfa\:udpaP wGukd vlord cHbJ
vKd.&Sux
f m:ydik cf iG hf r\Syd gb:l ` tajumif:uawmh olw.dk [m ]ynfo.l
vpm\dumQ udk pm:aewJo
h al wG]zpfyD: olw.dk \J. vkyaf qmifcsufuvnf:
trsm:]ynfot
l ay;rSm oufa\mufrKS \Sad evd.k ygy`J |ky\f iS af iGju<fyiG hf
awGvdk vlodrsm:xif\Sm:wJh ykdKvfrsm:\J. ykdKvfa\:udpPawGudkvnf:
vltrsm:u pdw
d &f ifpm:wwfygw<f` rjumao:rD Sprf sm:twGi:f u qkd
\if ]ynfw
h efqmrsm:eJ. vdiq
f ufqcH w
hJ hJ Ak'b
mom \[ef:oHCmawmf
rsm:tajumif:udk xdik :f owif:pmrsm:u azmfxw
k af \:om:cJyh gw<f` 'Dvkd
owif:rsKd:awG azmfxw
k af \:om:wmuawmh rSeu
f efygw<f` 'Dupd u
P
xkdif:]ynfolvlxkeJ. ywfoufaewJh owif:yg` tajumif:uawmh
\[ef:oHCmawmfawGudk vltrsm:u junfndKqnf:uyfwm? aiG
ta]rmuft]rm: qufuyfvLS 'ge:f ay:aejuwmajumifyh gy`J
ud<
k o
hf wif:\if:]rpfukd av:pm:yg
ud<
k u
f ]ynfov
l x
l t
k ay;rSmom wm&ef\w
dS m r[kwyf gb:l `
ud<
k o
hf wif:\if:]rpfawGay;rSmvnf: wm&ef\ydS gw<f` Oyrm-owif:
\if:]rpf wpfa<mufu ta]ctaewpf\yfe.J ywfoufyD: todrcHwhJ
owif:wpfckay:w<fqkd\if udk<fu ol.emrnfudk razmfygbl:qkdwJh
uwdwnf\ygr<f` tJ'D owif:\if:]rpf\.J emrnfukd ud<
k o
hf wif:xJrmS
aomfvnf:aumif:? w]cm:wpfenf:enf:eJ.aomfvnf:aumif: azmf]ywm
rsKd: rvkyf\ygbl:` azmf]yrdw<fqkd\if tJ'Dvl\J. b&rSm? 'grSr[kwf
tvkyfrSm xdckdufepfemwmrsKd:awG ]zpfwwf|kHru wpfcgwavrSm
touft\m<f ]zpfwmrsKd:txdawmif \Sd ikd yf gw<f`
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm:Sihf wkid yf ifyg

usih&f wfe.J ywfoufwhJ ]yemay;vmyDq\dk if ud<
k b
fh m
om wpfa<mufwnf: usdw\f iS :f wmrsKd: rvkyyf ge.J ` vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm:
eJ. wkid yf ifyg` ud<
k \hf .J vkyaf qmifcsufu olwpfyg:tay; b<fvkd
tusKd:oufa\mufrvJ qdw
k m pOf:pm:yg` b<fol tusKd:\Srd vJ? b<f
144
IMMF2.pmd
144
6/2/2547, 23:42
ol tusKd:<kwo
f mG :rvJ? b<fo.l rSm t\m<f\v
dS mrvJ po]zifah yg`h
'D]yemrsKd:eJ. juHKcJzh :l wJh w]cm:owif:pm q\mawGua\m b<fvkd
a]z\Si:f oGm:cJo
h vJ qkw
d mudv
k nf: avhvmyg`
usifh&wfpnf:rsOf:
owif:tzJG.tpnf:awG tm:vHk:rSmyJ oufqkdif\m owif:
axmufawGe.J t<f'w
D mawG vku
d ef mapmihx
f ed :f \r<hf usif&h wfpnf:
rsOf:awGukd a\:om:]ymef:xm:oihyf gw<f` tJ'D pnf:rsOf:awGrmS b<f
tcsufawGudkawmh]zifh owif:pmq\mtm:vHk:u oabmwl vufcH
xm:w<f? b<ftcsufawGuakd wmh]zifh vufrcHb:l qkw
d mawGukd wdwd
usus owfrw
S af zmf]yxm:oifw
h <f` 'Dpnf:rsOf:awGukd csKd:azmuf\if
b<fvkd t]ypfay: ta\:<lr<f qdw
k mvnf: yg\r<f` 'Dpnf:rsOf:awG
udk vltrsm:]rifomatmif owif:pmwku
d \f .J owif:cef:rsm:rSm uyf
ay:xm:oifyh gw<f`
145
IMMF2.pmd
145
6/2/2547, 23:42
tydik :f (8)
tydik :f (8)
tcef: (16)
tifwmeuf
ta\S.awmiftm\S dik if w
H csKd.rSmawmh tifwmeuf \dik zf .kd
aSmifhaS:wmawG \Sdcsif\Sdr<f` 'gayrJh udk<fxifxm:wmxuf ydkyD:
]ref]refqefqef \csif\vmvdrrfh <f` tifwmeufu owif:pmq\mawG
twGuf ta\:ygwJh wefqmyvmwpfck]zpfyD: tckudkyJ dkifiHtawmf
rsm:rsm:rSm owif:pmq\mawG[m tifwmeufukd edp"P &l ok:H aejuygyD`
'D awmh avmavmq<f ud<
k o
hf wif:pmwku
d ef .J ud<
k fh rdK.rSm tifwmeuf
r\dik af o:ayr<hv
f nf: 'gukd oH:k wwfatmifawmh oifxm:oifw
h <f`
trsm:okH:ae\mawG]zpfwJh pmjunhfwkduf? wUodkvfeJ. tifwmeuf
uaz: vdk ae\mrsKd:awGrmS uGeyf sLwmudk oH:k dik af tmifayg`h
tifwmeufqw
dk m bmvJ
tpOD:rSmawmh tifwmeufu cufc|J KS yfaxG:w<fv.dk xif
p\mygyJ` 'gayrJh rajumufygeJ.` yxrwpfudrf poH:k zl:vdu
k w
f meJ.
xifoavmuf rcufb:l qdw
k m awG.vm\r<f` tifwmeufxu
J ud<
k f
vdck sifwm \SmazG]cif:udk enf:enf:uav: avhusifv
h u
kd |f eHk .J urf:usif
vmrSmyg`
tifwmeufqw
dk m umeJ.t&ef: uGeyf sLwmuGe\f ufuD:\J.
tpkta&:uD: ]zpfygw<f` tJ'u
D eG \f ufawGukd zke:f vdik :f awG? aub<f
udK:awG? }dK[fwkawGtm:]zifh qufoG<fxm:ygw<f` 'gajumifh [kd:
ta&:uD:u uGeyf sLwmxJrmS odrk :DS xm:wJh tcsuftvufawGukd tif
wmeufuae wpfqifh udk<fu \<ldkifwmaygh` tifwmeufxJrSm
World Wide Web vk.d qkw
d hJ tD:ar:vfe.J tkypf zk .JG aqG:aG:csufawGrsKd:vdk
rSww
f rf:rSw\f mawGrsKd:vnf: yg\ydS gw<f`
tifwmeufxu
J kd &ifikd zf .kd twGuf tifwmeuf service provider eJ.wpfqifh qufoG<fxm:wJh w<fvDzkef:vdkif: \Sdzdk.vkdw<f`
udk<hfuGefysLwmrSmvnf: Netscape Communicator vdk? Microsoft
d r<f` tJ't
D cg ud<
k u
f
Internet Explorer vdk tifwmeuf browser \S\
146
IMMF2.pmd
146
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
\J. vdypf modxm:w<fq\dk if browser udo

k :kH yD: tJ'D Web
qD 'grrS [kwf rSww
f rf:rSw\f mqDukd &ifjunhf ikd yf gyD` wu<fv.dk
vdypf m odrxm:bl:qk\d ifvnf: Alta Vista 'grrS [kwf Google wd.k vdk
search engine eJ. \SmazG<l ikd yf gw<f` tJ'D site Spcf \k .J vdypf mu
http://www.altavista.com eJ. http://www.google.com wk.d ]zpfygw<f`
bmompum: tawmfrsm:rsm:udk toH:k ]yKyD: \Smdik af yr<fh trsm:qH:k u
awmh t}Fvyd pf um:udyk J oH:k juygw<f`
Web site
site
tifwmeufu rnfo.dk taxmuftul]yKoenf:

odkrSD:xm:wJh owif:
tcsuf t vuf a]rmuf ] rm:
pGmudk tifwm eufu ay:dkif
ygw<f` 'g[m owif:pm q\m
rsm: taeeJ. owif:twGuf
tcsut
f vufrsm:okawoe]yK
pk a qmif : \mrS m tif r wef
taxmuftul ]zpfapygw<f`
Web site awGxr
J mS tpd:k \awG?
wUodkvfawG? ukrEDawG?
bEf a wG ? tpd k : \r[k w f w J h
tzJG.tpnf: awG? dkifiHa\:ygwDawG? q\m&efeJ. a\S.aewkd.vdk
ynm\Sit
f yk pf ak wG? [dw
k <fawG? pwk:d qkid f uD:awG? &goemwl ykKd vfawG
zJG.pnf:xm:wJh uvyftoif:awG po]zifh vlykdKvf? tzJG.tpnf:
toD:oD:u zGifhxm:wJh site awG trsm:uD:rS trsm:uD:yg` Oyrm
azmf]y\\if umhusef:rma\:tzJG.uD: (http://www.who.int/homepage/)? tm\SzHG.zdK:rSK bEf (http://www.adb.org) eJ. AD<uferf
avajumif:vdik :f (http://www.vietnamair.com.vn) po]zihaf yg`h yD:awmh
Ad w d o pG < f p H k u srf : uD : (http://www.britannica.com) vd k
\nfe :f uk:d um:]yKp\m site awGvnf: trsm:uD: \Syd gao:w<f`
owif:Xme tm:vH:k eD:yg:avmufrmS 4if:wk.d \J. owif:awGukd
azmf]yxm:wJh Web site awG \Sjd uygw<f` tJ'gawGxrJ mS Vietnam News
k :f dik if x
H w
k f Business Day
Agency (http://www.vnagency.com)? xdi
(http://www.bday.net)? The Associatd Press (http://www.wire.ap.org)?
Cable News Network (http://www.cnn.com) eJ. British Broadcast-
'Dq<fpkSpfykdif:rsm:twGif:rSm
tifwmeuf[m okawoeeJ
owif:a\:om:]cif:wkdrSm
wu<fyJ ta\:uD:
vmygw<f`
147
IMMF2.pmd
147
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
wk.d vnf: tygt&ifyg` umwpf

&ef:vH:k u owif:aygi:f a]rmuf]rm:pGm\J. pm\if: ukd junhcf sif\ifawmh
http://www.onlinenewspapers.com rSm junh
f ikd f ygw<f`
befaumufrmS a\mhw&f ikd v
f mvk.d ac;wJh acG:rsKd:wpfaumif
udu
k v
f .kd oH:k Spo
f rD:uav:wpfO:D aoqH:k oGm:\wJt
h cg onfae:\Si:f
owif:pmuD:u owif:axmuf[m aemufcHorkdif:ajumif:udk od\
atmif tifwmeufxJ &if\mS junhyf gw<f` 'DtcgrmS pmzwfy\dowf
uD: ydk yD: em:vnfoabmayguaf tmif atmufazmf]yyg pmyd'k u
f kd owif:
axmufu ol.owif:xJrmS xnho
f iG :f a\:om: azmf]ydik cf yhJ gw<f`
ing Corp. (http://www.bbc.co.uk)
a\mhw&f idk v
f m acG:xD:rsm:onf ycH:k t]rifh 60 rS 65 pifwD
rDwm txd\dS yD: 43 rS 61 uDv}kd \rfcef.txd tav:csdepf :D onf`
tqkyd g acG:rsKd:rsm:onf 4if:wk.d > t\G<t
f pm:Si<
hf OS v
f if olrwl
atmif juH.ckid f yD: vlwpfa<mufukd tvG<w
f ulyif wGe:f vSyJ pfikd f
onf` xdk.ajumifh udk<fcmoefpGrf:rSK r\Sdolrsm:tae]zifh
onfacG:rsKd: rarG:oifhajumif: tar\duef a\mhwf&kdifvmacG:
uvyftoif: &ufbf qku
d rf mS azmf]yxm:onf`
acwfa[mif:ykHpHpmtkyfqkdifeJ
pmjunhfwkdufawGuvnf:
toHk:&ifqJygyJ`
tpkd:\XmeawG\J. pD:yGm:a\:
vkyfief:awGvdk tzJG.tpnf: tawmf
rsm:rsm:uvnf: wefzdk:\SdwJh owif:
tcsuftvufawGukd olw.dk \J. Web
site awGrmS azmf]yay:xm: wwfw<f`
AD<uferf dik if rH mS
tar\duef
\[wf < mOf wpf p if : ysuf u syD :
tar\d u ef wyf z J G . &if ck e pf O D :
aoqH:k \wJh tajumif: udk [dk v
kd v
l rl mS
ta]cpd k u f w J h tar\d u ef ypd z d w f
ppfXmecsKyf Web site uaewpfqifh
[dKG ifta]cpdu
k f owif:pm q\mawGu csufcsif: odcjhJ u\ygw<f`
tifwmeufuae owif:tcsuftvufawG \<lw<f qkd
]cif:\J. t"duaomhcsufuawmh &efusOf:usOf:eJ. \SmazGpak qmif:dik zf .kd yg
yJ`
148
IMMF2.pmd
148
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
OyrmtaeeJ. owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJw

G pfcu
k kd wufc\hJ w<f qdk
ygp.kd ` owif:uvnf: owfrw
S cf sdet
f rD a\:ay:\r<f` ud<
k u
f AD<uf
erfe.J ]refrmdik if w
H .kd ta\S.awmiftm\S dik if rH sm: toif:xJ b<fwek :f
u &ifcjhJ uwmvJqw
dk m odcsifaew<f` 'DtwGuf search engine wpfck
]zpfwhJ Google rSm&if\mS w<fqydk gawmh`
ASEAN qkw
d hJ Key word wpfv:kH wnf:eJ. rjumao:cifu
\Smjunhcf w
hJ t
hJ cg \v'f 368000 \cJyh gw<f` b<f site rSm ta]z \Sd
w<fqw
dk m csufcsif: \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: rod\bl:`
ASEAN t]yif Myanmar? Vietnam wkd.udkyg xnfhyD:
'kw<
d tudrf xyf\mS junhw
f t
hJ cg \v'f 256000 \ygw<f` 'gayrJh
\v'fawGu rsm:vGe:f aeao:w<f`
wwd<tudrf xyf\mS wJt
h cg txufu pum:oH:k vH:k t]yif
joined udkyg xyfaygif:yD: \Smjunfhawmh \v'f 2070 \w<f`
yxr\v'frmS ta]zygvmw<f` AD<uferfikd if u
H tmqD<u
H kd 1995
ckpS rf mS &ifchJ yD: ]refrmdik if u
H 1997 ckpS rf mS &ifcyhJ gw<fw`Jh
w]cm:aom search engine awGvykd J Google trnf\dS
search engine [mvnf: ud<
k \f mS azGwt
hJ ajumif:t\mudk bmompum:?
\ufpJG? Web site trsKd:tpm:po]zifh ydkyD: wduspGmazmf]yyD:
\SmazGikd yf gw<f` (Advanced Search? Help eJ. Search wk.d udk uvpf
vkyyf g`)
wu<fv.kd uk<
d u
f Web site trsKd:rsKd:eJ. urf:&ifaeyD:om:
qd k \ if a wmh ASEAN Secretariat \J . home page (http://
www.asean.or.id) udk csufcsif: wef:oGm:dkifygvdrfhr<f` tJ'DrSm
tzJ.G &ifikd if t
H m:vH:k \J. tajumif:t\mawG \Syd gw<f`
tD:ar:vfiS hf owif:pm\if:
tD:ar:vfo:kH yD: umwpf&ef:u ynm\Siaf wG? tpd:k \t\m\Sd
awG? tpd:k \r[kww
f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:u vkyo
f m:awGe.J w]cm:owif:\if:
]rpfawGukd ar:cGe:f awG vSr:f ar:dik yf gw<f` tJ'yD k Kd vfawGxu
J tawmf
rsm:rsm:udk w]cm:enf:vrf:awGe.J pm\if tD:ar:vfe.J ar:wmurS ydk
vG<af umif:vG<rf mS rk.d yg` olw.dk u ta&:uD:rSm? 'grrS [kwf zke:f quf
vdk. r\wJhtcgrsKd:rSm? 'grSr[kwfvnf: vlcsif:awG.ar:zdk. b<fvkdrS
rvG<fwJhtcgrsKd:rSmaygh` 'DtwGuf tcrJh tD:ar:vfawGudk Web site
awmfawmfrsm:rsm:rSm zGihfvdk.\ygw<f` Oyrm-Hotmail (http://
149
IMMF2.pmd
149
6/2/2547, 23:42
tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
eJ. Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com) wk.d rSmayg`h

bmom\yfwpfcrk mS pdw&f ifpm:wJh owif:pmq\mrsm: tae
d hJ tifwmeufowif:eJ. aqG:aG:yJt
G yk pf ak wGrmS
eJ.vnf: listserv qkw
&ifxm:dkifygw<f` tJ'D listserv u tzJG.&ifwkdif:qDudk tD:ar:vf
owif:awG rSerf eS f yd.k ay:ygw<f` tJ'o
D wif:awGxrJ mS tzJ.G &ifrsm:\J.
oabmxm:t]rifeJ. tJ'Dtajumif:t\m bmom\yfeJ. ywfoufyD:
w]cm:u azmf]ycsufawGvnf: yg&ifw<f` Oyrm-ud<
k u
f uam'D:
<m:dkifiHtajumif: pdwf&ifpm:w<fqkd\if Camnews rSm (http://
www.cambodia.org/news/index.html uwpfqifh) &ifdkifygw<f`
wu<fvdk. ]refrmdkfifiHtajumif: pdwf&ifpm:w<fqkd\ifvnf: (http://
www.burmanet.org uwpfqif)h &ifi
kd yf gw<f` bmrS ay:p\mrvdyk g`
www.hotmail.com)
owdawmhxm:yg
tifwmeufxJu \wmawGudk udk<hfowif:xJ xnhfoHk:wJh
tcg w]cm: owif:\if:]rpfawGqu
D owif:awGtay; owdxm:ovdk
yJ owdxm:\ygr<f`
d m aocsmatmif
'D Web site [m tm:uk:d avmuf\.J vm: qkw
vkyyf g` tawmfrsm:rsm: Web site awGrmS ygwhJ owif:awGu rwdus
wJt
h ]yif bufvu
kd w
f hJ owif:tcsuftvufawG ]zpfaewwfw<f`
wcsKd.udk dkifiHa\:eJ. w]cm:tkyfpkawGu zGifhxm:wmajumifh olwkd.
tusKd:twGuf &g']zef.csdwmawGyJ ]zpfaewwfw<f` wcsKd. Web site
awGusawmhvnf: ]zpfuwwfqef: vkyx
f m:wmrd.k tm:rxm:avmuf
bl:qdw
k m \Si:f ygw<f`
uk<
d u
f tD:ar:vfuae ar:cGe:f awG ar:wJt
h cg b<fou
l
ud<
k afh r:cGe:f udk a]zay:ygqw
dk m aocsmygap` yD:awmh tD:ar:vf t]yef
tvSef ay:yd.k csufrsm:eJ. tkypf k aqG:aG:csufrsm:u a]ympum:awGukd
um<uH\iS \f .J cGi]hf yKcsuf r\bJ owif:xJ xnhrf a\:yge.J `
150
IMMF2.pmd
150
6/2/2547, 23:42
ed}:Hk
ed}kH:
tckq\dk if owif:pmynm\J. ta]ccHudk 'DvufppGJ mtkyf uav:xJuae avhvmyD:
oGm:yDaygh` 'gayrJh wu<fhowif:pm q\m wpfa<muf]zpfvmzdk.twGufuawmh qufyD:
avhvm\rSmawG \Sdaeygao:w<f` owif:vkdufwm? owif:a\:wmawG wkd:wufaumif:rGef
vmzdk.twGuf tcktcsdefupyD: rdrday;rSmyJ rlwnfvmygyD` tJ'DtwGuf tywfwukwf
udK:pm:\r<f? a&zefaxmuf]ywmawGuv
kd nf: emcH \rSm ]zpfygw<f`
udk<fhowif:awGudk w]cm:vlawG zwfjunhfapyD: a&zefckdif:wm[m xda\mufwJh
vkyaf qmifcsuyf gy`J ud<
k [
f m jum:u aygi:f ul:qufo<
G af y:ol ]zpfw<fqw
dk mudk wpfyg:oluom
qHk:]zwfay:\rSmudk:` udk<fhowif:pmwkdufrSm\SdwJh w]cm:owif:axmufawG? t<f'DwmawGeJ.
]yifyu rdwfaqG taygif:toif:awGudk ukd<hfowif:awG ay: zwfjunhfyg` yD:\if
owif:orm:awG\J. t]rifudk ar:yg` w]cm:omref pmzwfolawG\J. t]rifudkvnf: ar:yg`
olw.dk wpfawG\.J xif]rifo:kH oyfcsufukd em<lyg` tJ'aD emuf vdt
k yfw<fq\dk if ud<
k \fh .J ta\:
tom:udk ]yifyg`
ud<
k o
hf wif:udk t<f'w
D mu wnf:]zwfyD:oGm:wJt
h cg rlv ud<
k af \:cJw
h meJ. t<f'w
D m
]yifay:vdu
k w
f mudk <SOjf unhyf g` t<f 'Dwmu tJ'v
D kd bmajumifh ]yifvu
kd w
f mvJ qkw
d m pOf:pm:yg`
yD:awmh tJ'v
D ]kd yifvu
kd w
f t
hJ wGuf b<fvkd ydak umif:vmovJqw
dk mudv
k nf: owdxm:avhvmyg`
wu<fv.kd ud<
k w
fh u
dk rf mS t<f'w
D maumif: r\Sb
d :l qk\d if ]yifyu wUodv
k w
f pfcck rk mS
]zpf]zpf? tkid t
f rftrftufzv
f kd avhusihf oifwef:yd.k cswJh tzJ.G tpnf:awGrmS ]zpf]zpf wufa\mufciG hf
\dik rf <hf tcGit
fh vrf:awGu\kd mS yg`
t<f'Dwmaumif:vnf: r\Sd? oifwef:awG wufzkd.uvnf: rvG<fbl:qkd\ifvnf:
pdwfrysufygeJ.` udk<fhbmom udK:pm:<lkdifwmawG trsm:uD:\Sdygw<f` ta\:tuD:qHk:
vkyf\rSmu owif:pm aumif:aumif:awGudk rsm:rsm:zwfzdk.ygyJ` vufvSrf:rDor owif:
aumif:awG tukeu
f kd zwfyg` zwfwt
hJ cgrmS vnf: aoaocsmcsm avhvmyD:zwfyg` a\:[ef?
tcsuftvufawGudk pkpnf:yHk? aemufcHorkdif: pmydk'f? a]ympum: aumufkwfcsufeJ.
'DvufppGJ mtkyx
f rJ mS aqG:aG:]yxm:wJh w]cm: tajumif:t\mawGukd ta]ccHyD: avhvmyg` &wMK
aumif:awGudk zwf]cif:tm:]zifv
h nf: ud<
k \fh .J pma\:]cif: twwfynm wk:d wufapdik yf gw<f`
txl:o]zifah wmh owif:aqmif:yg:rsm: a\:om:wmrSm ]zpfygw<f`
pmwpfyk'fudk zwfwJhtcg pma\:q\m[m 'Dvdk bmvdk.a\:wmvJ? 'Dowif:u
xda\mufrKS \S\d .J vm:? \Sw
d <fq\dk if bmajumifv
h J qkw
d mawGukd ud<
k b
fh mom ar:cGe:f xkwjf unhyf g`
yD:awmh ud<
k af \:\wJh tvSnrhf mS tJ'eD nf:udk b<fvkd <lo:kH dik rf vJqw
dk m pOf:pm:junhyf g`
rjumao:rDu ydk.cscJhwJh oifwef:wpfcktyD:rSm ]refrmowif:orm:wpfa<mufu
owif:xJrSm pOf:pm:awG:ac;rSKawGeJ. twwf ynmawG 'Davmuf]ynhf&aeygvm: qkdwm
uefawmf t\ifu vH:k & rodcb
hJ :l vd.k a]ym]yygw<f`
151
IMMF2.pmd
151
6/2/2547, 23:42
ed}:Hk
'Dpmtkyfuav:t]yif w]cm:owif:pmynm vufpJGeJ. avhvmp\mawGudkvnf:

zwf|KS avhvmdik yf gw<f` tJ't
D wGuf zwfoifw
h hJ pmtkyw
f csKd.ukd aemufxyf avhvmzwf|KS
oifah om pmtkyrf sm: pm\if: rSm azmf]yay:xm:ygw<f`
owif:wpfyk'f a\:yD:oGm:\if udk<fhbmom raxmufrnm ]yefyD:wnf:]zwfyg`
a\:csxm:yD:om:rdk. bmrS Sa]rmraeygeJ.` udk<hf owif:u qkdvdk\if: ay;vGif\J.vm:?
a\:om:csufu wdusrw\J.vm:? pmzwfolawGu bmudk odcsifaewmvJ? owif:pmq\m
wpfa<muf\.J wm&efu bmvJqw
dk hJ 'DvufppGJ mtkyu
f av:xJrmS azmf]yxm:wJh ar:cGe:f awGe.J
ud<
k b
fh mom ]yefvnf csdex
f :kd junhv
f rd rfh <fv.dk vnf: <Hjk unfryd gw<f`
152
IMMF2.pmd
152
6/2/2547, 23:42
aemufxyfavhvm zwf|KS oifah ompmtkyrf sm:

Getting the story uvJG\if usefwJh pmtkyfawGtm:vHk:[m t}Fvdyfvdk a\:om:
]yKpkxm:wmawG ]zpfwJhtwGuf t}Fvdyfbmompum: rurf:usifolrsm:twGuf tcuftcJ
awG.dik yf gw<f` yD:awmh trsm:pk u tar\duefikd if t
H wGuyf J OD:pm:ay: ]yKpkxm:juwmawGyg`
'gayrJh 'DvufppGJ mtkyif <fxrJ mS rygwhJ tqif]h riho
f wif:vdu
k ]f cif:eJ. a\:om: ]cif:tajumif:awGukd
qufyD: avhvmzk.d twGuaf wmh taumif:qH:k taxmuftul ]zpfrmS yg`
pmtkyrf sm:
The AP Broadcast News Handbook, by Brad Kalbfeld. Published in 2000 by McGrawHill Professional Publishing.
The Associated Press Guide to News Writing (2nd edition), by Rene J. Cappon. Published in 2000 by ARCO.
Getting the Story. This is a textbook and a videotape produced in 1990 by the International Center for Journalists, 1616 H Street, NW, 3rd Floor, Washington DC 20006-4999,
U.S.A.
A Handbook for Cambodian Journalists, by Huw Watkin. Published in Phnom Penh in
1998 by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Germany.
News Reporting and Writing (8th edition), by Melvin Mencher. Published in 1999 by
McGraw-Hill College Division.
The Newspapers Handbook (3rd edition) by Richard Keeble. Published in 2001 by
Routledge, London and New York.
Writing and Reporting News (3rd edition), by Carole Rich. Published in 1999 by
Wadsworth Publishing Co., 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002, U.S.A.
tdwaf qmif pmtkyrf sm:

The International Center for Journalists
u atmufygpmtkyf awGudkvnf: ]yKpk
xkwaf &xm:ygw<f`
Ten Practical Tips for Environmental Reporting, by Peter Nelson
Ten Practical Tips for Business and Economic Reporting in Developing Countries, by
Paul Hemp
Ten Steps to Investigative Reporting
153
IMMF2.pmd
153
6/2/2547, 23:42

Web sites
rsm:
The Columbia Journalism Review (http://www.cjr.org)u \mZ&wfrKS ? usef:rma\:eJ. w]cm:
\if:]rpfrsm: tajumif:udk azmf]yay:ygw<f`

The American Journalism Review (http://ajr.newslink.org eJ. http://ajr.org) u
tifwmeuf? okawoe? pm\if:tif:? owif:pmvGwfvyfcGifh pwmawGtwGuf taxmuf
tul]yKygw<f`
The Poynter Institute (http://www.poynter.org) xJrSm owif:pmynm\J. us<f]yef.wJh
ta\:udpPawGudk aqG:aG:ay:wJht]yif tvGeftaxmuftul ]zpfwJh tip sheets awGudk
vrf:neaf y:]cif:rsm:yg yg&ifygw<f`
154
IMMF2.pmd
154
6/2/2547, 23:42
aus:Zl:wifvm
aus:Zl:wifvm
Tpmtky]f zpfa]rmufa\:twGuf vlyk Kd vftawmfrsm:rsm:u tcsdet
f m:? vltm: pku
d f
xkwI
f ulncD jhJ uygonf` atmufyg ykKd vfrsm:uvnf: pmrljurf:udzk wfyD: tjuHEfrsm: ay:cJh
ygonf` xdyk k Kd vfrsm:rSm- a[mifaumif bufywpfwUodv
k rf S owif:pmynm vufaxmufuxdu Judith Clarke?
- aomfrqifazmifa':\Si:f twkid yf ifcyH k Kd vf Meirion Edwards?
- befaumufAsL|dk pDrcH efch aGJ \:owif:axmufiS fh
tkid t
f rftrftufzf 'kw<
d OU Dominic Faulder?
f rftrftufzf 'kw<
d OU Denis D. Gray?
- befaumuf Associated Press Xmer:Sifh tkid t
- tkid t
f rftrftufzf pDru
H ed :f 'g|u
dk w
f m Sarah McLean?
-oufqidk \f m dik if t
H vdu
k f bmompum:rsm:]zihf xkwaf &a\: wm&efcH Vipasie Smitthipong
wd]hk zpfygonf`
xd]hk yif w]cm:aom ykKd vfrsm:uvnf: vufppGJ mtkyt
f wGi:f xnfo
h iG :f azmf]yrnhf erlem
owif:rsm:udk uln\D mS azGay:cJjh uygonf`
txl:o]zihf atyD tygt&if 4if:wd>
hk owif:rsm:ukd oH:k pJcG iG ]hf yKonhf owif:Xmersm:
tm: aus:Zl:wifygonf`
pmtkyfyg "mwfyHkrsm:teuf pmrsufSm 1, 26 Sihf 69 wdkhukd uD:apm? rsufSmzHk:Sihf
kH kd Vinai Dithajohn? pmrsufmS 5 rS yHu
k dk Sisay Vilaysack? pmrsufmS 17 rS
pmrsufmS 33 rSyu
kH kd Nguyen Van Tien? pmrsufmS 91 rSyu
kH kd Angela
yHu
k kd Sarah McLean? pmrsufmS 82 rSyu
Srisomwongwathana Sihf pmrsu
f mS 109 Sifh 121 rSyrkH sm:ukd Surayuth Singhnak wdu
hk |ku
d u
f :l cJh yD:
k u
f :l ay:xm:ygonf`
usefyrkH sm:tm:vH:k ukd Dominic Faulder u |du
TvufppGJ mtkyt
f wGuf pmtkypf mapmif tawmfrsm:rsm:u taxmuftul]zpfco
hJ nf`
<if:wkt
hd euf trsm:pkudk aemufxyf avhvmzwf|KS oihaf om pmtkyrf sm:pm\if:wGif azmf]yay:xm:
ygonf` xdpk mtkyrf sm:wGif International Center for Journalists Sifh Knight International Felhk aS y:ydahk om pmtkyf iS hf oif|:dk vrf:erf sm:vnf: tygt&if ]zpfygonf`
lowship Program wdr
155
IMMF2.pmd
155
6/2/2547, 23:42
pmtky]f yKpkol SpOf :D
pmtky]f yKpkol SpOf :D

Peter Eng onf vGwfvyfaom owif:pmq\mwpfOD: ]zpfum tkdiftrftrftufzf
trSKaqmif bkwt
f zJ.G wGif apwemh &efxrf: t zJ.G &if]zpfonf` 1984 rS 1996 ckpS t
f xd
befaumuf\Sd Associated Press owif:XmewGif owif:t<f'Dwmt]zpf aqmif\GufcJhyD:
uam'D:<m:? vmtdk? ]refrm? xdkif:Sifh AD<uferfdkifiHrsm:> ae.pOf owif:rsm:twGuf
wm&ef<lcJh\onf` 1996 ckSpfrSpum vGwfvyfaom owif:q\m]zpfoGm:yD:onhfaemuf
tar\du]ynfaxmifpk iS hf tm\Sw.dk wGif xkwaf &aom owif:pm? rZif:Sihf pmtkyrf sm:Y ta\S.
awmif tm\S > dik if aH \:Sihf vlrKS a\: ta]ymif:tvJrsm: tajumif:udk a\:om:cJo
h nf` tar\duef
k wGuf a[mifaumif wUodv
k w
f iG f
dik if t
H a]cpdu
k f tusKd:t]rwf r<lonhf Internews tkypf t
owif:pmynmudk oifjum: yd.k csay:cJo
h nf` olonf csDum}dk wUodv
k rf S dik if aH \:odyrH [mbJ.G udk
\\Sx
d m:yD: [m:AwfwUodv
k f Nieman Fellow wpfO:D vnf: ]zpfygonf`
onf The Cambodia Daily owif:pmvufaxmuf t<f'Dwm

wm&ef<lcJhzl:yD: tm\SSifhtar\du]ynfaxmifpk owif:pmrsm:Yvnf: q<fSpfausmfjum
vkyif ef:tawG.tjuHK \Scd o
hJ nf` 2000 ]ynhf pS w
f iG f olonf Knight International Press Fellow
]zpfvmum tkdiftrftrftufzfwGif oifwef:rSL:t]zpf wm&efay:tyfcH\onf` olonf
tvky|f aHk qG:aG:yJrG sm:Sihf owif:pmynmoifwef:rsm: udk xdik :f Sihf vmtkd ikd if rH sm:Y yd.k csay:cJh yD:
uam'D:<m:dik if H zGr:f yif \Sd bk\ifw
h Uodv
k Yf vnf: oifjum:ay:cJo
h nf` olonf tar\du
]ynfaxmifpk aemho&f ufqwif: wUodv
k rf S owif:pmynm r[mbJ.G \\Sx
d m:yD: tar\duefikd if H
&g\iS w
f ef]ynfe<f\dS &Sprf if:aumvdyrf S orkid :f t"du]zifh bJ.G \\Scd yhJ gonf`
Jeff Hodson
156
IMMF2.pmd
156
6/2/2547, 23:42
bmom]yefqkdol
bmom]yefqkdol
xifatmifausmfonf vuf\w
dS iG f tar\duefo|H :Hk ]ynfo.l a\:\mXme> ]yefjum:a\:
Xmepdww
f iG f wm&efxrf:aqmifaeyD: 1990 ]ynhf pS rf pS um G<ef ?D \eH.opf Sifh okwpG<pf kH wd.k
tygt&if rZif:Sihf }sme<frsm:wGif bmom]yefSihf yifukda\:aqmif:yg:rsm: a\:om:aeol
dS nf` 1999
]zpfonf` <ckaemufyikd :f wGif Living Color rZif:Yvnf: yg&ifa\:om:vsuf\o
ckpS w
f iG f tkid t
f rftrftufzrf S ydchk saom obm&ywf&ef:usifqidk \f m owif:pmynmoifwef:ukd
wufa\mufco
hJ nf` 2000 ]ynhf pS rf S 2001 ckpS t
f xd "epD:yGm:a\:rZif:Sihf ukr]k 'm}sme<f
rsm:Y vufaxmuf t<f'w
D mt]zpf wm&ef<cl o
hJ nf` olonf a\qif:pdu
k yf sKd:a\: wUodv
k rf S
pd k u f y sKd : a\:ynmbJ G . \\S d c J h yD : East-West Center > Fall 2001 Jefferson Fellow
wpfO:D vnf:]zpfygonf`
157
IMMF2.pmd
157
6/2/2547, 23:42
vmtd?k uam'D:<m:? ]refrm? xdik :f Sihf AD<uferfikd if rH sm:wGif

owif:pmynm zH.G zdK:wk:d wufa\:twGuf tm:ay:ulnaD \:
owif:pmynmvufppGJ mtkyf tawmfrsm:rsm:ukd uefawmfzwfz:l ygw<f? 'gayrJh 'Dpmtkyaf vmuf
pdw&f ifpm:p\maumif:wJh pmtkyaf wmh rawG.zl:ao:bl:? 'Dpmtkyx
f u
G v
f mwm[m
wu<ho
f wif:aumif:ygy?J crmbmompum:eJh ]yefqx
kd m:wJh 'Dpmtky[
f m uam'D:<m:dik if \H .J
owif:pmynmudk tm:opfavmif:ay:ygvrd rfh <f
Um Sarin, President, Cambodian Association for the Protection of Journalists, Cambodia
'Dpmtkyu
f awmh wu<hu
f kd atmif]rifr uD:wpfcyk gyJ
Graham Watts, Foreign Editor, Financial Times, United Kingdom
pmtkyw
f pftyk w
f nf:rSm tcsuftvufawG pHpk v
kH ifvif ygwmawG.\awmh uefawmfauseyfrw
d <f?
'Dpmtkyu
f kd vmtkb
d momeJh ]yefq]dk zpfr<fq\dk if uefawmfwt
hdk wGuf odyt
f oH:k wnfrh mS yJ
Anoulack Khammalavong, Assistant Editor, The Vientiane Times, Laos
rS]D irf:ud:k um:p\m wu<hpf mtkyaf umif:yg? 'Dpmtkyu

f dk Knight a\G:cs<fa\:aumfrwDukd wif]ywJt
h cg
olwu
hdk vnf: tvGeyf J oabmusjuygw<f
Whayne Dillehay, Vice President, International Center for Journalists, United States
'Dowif:a\:om:enf:pmtkyu
f odyaf umif:w<f? pmtkyaf wG xyf\dik Of :D rvm:
Maureen Aung-Thwin, Open Society Institute, United States
Cover.pmd
6/2/2547, 23:56

Reporting and Writing News

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reporting and Writing News

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

owif:vdu

PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition www.CutePDF.com

yDwmtJe:f Sifh }sufzaf [mh'q

tif'ckd sKdi:f em: rD'<

Reporting and Writing News : A Basic Handbook

tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

tcef: (1)? owif:pmq\mrsm:Sifh owif: 1

tcef: (2)? owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sio

tcef: (5)? pl:prf:avhvm]cif:

tcef: (6)? awG.qHak r:]ref:enf:rsm:

tifwmAsL:udpk wif]cif:? rdru

tcef: (8)? tzGifh 56

tcef: (10)? a]ympum:aumufw

tcef: (11)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:dik \f ef vkt

tcef: (13)? tpnf:ta&:rsm:? rdechf eG :f rsm:? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm:

tcef: (14)? a\'D<?kd |kyo

tcef: (15)? usif&h wf 138

vlrsm:> ykKd vfa\:udprP sm:ukd av:pm:yg

tcef: (16)? tifwmeuf 146

aemufxyfavhvmzwf|KS oifah ompmtkyrf sm:

vlrsKd:ig:rsKd:\<fv.kd rcHpm:\awmhb:l ? tkid t

befaumuf? 'DZifbm 2001`

avmavmq<f oifhtodkuft&ef:wGif oHk:r\ao:wmrsKd: ]zpfcsif]zpfaernf` odk.aomf

]zpfygonf` tqH:k wGif tem}wftwGuv

a&g[m\ \Si:f vif:csuf

owif:aqmif:yg: (Feature) ]zpf\yfwpfcu

tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio

qkdwmudk dkifiHa]rmufydkif:rSm \SdwJh aus:\GmawGod\Sdatmif tcsdefrD

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio

owif:\if: ]rpfawG tav:xm:wJh udpu

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio

'Dtcsuftm:vH:k rSeyf gw<f`

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio

tajumif:t\mvm:? 'g[m olw.dk

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:Sio

tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sihf owif:twGuf pdwu

tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sihf owif:twGuf pdwu

xGe:f rSKawGukd avhvmw<f` obm&ywf&ef:usif tajumif:udk a\:wJh

tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sihf owif:twGuf pdwu

wm r\Srd ]zpf vdt

tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:Sihf owif:twGuf pdwu

tysufawGukd vufawG.cHpm:ae\wJh omref]ynfoal wGe.J vnf: awG.

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

tvkyform:trsm:t]ym:onf tvkyfcsdefem\D avsmhenf:oGm:

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

rsm:Sifh dkifiH]cm:oH|kH:rsm:wGif zdeyfwkdufrnfholrsm:udk vkdufvH

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

awGawmifrS olw.dk \J. owif:awGukd 'Dtcsuf awGe.J

vlwidk :f rSm a]ymp\m ud<

22 ud r f a ]rmuf trsKd : om: roef r pG r f : ol r sm:

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

befaumufy.kd pfuyJ aemufxyfowif:wpfy'k u

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

awGvm:? atmufu]zwfomG :]zwfvm vlawGvm:? a<musfm:awGvm:?

pufb:D orm:SpOf :D xkid :f kid if u

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH

a]ymqkcd sufe.J vkyaf qmifcsufawG tm:vH:k t]yif wu<f

wu<fv.kd pmzwfoal wGtaeeJ. pdw&f ifpm:rSK \Srd mS r[kwf