E

v0,
,
, .
CV CP .
YH: E T0 T
, :

T
mvr2 /2 = 3KT/2 !# (: ) vr2
!
!
=
"
mv02 /2 = 3KT0 /2 #$
v02 T0
vr2 =

v02 ! T/T0 ! vr = v 0! T/T0

(1)

, K Boltzman vr
. E, P0
() P ,
Poisson, :
!V $
P0 V = P# 0 &
" 2 %
!
0

! P0V0 =

PV0
!
2

! P = P0!2!

(2)

, :
(2)
P0V0
P V0 2
T
P
T P0 2 !
=
=
!
!
=
= 2 ! -1
T0
2P0
T0
T
T0 2P0

(3)

(1) (3) :
vr = v0 ! 2 ! -1

! vr = v0 !2

! "1
2

P.M. fysikos

I ,
Q . N
.
N .

YH: E n mol , CP
T
, Q
:

Q = nCP ! T ! !T = Q nCP

(1)

E CP = 5R/2 , R
, (1) :
!T = 2 Q 5nR

(2)

E, T
!E" ,
:
(2 )

!E" = 3K! T/2 ! !E" =

3K 2Q
3KQ
!
=
2 5nR 5nR

(3)

K Boltzmann. , NA Avogadro
R=NAK, (3) :

!E" =

3KQ
3Q
3Q
=
=
5nNA K 5nNA
5N

P.M. fysikos
I
,!
v . E
,
.
YH:
,
,
,
, :
Mv2
Mv2
= !U !
= nCV !T !
2
2
Mv2
Mv2 3nR
=
!T ! !T =
2
2
3nR

(1)

, T , n
mol , CV
R . E,

v
T, :

m v2 3KT
3KT
! v2 =
=
2
2
m

(2)

K Boltzmann m .
2
(2) , v T
2
, !v T
:
!v 2 =

3K! T (1)
3K Mv2 KMv 2
2
!v
=
!
=
!
m
m 3nR
nmR

(3)

NA Avogadro, NAK R,
(3) :

!v 2 =

Mv2
= v2
nNA m

nNAm M .

P.M. fysikos
M V,
1 2. T
P. N

.
YH: P
, :

P=

!v 2 m " v 2 mNv 2
=
=
3
3V
3V

(1)

, m , N , m
2
v
, .
:

m v2
3KT
! m v2 = 3KT
=
2
2

(2)

K Boltzmann T .
(1) (2) :

P=

N
NKT
!3KT =
3V
V

(3)

E (3) P1 P2 A1
A2 V, :
P1 = N1KT/V ! (+ )
KT
!( N1 + N2 )
" ! P1 + P2 =
V
P2 = N2 KT/V#

(4)

1, 2 1 2 .
P
A1 A2, :
(4 )

P!" = P1 + P2 ! P!" =

P!" V
KT
!( N1 + N2 ) ! KT =
N1 + N 2
V

(5)

E, EK :
EK = N1!
EK =

(5 )
3KT
3KT 3KT
+ N2!
=
!( N1 + N2 ) !
2
2
2

3P!" V " N1 + N2 % 3P!" V

!$
' =
2 # N1 + N2 &
2

P.M. fysikos
,
.
n mol
T1, 2n mol
, T2. A
,
. N
, .
R .
YH: K ,
,
(Q=0 W=0),

, :

!U"# = 0 ! !U1 + !U2 = 0

(1)

U1, U2
. E, T CV

:

!U2 = 2nCV T" - T2

#!
"
= (6nR/2) T" - T2 #$

!U1 = nCV T" - T1 = (3nR/2) T" - T1

(2)

(1) (2) :
3nR
6nR
T! - T1 ) +
(
( T! - T2 ) = 0 !
2
2
T! - T1 + 2( T! - T2 ) = 0 ! 3T! = T1 + 2T2 !
T! =

T1 + 2T2
3

(3)

H ,
, :
EK = N1!

EK =

(3 )
3KT!
3KT!
3KT!
+ N2!
=
!( N1 + N2 ) !
2
2
2

" T + 2T2 %
" T + 2T2 %
3K
!( N1 + N2 )$ 1
' = 3K ( N1 + N2 )!$ 1
' !
2
#
3
&
#
2
&

" T + 2T2 %
" T + 2T2 %
EK = 3K( nNA + 2nNA )!$ 1
' = 9KnNA !$ 1
' !
#
2
&
#
2
&
" T + 2T2 %
EK = 9nR!$ 1
'
#
2
&
K Boltzmann NA Avogadro.

P.M. fysikos
M
(CV=3R/2)
.
i) AB,
.
ii) B
.
) N P-V .
) N
A, .
) N

 A .
) N
. V0 P0
A.
YH: ) E AB
, Boyle
P0 P0/4. E
B Charles
, T0 2T0.
(1) P-V
.
) A,
, :

P!V!" = PA VA"

P0
!
4!
3/5
!

4
V
=
P
V
=1 4 = 2
(
0)
0 0
2
2

1
,
A .
) E vA, v
A , :

vA =

3KTA /m =

v! =

3KT! /m =

3KT0 /m !#
vA
1
=
" !
v!
2
6KT0 /m #$

K Boltzman m .
) H Q
AB
QAB, QB, :

Q!" = QAB + QB# = nRT0ln 4V0 /V0 + nCV 2T0 - T0

Q!" = nRT0ln4 + 3nRT0 /2 = V0P0 2ln2 + 3/2

P.M. fysikos

O
(CV=3R/2) ,
:
i) AB,
,
ii) B,

iii) A,
A.
) N P-V
.
) N
A .
) N
. V0 P0
A.
YH: ) E AB
Poisson, :

P0V0! = PB (8V0 ) ! ! P0 = PB!2 3 !

:

!=

CP CV + R
R
2 5
=
=1+
=1+ =
CV
CV
CV
3 3

2
(1) :

(1)

P0 = PB!2

! PB = P0 /2 5 = P0 /32

(2)

E B :
(2 )

PB!8V0 = nRTB !

8P0V0
= nRTB !
32

nRT0
T
= nRTB ! TB = 0
4
4

AB
, 32 . K
B
P0, 32 Cha
rles 32 , T0/4
8T0. M P-V ABA
(2).
) E vA, v
A , :

1
1
3KT0 /m ! (: ) vA
=
=
" !
v!
8 2 2
3KT! /m = 24 KT0 /m #

vA = 3KTA /m =
v! =

K Boltzmann m .
) H Q
ABA, ,
:

Q!" = QAB + QB# + Q#A = 0 + nCV (T# - TB ) + nCP (TA - T# ) !

Q!" =

3nR
5nR
8T0 - T0 /4 ) +
(
( T0 - 8T0 ) !
2
2

Q!" =

93nRT0 35nRT0
47nRT0
47P0V0
==8
2
8
8

P.M. fysikos

O (CV=3R/2)
:
i) AB,

ii) B,
. E
P0,V0,T0 :
) ,
)
) .
YH: ) E AB
Poisson, :

PA V0! = PB (2V0 ) ! ! PA V0 V0!-1 = PB 2V0 (2V0 )! -1

(1)

3
H (1) A B
:

nRT0V0! -1 = nRTB (2V0 ) ! -1 ! T0 = TB!2! -1 ! TB = T0 /2! -1

!=

(2)

CP CV + R
R
R
5
=
=1+
=1+
=
CV
CV
CV
3R/2 3

E B :
(2 )

T! = TB ! T! = T0 /2"-1

(3)

) H U
AB :
!U"# = nCV ( T$ - TA ) ! !U"# =
(3 )

!U"# =

3nR
T0 /2$ -1 - T0
2

$
$
3nRT0 ! 1
3P0V0 ! 1
# $ -1 - 1& =
# $ -1 - 1&
2
"2
%
2 "2
%

!U"# =

$
$ 3P0V0 ! 1
3P0V0 ! 1
- 1&
# 2/3 - 1& =
#
3
2 "2
2 " 4 %
%

(4)

) T W
AB,
:

W!" = Q!" - # U!" = QAB + QB$ - # U!" !

W!" = 0 + nRT#ln V0 / 2V0 - $U!"

W!" =

$
! 1$ 3P0V0 ! 1
ln# & - 1& !
#
3
2 " 4 %
" 2%
4

nRT0
3

W!" = -

W!" =

(3),(4)

P0V0
3

P0V0
2

ln2 -

3P0V0 ! 1 $ 3P0V0
!
+
2 #" 3 4 &%
2

!
2ln2 3 $
-3 &
#3 - 3
"
4
4%

P.M. fysikos
I (CV=3R/2) V0
.
i) AB
Q .
ii) B
Q/ln2.
N V0, o
P-V
.
YH: E AB
, Boyle
, P0 P0/4. E, T
QB
B :

QB! = nCP (T! -T0 ) !

-Q 5nR
Q
5nR
=
(T! -T0 ) !
=
(T0 -T! )
ln2
2
ln2
2

(1)

H Q AB
:

Q = nRT0ln 4V0 / V0 = 2nRT0 ln2 !

Q
= 2nRT0
ln2

(2)

(1) (2) :
5nR( T0 - T! )/2 = 2nRT0 ! 5T0 - 5T! = 4T0 ! T! = T0 /5

(3)

4
E :
(3 )
P0V!
P0V! nRT0
!
= nRT! !
=
4
4
5

P0V! P0 V0
4V0
! V! =
=
4
5
5

V . (4)
P-V AB
.

P.M. fysikos

I (CV=3R/2)
, AB B. K
AB
P=V, ,
V0. K B
PV=,
,
8/3
AB.
i) N P-V
.
ii) N
. P0 V0
A.

YH: i) E A B P=V :
P0 = !V !
" ! PB = 2P0
PB = !2V0 #

(1)

AB . E
A B
:
!
P0V0 = nRT0
" ! TB = 4T0
2P0 2V0 = nRTB #

(2)

AB
. P-V ,
.
PV=
, P-V
. WAB
AB (AB2V0V0), :

! P + 2P0 $
3P0 V0
WAB = !"(AB2V0V0 ) = # 0
& ( 2V0 - V0 ) =
"
2
%
2

(3)

5
T WB B
:
! V $
! V $
WB! = nR4T0ln # ! & = 4P0V0ln # ! &
" 2V0 %
" 2V0 %

V .
:
WB! =

8WAB
3

(3),(4)

! V $ 8 PV
4 P0V0ln# ! & = ' 0 0 !
3 2
" 2V0 %

(4)

! V $
! V $
V!
= e ! V! = 2eV0
ln# ! & = 1 ! ln# ! & = lne !
2V0
" 2V0 %
" 2V0 %

(5)

e . P,
, :

P! 2eV0 = nR4T0 ! 2eP!V0 = 4P0V0 ! P! = 2P0 /e

(5) P-V AB
.
ii) H U
UAB UA
, .
!U"# = !UAB + ! UB$ = nCV ( TB - T0 ) + 0 !
!U"# =

3nR
9nRT0 9P0V0
4T0 - T0 =
=
2
2
2

P.M. fysikos

M
ABA,
P-V (6). N ,

A, B, T1, T2
T1 T2.
YH: T W ABA
WAB, WB WA
AB, B
A, :

W!" = WAB + WB# + W#A

(1)

6
:

WAB = nRT1ln VB / VA = nRT1ln VB / V!

WB! = PB ( V! - VB ) W!A = 0

(1) :

W!" = nRT1ln VB / V! + PB V# - VB

(2)

E B Gay-Lussac
:
VB
V
TV
= ! ! V! = 2 B
T1
T2
T1
(2) :

W!" = nRT1ln VBT1 / VBT2 + PBVB T1 / T2 - 1 !

W!" = nRT1ln T1 / T2 + nRT1 T1 / T2 - 1

(3)

A (3) W T1,
T2 A, B,
.

P.M. fysikos
O
(=5/3) ABA,
P-V (7). E
A
W*=200 J :
i) QAB

ii) WB
B.
YH: i) H QAB
AB :

!
T $ nCP T0
QAB = nCP # T0 - 0 & =
"
2%
2

(1)

CP CV
:
CP - CV = R !
!R
5R/3
5R
=
=
" ! CP - CP /! = R ! CP =
! - 1 5/3 - 1
2
CV = CP /! #

 (1) :
QAB =

5nRT0
4

(2)

E W*
A :
W* =

P0
PV
nRT0
V0 - 2V0 ) = - 0 0 = (
2
2
2

(3)

7
(2) (3) :
QAB = -

10W*
5W*
= = 500 J
4
2

ii) T WB
B :

WB! = nRT0ln 2V0 / V0

(3 )

! WB! = -2W* ln2 !

WB! = -2(-200)!0, 7 J = 280 J

P.M. fysikos

M n=2 mol
(CV=3R/2) A B,
:
) ANB,
AN NB. K
QANB=126 J
' WANB=209 J.
) T AMB,
AM MB,
QAMB=210 J.

i) N P-V
.
ii) N
MB
. R=8,32 J/mol.K .
YH: i) H AM P-V
TA, MB
, M ,
TA. A
B , TB<TA. T
ANB
N, , TN>TA
( 8).

8
ii) QAMB
AMB :

QAM + QMB = WAM + 0 ! WAM = QAMB = 210 J

:

WAMB = WAM + WMB ! WMB = WAMB - WAM

(1)

E AMB ,
:

QAMB = ! UAMB + WAMB = ! UANB + WAMB

(2)

UANB
ANB, , :

!UANB = QANB - WANB = 126 J - 209 J = 83 J

(2) :

210 J = -83 J + WAMB ! WAMB = 293 J

E (1) :

WMB = 293 J - 210 J = 83 J

E WMB,
MB, :
WMB = QMB - !UMB = 0 - nCV !TMB

WMB = -

3nR
2WMB
!! TMB ! !TMB = = -3,329 K
2
3nR

P.M. fysikos

M
,
, . T
,
. E N,
t*.

.
CV CP .
YH: W
t* W
. E
:
0=U+W-W ! U=W-W

(1)

U *.
:
U=nCVT W=Nt*
T t*, n
mol CV
. (1) :
nCVT=Nt*-W

(2)

E, P ,
:
PV=nRT ! W=nRT

(3)

----------------------------

H
.

 V . (2) (3)
:

CV
Nt* - W
nCV !T Nt* - W
!
=
!
=
CP - CV
W
nR!T
W
W
W
= Nt* - W !
= Nt* - W !
CP/CV - 1
!-1
W
+ W = Nt* !
!-1

W + !W - W
= Nt* !
!-1

!W
Nt* (! - 1)
= Pt * ! W =
! -1
!

P.M. fysikos
M ,
,
T0. A
,
. E
CP CV
, .
YH: n mol .
E
:
Q=U+W

(1)

Q W
.

: Q=0, (1) :
0=U+W

(2)

E, T CV
, U
n mol :
U=nCV(T-T0)

(3)

T W
, ,
V0,
P0(V0-0),
P0V0. :

W=-P0V0

(4)

(2), (3) (4) :

0=nCV(T-T0)-P0V0 ! 0=nCV(T-T0)-nRT0 !
nRT0=nCV(T-T0) ! T0(CP-CV)=CV(T-T0) !
T0CP-T0CV=CVT-CVT0 ! TCV=T0CP ! T=T0(CP/CV)=T0
CP ,
.

P.M. fysikos

, ,
. M

, n mol
. A
,
.
,
, W1. N :
i) ,

ii) .
R
CV , .
YH: i) E A
B ,
, T.
E
:
Q=U+W

(1)

9
Q
,

, U
U1 U2 .
T W,
W2-W1, W2
B W1 A.
(1) :
0=U1+U2+W2-W1 ! 0=nCV(T-T0)+nCV(T-T0)+W2-W1 !
0=2nCV(T-T0)+W2-W1

(2)

T0 n mol .
B P0
:
W2=P0(V-V0)

(3)

V V0 . A
:
nR( T - T0 )
P0 V = nRT !
V = nRT/P0 ! (! )
" !
" " V - V0 =
P0
P0V0 = nRT0 #
V0 = nRT0 /P 0 #

(4)

(3) (4) :
W2 =

nRP0 ( T - T0 )
P0

= nR( T - T0 )

(5)

(2) (5) :
0 = 2nCV ( T - T0 ) + nR( T - T0 ) - W1 !
W1 = n( T - T0 ) ( 2CV + R) !

T - T0 =

W1
W1
! T = T0 +
n( 2CV + R )
n( 2CV + R)

(6)

ii) E B
,
Q2 A :
(5 )

Q2 = ! U2 + W2 ! Q2 = nCV ( T - T0 ) + nR( T - T0 ) !
(6 )

Q2 = n( T - T0 )( CV + R) ! Q2 =

W1n ( CV + R )
n( 2CV + R )

Q2 =

W1 ( CV + R )
2CV + R

P.M. fysikos
M ,
,
n=0,2 mol
, S=4.10-4 m2.

, f=8 Nt,
P=105 Nt/m2,
. ,
T0=300 K T*=420 K.
i) N -V
.
ii) N .
R=8,31 J/mol K .
YH: i) ,

. A ,
!
F! ,
!
f F!
. T
:
F=F+f ! P1S=PS+f ! P1=P+f/S !
P1=105 Nt/m2+8 Nt/4.10-4 m2 = 1,2.105 Nt/m2

10
P1 .
P1, T* =420 K. E V*
,
:

P1V*=nRT* ! V*=nRT*/P1 !
V*=(0,2.8,31.420/1,2.105)m3=5,82.10-3 m3
E V0 :
PV0=nRT0 ! V0=nRT0/P !
V0=(0.2.8,31.300/105)m3=4,98.10-3 m3
M P-V
(9).


ii) H Q
QV
QP ,
:
Q=QV+QP=nCV(T1-T0)+nCP(T*-T1) !
Q!" =

3Rn
5Rn
T1 - T0 ) +
(
( T* - T1 ) !
2
2

Q!" =

nR
( 3T1 - 3T0 + 5T* - 5T1 ) !
2

Q!" =

nR
( 5T* - 3T0 - 2T1 )
2

(1)

T1
. H , :
P1V0 = nRT1 " (:) T1
P
= 1
# !
T0
P!
P! V0 = nRT0 $

! T1 =

T0P1
!
P!

T1=(300.1,2.105/105) K=360 K
A (1) , :
Q=(0,2.8,31/2)(5.420-3.300-2.360) J=315,78 J

P.M. fysikos
M n mol
(CV=3R/2) ,
,
. A
T0

 . T
,
T0/4. N
. R
, . H
.
YH: T
! !
F! , w
, :
F=w ! PS=w

(1)

P S . E,
o
:
0=U+W ! 0=nCV(T0/4-T0)+W !

0=

3nR ! 3T0 $
9nRT0
#& + W!"# ! W!"# =
2 " 4 %
8

(2)

W .
,

, :

11
W=W+wh ! W=W+PSh

(3)

(1) (3) :
9nRT0
9nRT0
= W!"# + P $"% Sh ! W!"# =
- P$"% Sh
8
8

(4)

,
Poisson, :

$-1

$ -1

P!"# .V!"# = P%&' .V%&' ! P!"# .V!"# V!"# = P%&' .V%&' V%&' !
$ -1

nRT0 .V!"#
! V!"# $
#
&
" V$%& %

T
$-1
= nR 0 .V%&'
4

3/2

V!"#
=
V$%&

!V $
! # "#$ &
" V%&' %

1
6

! -1

1
2

1
! V!"# = 8V$%&
8

(5)

E Sh ,
:
(4 )

Sh=V-V ! Sh=8V-V=7V

(6)

(4) (6) :
W!"# = -7P$"% V&#' +
W!"# = W!"# =

9nRT0
V
9nRT0
- -7P$"% . $"% +
8
8
8

7nR T0 9nRT0
7nRT0 36nRT0
.
+
=+
8
4
8
32
32

29nRT0
32

!
!

P.M. fysikos

, A
B. A 32P0, P0
,
B. E
B
(CV=3R/2), ! V0 P0. N
F ,
' . N B
,
.
YH: H ' B
32P0. E
Poisson,
:
!
!
!
!
P0 V0 = 32 P0 V* ! V0 = 32 V* ! V0 = ( 32) V* !

1/ !

( )

5
V0 = 2

3 /5

3
V* = 2 .V* ! V* = V0/8

(1)

 V* =CP/CV=5/3.
E
:
0=nCV(T*-T0)+W ! W!"# = -

3Rn
( T* - T0 )
2

(2)

T0, T*, , n
mol
! W
F!
!
F .
W :
(1)

W!"# = -WF! - WF! ! = -WF! - P0Sx ! W!"# = -WF! - P0 (V0 - V* ) !

W!"# = -WF! - P0 (V0 - V0 / 8) = -WF! - 7P0V0 / 8

(3)

12
(1), (2) (3) :
-

3Rn
7P0V0
3Rn
7P0V0
! WF! =
(T* - T0) = -WF! (T* - T0) 2
8
2
8

(4)

32P0V* = nRT* ! 32P0V0/8 = nR T* ! T* = 4P0V0/nR = 4T0

(4) :
WF! =

3nR(4T0 - T0 ) 7P0V0 9nRT0 7P0V0

!
=
2
8
2
8

WF! =

9P0V0 7P0V0 29P0V0

=
2
8
8

P.M. fysikos

T (13)
(CV=3R/2)
. ,

 .
.
i) N P-V
.
ii) N .
iii) N
! .
w , S
, h k .
YH: i) E ,
x. ,
!
,
w ,
!
!
F! , F0
!
F!" .
:

13

14

F!" + F0 + w - F# = 0 ! K(x - h/2) + P0 S + w - PS = 0 !

P=

K!
h$
w
Kx Kh
w
# x - & + P0 +
! P=
!
+ P0 +
S"
2%
S
S
2S
S

P = P* +

Kx
KSx
= P* + 2
S
S

(1)

P P* P0+w/S-Kh/2S.
Sx V , (1)
:
P = P* +

KV
S2

(2)

H (2) P V,
(. 14),
P-V .
ii) H U ,
:
3nR
!U = nCV ( T"#$ - T%&' ) ! !U =
T!"# - T$%& !
2

!U =

(1)
3
3
(
nRT"#$ - nRT%&' ) = .( P"#$ V"#$ - P%&' V%&' ) !
2
2

!U =

!
3 '!
KSh $
KSh $ Sh *
&
Sh
#
+
&
P
) # P* +
*
, !
2 ("
S2 %
"
S2 % 2 +

!U =

2
3!
2
P* Sh + Kh $
Sh
+
Kh
P
# *
&
2"
2
4 %

!U =

3h
3 ! P* Sh 5Kh2 $
+
( 2P* S + 5Kh )
#
& ! !U =
8
2" 2
4 %

iii)
! T
F! . E
-, :
0 - 0 = WB + WF0 + WF!" + WF# ! WF! = - WB - WF0 - WF"# !

W!"#

Bh P0 Sh K ! h $
=
+
+
.# &
2
2
2 " 2%

! W!"# =

h!
Kh $
# B + P0 S +
&
2"
4 %

P.M. fysikos
I (CV=3R/2)
,
-V (15).
:
T0 ! V2 4V$
T=
+
, V0 ' V ' 3V0
3 #" V02 V0 &%

()

0, V0 ,
.
i) N
P-V.
ii) N

 .
iii) N
, .
YH: i) P, V, T
, ,
()
PV=nRT. A
:
PV T0 ! V2 4V$
!
=
+
nR
3 #" V02 V0 &%

PT0
T ! V
4$
= 0 #- 2 + & !
V0P0
3 " V0 V0 %

P
V
4
P V 4P0
=+
! P=- 0 +
P0
3V0 3
3V0
3

(1)

(1) P
V, P-V
,
(16). () :

15

3T
V2 4V
=- 2 +
!
T0
V0
V0

V2 4V 3T
+
=0
T0
V02 V0

(2)

H (2) V/V0
,
:

16 - 12T/T0 ! 0 ! T ! 4T0 / 3

(3)

A (3)
max=4T0/3
, :

T! = Tmax = 4T0 / 3

 (2)
:

V! /V0 = 4/2 ! V! = 2V0

, :

P! V! = nRT! ! 2P! V0 = 4nRT0 / 3 ! P! = 2P0 / 3

16
E (15)
P :

3PBV0 = nRT0 ! 3PBV0 = V0P0 ! PB = P0 / 3

P-V B,
( 16). E
(
Charles),
T0/3. ,

P-V
. P-V
(16).
ii) K A

, . E
,
:

QA! = "UA! + WA! = nCV (T! - T0 ) + WA! A !

QA! =

%
3nR " 4T0
nRT0
- T0' + WA! =
+ WA!
$
2 # 3
2
&

(4)

WA (AVV0),
:

WA! =

( P + 2P /3)( 2V
0

- V0

5P0V0
6

(4) :
QA! =

nRT0 5P0V0 P0V0 5P0V0

+
=
+
2
6
2
6

! QA! =

4P0V0
> 0
3

(5)

. E ,
:

Q!B = "U!B + W!B = nCV (T" - TB ) + W!B !

Q!" =

3nR # T0 4T0 &

nRT0
+ W!"
%
( + W!" = 2 $ 3
3 '
2

(6)

WA (3V0V),
:

WA! =

( 2P / 3 + P /3)( 3V
0

- 2V0

P0V0
2

(4) :
Q!" = -

nRT0 P0V0
PV
PV
+
=- 0 0 + 0 0 =0
2
2
2
2

(7)

.
ii) O ,
AA, W
, Q ,
:

! = W!" Q#$

(8)

3V
) (

W!" = #$ AB! =

(5)

Q!" = QA! + QB" ! Q!" =

Q!" =

)(

- V0 P0 - P0 / 3
2

2V0P0
3

(9)

!
4P0V0
T$
+ nCV # T0 - 0 & !
3
3%
"

4P0V0
3R 2T0
4P0V0
7P0V0
+n
=
+ P0V0 =
3
2 3
3
3

(10)

 (8), (9) (10) :

! =

2P0V0 3
2
=
7P0V0 3
7

P.M. fysikos

I (CV=3R/2) n
mol, ABA,
:
i) AB, P
V :

P=-

P0
V + 3P0
V0

()

2V0 V0,
ii) B
iii) A,
A P0.
) N P-V T-V
.
)
:

!S"# = 5nR(ln2)/2
.
)
,
ABA.
YH: ) K AB ,
P0 PB
() :

PB = -

P0
V + 3P0 = 2P0
V0 0

E A B
:

P0 2V0 = nRTA !
" ! TA = TB = T0 T0 = P0V0 / nR
2P0V0 = nRTB #

A B ,
T0. E B
, ( CayLussac),
2T0.
2V0, 20
T0 2P0 P0,
P-V .
(17) P-V ABA
.
. P,V,T

17
,
()
PV=nRT. P
:

nRT
P
P V2
3P0V
= - 0 V + 3P0 ! T = - 0
+
!
V
V0
nRV0
nR
T=-

P0V2
3P0T0V
T
+
! T= 0
2P0V0V0
2P0V0
2

! V2 3V$
#- 2 + V &
" V0
0%

()

() -V

( 18).
() :

2T
V2 3V
=- 2 +
!
T0
V0
V0

V2 3V 2T
+
=0
T0
V02 V0

(1)

H (1) V/V0

 ,
:

9 - 8T/T0 ! 0 ! T ! 9T0 / 8

(2)

A (3)
max=9T0/8 M
, :

TM = Tmax = 9T0 / 8

(3)

18
M (1)
:

VM /V0 = 3/2 ! VM = 3V0 / 2

-V
,

:

2P0V = nRT ! T = 2P0V/nR ! T = T0V/V0

(4)

-V
. (18)
-V ABA .
ii) S
, :

!So" = 0 ! !S"# + !S#$ + !S$" = 0 !

!S"# = - !S#$ - 5nR(ln2)/2

(5)

SAB

, :

!S"# = !S$%&' = nRln(V0/2V0 ) = -nRln2

(6)

(5) (6) :

!S"# = nRln2 - 5nR(ln2)/2 = -3nR(ln2)/2

(7)

iii) O ,
ABA :

! = W!" /Q#$

(8)

W Q
. W
AB, :

W!" = #$(AB% ) =

( 2V

)(

- V0 2P0 - P0
2

V0P0
2

(9)

. K A QAM,
:

QAM = !UAM + WAM = nCV (TM - T0 ) + WAM !

QAM =

$
3nR ! 9T0
3nRT0
- T0& + WAM =
+ WAM
#
2 " 8
16
%

(10)

WAM AM VM2V0,
:

WAM = -

( P + 3P /2)( 3V
0

/ 2 - 2V0

=-

5P0V0
8

(10) :
QAM =

6P0V0 5P0V0
PV
=- 0 0 < 0
16
8
4

(11)

M .
E M,
:

QMB = !UMB + WMB = nCV (TB - TM ) + WMB !

QM! =

3nR "
9T0 %
3nRT0
+ WM!
$ T0 ' + WM! = 2 #
8 &
16

WMB :

(12)

WMB =

( 2P + 3P /2)( V
0

- 3V0 / 2

=-

7P0V0
8

(12) :
QM! = -

3nRT0 7P0V0
5P V
=- 0 0 < 0
16
8
4

(13)

M .

,

, :

Q!" = QB! = nCP (T! - TB ) = n(CV + R)(2T0 - T0 ) !

Q!" = 5nRT0 / 2 = 5V0P0

(14)

(8) (9) (14) :

! =

V0P0 / 2 1
=
5V0P0 10

P.M. fysikos

A1 A2
, ,
,
. A
.
i) N
P-V.
ii) N
. K Boltzmann N1, N2
A1 A2 .
YH: i) M
. K
, P-V
,
,
. A N1 >N2,
A1
A2,
T, mol n1 n2
:

n1 = N1 NA
n1 = N1 NA

!# (: ) n
N
1
" !
= 1 > 1 ! n1 > n2
#$
n2 N2

19
NA Avogadr. E S1, S2
A1 A2 ,
,
. :
!S1 = n1Rln2 !# (+ )
" ! !S1 + !S2 = (n1 + n2 )Rln2
!S2 = n2 Rln2 #$

(1)

H S :
(1)

!S"# = ! S1 + ! S2 ! !S"# = (n1 + n2 )Rln2 !

!N
Rln2
N $
!
S!" = ## 1 + 2 && Rln2 ! !S"# = (N1 + N2 )
NA
" NA NA %

!S"# = (N1 + N2 )Kln2

P.M. fysikos

T, T0
. Y
,
Q ,
T0
. E S ,

:
Wmax = Q + T0S
YH: E S
-- ,

 :
S 0 ! S + S + S 0

(1)

S =0,
. E S
Q0/T0, Q0
, T0. (1) :
S + 0 + Q0/T0 0 ! S + Q0/T0 0

(2)

E :
Q - Q0 = U + W ! Q - Q0 = 0 + W ! Q0 = Q - W

(3)

20
W U
, ,
. A (2) (3)
:
ST0 + Q - W 0 ! Q + T0S W ! Wmax = Q + T0S
:
H S ,
,
, ,
.

P.M. fysikos
T , m 0 0C,
P,
0 0C. E S
m,
. d d
, d > d.

YH: Y m ,
,
P. E
- 0 0C,
S m :

! dQ$
Q
1
& =
!S = ' #
' (dQ) = "#$
"#$ " T %
T0 "#$
T0

! Q!"# = T0 $ S

(1)

T0 =273 0K Q m
0 0C. E, m
, :
(1)

Q!"# = $U + W ! !U = Q"#$ - W ! !U = T0 ! S - W

(2)

U , m
W . ,
m V,
P
m P V, m W
:

W = -P!" #V = -P!" (V$ - V% ) !

!m m $
!
$
&& = -P!" m## d# - d$ &&
W = -P!" ##
" d# d$ %
" d# d$ %

(3)

(2) (3) :
!d - d $
%&
!U = T0 !S + P"# m## $
&
" d$ d% %

P.M. fysikos