IVORY AND SLAVES RRLKRRRERRRKKERGRRRRGEORR hanging Pato of Iteration Trade in East Central fia tothe Later Ninetenth Century x x Edward A. Alpers ° 2 we ie Uyro Digltalizago snptpiedbra vt ‘ere UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS mm BIBLIOTECA Uist fs Set es ts‘ey tad Lae Angel Ctra SON ogre os6¥ 5 Library of Cg Caag Ca Numer: 9-946 © Bard A. Ape 55 fa ae cH-o9047023~4 inte in Great Bein To Annie — To My Parents AHORRALALGGROBREBRORLEERAcknowledgements Few works of scholarship are the sole responsiblity of single person and thir one eo diferent in that respect. My attention wa int directed towards this general area by Profesor Roland Oliver and Richard Gray. To Richard Gray, who supervoe the ‘nginl tes, I owe my sncerert thanks, not only for his kee Scholarly coun), but aio fr his Giendsip and encoaragement "The engial research was undertaken with the ad af small rant tom the Research Fund ofthe Univesity of London ad the {enerous topper of my parents. Travel to and research in Goa in 967 was supported by & grant frm the Research Committe of the Univerty of California, Los Angel The al weing wat indirectly, though substantially, made posible by a grant fom he Hamanites Inte of the Univesity of Calon, and ‘nodier ftom the Ford Foundation, through the Afiean Studies (Center ofthe University of Califa, Lox Angeles, Yam also rte othe Directors ofthe various archive in which I worked {in England, France, Portes India, and Tanzania, and pare ticalaly (o's junior members of alt who wo often came to ‘ny aid. To Profeior C. R. Boner and the Marquesa da Cadaval Thm epecially indebted for allowing me to we document in ‘nein private libraries. am alo gratefl to Profesor Ronald E. (Gregson fr providing me ith the texto an interview he conducted fn Malawi and even more ao to Lance J. Klas, who generously agreed to let me make ise of his enterping unpublished fe scarch among the Machinga Yao of Kasope District, Malai inl, T wish to thank my goo! fiend, Profesor Allan F.Tsae- ‘man, for allering to syncpace his oral daa. on Yao tae among the Chea of Makanga, so that I could make we of tat my con: ‘The proces of revising the orginal thes has benefited from the comments of aver readers, including Prfesore Gray, Boxer, Inacian, and George Shepperton. I have ben especialy fortunate to have had a cee and caefl eique of © major