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W
K

? ? ? ?
K

W
K

KKKK

WK


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W
K

W
W

K
K
K

K100W

W
K

K
K

W
K

--

K
W
K

K
K

KKKK
Areas of using steel in structures

.2
W

Bridges .

Trusses

--

.2.

1.1
Skyscrapers

Cranes .3.2

--

Halls .4.2

K(2.1F

Tunnels .5.2

Power Transmission Towers.6.2

--

Tanks .7.2

Pipe line .8.2

Piles and Sheet Piles

.9.2

screw piles

Cofferdamssheet piles

.10.2
K

Structural Analysis and Design .

K

KGeneral Layout of Structures

KEF
--

K
K
K

SI UNITS .

EKilogram, KgFEFEMeter, mFEFW

1.1KENewton, NFEF(Seconds, S) EF

:
EF

Square meter (m2)

Area

Meter per Second squared (m/s )

EF
2

Kilogram-meter per second squared (Kg-m/s )=Newton (N)

Newton per squared meter (N/m2) = Pascal

Acceleration

Force

Stress

--

1 in.

= 25.400 mm = 0.25400 m
= 645.16 mm2 = 6.451600 x 10- 4 m2

1 in2.

= 304.800 mm = 0.304800 m

1 ft.

Z4.44822 N

1 lb.

= 4448.222N = 4.448222 KN

1 Kip

1 PSI (Pounds per square inch)

L
1 PSF (pounds per square foot)

1 KSI (Kips per square inch)

=6.894757 Kn/m2=0.006895 Mn/m2=0.006895 N/mm2

= 47.880 N/m2 = 0.047800 Kn/m2
= 6.894757 Mn/m2= 6.894757 MPa

Steel structures characteristics .

W

K
K

--

Ductility
K

Elastic Limit
K

K
.
W

0.3%0.1%

Fu

KL37(Fu)37

Wrought Iron EWF

0.1%

--

Pig IronEF
42

K
Cast IronEF

K4%2%
Steel

K2%

Web PlateGusset Plate

W
KEFKWWeb

K: Flange

KWGusset Plate
KAngleWLeg

KWPitch

KWClearance
KPlateWFiller

--

:
AISC

10W 10 x 49
E73.1F49E25.4F
K

EWide Flange BeamF

( )MEMiscellaneousFWEWideF

Wide flange Beam :

--

American Standard Beam

( )S (Standard)

American Standard Beam :

American Standard Channel and Miscellaneous Channel

MC C (American Standard Channel)

.( )( Miscellaneous Channel)

American Standard Channel and Miscellaneous Channel

--

Angles
.( )L

Angles L Shapes(LF:

Structural Tees T

.( 8.1 ( )ST, WT, MT)

Structural Tees

T :

--

Plates and bars

.( )BAR PL

Plates and Bars

Pipes and Structural Tubing

TS
.( )

Pipe and Structural Tubing :

--

Built up Sections

.( 11.1 )

:
Structural Sections .
Rolled Steel Sections

K
W
Standard I-Beam EA

Channel EB

Tee Section

--

T EC

Plates

K(13.1F

Plate

--

Angles

K(15.1 14.1F

60
60

60

7
80

:
Channels

( )

K(F40080

--

Standard I Beam I
60080

.( F

: I Standard I Beam

Broad (Wide) Flange I Beam

1000

EF A :depth

EFB: Web thickness

EFC: flange width

--

K( 19.1F Z

ZW

Cold Formed Sections

KEF

:
.

K

K
KK

Elastic proportional Limit Yield Point E F

KLimit

--

Ductile K
K .Brittle

ASTMK
10
( 1.28 ) 0.505

Mild Steel .


K21.1
K

P 0

P EProportional LimitFK

KE
F

EK EF
.

e P

Residual F(Permanent DeformationF

EPK EDeformation
KE

W21.1
--

YY1

K
K E 1510F

Strain Hardening

U . u
.R
Elastic

Ultimate Strength

Range
W

.Plastic Range

Elasticity -

W
EF/EF=
EF/EF=

Youngs Modulus of Elasticity -

200000 Mpa210000 Mpa200000 Mpa

K
W

LP.S.I2LN/m2
WE
--

E=F
e

W
J E
J F

J e

e= L
L

W
- L
-L

E= F = FL
L
L

L
Poissons ratio

K Transverse

Longitudinal StrainLateral Strain

K0.26
Plasticity -

--

(37) K

2L37

KE52F44

W
(Cast Iron)

7.2 t/m3

7.7 t/m3
7.8 t/m3

(wrought Steel)

(Steel Rolled or cast)

EEFJ

EFJ

KASTM

ASTM : 3.1

E2LF

F
EL

E2LF

ELF

3999J 5515

Tensile Stress
(K.S.I)
58-80

4137
4344
4620
4826

60
63
67
70

2758
2895
3172
3447

40
42
46
50

4344
4620
4826
4344
4620
4826

63
67
70
63
67
70

2895
3172
3447
2895
3172
3447

42
46
50
42
46
50

2483

--

Minimum Yield Stress

(K.S.I)
36

A36

A441

A242

A588


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W
K
K

W
W

W
K100

K 21

K
K
K

W
K
--

K

K

LoadsK

K
K

Dead Loads

.1.2

K
KKKKKEF
K

Live Loads .2.2

K
ECranesFEMoving LoadsF

KKKK
EMovable LoadsF

--

Snow and Ice Loads .3.2

K L 23.94ELF 0.5PSI E 2.54F

E L F40 10K

EF

45E L F10K

K E L F40

KE L F40

K

Traffic Loads for Bridges

.4.2

Impact Loads .5.2

Lateral Loads () .6.2

KW

--

Wind Loads -

;;

K ;

q = C. V 2

E2LFJ q
(Shape CoefficientFJ C
K

ELFJ V

202L75

100J 20 2L100

1002L120

Earthquake Loading

K
K EStiffnessF EMassF

W ({F

K
K
K EF

--

EF

W V
V = Z. I. K. C. S. W

W
-Z

J I

J K
J C

J S

-W

--

K
W

EWorking StressFEAllowable StressF

(Hook's LawF

Load and resistance FELoad factor designF

K(Limit States DesignFEfactor design

American Institute of Steel Construction, AISCK
W
1.4
( ) 0.5 + 1.6 + 1.2
( 0.8 0.5) + ( ) 1.6 + 1.2
( ) 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.3 + 1.2
( 0.2 0.5) + 1.5 + 1.2
( 1.5 1.3) - 0.9
--

W
.
.
.
K
.
K
4K

K
K

K
K(F

( )

()

EFEFW
E F

EM=P.eF(P/AF

EM/ZFe
K(FZ
--

W
f = P + Mc
A

fa fb
+
1
Fa F
b

W
P A + Mc I 1
Fa

F
b

W
KJ Fa
KJ Fb
KJ f a
KJ f b

--

Tension Members.5
FEF

KE{K4

A L
K{

E,A

P
P

L
e

--

P e

( f = P ) f ( = e )
A

e = PL
EA

Young's Modulus of Elasticity -E

Yield Stress
KYield Load

Py = A.Fy

W
-A
J Fy

J Py

W(Strain HardeningF

Pu = A. Fu

Ultimate Load - Pu

Ultimate Tensile Stress of the Steel -Fu

--

PENecks downF
KEFractureF

WEAnetF

t = N e
A net

A net = N e
t
W
(Tension StressF2LW

ETension LoadFEFW

ENet AreaFW Anet

e
(Elastic Stress Limit) :

Rivet Holes
K
A net = A Gross - d.e

:
(Gross Area) :

(Diameter of the Rivet) :

(Thickness of the member) :

--

A Gross
d

Compression Members.
EF
KE{ F

(Slenderness RatioFEBucklingF
E FL
KE{FERadius of gyrationFr

Elastic Buckling

K({F (Slenderness RatioF

--

W
Euler Formula

WCrippling LoadK

P=

2 E I
L2

W
W I

W L

I = A.r 2 W

--

P=

2 E A r2
L2

2
P =f = E
A c (L/r) 2

W
Crippling Stress :

Slenderness Ratio W

fc
L
r

2
E
=
2 (L/r) 2

F
y

2
2 E
L

=
r
F
y

Cc L/r

Cc =

2
2 E
F
y

126.1 A36 Cc Cc
K107.6E50 K.S.IF

KL/r C c

K KL/r < Cc

: Fa AISC
--

InelasticBuckling

Fa =

2
1 (KL/r) F
y

2C c2

Fs

Factor of Safety FsW

3 (K.L /r) (K.L/r)

F.S = 5 +
8 Cc

8 C3c

(KL/r) =CcFs = 1.67(KL/r) = 0

Fs = 23/12 = 1.92

Elastic Buckling

Euler Equation
Fa =

F.S = 5 +
3

W
2 E

(L/r) 2 . Fs

3 (K.L /r) (K.L/r)3

8 Cc
8 C3c

L/rSlenderness ratio
C c
W

(KL/r) <Cc
--

Effective length factor KF(KL/r) Cc

FPb

K14 ft.W 12 x 72

KA36K
:

radii FAISC
WEof gyration

Fy = 36000 P.S.IE = 29000 K.S.Iry= 5.31 in. rx= 5.31 in. A = 21.1 in.

W C c

Cc =

2
2 E
F
y

2
2 2900

36

= 126.1

(KL/r)= 55.3 =

1 (14) 12

3.04

WFs

(55.3)3
3 (K.L /r) (K.L/r)3 5 3 (55.3)
= +

= 1.82
F.S = 5 +
3

8 Cc

8 C3c

--

8 (126.1) 8 (126.1)3

2
(55.3)
(KL/r)
1
F
.36000
y 1
2
2

2C c
2 . (126.1)
Fa =
=
= 17900 P.S.I
F
s

1.82

W
P = Fa . A = 17900 . (21.1) = 377000 Kips

KEAISCF
KEAISCFW{

--

Bending Moments K
W
ABK

KEFCD
EFKEF

--

KCDABWEF

NSNeutral Surface K
KNeutral Axis

WEF

CDABWEF
--

W
ENeutral SurfaceF-R
K-L

K-Y

KYEFJ

R = R+Y
L L+L
R (L + L) = L(R + Y)

R L+RL= R L+LY

RL= LY

Y
W
R

f
= W
E

--

W
J f

-E
EY
f
Y
f =
=
R
E R
K

K


K

W

M= f I
Y

E I = Y 2 dA F -I

-A
-M

J f

M = f I WY=CC
C
M f
R
b
f

M R = b I W
C
Section Modulus I
C
W

f I
M = b f b = M C I = M
C
I
C f
b

--

:
W 16 x 36

KA36 f = 0.6 f
Y
b
1000
Klb/ft

1000 lb/ft

28 in

W{

I = 56.5 in 3 W 16 x 36
C

f = 0.6 F Z0.6 (36000) = 22000 P.S.I

Y
b
M = f . S = 22000 x 56.5 = 1240000 in-lb
b
M = 103 000 ft-lb

1000 + 36 = 1036 lb/ft

W
W L2 1036 . (28) 2
M=
=
= 102000 ft-lb
8
8

--

M 102000 x 12
= 21700 P.S.I
f = =
b S
56.5

21700 P.S.I

K22000 P.S.I

Bending members about two axes.8

K{
K{

W{

W{

--

f =

M C
M x Cx
Y Y

I
Ix
Y

X-XJ M x
X-XJ I x
X-XfX-XJ C

Y-YJ M

Y
Y-YJ I
Y
Y-YfY-YJ C
Y
K
KK

KETorsionFETwistingF

WY ( Load ComponentF
WX K
K
K W EFlexural StressF
X
Y-YEF
WK I
Y

f=

C
M C
X X Y Y
I
I /2
X
Y
--

I
C

C
C
KE Y X F
I

W{

K EGirdersF14W 8 x 18

K15K300 lb/ft

F f = 23800 P.S.I
b
KE
:

X-X

KY-Y

290 lb/ftZ15300Z WX
77.6 lb/ftZ15300Z WY
WX-X
--

WX L2 290 x 14 2
MX =
=
= 7110 ft - lb
8
8

W{

WY-Y
WY L2 77.6 x 14 2
MY =
=
= 1900 ft - lb
8
8

M
M
7110 (12) 1900 (12)
f = X+ Y =
+
b SX SY
15.2
1.52

f = 20613 P.S.I < 23800 P.S.I

b

--

EAF
K

KEGirdersFW{

f = P Mc
I
A

W
W
P

J A

-M

J I

fJ c

--

P
M

W17.2


W

P Mx MY
f = A Z Z 1
x
Y

f Tot.

f = f a + f bx + f by < f Tot.

--

E P = FJ f a
A
XJ f bx
YJ f by

Shear Stress MembersK

K K

K EF

. 2-21-1
Kdx

WEF{

2-2 1-1

KEF

Kdx

--

WEF{
M2M12-21-1

KEF{

EF
M1
M2
C 2 C1
b.dxH
C 2 - C1 = H = v (b) dx

C 2 - C1 =

M 2 - M1
y dA
I

--

V = dM
dx

W y dA

fv =

V.Q
b.I

WNAQ

:
Q1 = 2(1) .3.5 = 7 in.3
Q2 = 2(2) .3 = 12 in.3
Q3 = 2(3) .2.5 = 15 in.3
QNA = 2(4) .2 = 16 in.3

{in.Ebh3LF

kipsV v = V . Q
I.b

K
W

--

v = V.Q = V(b) (h/2) (h/4)

b (bh 3/12)

b.I

W bh = A

v = V.Q = V(b) (h/2) (h/4)

b (bh 3/12)

b.I

3/2
K

AWV

Fv = V

Aw

Fv

EFy= 36 k.s.iFA36KFy{Fy
K{ Fy= 14.4 k.s.i

--

FvS 10 x 25.4

KA36p.s.i

F Zp.s.i V = Fv . A w

S 10 x 25.4 AISC
W10 (0.311) = 3.11 in.2

V = 14500 (3.11) = 45100 lb.

.12

f Tot.

W
P V.Q Mx

f =
A b.I Zx

f = f a + f bx + f v < f Tot.

E P = FJ f a
A
XJ f bx
(

V.Q
=)
b.I

J f v

20.2

--

q
P

0.8 m

KW

--


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W
W
K
K

KW

W
K
W
K

W
K

- -

.

EF
WK

Riveted Connections J

Bolted Connections

Welded Connections
Pin Connections

J
J

RivetsK
Mild SteelEF
KEShankFEHeadF

E F

K K

E FButton HeadEFW
{K K
K

- -

Button
head

Countersunk
head

Truss
head

Flat
head

Pan
head

W
Types of Riveted Joints .1.2

, Lap JointEFW
. Butt JointEF

Lap Joint

( ) (

Single

riveted lap joint

K Double riveted lap joint

KPitch

Butt Joint EF (

- -

( ) .
EFEF

K Punching K

DrillingEF

KAISCKDriller

(STD) Standard Hole

EOVSFOversized Hole

- -

ESSLF Short Slotted HoleJ

(LSL) Long Slotted Hole

(NSL) J
Short or Long Slotted Hole Normal to Load Direction

- -

Bolts in Tension .

()

EF
{KAnet

W{

P
ft = t
A

W
W

E2LFJ f t
EF J Pt

E2FJ A
K

KNet Section K

- -

K{

W{

W
A net = t (W - d)
W
J d
J t

J W

EF
K{not Staggered

W{

- -

A net = t (W - n . d)

J n

AISC
85% ( A net F85%
15% ( A ) ( A gross F
W

T
A gross =
A net = T
Ftp
0.85 . Ftp
KJ Ftp
- T

- A net
- A gross
Efastener PitchF
KgS
Staggered Rows EF
K{

- -

EFW{

WK

S2
A net = t (W - n.d + )
4g

W
KEFJ S
KJ g
KJ d

Gusset F(SplicesF A net

KEplates
Shear Strength of Rivet

W
Single Shear

- -

Double Shear

- -

(Single ShearF

Vs = Fv . A

-Vs
J Fv

2
E d F J A
4
Double F

WEShear
Vs = 2. Fv . A
Wn
Vs = n. Fv . A
W1

K12

Vs = Fv . A

35= Vs

2
2
A = . d = 3.14 x 12 = 113.04 mm 2
4
4
2
113.04W

- -

Vs 35 x 103
=
= 309.62 N/mm 2
Fv =
A
113.04
309.62 N/mm 2 W

W2

15 K {
N/m 2 210 x 106

Vs

Vs

EDouble ShearF

W
Vs = 2. Fv . A

2
2
A = . d = 3.14 x 15 = 176.625 mm 2
4
4
A = 176.625 x 10- 6 m 2

W
Vs = 2 . Fv . A = 2 x 210 x 106 x 176.625 x 10- 6 = 74182.5 N

K in. A307

Kin.A325

- -

W

2

Av = d =
4

3.14 (0.75) 2
= 0.4418 in. 2
4

WFv= 10 k.s.iA307
Vs = Fv . A v = 10 x 0.4418 = 4.42 Kips
A325

d 2 3.14 (0.75) 2
Av =
=
= 0.4418 in. 2 W
4
4

Fv =17k.s.i A325
Vs = 2 Fv . A v = 2 x 17 x 0.4418 = 15.0 Kips

Bearing

EF .
stress Failure

F Bearing Stress E

Yield Stress (

Fp

VbK
K
- -

Vb = Fp . A = Fp . d . t
19 (A36F14

Fp= 477.11 x 106 N/m2

W Fp

Vb = Fp . A = Fp . d . t = 477.11 x 106 x 0.019 x 0.014 =126911 N

K
Welded Connections
.
Welding Process .

EMolten State )

Electric F

EWeld RodFEOxyacetylene FlameFEarc

K

W
Metal Arc Welding

K
EFluxF EShielded ElectrodesF
W K

E F EShield -metal arc weldingF

W{Submerged arc welding

Gas-metal arc welding

- -

Resistance Welding ()

K
Advantages of Welding

EGusset PlatesF

K
K
- -

KEF

K
Disadvantages of Welding .

W
K
K

Types of Welded Connections .4.3

W
Butt Joint
Tee Joint

Lap Joint

Corner Joint

Edge Joint
KEF ()

- -

BUTT

TEE

LAP

EDGE

CORNER

W()

W
Flat

Vertical

Horizontal
Overhead

W
Groove Weld EF
Fillet Weld

Plug Weld
Slot Weld

- -

W()

- -

W (FFillet Weld

- -

WEFGroove Weld EF

Allowable Stresses of Welding

K
WK

f t = 0.7 f pt

Butt Weld

W
K- f pt
{ Groove Weld

- -

W{

ft = P
L. Te
W
J P
J L

J Te

W{

- -

f= P2

L. Te

Fc = 1.0 f pc

K- f c

q = 0.55 f pt

Fillet WeldE

0.4 f pt

K{

1420

EF

EF

EF

Pin Connections ( ).

KEF

W
- -

Forged Steel Pins J

EF
Undrilled Pins J

(Pilot nutF

K(Driving nutF
Drilled Pins J
K

Bolted Connections
() .5
EF
EThreadsFK(HeadFEShankF

KENutF
K(WasherF

- -

Black Bolts (

A307 EASTMF
60 P.S.I

K4

ASTMA325
E
.120 p.s.iK105 p.s.i

150 ASTMA490
E

Kp.s.i

- -


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W
K

W
W

W
K
W

K
K

W
K

--

W.
K

K
K

K{

Pmax

EFEF
W{

--

{EFKB
W

P= W
B

KJ W
KJ B

W{EF

Pmax = W + M = W + 6 M
A

B2

Pmin = W M = W 6 M
A

B2

Ex BF-A
2

-M

E B FJ Z
6

K
.Broad (Wide) Flange I Beam Standard I Beam

.
W

--

Single Rolled Steel Sections : .

Broad (Wide) Standard I Beam

KFlange I Beam
Built up Sections : .

Lacing Bars

--

Web Plates I

Standard I Beam

--

KWelded Box

.
W

Base Plate without Gusset PlatesE1

Gusseted base(2

KEBearingF

KGusseted base
KGussets

--

.1.3

W2.4

EF

K

2
t = 3W (A 2 B )
4

F
b

-t

-P
-A
-B

2L1890J Fb

--

W
W
P=

2
= PA
2

WA

2
= PB

WB
2
WA

PA 2

1 PB 2

MA =
m 2
2

Poisson`s Ratio 1
m

2
P 2 B
M A = (A )
2
m

M = f.z

2
P (A 2 B ) = F 1 1 t 2
b 6
M
2

--

2
t 2 = 3P (A 2 B )
m
F
b

t=

t=

3P (A 2 B2 )
m
F
b
W

3P (A 2 B2 )
F
4
b

(cap)

(column shaft)
W

t=

9W
D
16F D d
b

W
J t
J W

-D
J F
b
J d

K25

K1,5
--

Gusset bases.

KE{F

W3.4

Design of gusset plates .

KE{F

L Bb
)
(
2
2

= 2P
=

PL
(B b)
2

K

(Gusset plate) K

--

:
P L (B b) B b
4
4

P L2 (B b)2
16

Design of Cleat Angle .

KBearings

1890

K2L
K

--

Design of Base Plate .

K
K

K

E

ebl
KEF

= 3 l - e . b
2

p
W
P =
1 . 3 ( l - e).b
2
2

p =

4P

3 (l - 2.e).b

KK

--

K1

70 tonnesISHB 300 x 58.8 Kg/m

K 40 Kg/cm2Ebearing capacityF

W
W

Z(PF

1750 = 70000 = W =
40

40x45

38.9Kg/cm 2 = 70000 W
45x40

7.5 = B = AW
--

t =

3P 2 B 2
(A
)
F
4
b

t=

(7.5) 2
3 x 38.9
)
((7.5) 2
4
1890

1.614= t

=t

206 x65x65

K
KE2.54F1Cement Grout

K
K Anchor Bolt

W
A= P
f
b
--

W
(Column loadFJ P

J fb

0.95Equivalent RectangleK
K 0.80

E F
Kmn
.AISC

A = N x BWK L6040

EFJ N
EF-B
EFJ P

EFJ bf

Ep.s.i2LFJ Fp

E2FJ A

--

( f P = P ) -fP
N.B

EFJ t

-Fb

KBN A = P
F
b

WEquivalent Rectangle

2
m fP m
M = f P (m) =
2
2

f n2
n
M = f (n) = P
P
2
2
WSection ModulusS

2
S= M =f . m
P 2.F
F
b
b

2
S= M =f . n
P 2.F
F
b
b
I/C

W t 1
P

1 (t )3 t
I= P = P
12
12

--

t
C = P WC
2
W

t3
3
2
P
I 12 t P 2 t P
S= =
= . =
C t P 12 t
6
P
2

2
2
I M t P fP . m
S= = =
=
C F
6
2F
b
b

2
2
t
f .n
I
S= = P = P
C
6
2F
b

2
2
3. f . n
3.f . m
P
P

t 2P =
t 2P =
F
F
b
b
AISC

W Fb = Fy Bearing Plates

3. f . m
P
t =
P
F
y

2
= 3.m

P
F
y

t P = 2 . n P t P = 2 . m P WAISC
F
F
y
y

--

:1
KN)383000 lbW 14 x 90

K(KN/m2F50 p.s.i.

A = P = 383000 = 766 in.2 ( m2)

F
P

500

K28 x 28 27.7 in.

W

f b = P = 383000 = 489 p.s.i. (Kn/m2)

N . B (28) 2

d = 14.5 in. (36.8 cm) ; bf = 14 in.(35.5 cm) ;

m = 8.2 in.(20.8 cm) ; n = 7.35 in.(18.7 cm)
--

Km m > n

f

489
t = 2 . m P = 2. (8.2).
= 1.91 in. (4.85 cm)
P
36000
Fy

WEF
Kxx

W2

250 KipsW 12 x 58A36

KEKnF
K{ ( Mpa) 1.8 ksi

--

J N

J B
J t

K-m

KJ n

WA

A = P / Fp
A = 250 kips / 1.8 ksi
2

A = 138.9 in. (0.09 m )

N = B = 11.8 in.( cm)
Km=n

{in.J d

in.J b

Km = n

N = 2m + 0.95 d
2 m = N - 0.95 d = 11.8 - 0.95 x 12.19
2 m = 11.8 - 11.58 = 0.22 in.
m = 0.11 in.
--

Kmm = 1.21 in.

N = 2m + 0.95 d = 2 x 1.21 + 0.95 x 12.19

N = 2 x 1.21 + 0.95 x 12.19 = 2.42 + 11.58 = 14 in.

in. B

B = 2 n + 0.80 b
2 n = B - 0.80 b = 12 - 0.80 x 10.014
2 n = 3.99 in.

n = 2 in.
250 kips

Kn

fP =
= 1.49 k.s.i W
12 x 14
W
Fb = 0.75 FY = 0.75 x 36 = 27 k.s.i

3. f . n2
3 . f . m2
P
P
t=
=
F
F
b
b

3 . f . m2
3 x 1.49 x 1.212
P
t=
=
= 0.50 in.
F
27
b

--

3 . f . m2
3 x 1.49 x 2 2
P
t=
=
= 0.81 in .
27
F
b

K
t = 0.81 in.

K:

--

W
lb A 36W 10 x 22

{ in.
KFP =225 P.S.I

W
W
A = R = 24000 = 107 in. 2

F
225
P
B = 13.5 in. C = 8in.

x =
W

f P = 24000 = 222 P.S.I

8 x 13.5
in. KAISC
Wn{

K:

n = B - K = 13.5 - 0.75 = 6.0 in.

2

--

WEFin.

f . n 2 222 .(6.0) 2
M= b
=
= 3996 in - lb
2
2

Fb = 0.75 (36) = 27 K.S.I

S = M = 4.0 = 0.148 in.3

F
b

27

W
S=bt

12 c

E C = t FJ c
2

J t
WC

b t3 b t3 b t2
S=
=
=
t
6
t
6
12
2
Ktin. (bF

--

K:
S=t

t = 6.S = 6. (0.148)

t = 0.94 in.

8 x 13.5 x 1 in.W

KW

AISCt
Kt
--

3 . f . n2
3 (222). 6 2
b
=
= 0.94 in.
t=
27000
F
b

6.S =

3 . f . n2
b
F
b

KB

--

EW Shape (Wide flange shapes

t1

t2
mm

Ix
106
mm4

Sx
103
mm3

Iy
106
mm4

Sy
103
mm3

mm

mm

mm

W920 x 446

W920 x 201

W840 x 299

855

400

W840 x 176

835

W760 x 257

773

381

W690 x 217

W610 x 155

611

324

W530 x 150

543

312

20.3

W460 x 158

476

284

23.9

15.0

795

W410 x 114

420

261

19.3

11.6

462

2200

57.4

W360 x 551

W360 x 39

Designation

- -

EW Shape (Wide flange shapes

t1

t2
mm

Ix
106
mm4

Sx
103
mm3

Iy
106
mm4

Sy
103
mm3

mm

mm

mm

W310 x 143

323

309

22.9

14.0

347

728

W310 x 60

303

203

180

W310 x 23.8

305

101

6.7

5.6

42.9

281

1.174

23.2

W250 x 167

289

265

31.8

19.2

298

2060

98.2

741

W250 x 58

252

203

13.5

8.0

87

690

18.73

184.5

W200 x 86

222

209

20.6

13.0

94.9

855

31.3

300

W200 x 52

206

204

12.6

7.9

52.9

514

17.73

173.8

W200 x 35.9

201

165

10.2

6.2

34.5

343

7.62

92.4

W150 x 37.1

162

154

11.6

8.1

22.2

274

7.12

92.5

W130 x 28.1

131

128

10.9

6.9

10.91

166.6

3.8

59.4

W130 x 23.8

127

127

9.1

6.1

8.87

139.7

3.13

49.3

W100 x 19.3

106

103

8.8

7.1

4.7

88.7

1.607

31.2

Designation

- -

ES Shapes (American Standard Shapes

t1

t2
mm

Ix
106
mm4

Sx
103
mm3

Iy
106
mm4

Sy
103
mm3

mm

mm

mm

S610 x 149

610

184

22.1

19.0

995

3260

19.9

216

S610 x 134

610

181

22.1

15.8

937

3070

S510 x 141

508

183

23.3

20.3

670

2640

20.69

226

S510 x 112

508

162

20.1

16.3

533

2100

12.32

172.1

S460 x 104

159

17.6

18.1

385

1685

10.03

126.2

S380 x 74

381

15.8

14

202

1060

6.53

91.3

S310 x 74

305

16.8

17.4

127

833

S250 x 52

254

126

12.5

15.1

61.5

482

3.48

55.2

S200 x 34

203

106

10.8

27

266

1.794

33.8

S180 x 30

178

97

10

11.4

17.65

198.3

S130 x 22

127

83

8.3

12.5

6.33

99.7

0.695

16.75

S100 x 14.1

102

70

7.4

8.3

2.83

55.5

0.376

10.74

S 75 x 11.2

76

63

6.6

8.9

1.22

32.1

0.244

Designation

- -

EC Shapes (American Standard Channels

t1

t2
mm

Ix
106
mm4

Sx
103
mm3

Iy
106
mm4

Sy
103
mm3

mm

mm

mm

C389 x 74

381

94

16.5

18.2

188.2

883

4.58

62.1

C389 x 60

381

89

16.5

13.2

145.3

763

3.84

55.5

C310 x 45

305

80

12.7

13

67.7

442

2.14

34

C250 x 45

254

76

11.1

17.1

42.9

338

1.64

27.6

C230 x 30

229

67

10.5

11.4

25.4

222

1.01

19.29

C230 x 22

229

63

10.5

7.2

21.4

185

0.80

16.69

C200 x 27.9

203

64

9.9

12.4

18.31

180

0.82

16.6

C180 x 22

178

58

9.3

10.6

11.32

127

0.57

12.9

C150 x 19.3

152

54

8.7

11.1

7.24

95.3

0.44

10.67

C130 x 13.4

127

47

8.1

8.3

3.7

58.3

0.26

7.54

C100 x 10.8

102

43

7.5

8.2

1.911

37.5

0.18

5.74

C75 x 8.9

76

40

6.9

9.0

0.862

22.7

0.13

4.47

Designation

- -

Angles (Equal Legs)

Designation

Mass per
Meter
Kg / m

Area
2

4
mm

3
mm

x or y
mm

L 203 x 203 x 25.4

mm

L 203 x 203 x 19.0

57.9

7360

29

200

L 152 x 152 x 25.4

55.7

7100

14.78

140.4

47.2

L 152 x 152 x 15.9

36

4590

11.74

92.8

43.9

L 127 x 127 x 9.0

35.1

4480

6.53

74.2

38.6

L 127 x 127 x 12.7

24.1

3070

4.7

51.8

36.3

L 102 x 102 x 19.0

27.5

3510

3.19

46

32.3

L 102 x 102 x 6.4

9.8

1252

1.265

17.21

27.7

L 89 x 89 x 12.7

16.5

2100

1.515

24.4

26.9

L 76 x 76 x 12.7

14

1774

0.924

17.53

23.7

L 64 x 64 x 12.7

11.4

1452

0.512

11.86

20.5

L 51 x 51 x 9.5

877

0.1994

5.75

16.15

- -

Angles (Unequal Legs)

Designation

L 203 x 150 x 25.4

Ix

4
mm

S x

3
mm

L 203 x 150 x 19.0

L 152 x 102 x 19.0

Iy

3
mm

Sy

3
mm

10.2

102.4

52.8

3.61

48.7

27.4

L 152 x 102 x 9.5

5.62

54.4

49.3

2.04

26.2

23.9

L 127 x 76 x 12.7

3.93

47.7

44.5

1.074

18.85

19.0

L 127 x 76 x 6.4

2.13

25.1

42.2

0.599

10.06

16.7

L 102 x 76 x 12.7

2.1

31

33.8

1.007

18.35

21.0

L 102 x 76 x 6.4

1.15

16.36

31.5

0.566

9.82

18.7

L 89 x 76 x 12.7

1.35

23.1

30.5

0.566

12.45

17.9

L 89 x 76 x 9.5

1.06

17.86

29.5

0.454

9.7

L 64 x 51 x 9.5

0.38

8.96

21.1

0.214

5.95

14.8

L 64 x 51 x 6.4

0.27

6.24

20.0

0.1548

4.16

13.4

mm

- -

x
mm

Round Tubing

Size and Thickness

Mass per
Meter

mm

Kg / m

12 x 2

Area

mm

4
mm

3
mm

16 x 2

0.687

0.879

0.22

0.275

16 x 3

0.956

20 x 4

1.569

2.01

0.684

0.684

25 x 4

2.06

2.638

1.508

1.206

25 x 5

2.452

3.14

30 x 5

42 x 5

50 x 4

50 x 5

- -

Square Tubing

Square Side

Mass per
Meter

Thickness

mm

Kg / m

mm

- -

Rectangular Tubing

Width , W

Mass per
Meter

Height, H

Thickness

mm

Kg / m

mm

mm

- -

1. Stanley, W. Crawley & Robert, M. Dillon (1993), Steel Buildings, Analysis and Design,
4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Vazirani, V. N. & Ratwani, M. M. (1984), Steel Structures, Analysis. Design and
Deatails of Structures, Vol. III, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
3. Edwin, H. Gaylord, Jr. , Charles, N. Gaylord & James, E. Stallmeyer (1992), Design of
Steel Structures, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
4. Russell C. Hibbeler (1995), Structural Analysis, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall International,
Inc.
5. Robert Englekirk (1994), Steel Structures, Controlling Behavior Through Design, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

KEFK

E F K
K

KWEFK

- -

K
W

K
K

EF

J
J

.3

EFK

EFK
W

K{

K{

K{
K{

K{

K{
K{

K{

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS