TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA

ACTA MECANICA
Nr. XX, 200x

ASSESSMENT OF MAIZE CROP ENERGY POTENTIAL

Ghe r!he-V"#$%e &ORZA, V$'( r RO)
Abstract: The work refers to theoretical and technical potential for energy production from biomass . The study is aimed to analyze the potential of maize crop and the environmental impacts. In fact, study is designed to promote bio-energy production of 3 possibilities maize crop. A life cycle assessment methodology is presented in order to evaluate the environmental impacts. Key words: biomass, energy potential, bio-energy, environmental impacts, life cycle

*. INTRO+UCTION There is a multitudinous of problem related to energy from biomass. One of the most important aspects lies in the energy assessment and quantification of the potential of traditional cultures to our country, that analyze the energy potential of maize crop. Based on the principle described in the paper [1], expose a methodology for sol ing such problems. Thus, systemic analysis of biomass production is seen in the assessment and analysis of all factors in ol ed in the integrated production, transportation and processing of biomass, follo!ed by its con ersion into energy. "lso play an important role of en ironmental factors, emissions, resource consumption and energy use, they representing other elements of the system. 2. PRINCIPLE OF ASSESSMENT METHO+OLOGY 2. * S,#(e-$' "."%,#$# #eepening the abo e statement, results that the systemic analysis of energy production is based on analyzing the interaction bet!een the factors of entry and exit. Thus, input factors $fuel consumption associated !ith biomass production and primary processing, including transport, labor costs specific tractor !or%, including its manufacture, the !or%s applied

fertilization, har esting, etc..& 'nteracting !ith exit factors $ex.( resulting energy, emissions, residues, etc..& determining a form analytical relations $1&. Therefore, the equation expressing the energy production from biomass systems can be !ritten as( = f ( I) $1&

)here is the exit process, including final products $energy, emissions and !aste&, and I is the entry process, consisting of total energy to the !hole process and the materials in ol ed $ex( consumables, ra! materials, intermediate* etc.&. +tated that factors equation $1& are abstract, since they are not clearly defined quantitati ely, but they are distinct elements of the integrated system of energy production from biomass. 'f they could express and relate elements equation $1& in quantitati e terms, then the benefits of technical, economic and other measures $such as en ironmental protection& in the process could be easily quantified and analyzed. The method of systemic analysis has the opportunity to consider all processes as a system or blac% box $blac% box&, !hich can be placed all data related to production !ith energy production from biomass $,ig. 1&. The method of systemic analysis has the opportunity to consider all processes as a

system or blac% box, !hich can be placed all data related to production !ith energy production from biomass $,ig. 1&.
1aterials

other fuels $co*generation&. Biomass is di ided into 0 main categories( irgin and biomass deri ed from !aste. The first category refers to
-nergy

I
-nergy

Biomass culti ation

'ntermediate process

Transportation

/O>?-@* +'O>

-mission s

#isposal

F$!. *. 'ntegrated system of energy production

,or a better understanding and completing the abo e, this study !ill be completed and the methodology or life cycle duration $abbre iated in -nglish( ./"&. The most difficult problem of systemic analysis is to define, quantify and correlate the factors included in the system $e.g. the energy required soil culti ation, energy incorporated into the machines in ol ed in the process, /O0 emissions, energy contained in biomass, etc.&. "nother problem is the method to the boundaries of the system and a ailability of data needed to assess energy from biomass in the light of the life cycle. Thus, the system boundaries should be defined as broad as possible $eg for extraction of ra! materials for fertilizers needed to de elop biomass&. 1ethodology for analysis of energy from biomass has 2 basic components( assessment, impact assessment, continuous impro ement. "ssessment in ol es quantifying energy and material requirements, air emissions and !aste !ater and soil in all stages of the life of the products or processes in ol ed in producing bio*energy. /.POTENTIAL OF &IOMASS ASSESSMENT OF MAIZE CROP /.* E.er!, 0 (e.($"% 1 2h %e 0%".( -"$3e 4$ -"## Biomass is a rene!able fuel !ith short life cycle that may reduce or e en replace fossil fuels, classics. This can be used both transport $eg methanol, ethanol egetable oil, etc.&, To produce electricity or thermal energy and chemical industry. To produce heat or electricity, biomass can be used alone or !ith

biomass that gro!s on the ground $earth& and !ater $aquatic&. This paper refers to biomass deri ed from maize crop, but ta%ing into account economic considerations and because of that crop residues associated. Thus, considering the lo!er calorific tulle and other plant debris in the alue of 13.3 14 5 5%g, [1], that production of such material being 62701%g5ha, after drying, lea ing 12108 %g 5 ha [6], !ill result potential energy of 082298145ha. /onsidering a hypothetical surface 108ha, energy production of all maize crop residues !ill become .A!: 06682088 14. This alue came from the relationship( $0& , !here( "#b is the calorific alue of biomass, in 14 5 %g dry material, $ha dry biomass per hectare per year, %ha is the total area is culti ated in ha, &f is a unit con ersion factor. ,or the same area, the potential energy pro ided by the production of grain !ill be determined analogous to %no!ing the follo!ing( 1ass corn grain, field, 1;617 %g 5 ha [6], maize grain !eight after drying( 163<8 %g 5 ha [6], calorific alue of corn grain( 1;.< 14 5 %g, [0 ]= +o for the same area, the 108ha, !hich !as obtained a final production of 163<8 %g grain per hectare, [6], !ill result in a potential energy pro ided by the relationship "0 $0&. "fter calculations, the energy output !ill be("0 : 2666267814. Therefore, total energy A = "#b $ha %ha & f ,

potential, "tot !ill translate to adding the " 1 pre ious alues( Atot = 06682088 + 26662678 = 37769978 '( , Atot = 37,76T( . /.2 E.er!, 0 (e.($"% 1 4$ -"##-0%".( ' r. 2he. (he 0%".( 0"r(# 5#e6 'n this case, according to data from the same batch culti ation of 108 ha, [6], mass amounts to 27668%g5ha plant parts. 'f they !ill use dried, their !eight !ill decrease the amount of 18<92%g5ha.+ince best results of con ersion !ill be achie ed in the latter case, the calculations !ill result in this case. Thus, assessing the alue of the calorific alue 13.3 14 5 %g, [1], and applying relation $0&, !ill result in( A = 0881;178'( = 08, 81;T( . Ob iously, it !as considered that the cobs and grain !ere gi en another destination, the most common finding and purpose of human food and 5 or feed. /./ E.er!, 0 (e.($"% 1 4$ -"##-( 5#e (he 2h %e 0%".( ' r. ".6 ' r. !r$.6er# "nalyzing the quantities of ra! materials, !ill admit that the mass of plant residues is the same as the pre ious subsection, as a result, the potential energy pro ided !ill be( A1 = 0881;178'( /herish the calorific alue of material deri ed from shredding cobs, "#b : 19.3 14 5 %g, [0] and their corresponding dry mass Aha : 17327%g5ha, [6], and replacing data in relation $0&, the energy potential in an area of 108 ha !ill be( A0 = 19,3 17327 108 = 29<83068 '( Tri ial sum of pre ious alues leads us to total production of bio*energy ( Atot = 29<83068 + 0881;178 = 39<06608'( , Atot = 39, <0T( . "nother important source of biomass is the biomass deri ed from !aste. 't consists of a !ide range of materials including agricultural crops and forestry residues, municipal !aste solid residues, slurry, industrial residues and

dead biomass resulting from the natural life cycles. +ome of these can be recycled, but most represent potential energy sources. The -B strategy, @omania !ill increase its energy production from rene!able sources to o er 11C in 0818. This is a realistic prospect, gi en the high potential energy alues deri ed from biomass, measured in <3;6 toe5year, representing 1;C of the total consumption of primary resources in 0888. These sources can be classified as( "gricultural !aste from grain, corn stal%s, egetable !aste ine( 6.<;; million toe, $92.1;C&= !aste !ood * sa!dust and other !ood by* products( 67< thousand toe $9.61C&= forestry residues and fire!ood( 1.1<3 million toe, $13.6<C& = biogas( 377 thousand toe $<.<6C&= !aste and urban !aste residues( 363 thousand toe $<.1<C&= 7.ANALYSES OF ENVIOROMENTAL IMPCATS @equirements of socio*economic en ironment and benefit of all processes on biomass energy can be quantified using life cycle $./"&. This is one !ay to assess potential o er its lifetime quantifying the use of resources $entry*input is an energy that produces biomass feedstoc% for chemicals, fertilizers and machinery !or%ing life and the culti ation of biomass transport, etc. & and release into the en ironment $outputs*outputs to air, !ater, soil such as /O0, >Ox, +O0 and /O&. ./" act in connection !ith a techno*economic feasibility, en ironmental impact so that the benefits and disad antages of this process can be assessed. This methodology $./"& includes generally 2 phases( in entory, impact assessment and impro ement. Ahase in ol es quantifying energy in entory, material requirements, emissions to air, !ater, and solid residues from all stages of the bio*energetic cycle. +imilarly !ith the systemic analysis presented in the introduction, the life cycle of the biomass can be presented as a process of type tree $,ig 0&. -ach box represents a process that forms part of the life cycle.

Bioenergetics processes ha e defined inputs and outputs. -ntries are ra! materials and energy $e.g. energy for culti ating the soil, into the products of fertilizers&. Outputs are emissions $en ironmental outputs& and energy $economic output& and other items. The information about each process and ha ing a life cycle is possible to establish a life cycle in entory of all inputs and outputs associated en ironmental impacts of bio*energy production. The result is called the table of impacts. -ach impact is illustrated as a parti*
E1 I1 O1 I2.2 Em1
,ig.0 +chematic representation, as a process tree, of bio*energy production(' D input= O D output= - D energy=-m D emissions.

The benefits from reducing greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion are other ad antages of bio*energy. )hile ./" methodology to assess en ironmental influences exerted by one type of biomass throughout its life cycle.

REFERENCES [1] @oE, ?., %ystemic evaluation of energy production from biomass in a life cycle perspective, Bulletin B+"1?, nr.99 $1*0&, '++> 1762*3279, /luF*>apoca, 088;. [0] G G G * +./. -lectrocentrale Oradea +."., )easibility study on *$assing the +o. , boiler 3-.t / h of the operation of fossil fuel 0lignite1 from the operation of biomass 0corn1* http(55taxe.oradea.ro5pmo5. Oradea, 13.80.0889. 3] 2 2 2 I%$3, A&&3%% E.a., $ro4ect Access5 Accelerated penetration of technology, scale, use of biomass and solar energy. !!!.access*ret.net5info5pdfs5d12Hro.pdf. [4] G G G B+"1? BucureEti, Bni ersity of AiteEti, E.a. - $ro4ect5 An alternative agricultural system directed to the organic agriculture. http(55!!!.biophan.ro5/--I 3;HBiophanH.pdf.

I3.1 I2.1 O 2.1 I3.2 I3.3 O 2. 2

O 3. 1 O 3. 2 O 3. 3

cular quantity of a substance. #ata in table are used for systematic e aluation of the life cycle of the potential impact alue. 7.CONCLUSIONS

Aroduction of bio*energy is a iable solution for our country, the alues of potential outcomes is inconclusi e. /learly, using corn as a source of biomass for energy purposes is the most cost* effecti e !hen used in all the plant, especially the cobs, respecti ely, the production of grain.
EVALUAREA POTEN8IALULUI ENERGETIC A CULTURII +E PORUM& .ucrarea se referJ la potenKialul teoretic Ei tehnic pentru producerea de energie din biomasJ. +tudiul are ca scop alorificarea potenKialului culturii de porumb Ei de a analiza impactul asupra mediului. #e fapt, studiul este conceput pentru a promo a prin 2 posibilitJKi producerea de bio*energie din culturile de porumb. O metodologie de e aluare a ciclului de iaKJ este prezentatJ Ln ederea e aluJrii impactului asupra mediului.

Ghe r!he-V"#$%e &ORZA, Ah#.+t., Tehnical Bni ersity of /luF*>apoca, #epartment of @oad ?ehicules and "gricultural 1achinery, gheorgheHborzaMyahoo.com. V$'( r RO), Ah#., Tehnical Bni ersity of /luF*>apoca, #epartment of @oad ?ehicules and "gricultural 1achinery, ctrrosMyahoo.com.