:

:
.

, 2014

......................................................................................................................2
..............................................................................................................................3
.........................................................................................................................4
..........................................................................................................4
..........................................................................................................4
............................................................................................................................5
....................................................................................................................5
.............................................................................................................6
...............................................................................................................7
:............................................................................................8
1...........................................................................................................8
1.........................................................................................................................9
2.....................................................................................................................11
3....................................................................................................................13
............................................................................................14
:.....................................................................................................................15
:...............................................................................................16


( . metallum ) -
,
() .

.
,
.
) (B) (Po)
.
, ;
; .

.
-
.

. , ,
, (
), .

. , ,
, , , , , .

( , ' ,
). ,
,
.
( , , , ). , ,
.



( ,
). (
, ), .

.

: ( ""),
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,

. ,
.

( ); ,

.

.
, .

.
, ,
, , .
( ),
( ), ( )
( ).
, ,
.

,
,
(HCl) .
, , .
,
HCl.
.

 , (
).

.
,
.
, .

.
,
,
. , ,
.
, , ISO 4217.
.
,
, .
: , , ,
, , .

.

,
. 14 2006
$324 USD ,
($665 USD/),
- $1,247 USD/.

 ($11.47 USD/), 1/49 ,

.

.

.

,
().
,
.
, (
)

, ,
.

,

, - .

 ,
.
,
,
. ,
. .

:
1.

8% .
, ,

.

.
1886 ,

. ,
.
.
.
.
, .
-, ,
.
.
.
,
.
.

 ,
, .

.

,
.

.
.
.
,
.

. ,
.
1.

196,96655 u

135 (174) pm

144 pm

166 pm

[Xe]4f145d106s1

e-

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1

3, 1

1337,33 K (1064,18 C)

3129 K (2856 C)

10,2110-3 m3/mol

334,4 kJ/mol

12,55 kJ/mol

2,3710-4 Pa (1337 K)

1740 m/s (293,15K)

10

.

Au (
aurum) 79

2.

(Ag, . argentum).
,
.
.

11

 : (Ag2S),
(AgBr) (AgCl);
.

, .
.

107,8682 u

160 (165) pm

153 pm

172 pm

[Kr]4d105s1

e-

2, 8, 18, 18, 1

12

1234,93 K (916,71 &C)

2435 (2162 C)

10,2710-3 -{m}-/mol

250,58 kJ/mol

11,3 kJ/mol

0,34 Pa (1234 K)

600 m/s (293,15 K)

3.

) -
) - : (, ,
), () ()

13


) : , ,
1535C, , , 7,9 g/cm
): -
(HCl)
(H2SO4) - (H2SO4)

) FeO Fe2O3
)

Fe(OH)-

(II)

Fe(OH)-

(III)

) -FeSO4- (II) -Fe(SO4)- (III)

-FeCO - (II)
(Fe, . ferrum)
.
, , ,
. ,
,
, .
, ,
, .
, 30 m.

, ,
, , ,
.

.
, .

14


,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
, , .
, , , ,
, . ,
.. .

:
- ,
() .

.
,
.
.
( , '
, ).

. ,
.

.
, , ,
, .

15

( ), ( ),
( ) ( ).

:
-

http://www.mk.wikipedia.org -

; ; ; II
; ,

16