Professional Documents
Culture Documents
المرجع في التركيبات الكهربائية
المرجع في التركيبات الكهربائية
mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com
2013
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Distribution Boards
UPS . ATS
CBs
.
Utilization
and
Control
Equipments Contactors
( ) One-way, Two-way, Change-over , Cross-over switches
.
- -
.
Load Estimation (
)
.
:
.
Voltage Drop
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10
Short Circuit
CBS
.
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16
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.1
: ( 500kVA
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.
75 .
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60
( .
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.2
.
3 5 Winch
.
.
.3
: .
.
17
.
.4
.
.
( )
.
. Cable
Trays .
.
( )
Cable Tray Ducts
( ) Sprinklers
.
) (Sprinkler
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18
Ducts
.
( )
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( 100 )
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3-1
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( ) Plans
) )Side Views ( ) Elevations
). (Shop Drawings
-1
20
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-A
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. C .
21
Single -Phase ( 12
kW ) Three-Phase
. .
Ring System
. Two in-takes
( )
( ) Ring System
66/11
kV 132/11
. D .
-1
.
( ).
-2 .
.
-3
( ( ) Sockets ) 13 15
20 40 30
Double Pole Switch, DP SW
) (Three Phase
Sockets .
.
22
4-1
"" ""
.
"" .
) NEC ( National Electric Code ) BS (British Standards
.
( )
.
.
( )
.
:
-1
-2
Load Estimation (
) .
23
.
.
(
)
-3
( ).
( )
( ) ( )
.
-4
.... )
.
1- .
-5
Branch Circuits
( )
.
-6
-7
( ).
((DBs
Distribution Boards
( ).
-8
( )
.
-9
24
.
) .
Single
Line Diagram .
.
: DBs
CBs
.
(
off/on ) .
. (
)
.
Lump sum
CBs DBs .
) . ( Tender
25
.1 ( ) Drawings
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Plans
. Elevations
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-
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Shop Drawings
.2 ) ( Bill of Quantities
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26
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27
- .
02
29
500
kV 220 kV 400 kV
. Voltage Drop ) ( (11 KV ) 22kV
Distribution Substation
) 3-Phase( 400 V .
.
() - Power Distribution System
:
-1 Power Handling Equipments
:
. -.
- ATS .UPS
- .
02
) Trays Raceways ( ) .
Cable
-3 Protective Devices :
) (CBs. . Differential or Overcurrent Relays
" "1 .
-3 Control and Utilization Equipments
- .
( )Sockets.
-
Contactors Dimmers
( ) Change-over Switches , Cross-over Switches.
Contactors
.
.
31
:
Power Handling Equipments
1-2
. (
11 kV ) 20 kV Rings -2
1 . Ring
Ring 1-2 F1 , F2,
F3 -
Hawalli-E 3 220 kV 11kV
.
1-2 Substations
2 3 11 / 0.4 kV ( )
.
11 / 0.4 kV Unit Distribution System UDS
LT 3
.
: 1-2
- .
Ring . H
.
Substation
. Ring Main Unit RMU
.
Ring .
RMU 5 MVA
H75 Ring ( 1-2 2-2
) RMU : 3- Cells
H33
H35 Load Break Switch, LBS-630A 25
12 |( 24 LBS 1250) .
RMU 100A
1000.. . ( 40 500
...).
()
( ) Active and Reactive Power
1000.. 500.. .
00
33
H75 Substation
3-cells RMU
3 ph 11 kV 350 MVA CU - BB
Interlock
LBS
630A
LBS
630A
LBS
630A
FUSE
100A
Earthing
Switch
HV Cable
Termination
Income
From H33
Outgoing
To H53
Transfomer
Rated CB ( ) 400A
( ) 100A CB
Inrush
Currents - Inrush -
.
HV. Cable Termination
1-2 . HV
.Medium Voltage, MV
- .
: 1-2 RMU
2-2 3-2
( .) K4
1-2 .
03
35
: 1-2 3-2
Q2: Earthing switch
(EFI: Earth Fault Indicator Q3: Load break switch with fuses
H2: Heater
H1: Hygrostat
) Heater (H2
P1: Voltmeter
LBS
LBS Fuse
c.d
(*)by electricity company
lamp
( )
Outgoing 4-2
12.
- .
03
8
12
11
10
6,7
5
4
: 4-2
) (11 or 22 kV
2-2 Circuit Breaker
. Air Circuit Breaker
. Vacuum CB
: 2-2 .
37
2-2
Distribution Station ) (11 KV )(400V
. :
-1
Rating
MVA 5MVA
-2
Earthing Neutral
Solidly Earthed 10
.Short Circuits Current
-3
Percentage Impedance X% Z%
Short Circuit
(
) Impedance, Z
. Z%
. Short Circuit
Capacity (
) .
-4
.2
.3
.5
.6
( Single Phase
.4
( ).
).
.
-5 K-Factor
Hi Speed-Electronic Switches
- .
02
.
. K-4 Transformers
%50
-6
( )
Power .
( )2-2
" " ONAN (
).
: 2-2
300
300
( )
:
Dry Transformers .
.
3-2
. Transformer
2MVA
Dry
39
3-2
-7
. .
.
:
.1 .
.2
.
.3
-8
dB
( 65 .) dB 50 40
- .
32
.
. :
:1-2
925554 : . .
50 KVA
100 KVA
200 KVA
300 KVA
800KVA
1000 KVA
1500 KVA
500 KVA
Serial Number
. 500 kVA .1992
" ""
.
3-2
: ( )
.
DBs
Emergency
. 4-2
.
41
: 4-2 300 kW
(
) .
: ( MTS
Manual Transfer
) Switch, ( . ) ATS
.
%20-10
%50
( ) No Diversity Factors .
- .
.
.1 - - ()
.
.2 .
.
.3
.
.4
Cylender
.
.5
.
.
.
:
()
1.00 .
()
()
()
()
30
43
: 5 -2 ATS
Server
- .
: 6-2 ( UPS ) ()
UPS
.Amp-Hour
UPS :
.1 .
.2 .
UPS .
(
) UPS
ATS
()
33
45
4-2
.
BBs CBs
( ) LBS
.
.
: ( ) .
:
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.
()
Construction Panels
- .
()
Cubicle Construction
.
.
()
.
()
CBs . .
( )IP 55
(
).
Form1, Form2, etc
:
33
47
- .
32
49
:
.
.
IP Code ()XY
X 1 6 .
Y 1 7 .
( ) Y and X
. Water-Proof .3-2
IP
Accessories IP66
Glands
- .
52
. ( ) .
-
-
1% .
: 3-2 IP
( Y )
) X )
IP
50
( )
12
Drop-proof
Rain Proof
2.5
1
Splash-
proof
Jet-Proof
6
7
Vibration .
51
( 5
) 3PHASE +N+E ( 2)
:
!!.
- -
.
(
) ( )
" " .
- .
( .) KWh, kW and kVAR ) (Power Factor
.
Earth Leakage CB
.
( )
Red-phase
3-Phases . 5-2
Blue-phase
( ) Neutral Earth
/.
.
( A2 B2 C2
)
( ) A1,B1,C1
.
50
53
: 5-2 .
- .
5-2
Safety
.
.
"" Feeders
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 Overload .
-5 SCC .
-6 Voltage drop
-7 .
-8 ( )
-9
-10 .
:
.1
.2 Layout
.3 Cable structure
.4 Classifications
53
55
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
Bus Duct .
( ) ( Core
.
: 7-2
-1 Conductor ( ) .
.
) (skin effect
.
-4 ( ) Insulation Shield
.
.
-6 Metallic Sheath Tape Shield
0.1 mm
- .
.
( .
) Armour
-7 ( :) Filler Cores
Multi-core Inner Jacket .PVC
-8 ( ) Armour
.
1 kV .
-9 Outer Jacket .
PVC
-10
: 7-2 .
6-2
:
). (Conduits - ( . )Cable Trays
53
57
- .
()
Conduits .
Conduit PVC
.
Flexible Conduit
.
:
.1
.
.2 .
.3
( .
).
Raceways
Trunking .
.
Raceways
.6-2 Raceways
.
(
).... .
Raceways Busbars
Raceway Raceway
.
.
- .
6
.
Cable Trays
7-2
( ) .
52
59
6
:
80 .
10 .
20 .
20
.
.
Separators (
)
. De-rating factor
PVC
30 .
-
4 .
6
-
Single Core
Induced Current
.
( Fire Barrier )
.
Fire Barrier .
Control
30 cm .
: 4-2
- .
: 4-2
7-2
( ) Cores .
: o ( . ) 66kV
o ( . ) 3.3 kV
o .
.
Losses
.
32
61
Conductivity
1.724 .cm
).(Glands
Bi-metal Gland .
Bi-metal Gland .
:
-1 PVC
.
3.3kV
( )PVC .
. PVC
. PVC
.
-2 XLPE
.
.
-3 EPR
.
- .
: 8-2 () ().
Cable Trays
Non-Armoured 8-2
).
30
63
8-2
PVC XLPE
. :
-A : .
.
.
.
)120-70( kV/cm
kV/cm .
30
-B :
.
-C Mineral Insulation
.
.
.
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- .
V
) (V :
d
.Dielectric Strength
. E
Impulse Strength
Switching
(.)Lightning
.
:
D
d
Rins k ln
k
D ( ) mm
d ( .) mm
IEC :5-2
33
65
: 5-2
)Class (0
()90 C
Class A
()105 C
: -
.
(
)
.
)Class (B
()130 C
)Class (F
()155 C
)Class (H
()180 C
Class-220
()220 C
220
) Class ( C
(over )220 C
.
.
.
9-2
. 6-2 .
- .
6-2
0.6/ 1(1.2) kV , multi-core Cables, with stranded Copper Conductors , PVCInsulation, PVC, sheathed
.1
.
.2 . mm2
.3 DC
. AC
- -
.
33
67
.4 Current Rating
(
).
.5
.
.6
300mm2 12.
.
.
16mm2 80 .
Duct Cable-Trays.
8 7 6 . 6 2
.
.
- .
32
10 2
50 . (
) .
2-2
:
:
( Phases
) 50mm2 . Neutral
3-2
:
multi-core
.25mm2
4-2
] 3[3x240+120
:
Multi-core Phase
69
10-2 lartueN
Neutral Phase
Neutral Phases
phases
Neutral . Phases
.
N Phase :
-1 ( ) 35mm2
Neutral
6 mm2
.mm2
-2 Power Electronics
UPS Neutral Phase
11-2
:
-1 R :
- .
2-2
72
PLoss=I2R
.
-2 Insulation Loss
:
( ) Loss angle
Power Factor Load
. ( )
Power loss .
-3 Metallic Sheath Loss
Eddy Current Induction
.
( ) .
.
- Oil Filled
Cable .
(
) .
.
( )
.
10-2 . Core
.
71
10 -2
.
Charging Current . Leakage Current
:
I C V C.......................2 4
V .Volt
( ) f (.)= 2f
C ( ) Capacitance . Farad
Capacitance
13A .220 kV
( ) Critical Length
. Power
. 132 kV 64 Km
400 KV 24 Km.
- .
( ( ) Skin Effect 8-2).
( ) 6-2 20
( ( ) R20 40 )
.
:
RT R20 1 (T 20)
( 0.0039 / C 0.004
70
73
PVC XLPE (
- ) Water Treeing -
.
:
Routine Test -1 .
Sample Tests -2
Type Tests -3
.
Installtion Tests -4 .
- .
73
75
: 9 -2 Bus duct
: Bus Ducts
-1 . Non-Segregated Duct
-2 . Segregated Duct
-3 . Isolated Duct
- -
Phases .
Phases Housing
. 12-2
1200 5000 38 kV
24 96.
- .
Insulation
.Powder Epoxy
. .
73
77
Bus Duct () .
13-2 . :
-1 Elpow 90.
-2 Tee .
-3 Offset .
-4 50 .
-5 Wall Flange .
-6 Cable Tap box .Bus Duct
- .
14-2
Bus duct.
72
79
Bus Duct
IEC .
- .
22
81
:
Short Circuit
.
(
Circuit Breaker ) CB .
)(Amp
CB CB
. Standard ():
6, 10, 15,16, 20, 25, 32, 40,50, 63,100, 125, 150,163, 200, 225, 250, 300, 400,
500, 630, 800,1000, 1200,1500,1750,2000,2200, 2500,3000,3200,4000, 5000,
6300
CB Short Circuit Capacity SCC
) (kA CB Short Circuit
. CB
.
( Short Circuit Capacity ) kA:
3 6 10 15 22 35 50 75 80 . 100
14-2
tsB
CBs
Power Circuit Breakers
- .
20
. Relay Vacuum CB . Air CB
CBs Draw-out Switchgear CBs
.2-2
Rated Current 600 4000.
Relay CB
. :
: Miniature Circuit Breaker
MCB
MCCB
GFCB
. Fuse
10kA
. 100 kA .
83
B, C, D IEC Standard
.
%113
I .
: 10-2 CB
- .
Trip B 3 5
Resistive loads .
Trip C 5 10
Inductive Loads .
Trip D 10 20
Highly Inductive Loads .
CB Irated 20
20 . 10-2
Irated
.
) (SCC MCB 10 kA
( " " ) Instantaneous trip CB
.
CB SCC CB
.
:
( B 3:5 ) 5
Trip
SCC
.
:
7
.
23
85
CB CB 11-2 CB
32 30.
Instantaneous Trip CB .
.
: 11-2 CB Fuse
5-2:
CB 10KA ,25A
:
CB 25A 25A
10kA CB
10 kA CB .
10kA CB .
CB CB
10A CB 63 A
- .
CB 100A 10kA 100A
100 kA .
MCB .
MCB . 16-2
.
12-2
.
16-2 ( ) IThermal Tmag Imag
.
: 16-2 . MCCB
12-2 CB ( MCCB
) .
.
23
87
CB
.Earth Fault
: 12-2 MCCB
MCCB :
MCCB CB
.
- .
)(SD
22
( .)ms
SD .12-2 ( )
.
.
i (:) Long Delay Time
:
1- Pick up current
2- Trip time
1.25 CB 12-2
. CB 12-2 LD
. 600A 300A
.725A
ii
LD
LD (4
36 28 20 12) 600A
600 4 12 ... 36 .
Rated Value
6 Rated value
600A 4 4 3600
4 7 .
12-2
. LD
( 6 Rated ) .
iii
10 8 6 4 12-2
.
89
IV
LD Pickup line SD
Long-delay .
v
delay . SD 6 Rated
0.33 9000 ( ) 2.5 X 3600
CB 0.33 .
( Phase
1-phase
" " M
CB .
13-2 GFCB
(
) Neutral
- .
S Circuit CB S . Closed
.
.
5mA .30mA ( ) 5mA
( )30mA .
( )300mA
300mA
.
Rated Current
32 40 63 100.
Phases .
CB .
02
91
Earthing System
13-2 . Earthing
15-2 () erBa
CBs
CBs
" " .CB
. Irated
CB
CB
3-Phase Motors
Phases -
. 2-phases
. Fuse Element
( ) .
.
:
.1 Cartridge Fuses
.2 High Rupturing Capacity. HRC
.
. ( ) 18-2
( Fuse Element ) .
- .
.
.
18-2
Fuse Element
19-2 . HRC
: Fuse element Single Element
Dual Element
. Overload
00
93
:
Control & Utilization Equipments
( )Contactor
( )
() .
16-2 ( ) tpoteutpuB
Contactor
. Main Poles
.14-2
.
A3
A2
A1
N.O
C1
N.C
C2
B3
B2
B1
14-2 Contactor
Contactor Auxiliary Contacts :
N/O
Normally Open
N/C
Normally Closed
" "
Contactor energized ). (N/C
- .
03
Status
Status
Contactor :
-1
AC . DC
( )N/O and N/C Auxiliary Contacts
-2
Contactor
N/O N/C .
-3
-4
-5
: Contactor 100A
Single Phase Resistive Load
-6
75A
Contactors .
Contactor 1.25
.
: AC3
Motor .
Contactor .
95
: AC4
Contactor
Contactor
. Contactor
12 . 20-2
.Contactors
: 20-2 Contactors
97
- .
. .
( ) :
.1 ( )
( ) .
.2 Small Appliances
Sockets .
.3 Space Conditioning .
.4
Fire Fighting.
.5 .
.6 .
.
: .
.
02
99
1-3
.
.
1
( )
.
:
. 3-
( . 2-5-3
)
.
1-5-3 .
Ratings
.
%20 %50
2/ 2 50/ 2 .
.
( (W/m2
30 50
- .
022
20
. 1-3
National Electrical Code . NEC
: 1-3 .
()
25
20
50-20
35-20
15
20-16
20-15
25
10
:
15 W/m2
30 W/m2
60 W/m2
30 W/m2
.
.
.
Sockets
180VA
1.5 .2-3
100W
( ) 500 W .
101
( ) Radial
. Ring
: 2-3
( )W
:
0.5 tan
800
0.75 tan
1200
1 tan
1600
2 tan
3000
6000-3000
5000-3000
1000-300
1000-500
1200-800
NEC
3000 VA
Dryer .
W/m2
20 W/m2 30
50 W/m2
.
3-3 ( ) Sockets .
: 3-3
W/ m2
/ 50 30
60 - 40
20-10
- .
020
.
.
. 25 - 15 kW
. 5 kW
6-3 7-3
.
2-3
.
( )
. 1 W
3.4 BTU
100
20 kWH .
( BTU
)British Thermal Unit
.
BTU/Hr "
103
" (
)12000 BTU/Hr kW
1.17 2.5 .
.
1-3
7 - 700
( ) Kw/Tan 1.1 . 2.5
8 6 . KWH 15.
:
( ) :
7 x 1.1 x 8 x 30 x6 = 11088 kWh
( ) :
7 x 2.5 x 8 x 30 x6 = 25200 kWh
. 700
2116 .
. " : " !!.
SEER
SEER .
21-13 .
.
SEER .
KHH 9 2000.
- .
023
:
3 ton 10 SEER system (36,000BTUs x ((.09cents/1000Watts) x
2000hrs))/10SEER= $648 per year cooling cost.
Compare this to
3 ton 20 SEER system (36,000BTUs x ((.09cents/1000Watts) x
2000hrs))/20SEER= $324 per year cooling cost.
Split units
4-3 .
: / Compressor
( ) .
105
: 4-3 Split
(../)
(.).
(.).
( )
12000
1.540
1.5
1/50/220
12 10
18000
1.5
1.930
1.6
1/50/220
18 15
24000
2.670
2.670
1/50/220
25 20
36000
3.745
4.20
1/50/220
30 - 25
42000
3.5
3.5
4.50
3/50/380
40 35
48000
4.5
5.00
3/50/380
50 40
60000
6.25
7.00
3/50/380
60 - 50
20 (
3.4
.
Central Air Condition
. ( )
MEW/R-6 :
65 W/m2
70 W/m2
90 W/m2
80 W/m2
120 W/m2
100 W/m2
145 W/m2
( . ) 1.6 2.5 kW/ton
- .
.
.
.
.
.
( )
%30- %25 .
%45 .
. (
) .
( ) Ducts .
.
023
107
3-3
: 2-3 3-3 4-3
( - -) 5-3 .6-3
2- 3
500 .
500 x W/m230
15000.
60000.
Sockets
20
x 100
20
.) 2000W
77 kW
.
BTU
500 x 660
330000/12000
BTU/Hr
BTU/Hr/m2
660
330000
kW
60
. )2.2
3-3
12 150
- .
022
" "
180
150 .
.
:
15 x 150
2250W
( W/m
30 )15
50 x 150
65 x 150
15
( )65 W/m
( 3 4
)
20 kW.
.240 kW
( ).
4-3
20 3 200m2
17 100 m2 .
:
30 W : ( ) 50 W 70W
60 W : 60W 90 W
:
109
( 25kW )
5 kW 100 KW
. 480 kW
. 3-
.
15
( )5-3 15 (.)6-3
3-
. .
.
( :)5-3
15
(. .)
0 0.5
3 0.5
02 - 8
00 - 3
- .
002
( :)6-3
15
(. .)
02 2
00
5-3
5
200 3 100 .
.
3- 200 32 kVA
. ) DF = 0.5 ( 16 kVA 100
: 6-3
600 2 :
-
2 / ( +)
3/ 15.
3/ 17.5
16/ 5/
88 .
111
2 / 6.5 87
() :
:
( 2 100 )
:
2..
( )1 600 2
( )2
100
2 : 6002
12002
12
1200
144..
100
2
( )3 16 : 600
9600
10..
9600
( )4
12..
100
960..
++ ( ) 12..
12 + 960 + 12 + 144 :
()5
* 3:
* 2 :
15 3.
( 0.85 )
0.74617.52
1128..
53..
35..
- .
000
(0.85 )(0.88)
6.5 0.746
* 1 :
(0.85 )(0.87)
6.6..
95 6.6 + 35 + 53..
95+ 1128
1223...
80
1223
80
1528.75
2000..
.
68
95 + 68 1128
1500...
862..
862
80
1077..
4-3
. %100 .Demand Factor (
) Demand Factor
113
:
: 7-3
()
50
100
.
40 +
66
100
.
40+
.
100
.
50+
33+
20+
100
50+
33
20+
100
10
50+
10
75
100
.
40+
.
75+
.
100
80+
60+
100
10.
30+
10
5+
.
100
.
80+
.
60+
"
"
100
50 +
100
50 +
100
100+
25+ .
100 .
100
50+
.
90
100
75+
100
75+
.
100
.
80+
.
60+
100
80+
.
60+
.
.
- .
Diversity Factor
( ) Demand Factor
Demand Factor
%90
% 20 :
( ( ) Diversity factor
( ) Demand factor .
.
.
7-3
( ) :
( )1
15000
( )3
( )2
2 30 ( ).
1.2
1400
7 :
2 3.5 ( 2.6.)
3 2.5 ( 1.9.)
( )4
( )5
2 2 ( 1.5.)
6000
2 2000
1200
:
-
1.6.
2.8.
0.6.
003
115
( )6
:
-
2 3.
1 6.
1 2.
5.
4.
:
()7-3
:
()1
: 66
()2
: :
15000 66
+2
40
100
:) 0.85
()3
9.9.
52
0.85 220 6
30 1.122
1.122. (
33.66..
100 10 (( 1.87.)
0.85 50 + 10
(+ )3 + 1.4 + 0.9
50
100
- .
()4
003
100 10 30 +
10 ( 2.2. ).
()6( 30 + )1.2 + 2.00 2
()5
100 50 +
(0.6 + 1.6 ( 50 + 2.8
()6
7.00..
100
3.9..
:
()
100 100 +
25 +
)4( 25 + 5 + 6
()
12.
100
2+32
8.
()1
()2
()3
()4
()5
(6)
(6)
+ 9.9
+33.66
+10.75
+7
+3.9
12
8+
= 85.21.
137.722. :
()diversity factor
85.21
137.722
61.87
: 8-3
:
( )1 75. .
.1
( 30 )2 2.
( 10 )3 1.5. .
:
.1
117
( ) .
() .
:
()
( )7-3 :
75 50
5 2 0.40 + 2
37.5.
220 6
1.32..
1000
30 1.32
37.5..
39.6..
6 + 39.6 + 37.5
6. ( 6..)
83.1..
() -3
7 :
75 90
)2 5( 75 + 2
67.5. (..)
9.58
220 9.58
2.108..
1000
30 2.108
63.23..
15..
1.5 10
15 + 63.23 + 67.5
145.73..
- .
5-3
: .
.1
1/) ( 25 )
. 1-3
.
: 1-3
:
.1 ( )
.2 .
.3 .
.
( )
002
119
( ):
(
)
-
-
.
.2
(
)
- .
1 : 1
( )
.
.
( )4
%50 .
.
600 1000
1 : 1 ( 1100 500+600)
50 (
10 ).
.
DC AC ( ) AC ).
( )5 Guide Rails .
Guide Rails
.
(
) .
Sensor
Sensor
( )
.
002
121
Traveling Cable
.
: 3& 2& 1
-5
-4
: 2-3
:
.1 ( Gear Machine Gearless
Machine
.2
.3 / .
.4
- .
000
.5 : 0.85
0. 72 .
.
. 3-3
69
82
1750 kg
50
1500 kg
45
1250 kg
39
1000 kg
33
27
20
15
12
9
6
3
0
800 kg
630 kg
450 kg
300 kg
5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
2000 kg
57
67
60
52
45
37.5
30
22.5
63
75
15
7.5
0
0.5
(/)
: 3-3
: 9-3
4 3/
1500 .
3-3 3/
1500
.)Gearless Machine( 30 kW
4 ( %72 )3-3
() 0.72 x 30
.22 kW
123
60 - 90
10
120 -105
15
150 -120
20
210 180
25
210 240
30
240 300
9-3
: 9-3
45 15
1 0.25
55 15
2-1
> 50
>2
()
(/)
40 - 30
.1 ( 0.125
0.75/)
.2
50 5000 2/
15. 260. ( ).
- .
.3 - ( )Room-less Machine
.
.4 3-Phase Induction Motors 1500/375/
Microprocessor Control .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
Software Programs
. .
.
:
P1
P2
..
Sn
Stops ( ) .
003
125
d
Acceleration .
Tio
/ (
Tc-o
/ ( 4).
10 ).
:
.1
:Sn
. P1
P2 .
Stops ( )
. Sn Sn :
N
P P1 N P P2 N
P Pn
Sn n
....
...................3 1
P
P
P
2dS n D
).....................(3 2
V
.3 : /
TTT
) (3-3
.4 ( )
:
. Tc-o = Sn x 4
)(3 4
- .
.5
003
( )
.6
.7 = ( ).
.8 : Grade of Service ( :
+ ) .
: WT ( Round Trip
) Time, RTT ( . ) N
( . ) WT 2
= ( . ) RTT 4
)Grade of Service = (WT 2) + (RTT 4) ..(3-6
.9 :
45
55 45
65 55
65
.10
( + )
.
HP
( . ) 1.5/75
10- 3
5 20
10 1000
.100 m/min (
)
127
:
:
P
. 10
.5
100 V/ .
20 = D.
d
1.5
Tio
10.
Tc-o
4.
:
.1 :Sn
10
1000 100
1000 150
1000 250
S n 5
3
4.4
1000
1000
1000
10
.2 TTT
10
21.5 4.4 20
0.55 min 32 sec
100
TTT
.3
Tc-o = Sn x4 = 4.4 x 4 = 17.6 sec
.4 RTT
RTT = 32 + 17.6 + 10 (4.4) + 10 = 103 sec
.5
) 60 x 60( / 103
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
( ) 350 1000
3 103
) 80 x 10( + 1000
10 x 35
350 .
34.3 .
103 /4 + 34.3/2
3 .
35.
( 43 ) .
1800( . 80
900 ).
)1.5/75 ( x 900
18.
- .
002
6-3
( )
3.5 4.8
0.35
1.35 .
30 ( 10)
( )
( )1.5 Kw ( )Expansion tank
.
( )P :
.Q H
0.746 KW
75
:
:Q
(/3)
:H
()
( ) 80
( 1000/)3
40 / 3 10 . 22..
( Pressure Valves ) ( Jokey
)pump ( )Header .
129
.
. ( )4-3 ( ) ()Waste water
.
:
-1 .
-2 .Y
4
2
2
-3 .
-4
.
-5 .
-6
().
-7 .
-8
8
1
8
( :)4-3
:
- .
Q.H .
] 0.746 [kW
75
002
:
Q
(/3)
()
( ) 75
( 1000 1200/)3
7-3 ( )
Power Factor
.
I V
Apparent Power, S S = I.V S
100 %.
: Active Power , P
W Reactive Power, Q . V.A.R
( ) P ( )Q
. .
.
P S Power Angle Cosine . Power Factor
Q
S
: 4-3
131
Q P
P
( .( P = V . I . cos cos .
( ) 0.3 % 30
) (S P .
1000A 400 V )) Cos 1 = 0.33
400 MVA
. ( ) Cos 2 = 0.9
1
S2
Q1
S1
: 5-3
P.F Improvement
Reactive Power .
. Q P S .
.
( 6-3 )
Reactive Power 120 kVAR
QC
P, Q, S PF
- .
000
Reactive Power
( ) 63 kVAR . ( ) 120 kVAR .
P= 80 kW
Q=183 kVAR
S= 200 kVA
P= 80 kW
Q=63 kVAR
S= 101 kVA
P2= 80 kW
Q2=183 kVAR
S2= 200 kVA
= Qc
120 kVAR
P= 80 kW
Q=183 kVAR
S= 200 kVA
: 6-3
Apparent Power 200
S1 = kVA S2 = 101 kVA
S 2 P 2 Q22 80 2 63 2 101 kVA
PF ( + ) . 0.79
P
80
0.79
S 2 101
63
80
tan 2
. 0.9 PF ( ) 0.9
0.7 :
(0.9-0.7) x 1000000 = 200000
.
133
......................3 8
QC
V 2
. Per Phase
11-3
C 0.7 0.95
500 kW . 11 kV
:
PFs 7-3 45
1 18
500 ,000
) tan 45 tan 18 115 .88 kVAR ( per phase
3
QC Ptan 1 tan 2
8-3 Per-Phase
9 F
2
V
(11000 / 3 ) 2 2 50
KVAR
. 10 -3 cos
tan "
KVAR Rating of
" Capacitors .. .
kVAR per kW kW
.
- .
003
: 12-3
666 kVA 0.75 0.93
KVAR .
kW
:
P = 0.75 x 666 = 500 kW
:13-3
11-3 .10-3
135
: 10-3 kVAR / kW
- .
.
C Automatic Power Factor
Regulator, APFR
. APFR
C .
BB
7-3 KVA Demand
PF .
PF kVAR
kVAR .
: 7 -3
8-3
. .
003
137
: 8-3
Harmonics
PF
XC
1
2 f C
XC
XC XC
Short Circuit .
50Hz Pure Sin
Hz
5-0 Harmonics
XC Short Circuit.
Inductor 9-3
Z .
- .
Inductor
Inductance .
Harmonics Harmonics
Active Filter .
: 9-3 Harmonics
:
-1
( )KVAR 135
-2 115
( )Rated voltage r.m.s
400 440
Harmonics .
-3 CB Long-Time-Delay Setting 1.3 In
Short-Time-Delay Setting 10 In
Inrush . In :
kVAR
3 VL
In
remember : sin 1
-4 Induction
Motors .
002
139
8-3
.
25 C %50
.
- : .
. : BTU
( 1 BTU
252) .
- : (
( 2000) 24 )
. 12000 BTU :
1 ton (US)=2000 lb
1 day=24 hours
- :
BTU/Hr 12000
BTU/Hr 18000
1,50
BTU/Hr 24000
BTU/Hr 27000
2,25
BTU/Hr 36000
BTU/Hr 45000
3,75 .
- .
- 1
37.5 C 34 C % 75
. 37 C
-2
. .
.
20 C
. %20 %50 .
-3
. 15-3 / .
:
-1
Condenser
( )
( ) (
) .
Chillers .
-2 Evaporator
( ) .
032
141
.
.
.
NO FROST .
CHILLER
-3 Compressor
- .
-4 Expansion Value
. Spray
Throttling .
-5 Coolant
) ( ) .
. 1222 512 502
.1340 123
.
( ) 10-3 Compressor
030
143
- .
033
()
.
(
)
()
: 10-3
9-3
Window
145
80 x 60
.
Condenser .
"
BTU 24000 .
Split
.
- .
033
.
( Unit
) Indoor
Evaporator
" Expansion Valve
25
.
.
Microprocessors
Data
.
147
( ) .
. 5 1.5.
Split Cassette type mini-split
Floor-standing mini-split
. Split
Duct Split
Ducts
Split
1.5
5 3 .
. 6.6
1.5 . Ducts (Package
) .
Split
40 60
3 2,4
3.4 2,8.
- .
50 4 .
Duct split AHU
AHU Compressor Package
.
. 11-3
.
11-3 Pakage
two Ducts .
032
149
Fresh Air .
.
. Fresh
Fresh Air
.
Supply (
).
- .
052
( )DUCT HEATERS
.
chilled
)Water System
Fan Coil
.
4.1 1
.
Chiller
151
.
:
( 450 )
Ducts
Air Handling Unit , AHU Fan Coil Unit , FCU
Evaporator
Ducts .
Duct
. AHU
- .
( air-cooled
. )Chiller
( .)Chiller water-cooled
350
.
.
050
153
12-3
:
( ) Chillers
( FCU) Fan Coil Unit
- .
053
: 12-3
Chillers . Boilers
.
:
.1
155
.2 Air Duct
Package
.3 Ducts Duct
Split
.4 .
( )Actual
118.4 ( 48) 115
% 80 118.4
% 20
: 10 ( 120000 . . /)
95 (8
96000 . . /) 118.4.
:
.
053
157
NEC Branch Circuits
) .(Load (
CB
) Load
:
:
Branch Circuits
( ...... ).
: Main Feeders
.
Load
Load (
) . ( ) Load
:
( ) .
052
159
(
) . :
/ CBs
:
:
-1 .) ICB( CB
-2 mm2 . ICable
CB (
) Loads :
.1
.2
Static ( ).
Dynamic .
:
.i
( ).
.ii ( ).
.
1-4
.
) . (NEC :
.1 (
).
.2 ( :
) .
.3 6 : 4 CB
10
CB . Contactor
ON/OFF .
032
161
.4 ( Sockets ) 8A
) (CB . 16A
Box
Junction
Double Pole SW .
.5
( ) .
.6 %80 CB
Load .
.7 " " 3 .
.8 Wire Rating CB Rating .
.9
( )Harmonics
() .
( .)
( 1.8 )
1.8 0.85
.
.10 Sockets
.
.11 Sockets
.
.12 Sockets 50
Phase
380 .
.13 Sockets
Phases Phase
Socket
Phase Phase Socket
.
.
.14 Sockets 16
.22
.
.23
Sockets .
030
163
: 1-4
.1
.2
.)Load Current ( IL
CB ( ) Rated Current
Load :
ICB > 1.25 IL
.3
.4
Rating .
De-rating factors
Thermal
. CB :
ICABLE ICB
.2 CB Load %25 CB
.
.3 ) ( Standard Value CB
.
.
CB 23A 25A .32A
.4 Short Circuit Capacity CB
CB .
.5
.
: 1- 4
033
:
-1 :Load
36.5 A
21000
3 418 0.8
I Load
( 0.85 5-2.) 2-
.b
6 .
Load :
36.5
62.2 A
0.69 0.85
I L (corrected )
. 4 " : "
1-2 2 -
. ( 2- 1-2
) 2- 6-2
25mm2 77A ( . )ICable > ICB
.5 4(1 x 25 mm2) Cu :
25 mm2 ) (4 x 25 mm2
.Multicore
165
36.5
43 A
0.85
I L (corrected )
) . (4-1
.4-4
Im
Xm
Vsup
Emf
: 4-4
...............................4 2
Vsup Emf
Xm
Im
Emf k .....................................4 3
Im
...............................4 4
033
Vsup
Xm
Im
Xm ( ) Im
)(Vm - Em 2-4
. 1-4
Rated Current CB
( ) ICB > IST .
kVA Code
( Name Plate .) 5-4
: 5-4
kVA Code 2-4 IST .
167
: 2-4
(kVA/HP) at starting
kVA Code
0-3.14
3.15-3.43
3.44-3.99
4 4.49
4.5 - 4.99
)5 - ( 5.59
5.6 6.29
6.3 - 7.09
7.1 - 7.99
)8 - (8.99
:2-4
.5-4
222 A
ST
kVA / HP
ST
177 1000
3 460
kVA
I ST
460
( 222 )
34.9 A .
.
032
: Service Factor
1.15
5-4 %15 .
.
:Insulation Class
Classes ( 5-2 )
. 5-4 F
155.
NEMA Design
Classes
Enclosure
. :
) National Electrical Manufacture Association (NEMA
IP
3-Phase 15HP .
: 3-4
169
: 3-4
.1
() IL
.3
CB .ICB IST
.4
( ) ICABLE ICB
.5
.2
Starting Current
ST
( )1-4
CB . Starting Current
:3-4
5HP 2.5
5 746
22 A
220 0.85 0.9
IL
I ST 2.5 22 55 A
.
.
: 5kW Output 5kW
Input .
072
: 4-4
: 4-4
.1 ( ) IL
: 4-4
93.7 A
50,000
3 380 0.9 .95
IL
( ) ICable>IST
250A 93A
. ( Icable >1.25 Irated
171
)
.
I cable 1.25 93.7 117.1A
1.05 IL 100
Rated Current ) 250 A ( CB () 131A
.
: 6-4 . Overload
4-4
. Starting Current Rated Current
:
070
-1 Starting Current
.
Starting Current
.
-2 CB
93A CB 250A
- 200A - CB ICB
.
.CB
-3 Starting Current Over Load
Over Load .
-4 CB Over Load
O.L
CB
CB.
CBs
OL .
4-4
. :
-1
( ) ISt . IST-max
173
-2
( ) Irated Irated-
max
: 5-4
: 5-4 CB
-1 )( ISt (Group CB
) :
-2 Rated Current ( )
:
-3 De-rating Factors
Thermal Rating CB 1-
2- .
DF
: 6-4
073
6-10
0.75
11-15
0.7
16-20
0.65
21-30
0.6
31-50
0.55
: 5-4
3-phase :
3
5HP
10 HP
15HP
Irated Irated-max
Irated (5HP) = 7.6 A
Irated (10HP) = 14 A
) Irated (15HP) = 21 A -------- > (Irated-max
:
IST (5HP) = 19 A
.
IST (10HP) = 35 A
IST (15HP) = 52 A
( DF = 0.75 .)6-4
:5-4
175
6-2 ( )
( 3 x 50 + 25 mm2 .) 179A
.7-4
3x50+25
150A
63A
40A
4x6
4x4
3
15 HP
25A
4x3
2
10 HP
5 HP
: 7-4 5-4
:
.1 . Over Load
.2 (
) .
.3
.
:
( CB )
:
-1 (
).
-2
).
-3 CB Short Circuit
. CB
5-4 :
Rated Current 6-2
:
40 ( 25)
. :
( . ) De-rating Factors
Thermal rating
.
:
073
177
-4
.7
: 7-4
25
35
30
40
45
50
55
PVC
XLPE
. 8-4
: 8-4
25
35
30
40
45
50
PVC
XLPE
: 9-4
55
50
1.00
1.00
1.00
60
0.99
0.98
0.97
80
0.97
0.96
0.94
100
0.95
0.93
0.92
125
0.94
0.92
0.89
150
0.93
0.90
0.87
175
0.92
0.89
0.86
200
0.91
0.88
0.85
072
:
: 10-4
90
80
150 120
100
250
200
C.cm/watt
:
: 11-4
2
5-4
8-6
0.8
0.7 0.73
0.66 0.86
:
: 12-4
Touching
Trefoil Flat
Spacing 30 cm Spacing 15 cm
Flat
Trefoil
Flat
Trefoil
0.81
0.81
0.87
0.87
0.91
0.91
0.70
0.69
0.78
0.76
0.84
0.82
0.63
0.62
0.74
0.72
0.81
0.77
0.60
0.58
0.70
0.66
0.78
0.73
0.56
0.54
0.67
0.63
0.76
0.70
:
( ) Touching 15 30 .
:
.1
.
.2
.
179
.3
.
.4 Current Rating
()
Cable rating
8
.
( 2 ).
: 6-4
PVC 95mm2 50
6-2 ( 25 )
95mm
268 7- 4 50 0.76
Thermal Rating 50 :
0.76 x 268
203A
268A .
7 -4
80 .
:
: 8-4 0.89
:9 -4 0.96
: 12 -4 ( ) 0.7
6-2 435 .
435 x 0.7 x 0.96 x 0.89 = 260A
022
:8-4
18 .8 -4
.
8-4 18
:
11-4 :
0.7
0.8
()
:
0.66
0.85
( )
0.66 x 0.85
0.56
. 56%
181
:9-4
PVC 300 A
50 C 80 .
:
: 8-4 0.82
: 9-4 0.96
: 12-4 ( ) 0.7
Rated Current :
300
I cable
501A
0.7 0.96 0.82
(
) 12-4 0.63 0.7 :
300
557 A
0.63 0.96 0.82
I cable
( )557 /2 = 279A 6 - 2
120 mm2
. 2( 3 x 120 + 70 ) mm2 :
6-4 :
(
) De-rating Voltage Drop
%4 %8
( .)%6-3
:
1% .3%
.
) (P = V x I cos
.
10% CB
.
.
:
:
Voltage Drop :
.1 ( R (
) Go and Return R
2 X
)
.2 Reactance . X
.3 . Power Factor , cos
.4 Phase current . Iph
: 3-Phase . 3
........4 6
)V0 I ph Z (
........4 7
V0 I ph R() or V0 I ph X
X R
.
020
183
Voltage Drop
mV 13-4
.
( ) PVC
600.
: 13-4
: ) Z( Impedance p.u
:
4-8
.1
VD 3- phase . Vline
.2
Xcable . R
.3
VD 2 Single
Phase 3
. 3-Phase
:10-4
. Full load
:
023
185
125 A
100000
3 460
I ph
Vline
460 2
Z p .u
0.05
0.1058 .
VAbase
100000
: 4-6
4-10
V .D V0 3 3 23V
- - : 4-8
5
V
460 23V
100
:11-4
. Phase
3-
023
9 -4
( ) V :
V 2 , V 3 , V 4.
(total ) V1 max of
Vmax
V1
V4
V3
V2
: 9-4
V 9-4
V1 .
7-4 :
CB .
.
:
-1 . Short Circuit
Study .
-2 .
( )
-2 Trip Time CB . CB
. .
187
.
.
( ).
14-4 .
:12-4
PVC 70 mm2 14 kA CB
. 95mm2 CB 0.3.
: 14-4
13-4
20kA CB
0.5.
:
14-4
20 kA 24.4 kA
0.5
150 mm2
. 10-4
0.5 sec 20 kA 120 mm2
( 150 mm2 23 kA ).
022
189
: 10-4
( ) a
-1 90:
002
a( mm2 ) 9 t I SC ...............4 11
-2 90:
..........4 12
a( mm2 ) 14.2 t I SC
kA t CB
.
14-4
20kA
CB 0.5.
:
11-4
2
a( mm ) 9 0.5 20 127 mm
2
. 150 mm2
.
8 -4
( ) IS.C = V/ ZS.C
( ) V Zs.c Impedance
. Is.c
Impedances ( ) ZSC
.
11-4
Generating Station
Distribution Transformer Load
.
191
Impedances . 11-4
Impedance .
R .Impedances
)X (Source
11 kV
)X (Trans
415 V
)X (Cable
: 11-4
.
-1 XS
. Short Circuits
11-4
( Xsource )Xs
Equivalent Reactance . MVASC
(
) MVASC
300MVA
000
415
31MVA 60 MVA
XS MVASC
:
kV 2
XS
............................4 12
MVASC
kV Line Voltage .
:
3kVPh2 max
MVASC
XS
Rs
0.095
0.0675
0.047
Xs
0.633
0.4515
0.316
-2
( . )XT XT
Name Plate :
1MVA XT . 4%
10MVA XT . 5 %
Us.c 0.04
0.07 .
193
( )9/6 296
XT .
.
: 5-4
50
0.04
70.3
100
0.04
28
57.5
250
0.04
8.3
24.2
25.6
500
0.04
3.52
12.3
12.8
800
0.045
2.55
8.63
1000
0.05
1.94
7.76
()Us.c
()kVA
( )
( )
( )
107
128
64
()Rs.c
()Xs.c
()Zs.c
( ) N (
. )XT/N
-3
( R (X
.
25 2
0.07
0.15 .
Req / A
:
A
( ) mm
003
70 :
21 . 2 .
33 . 2 .
Bus Duct (
)
.
15-4
12-4 (
) ( )
( )
.
Xeq 10
.
:
( )1
:
Zeq
Xeq .
( 10 ) 220 1.05
23.1
32 .
( )2
70 + 150 3.2
(150 )33 45
9.9
195
6.75
0.15 45
Req / A
33 . 2
0.15
"" 16.75 ) 6.75 +10 ( 9.9
19.5 . ""
(19.5 )220 1.05
11.794
""
( )3
16 .
"" "" 15
2
35 + 70 3
(70 )21 15
0.15 15
CB ""
4.5
2.25
0.15
9.593
""
( )4
16
"" "" 10
2
25 3
(25 )21 10
0.15 10
8.4
1.5
0.15
7.460
003
10
.
""
70+1503
164
45
25
""
3.5
35+703
15
2
164
""
104
253
10
3.5
""
M
3
: 12-4
( )5
"" 6 10
2
(10 )21 6
12.6
197
-
0.15 6
0.9
0.15
.
33.810 220 1.05
.
( )6
6.832
10
25 16 4 .
-
(16 )21 25
()0.15 25
32.813
3.75
0.15
35.636 13.9 32.813 .
6.482
10
6.482 .
S.C.
MVA-
Method .
M :
:
.
) (Rated power
pu
X M
MVAraterd
X p.u
M :
KVL 2
Z C
M cable
M :
.1
.2
M .
( M ) .
M
MVAs.c Is.c
MVASC
) 3 (kV
I SC
kV .
16-4
13-4 MVA_method DB
200 . 5 MVA
002
199
Trans.
DB
Cable
0.01 ohm/km
X = 0.05
11/0.38 kV
: 13-4 16-4
:
( ) MVA_Source 300
MVA
.
M :
M1 = M_source= 300 MVA.
M2 = M_transformer = 5/0.05 = 100 MVA.
2
KV
0.38 2
M 3 M _ cable
72.2 MVA
X c 0.01 0.200
M : 14-4
M2=100
DB
M3=72.2
M1=300
MVASC
: 14-4 16-4
M M
.
1
1
1
1
36.5 MVA = MVASC
M eq
M eq M 1 M 2 M 3
55kA
36.5
3 0.38
I SC
022
9 -4
1MVA
350 .15-4 :
= 1MVA
& XT = 0.05 p.u
base
MVA
350 m
: 15-4
:
Load
1500 A
6-2
1000,000
3 380
IL
( )240mm2 360
1500
No. Cables
5 cables
360
300
).(1500 A
201
-1
11-4 0.75 7-4
0.76
360 x 0.76 x 0.75 = 205 A
300
8 - 5.
Thermal Rating
) 0.72 ) 0.76 :
360 x 0.76 x 0.72 = 197A
8
) ( 1500 / 8 187
.
-2
.3 %
020
( x )
3.5
10 cable
3
No. of Cables 8
-3
. SCC .
-1
: SCC
Bus Bar
BB
.
: M :
KV 2 0.38 2
29.5 MVA
X c 0.014 0.350
M 3 M _ cable
.16-4
M1=500
M3=19.2
M2=20
MVASC
16-4
203
: M (
) .
Meq = 11.64
Meq MSC .
: ( CB )
17.4 kA
11 .46
3 0.38
MVASC
3 kVL
I SC
SCC . 20 kA
BB 10
1.7 kA
) (240 mm2 .
-1
( ) (
) 500
MVA 20 MVA ( )
500 20
19.23MVA
520
M SC
Short
023
205
- .
023
Circuit
Branch
.
Distribution Board
Switch Board
.
CB
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
207
:
1-5
:
.1 .3-Phases
.2
Light Section : .Power Section
.3 3-Phase . 10 kVA
.4 ( )100 kVA
.
.5 Lighting
Power
: ( ).
.6
.7 ( )
.
.8
Watt/m
.
.9 36.
.Phase Balance
- .
022
.15 . Phase
.
Trip
Value
) 100A (80A CB 100A
80A.
.18 3-Phases
CB Phase Current
3-Phases .
.19
(
) .
.20 .
2-5 ( )
.
.
209
.
.
L ( )
(Sockets ) P ( )...
. (
- .
002
211
- .
000
213
- .
L
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
003
215
- .
003
217
L20 60 W DB-4
1.5 mm 10A .
- .
002
219
- .
SLD
Single Line Diagram
.
002
221
3-5
Rated
Current
. CB :
- .
000
Rated Load .
Rated Load
Total Connected Load, TCL
.
CB
Total Connected Load
.
( NEC ) ()
( Demand Factor, DF )
: 1-5
: 1-5 NEC
.1 .
.2 ( )DF
3000VA
( . (DF=1
.3 3000VA 1-
DF . 0.35
.4 Dryer
( ) DF = 1
.5 CB
:
1 - Find : ILoad
2 - Choose ICB > 1.25 ILoad
3 - Choose ICable > ICB
223
Demand ( DF
) Factor .
" " .
(: :) NEC
( 15W/m2 30 W/m2 )
. 3000VA
. 1500VA
. 8000VA
Dryer 5000VA
65-60 .
.
- .
003
: 1-5
200 :
.1 NEC
.2 .TCL
:
NEC
NEC (
1) :
-1
-3
1500VA
-4
60 x 200
-5
8000 VA
-7
5000W
-2
-6
200 x 15
3000VA
3000W
12000 W
5000VA
: :
3000 x 1 + (7500 3000) x 0.35 + 12000 + 8000 +5000 = 29575 VA
- CB
- .29575 VA
( :) TCL
3000 + 3000 + 1500 + 12000 + 5000 + 8000 = 32500 VA
.
225
4-5
.
2- 5
.
9000VA
3000VA
1-
1500VA
2-
3500VA
)(3-phase
12000VA
3 ( )
3000VA
2200 VA
. - CB
Single
. Line Diagram, SLD .
: :
.2-5
- .
003
: 2-5 2-5
Cable
Cable
CB
1.25 IL
( ) IL
Rating
25
2*2 mm
10
6.25A
5A
)8 (L1 :L8
32
2*3 mm2
16
)2 (P1 : P2
40
2*4 mm2
25
18
14
)1 (P3
52
4*6 mm2
32
22
18
)1 (P4
32
2*3 mm2
16
)1 (P5
52
2*6 mm2
25
20
16
)1 (P6
52
2*6 mm2
32
25
10
)3 (A1 :A3
9000/220
=41A
3000/220
=14A
3000/220
=14A
12000/3*220
=18A
1500/220
1-
=7A
3500/220
2-
=16A
)2200/(220
)(2.5xIL
=10A
CB CB
(
16A 10A )9A
( )CB
( )
Starting Current CB.
2 x 3 . 2 x 2.5 mm
: (
:NEC
227
( 38600 VA
)
. NEC
Phases (
) .3-5
: CB :
CB 3-Phases
. 62A
1.25 62 77.5A CB 100A
I CB
3-2
ICable= 4 x 35 mm2
: 3-5 2-5
Phase-C
Phase-B
Phase-A
Load
L7-L8
L4-L6
L1-L3
10A
15A
15A
P1=8A
P2=8A
P3=14A
P4=18A
P4=18A
P4=18A
P5 =7A
1-
2-
P6 =16A
A3 =10A
A2 =10A
A1=10A
62A
57A
58A
phase
. 3-phases
- .
002
: SLD .1-5
4x35 mm
100A
16A
10A
2x1.5 mm
16A
2x2.5 mm
25A
2x2.5 mm
25A
2x6 mm
2x4 mm
1
1-
32A
32A
2x6mm
2-
3-5
. 4-5
CB .
:
17- 4-5
phase 17-
phase CB
.4-5
229
: 4-5 3-5
:
415/240 V
Ph-A
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
10
11
1-
12
2-
13
3080
14
3960
15
16
17
2200
18
1200
19
20
21
22
Ph-B
1100
1100
1100
1760
1760
1540
3520
3960
3960
2200
2200
1200
1200
14400
14400
(T.C.L)42540
14400/220 = 65.5A
1.25 IL
82 A
CB
Ph-C
CB = 100A
Cable : 4 x 35 mm
13740
- .
4-5
5-5 .
:
: 5-5
5-5
002
231
5-5
.
:
:
Phases
V2 / V1:
V1 : Positive Sequence Voltage
V1 =Va + a Vb + a2 Vc
2
V2 = Va + a Vb + a Vc
1-5 2-5
Unbalance . ) Negative Sequence Voltage ( V2
( ) ( 2-5) .
Voltage Drop Neutral .
In
( Neutral 2-5) Voltage drop
- .
Ib
000
Ib
Ic
Ic
Ib
In
Ia
Ib
Ia
Ic
Ic
: 2-5 .
Phases Neutral
( .) P = V x I
CB (
3A ) 4A
Power Loss
Phase 100 Phase 0.1
:
: ) ) 100A+100A+100A Phase-A
( )
( 2 Phase-A
( 300A Phase .) 2
.
Phases .
233
5-5
220 :
3 12 . 3 3 0.8. - 2 2 .
:
:
9.09
13
Phases ( )
Phases 6-5
( ) Phases
Phases
3-Phases :
- .
003
: 6-5
Phase-1
Phase-3
Phase-2
kVAR
kW
kVAR
kW
kVAR
kW
--
--
--
--
--
--
2.04
2.04
1.02
--
--
1.02
3-Phase :
--
12
--
12
--
12
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
0.48
1.47
0.48
1.47
0.48
1.47
Phases :
6.00
Phase
22.47
7.02
23.47
8.04
22.47
)IReal (Active
)Iimg( Reactive
()I
Phase-1
102.136
27.273
105.715
Phase-2
106.682
31.909
111.352
Phase-3
102.136
36.545
108.477
3-Phases Neutral
Symmetrical Components :
)Inr(Real Part
)36.545 31.909(0.866 + )102.136 + 106.682( 0.5 102.136
1.742
235
3.017
3.484
)
.
(
)
5 - 3 .
12 60 + 12 80 + 12 100 - 3 60 + 3 + 80 + 3 100
7.2
3.6
4 5
1 80 + 1 100 4.4
28.8
1.8
55.2 68.41
- .
:
( -
) .
6-5
Feeder ( (One-in-take
200 kVA Two Feeders ) )Two in-take
400 kVA
( :
) .
:
200.. ( ) .
50 . ( )
.
200.. . 500.. ( ).
500.. . 1000.. ( ).
3-5 RMU (11
22 ) .
003
237
(
)
RMU
3-5
1000.. . 2000.. (
).
2000.. ( ).
.
SC Capacity
500.. . CBs
22 . 1000.. . CBs
45 .
CBs
) (Coordination
- .
DF
.
.
Diversity Factor
40
8kVA
- - 320kVA
1600kVA
. .
7-5 ( )
+ + +
27 . 4-5
85
18
.
DB- 2, 3 ,5 ,6 ,8 ,9 ,11,12 ,14 ,15 ,17,18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27
002
239
: 4-5 .
( ) 85 m2 .7-5
4-5 . 6-5
- .
032
: 7-5 85 m2
4 ways TPN with ELCB 40A/30mA 4P
Load per phase in
Description
)(W
)MCB (A
Cable
2
) (mm
Ph
Cir
No.
R
1000
1000
1100
10
1.5
15
2.5
10
1.5
) P7 P8 (2 x 200 W
15
2.5
15
2.5
)P3 P4 (2x100
15
2.5
15
2.5
P5 P6
15
2.5
15
2.5
400
1200
400
900
400
1200
1877
1877
20A TP
1877
4177 4477 4577
:
4 ways
( ) 4 circuit group
TPN
ELCB
40A/30mA 4P
. 4-Poles
W.H
Water Heater
DP SW
Phase Neutral
Phase.
A.H.U
241
( 60 )
. DB- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 :
. 8-5
: 8-5 60m2
4 ways TPN with ELCB 40A/30mA 4P
Load per phase in W
B
MCB
Cable
Description
) (mm
)L7 14 (8 x100
10
1.5
10
1.5
R
800
600
Ph
Cir
No.
1
KIT
800
200
1200
200
-------400
1513
L1-L6 + EX 1-2
10
1.5
P5P6
15
2.5
15
2.5
)P3 P4 (2 x 100
15
2.5
Spare
15
2.5
Spare
15
2.5
15
2.5
20A TP
1513
1513
2913
3313
2513
.
.
MSB-1 : MSB-2
( : ) MSB-1
DB-1 DB-21 . 5 -5
. -
030
1
M
50A meters
40ATH
30mA EL
40ATH
30mA EL
300ATHN+E
300 A
MCCB, 65 kA
MSB1
247 kVA
3 x 25 mm CU Tape
: 5-5
. 9-5
243
: 9-5 MSB-1
TCL
Load
8739
2913
3313
2513
DB-1
13231
4577
4477
4177
DB-2
13431
4377
4577
4477
DB-3
8739
3313
2513
2913
DB-4
13231
4477
4177
4577
DB-5
13431
4577
4477
4377
DB-6
8739
2513
2913
3313
DB-7
13231
4177
4577
4477
DB-8
13431
4477
4377
4577
DB-9
8739
2913
3313
2513
DB-10
13231
4577
4477
4177
DB-11
13431
4377
4577
4477
DB-12
8739
3313
2513
2913
DB-13
13231
4477
4177
4577
DB-14
13431
4577
4477
4377
DB-15
8739
2513
2913
3313
DB-16
13231
4177
4577
4477
DB-17
13431
4477
4377
4377
DB-18
8739
2913
3313
2513
DB-19
13231
4577
4477
4177
DB-20
13431
4377
4577
4477
DB-21
247807
83069
86569
78169
TCL
( : ) MSB-2
DB-22 DB-27
. 10 -5
:
( . ) DB-Shop
( FFP .) 6 kW
SMSB .
- .
033
: 10-5 MSB-2
TCL
Load
8739
2913
3313
2513
DB-22
13231
4577
4477
4177
DB-23
13431
4377
4577
4477
DB-24
8739
3313
2513
2913
DB-25
13231
4477
4177
4577
DB-26
13431
4377
4577
4477
DB-27
8900
3100
3500
2300
DB-SHOP
6000
2000
2000
2000
FFP
33520
12220
10100
11200
SMSB
119222
41054
40334
37834
TCL
SMSB :
o ( Lift-1 Lift-2 . ) 6 kW
o ( . ) DB-G
o ( . ) DB-B
. 11-5
: 11-5 SMSB
TCL
Load
6200
2200
1900
2100
DB-B
15320
6020
4200
5100
DB-G
6000
2000
2000
2000
Lift-1
6000
2000
2000
2000
Lift-2
33520
12220
10100
11200
TCL = 33520
:
DB- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 :
60 Phases
Phase DB-1 ( ) 2513 W Phase-R
( DB-4 ) DB-1
245
60 33500 BTU/Hr
4.5 KW .8-5
W/m2
9
. 1- 4-3
.
6-5
MSB-1 .
:
( 50 )
.6-5 11
- .
6 . 6 3
. .
1500 kVA
RMU (
. ) RMU
6 Feeder
3 x 240 + 120 + 70 mm2 ( 11)
Junction Box
4 x 25 + 16 mm2 . 6-5
5-5
CB CB
CB
. .
- -
.
Hot spot .
.
.
033
247
Standby LBS
LBS
LBS
630A
LBS
JB
R Y B N E
RMU
63A
JB
630 A LBS
With FUSE 100A
1500 kVA
2500
4 x 25 + 16 mm2 CU
2500 A
CB
100A
100A
250 A
250 A
250 A
1-
2-
JB
6-
1-
2-
JB
6-
1-
2-
JB
6-
1-
2-
JB
6-
1-
2-
JB
6-
6-5 JB
8-5
20 .
.
) (MLTP
. 7-5 MSB-1: MSB-2
MSB-3
. ESMSB
- .
032
ESMSB 145 Kw
14
250 kVA
13
300A
ATS
14
13
Synch
Panel
14
MSB-2
MSB-3
MSB-1
SPARE
14
400A
MCCB.TP
400A
MCCB.TP
14
14
400A
MCCB.TP
1600 A
MCCB, 65 kA
1000 kVA
400A
MCCB.TP
BB 2000A TPN + E
17
: 7-5 MLTP
:
4
8
13
14
17
3 x 25 mm Cu Tape.
MLTP :
( : ) MSB-1
8 -1
. 8-5
249
) 300 TPN S/F FOR CHILL (104 KW
THROUGH SYNCHRONIZATIONS PANEL
ROOF FL.
DB-8th 6.8 KW
8TH FL.
DB-7th 6.8 KW
7TH FL.
DB-6th 6.8 KW
DB-5th 6.8 KW
6TH FL.
DB-4th 6.8 KW
5TH FL.
4TH FL.
DB-3RD 6.8 KW
3rd FL.
DB-2ND 6.8 KW
DB-1ST 6.8 KW
2nd FL.
1ST FL.
DB-M 8.6 KW
Mezz FL.
DB-G 7.6 KW
SPARE
40A
MCCB.TP
)(TYPICAL
ELR
ELR
300mA
300mA
ELR
300mA
300A
MCCB.TP
400 A
MCCB, 65 kA
Basement Floor
SPARE
13
500A THN + E, 35 kA
14
To LT Panel
DB-B 7.6 KW
: 8-5 MSB-1
( : ) MSB-2
9 16
.9-5
( : ) MSB-3
10-5
. ESMSB
- .
052
ROOF FL.
DB-Mech. 6.8 KW
MECH. FL
DB-16th 6.8 KW
FL.
DB-15th 6.8 KW
TH
16
15th FL.
DB-14th 6.8 KW
14th FL.
DB-13th 6.8 KW
13th FL.
DB-12th 6.8 KW
12th FL.
DB-11th 6.8 KW
11th FL.
DB-10th 6.8 KW
10th FL.
DB-9th 6.8 KW
9th FL
SPARE
40A
MCCB.TP
)(TYPICAL
SPARE
4
ELR
ELR
300mA
300mA
13
ELR
300A
MCCB.TP
350 A
MCCB, 35 kA
14
ELR
300mA
300A
MCCB.TP
BB400 :A THN + E, 35 kA
To LT Panel
: 9-5 MSB-2
( : ) ESMSB
( ) ESMSB
ATS
. 250 kVA
251
20A THN S/F for
)Booster (3 kW each
ESMSB 145 Kw
ROOF FL.
14
14
ATS
250 kVA
Mezz FL.
SPARE SPARE
14
ELR
ELR
300mA
300mA
8
ELR
ELR
ELR
300mA
300mA
4
ELR
ELR
4
ELR
ELR
4
ELR
300mA
40A
MCCB.TP
100A
MCCB.TP
400 A
MCCB, 35 kA
400A THN + E, 35 kA
14
To LT Panel
: 10-5 MSB-3
:
-1 Chillers
Synchronization Panel
MSB-1 MSB-2
.
-2 :
: Water Chillers
A.H.U /
- .
.
( )
.
: Chillers
Bus Duct
. ( ) Bus Duct
Bus Duct
Bus Duct Bus Duct
Bus Duct ( ) Tap-off
.
-3 ( )
CBs
.
4-
.
Compressor
).
%80
% 30 . .
.
050
253
:
9-5
.
. .
( ) .
MPDB
( MLDB ) .
( MEDB ) .
( MACDB ) .
:
-1 BB .
-2 ( ) MEDB
ATS .12-5
-3 Critical Loads
UPS . ATS
- .
053
-4 : ATS
( CB )
.
Standby LBS
LBS
LBS
LBS
630A
400A
RMU
FUSE 100A
TR
1MVA
1500A
CB
MPDB
MLDP
ATS
MEDB
UPS
FIRE PUMP
:12-5
:
MLDB: Main Light Distribution Board
255
.
MEDB ( ATS
) . ( ) MEDB UPS
. MEDB
- .
053
From RMU
11 kV Switchgear
400A
400A
FUSE 100A
TR
FUSE 100A
TR
1MVA
1MVA
670 kVA
SEC-1
2000A
BC
2000 A
770 kVA
SEC-2
2000 A
250A
MPDB
MACDB
ATS
MLDB
MEDB
250A
150 kVA
250A
UPS
FIRE PUMP
:13-5
14-5
.
257
400A
400A
2 OUT 3
BC
AC
POWER
LIGHT
:14-5
.
.
.
( ) TR1 to TR7 1600 kVA
2133 kVA -5
.15
( RMU
) 14 (
) . : Bus Coupler
( 1 ) 6
Incoming
( Supply 5 )6 ( 1 )4
. Outgoing Feeders
( 9 ) 14 ( 9 ) 10 (
11 12 ) 13 ( . ) 14 ( 7 )8
Bus Coupler .
MSWB-1 : MSWB-2
. MSWB-3
- .
) 14
14
12
13
11
10
052
(
4
)CELL-1 (outgoing-1
R&M
SF6 CB
withdrawable
type 630A,
25 kA
Interlock
Protective
Relay
Bus Coupler
CT
Spare
ES
HV Cable
Termination
Incoming
Supply
)TR3 (Typical
1600/2133 kVA
11/ 0.4 kV,
33.3% Forced
cool
TR2
Incoming
Supply
TR7
TR1
MSWB-1
)Outgoing (Typical
3 x 95 mm2 XLPE
12/20 kV Cables
TR6
TR4
TR5
MSWB-3
MSWB-2
3200A
)ACB (typical
2
1600 mm Cu BB
Bus bar
DBs
DBs
DBs
DBs
DBs
: 15-5
( ) MSWB-1 4 Air-CB
CB-3
CB-4
MSWB-3 MSWB-2
259
. 12-5
BBs
.
: 12-5
- .
10-5
( 5) RMU
( ) 66/11 kV
.
6-5
:
( ):
3.34 MVA :1-
1.66 MVA : 2-
( ):
1.33 MVA : 3-
2.66 MVA : 4-
66/11
Spare .
( 66/11 S4 4 x 25 MVA
20 MVA ) .
. 16-5
.
Short Circuit
Voltage Drop .
032
261
( : )16-5
( ) 11:
-1
3 S4
2 .bus coupler 4 ( ). - 2 .
- 2 .
) (S4 ( .
Multi-core ).
-4 240 x 32
) (XLPE 20/12 .
( .
. ) 20 kV
-5 95 x 3 ( XLPE) 2 20/12. .
.
:
-
0.5% .1.43%
11kV ( = 7.9 kA
- .
030
S4
66 KV
4x25 MVA
66 /11 KV
TR4
TR3
40
22
TR1
TR2
11 KV
21
3 (3X1X400) mm2CU
Bus Coupler
630A
-2
2 MVA Trs
2 MVA Trs
2 MVA Trs
2 MVA Trs
2 MVA Trs
2 MVA Trs
2-
3-
2 MVA Trs
1-
4-
: 16-5
17-5 2MVA .
263
11 kV BB
630 A ,
11 kV CB
Earthing
switch
2000 MVA
3200
3200A CB
%70
%100
3200/5A
380
17-5
11-5
80% .
:
:7-5
1500 30 .
.
12.. 100 /
1500
100
30 12
5.4..
- .
5.4
0.8
033
6.75.. 80
5 1.5..
7.5..
.
11-5
) (k1
) (k2 30.
: 11-5 30
:
: 8-5
k1
k2
().
1250.. 750..
30
265
: 11-5
750
0.6 ; t 4 h
1250
k2 1.19
k1
: 9-5
ONAN 450..
250.. .
k2 k1 k1 = 0.633 , k2 = 1.14 :
SN
S1
S
2
K1 K 2
400...
SN
450
250
394.9 KVA
1.14 0.633
SN
- .
033
267
032
.
) ( Live Conductors
.
(
Trays
Cable )
.Ground Wire
(
) .
269
1-6
Phase
) ( Live Conductors
V V
, 1-6 ( Phase
) + Neutral .
:
V
Rbody
I body
Ibody Rbody .
1-6 Neutral , N
(
) Closed Loop :
.
: 1-6
. .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
( ) :
. (
) .
.
:
: .
:
.
072
271
1-6 .
: 1-6
( )
10-0 .
50-10 ( )
.
100-50
150-100 ( CPR
200-150 .
200 .
.
2-6 .
:2-6
( )
0 0.5
5- 30
50 - 30
0.5 - 5
20
( ) I ( : ) t
116 mA
I
t
100
11 .
.
:
.
.
CPR
.
- -
.
:
.
( )
.
( )
5-4
.
070
273
CPR
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
()
.
. (
) . .
.
:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
-10 -11 -12
073
275
Short
.
:
Arc Flash -1
Arc Blast -2
.
.
Flash
.
073
277
2-6
( ) .
. 2-6
Relay
: 2-6 .
.
Electric Discharge
.
. .
Short
.
Power Quality
(. )Voltage Surges
C -2-6
Isolated System
. D -2-6
.
072
279
ILoad
Neutral
Neutral
IF
Neutral
Earth
Neutral
IF
2-6 Neutral .
" :"
.
:
-1
-2
( 1 5)
-3
( )spherical capacitor
.
.
. :
.
.
3-6
Electrode
.
Electrode
.
.
3-6:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 ( ) .
: 3-6
022
281
. 4-6
) Main Earthing Terminal ( MET Bus Bar,
BB Protective Conductors BB .
( /
/ )
Equi Potential
( ..
MET
: 4-6
:
.
.
.
)Soil Resistivity
. 3-6 .
020
.
:
34800 d L
d L t .
: 3-6
.m
150-40
Above 200
250-500
1000
Above
" " .
10
30 .
45 30
. 20
. ()
283
() .
" " . Driven Electrodes
.
Coupling
.
5-6
.
: 5-6 .
( ) 4 x 25 mm :
.
" " .
( )
3 5
.
( .6-6
).
: 6-6 ( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Short
023
285
Cu Tape 2.5
x 25 mm .
.
.
( )
.
.
Section .
.
( ( 0.8 )
( ( 0.4 ).
:
()
-1.05
-0.75
-0.6
-0.55
-0.25
0.0
+0.1
+0.15
023
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
(
Cable Sheath
Ground wire
(
) Cable Sheath
Cable Sheath
.
Sheath .
287
: 1-6
1.5 MVA Xpu
. 0.05
:
MVABase 1.5
30 MVA
X pu
0.05
MVASC
MVASC
1.5
45kA
3VL
3 0.38
I SC
11-4 :
a( mm2 ) 9 t I SC
300.
:
-1 :
. . 6-6
-1
.
-2
022
4-6
.
Potential
Rise
.
.
5 1
( )Relay
:
) )r
.7-6
IF
dx
: 7-6
IF
289
R
:
...........................6 1
2 r
( ) .
r .
:
d L
8L
ln .................................6 2
2 L
d
a L b h -6
8 :
8L2 a 2 a b
h h2
ln
..................6 3
2
4 L ah
L 4 L2
2a b
h
a
L
b
: 8-6 .
R A
( ) IEEE-80-1986
2A
2A
002
"" :
-1 :
63
-2 :
2
L
64
RH
-3 N
RV . R/N
Mutual Effect
Screening
( Coefficient ) 1
. RV-T
N:
RV
N
6-5
RV T
: ( ) S
( )L S/L 9 -6
S 3 .
: 9 -6 .
N -6
.4
291
: 4 -6
N S/L
1
S/N
S/L
0.8 0.87
0.93 0.95
0.95 0.97
0.76 0.8
0.9 0.92
0.91 0.95
0.67 0.72
0.85 0.88
0.89 0.92
10
0.56 0.62
0.79 0.83 10
0.82 0.88 10
20
0.5 0.47
0.74 0.79 20
0.79 0.81 20
.
-4 L
: RH-T
2
L H
6-6
RH T
H .
-5 7 -6
N ( ) RV
( ) RH
:
67
RH RV
RH RV
Req
:2-6
75 20
5 500 .m
. 4 x40 mm
15 10-6
000
75 m
75 m
15 m
75 m
: 10-6 2-6
500
100
5
RV
R
100
6.25
N 0.8 20
RV T
2
2 500
4.7
L H 300 0.7
RH T
( 0.7 ) .
RH RV
4.7 6.25
2.6
RH RV 4.7 6.25
Req
293
" " . ( )C & P
E . 31-6
C E 100 m P
C E C E ) (A
) (V . Re= V/I
P 5
.
: .
A
V
P
50 m
50 m
E
: 31-6
1-7 .
: 1-7 .
5-6
(
)
.
( ) LT ( ) MET BB
( ) MET Earthing Bars
Earth Pin Sockets
Earth Bar .
( ) .
. 11-6 SLD .
003
295
SLD
: 11-6
5-6 .
: 5-6
003
: Power Earthing
5 Safety Earthing 10
20 .
.
Multiple Grounding
Noise
.
Screen .
Cable
6 - 6
.
.
.
"" ( ) 30 kV/cm
.
kV
200 kA . 40 kA
297
( 25 )
30000
.
. Air Termination
( ) 1790 - 1706
:
-
! .13-6
:
Stepped Leader
100
( Return Stroke
) . ( 25 ) .
)(1
)(1+
)(2
: 13-6
)(2+
"
" .
"" " " " ".
Air Termination
.
.
.
.
. 14-6
45 30
.
.
30
45
:14- 6
002
299
3-6
10 x 10
.
:
( ) L ( )2r
L = 2r . 15-5
10
2r
10
: 15- 6 3-6
45 L :
2 L 14.4m
2r 2 10 2 10 2 2r 10
9 .16 -6
9m
: 16-6
2.5 X 20 mm
.4 x 20 mm
( 1 . )17-6
( )5 ( )2 (. )3
17-6
18-6 .
( )1 ( )9
(. )5
( )7 ( )3 / ( )6 ()4
( )8 .
022
301
: 18 6 : .
di
dt
L Inductance .
V I LT RE I LT
-
.
.Side Flash
. 30 kV/cm (
)L .
020
7-6
RE
IF
Potential Rise
. 19-6
Potential Distribution .
on
uti
trib
Dis
tia
l
ten
Po
IF
x
RE
19-6 .
( ) IF
( ) RE
VTR ( )VTR = IF RE
( )VTR = IF RE
20 -6 Touch Voltage
Potential Distribution
. 19-6
303
IF
X
IB
IF1
RB
RF
RE
20-6
IB
RB RF
.
. Safety Shoes
.
( )
.
: IF .
IF : RE
( . ) RB + RF
( ) IF1 x RE
.
- ) (x1 x2
21-6 IF
023
Step Voltage (
) :
1 1
............................6 8
x1 x2
I f
2
Vstep
( ) X2 >> X1
.
IF
x1
x2
: 21-6
.
305
:4-6
120. .
1500 :
.1
.2
4 4.8 .
IF=1500A
=120 .m
r = 0.5 m
120 1500
I
57.29 kV
2 r
2 0.5
VT
.
: 8 - 6
I 1 1 120 1500 1 1
1.193 kV
2 x1 x2
2
4 4.8
VStep
023
.
:
2 r
N R/N Screening Coefficient
.
Cable Sheath
: 12-6
307
, SPD
Surface Potential Distribution .
. 22-6
:
-1 . 22 -6
-2 Grid . 22-6
22-6
( ) Grid Meshed Electrodes
(
) Meshed Electrodes
Equi-potential
( 22-6) .
Mesh
Touch Voltage
( 22-6 ) .
Step Voltage Mesh
. Grid
8-6
Power
Quality .
-1 . Solidly Earthing
-2 . Resistance Grounding
-3 . Reactance Grounding
-4 . Isolated System
022
309
Faulty Phase .
( ) CBs
Rupture Capacity
.
2-6 Earthing Transformer
. 23-6
Relay
Earthing
Transformer
: 23 -6 .
.
Capacitance
Stray
-
. :
.
.Repeated Arcing
.
.
.
9-6
.
:
TN-S.
TN-C.
TN-C-S.
IT.
TT.
:
T Terre . Earth
N . Neutral
C . Combined
S . Separate
I . Isolated
Neutral
Point :
( ) T
002
311
( Isolated ) I . IT
.
: T
T T TT
N . Neutral
.
C :
TN-S N PE
" " Separate "
TN-C-S
Neutral ( )PE
Combined
Separate
" " Combined " " Neutral " Separate
" " Neutral .
.
.
( ) T Separate
Neutral
. 24-6
000
: 24-6 TN-S
Power
Cable
Sheath
.
.
. -
" " .
-
.
Neutral
( ) T Combined PE
N
. 25-6 .(Protective Earthing Neutral) PEN- system
.
313
TN-C System
Source
Installation
Installation
Equipment
PEN
T
N-C
: 25-6 TN-C
Neutral
( )26-6 Neutral
.
: 26-6 TN-C-S
003
: 27-6
2
load
load
27-6 TN-C-S
1-
2-
( ) 2- ( )
.
28-6
2
load
1
: 28-6 PME
Isolated
315
.
!!
.
( ).
. 29-6
Earth Leakage
Protection .
: 29-6 TT
TN-S-C
TT . 30-6 1-
( )1 (
003
200V
10
1
200V
20A
TT
Earth Fault
10-6 ( )
1970
14000 . 1970
OSHA 90
.
317
OSHA
ADMINISTRATION
.
): Code of Federal Regulation (CFR
50
) (OSHA ( .29 )
50 ) (Titles
) (Chapters ) (Parts ) (Sections
) (OSHA .29
:
1910 )(General Industry
1926 )(Construction
50
.1 .
.2
.
.3 8 ( 2.5)
.
.1 Head Protection
.
.2 .
.3 .
.
.4 .
.Double Insulated Equipment
()U.L
()Nameplates Marking
.
.
( )Space Work
30
(75 ) 600.
002
319
36 (90 ) (
).
(
) 36 ( 90)
150 42 (110 )
600 151.
36 ( 90)
150 48 (120)
600-151.
6 ()
1200
60 .
002
321
(
)
.
36.
.1
.3
.2
( 120 )Outlets 20 15
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
( )UPS
.
( ) TAG
) (Hazardous Locations .
( )Hot Wire
000
323
( )
( )
( ).
003
325
003
1-7
Lighting .
.
.
.
.
:
. .
327
(
Argand 1784 ()
)
.
( )
.
William
Murdock .1820
.
1878
. Thomas Edison
.
- ( )1880
(
).
002
( )Vapour Tubes
( ) ( )
1930 .1940
.Fluorescent
Xenon
. ( (1978
Light Emitted Diode , LED
. :
( ( Reflection
Diffusion ) .
( Flux
Illumination, E Glare) .
( Color Rendering
Brightness).
.
( )
.
( ) .
329
.
() .
:
.
.
:
.
.
:
( )20
"
(" )22
( )21
.
2-7
.
( )
()
Electromagnetic Radiation
:
x
= 3 x 108 m/s
002
E=hn
h () h = 6.6x10-34 J.s
n
.
.
.
.
Wavelength
. Frequency
( ) () ( ) .
( ) Electromagnetic Spectrum
:
.1-7
.
( )
.
.
331
: 1-7
.
. 2-7
() .
: 2-7
000
: Direct
1-7 Diffused
.
. :
-
glare
3D modeling
( )
( ) -
333
3-7
.
.
.
: .
.
.
.
003
:
.
.2
4-7
:
( )F
( )Lumen (. )Lm
100
1200 40 2400
100 3600 .
( )I
Candela ( (cd ( )candle power
( .) Cp :
Lm / Sr....................7 1
2 :
335
( )Solid Angle A
Steradian, Sr
3-7
( ) 1
A = r2
: 3-7
E ) ) Lm A
:
lux.................................7 2
:
I E
20 cd Luminous Intensity, I
20 Lux Illumination, E
I . E
E . I
Luminous Intensity
003
Reflectors .
()
( ) Mean Spherical Candle Power
.MSCP
: 4-7
L .
B . Lux
I
Cp / cm 2 ........................7 3
S
S .Lambert
L
. 1-7 .
( ) B :
337
B = E (Lux) x Reflectance
Reflectance
%100
%2 %40 . 10
%50 5.
: 1-7
() Lambert
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
5
3
1
1.5
002
5-7
0.0005 ( ) 0.3 10000
.
:
339
( )
.
" : " CRI
Color Index
: 5-7
032
() .
( ) .
( ) .
3500 (
1700 K
1850 K
28003300 K
3400 K
4100 K
55006000 K
CRT
9300 K
341
.
:
( . :
- 680 ) . .
6-7 ()nNNrnioetipo
" " " "
E . I
E ) ) Lm
A :
lux.................................7 4
030
Lux Lm/m2
. E / 2
/ 2
(30) . / 2 10.76 ( 10) .
10.000 1000
/ 2.
E :
and A R 2 ...........................7 5
cd .............................................7 6
lux.............................7 7
I
2
2
R
R
( )R2
( . ) I 6-7
. .
: 6-7
I
D12
E1
I
D22
E2
343
7-7
E B
...............................7 8
I cos 1
2
d1
EB
d1 . B
E
d3
d1
d2
1
2
3
D
: 7-7
I
cos 3 1 ...............................7 9
2
h
E C D :
I
EC 2 cos 3 2
h
I
ED 2 cos 3 3
h
EB
( ) A, B, C, D .
. Lambert Cosine Law
Point by Point
Iso-Lux Diagram 8-7
250 8.
033
.
.
.
: 8-7 . Iso-Lux
EP
N
I
cos 3 ........................8 13
h2
EP
N
I Polar
Curve .
345
1-7
9-7 10 m
5 m 200 cd .
.2
L1
I cos 1
h2
1
15
1 tan 1 71.5
5
0.316 cos 1
3
E L1
200
cos 3 1 0.25 lux
2
5
E L1
. 45 2 : L2
200
E L 2 2 cos 3 2 2.83 lux
5
3.08 lux
:
2 * 3.08 = 6.16 ux
.
L3
L4
033
L2
L1
1
2
5m
5m
10m
10m
5m
: 9-7 1-7
.
( )
.
.
.
2-7
5x8 . - 4
150
2830 Lm
5 ( ) 4160 Lm
( 4730 Lm ) . 800
lux
( . %60 )
:
E*A
40* 800
32000
347
0.6 * 2830 * 4
6792
( %60 )
( 0.6 )
4730 *3
14190
33462
.
.
3-7
120m x 60m 1000W
12 % 40
. 1000 Lm / m2
.30 Lm/W .
120 X 60 = 7600 m
E*A
% 40
=7.6 x 106 / 0.4 = 19 x 106 Lm
= 19 x 10 6 / 12 = 1.58 X 106 Lm
= 30 Lm/W x 1000W = 3 X 10 4 Lm
032
N UF L L
E
........................7 10
A
E . Lm/m2
A . m2
.
UF Utilization Factor .
LL .
N .
:
:
( ) %90
.
.
%90
.
Recessed Fixtures
349
0.6 %60
.
Reflectors
Glare .10-7
" "
" " .
: 10-7 ( )
:
. 3-7
(
70 ( .) 90 cm )
052
: 3 -7
()
120
60
150
300
120
120
120
500
300
300
500
120
300
300
500
1000
300
60
1000
300
300
351
:
:
:
:
:
()
120
300
120
500
300
500
3000
500
1000
300
5000
1000
500
500
1000
- 25000
100000
60
300
30
1000
500
120
500
150
300
300
120
300
500
500
500
300
500
120
300
750
050
500
3000
.
: Room Index Utilization Factor
-1 Room Index
hcc
hRC
hfc
353
-2
Utilization Factor UF
. :
053
) UF( : 4-7
Ceiling
No
Polar curve
LUMINAIRE
Walls
75 %
50%
50 %
50%
30%
30 %
30%
10%
10%
30%
10%
.36
.44
.48
.51
.53
.55
.57
.58
.59
.60
.26
.33
.37
.40
.43
.46
.51
.52
.55
.56
.22
.28
.30
.32
.34
.37
.39
.40
.42
.45
.48
.51
.53
.55
.56
.58
.60
.62
.63
.64
.31
.40
.46
.50
.52
.58
.63
.64
.67
.69
.28
.37
.41
.44
.47
.52
.56
.58
.60
.35
.42
.47
.49
.51
.54
.56
.37
.58
.59
.23
.31
.34
.39
.41
.46
.50
.51
.54
.55
.20
.26
.28
.30
.32
.35
.38
.40
.41
.44
.47
.50
.53
.54
.56
.57
.59
.61
62
.63
.28
.37
.43
.47
.50
.53
.60
.62
.66
.67
.25
.34
.39
.41
.44
.50
.54
.56
.59
Room Index
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
.38
.46
.49
.53
.55
.57
.61
.62
.63
.64
.31
.38
.41
.45
.47
.51
.55
.56
.59
.60
.25
.31
.34
.36
.38
.40
.43
.45
.48
.50
.52
.55
.57
.58
.59
.61
.63
.64
.65
.66
.38
.47
.51
.55
.58
.63
.68
.70
.73
.74
.34
.42
.46
.50
.53
.57
.61
.63
.66
.36
.45
.49
.52
.54
.57
.59
.61
.62
.63
.26
.34
.38
.41
.44
.48
.52
.54
.57
.58
.22
.28
.31
.33
.35
.39
.41
.43
.45
.47
.49
.53
.55
.57
.58
.60
.62
.64
.65
.66
.32
.42
.47
.51
.54
.60
.64
.67
.70
.72
.29
.38
.42
.46
.49
.54
.58
.60
.64
COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION
.35
.38
.36
.35
.44
.45
.44
.43
.48
.49
.48
.47
.51
.52
.51
.50
.53
.53
.53
.52
.36
.37
.56
.55
.58
.59
.58
.57
.59
.60
.59
.58
.61
.61
.60
.59
.62
.62
.61
.60
.23
.30
.26
.23
.31
.37
.33
.31
.34
.41
.38
.34
.39
.44
.41
.39
.41
.46
.43
.41
.46
.50
.48
.46
.50
.54
.52
.50
.52
.55
.53
.52
.55
.58
.56
.54
.56
.59
.57
.56
.20
.24
.22
.20
.26
.29
.28
.26
.29
.32
.31
.29
.32
.34
.33
.31
.34
.36
.34
.33
.38
.39
.37
.36
.40
.42
.40
.39
.42
.44
.41
.40
.44
.47
.43
.42
.46
.48
.46
.45
.47
.51
.49
.47
.51
.54
.52
.51
.53
.56
.54
.53
.55
.57
.56
.55
.57
.58
.57
.56
.59
.60
.59
.58
.61
.61
.61
.60
.63
.63
.63
.62
.64
.64
.64
.63
.65
.65
.65
.64
.28
.37
.32
.28
.39
.46
.41
.38
.44
.50
.47
.43
.48
.54
.51
.47
.51
.57
.53
.51
.57
.62
.59
.56
.61
.66
.64
.61
.63
.68
.65
.64
.68
.71
.68
.67
.70
.72
.70
.68
.25
.33
.29
.25
.35
.41
.37
.34
.39
.44
.42
.39
.43
.48
.45
.41
.46
.51
.47
.44
.51
.56
.52
.50
.55
.59
.56
.54
.57
.61
.58
.56
.61
.64
.60
.59
.67
.63
.62
.66
.62
.61
.62
.60
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
.33
.41
.45
.48
.51
.55
.60
.61
.64
.63
.28
.37
.41
.45
.48
.53
.57
.59
.62
.63
.25
.34
.38
.42
.45
.50
.54
.56
.60
.61
.33
.40
.44
.48
.50
.55
.58
.60
.62
.64
.28
.36
.41
.45
.47
.52
.56
.57
.60
.62
.25
.33
.38
.42
.45
.50
.54
.56
.59
.60
.28
.36
.40
.43
.46
.51
.55
.57
.60
.61
.25
.33
.38
.42
.45
.50
.54
.55
.58
.60
3.50 3.00
4.0 3.60
:5-7 ()Ri
()
9.0 750
()
15.0-11.10 10.80-9.10
7.20 6.30 6.00 510 5.00 4.20
5.0 4.20
J
I
J
I
355
: ( ).
.LL
0.76 1
0.66 0.75 .
:
UF LL
E
N
:
053
EA
................................7 12
U F LL
E . Lm/m2
A . m2
UF Utilization Factor .
LL .
N .
1.25
. .
:
EA
P LampU F LL
Lamp ( ) Lm/W
( )N
( 10.3 : 11) .
( 11 12 2 6
3 4).
4-7
14 x 7
1000 Lux
%70 % 50 %20
75 2250
60.
hRC
14m
357
7m
3m
2.8
hRC L W 1.6514 7
( 3 )12-7
( ) %70 ( )%50 ( )%20 -7
12 UF 0.69
N
1000 * 7 *14
90.1 91
2250 * 0.69 * 0.7
0.7
052
5-7
:
L = 15.00 m
W = 8.00 m
H = 3.40 m
hRC = 2.55 m
300 Lux :
OSRAM DULUX 2 x 24 W
light color LUMILUX Warm
luminous flux per lamp = 1800 Lumen
Light loss factor = 0.58
:
Ceiling = 0.8
Wall = 0.5
Work surface = 0.3
:
2
hRC L W 2.55 15 8
( 6-7 ) UF
%50 %30 ( ) Room Index = 2 UF . 0.91
Light Loss
. 0.58
%80
359
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3
Ceiling
0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3
Wall
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Surface
Room
Index Factor, k
73 46 37 44 36 66 36 42 35 35
0.6
82 57 47 54 46 74 45 51 44 44
0.8
91 66 56 62 54 80 53 59 52 51
1.0
98 75 65 70 62 85 61 66 60 59
1.25
103 82 73 76 69 89 67 72 66 65
1.5
109 91 82 84 78 94 75 78 73 72
2.0
114 98 90 90 84 97 81 83 79 77
2.5
117 103 96 95 90 99 86 87 83 82
3.0
4.0
5.0
1.25 300 15 8
23.7
2 1800 0.58 0.91
( )24 . 3 x 8 Lamp
N
.7-7
032
:7-7
- -
()
()
2.40
0.90
0.30
2.70
2.40
0.90
2.70
0.90
-0.45
3.15
2.70
0.90
2.70
3.00
1.05
-0.60
3.75
3.00
1.05
3.15
2.10
3.30
1.05
0.90
4.05
3.30
1.05
3.60
2.40
1.35
3.60
1.20
-0.75
4.50
3.60
1.20
4.05
2.70
1.50
3.90
1.20
5.10
3.90
1.20
4.50
3.00
1.65
4.20
1.50
5.70
4.20
1.50
4.95
3.30
1.80
4.50
1.50
6.00
4.50
1.50
5.40
3.60
1.95
4.80
1.80
6.60
4.80
1.80
6.00
3.90
2.10
5.40
1.80
1.50
7.20
5.40
1.80
6.60
4.65
2.40
2.10
-1.20
8.40
6.00
2.10
7.50
5.25
2.70
()
()
()
5.40
0.90
0.90
1.20
-0.90
1.20
-1.20
1.80
()
()
()
()
2.25
1.65
0.75
1.80
0.90
1.20
-1
1.25
.
Space to Height Ratio 1.5
. 13-7
361
-2 ( 14 -7 )
. ( 14-7).
: 14-7
-3
( 15-7 )
( 15-7).
: 15-7
-4
.16-7
030
: 16-7 .
-5 .17-7
: 17-7
7-7
.
.
:
-1 :
. Incandescent Lamps
. Tungsten Halogen Lamps
( Fluorescent lamps )
363
. Neon lamp
-3 .
-4 . LED
( ) .
( ) ( +) .
1.5 .
. 18-7
. :
( ) .
( ) .
( ) .
10 Lm/W
.
. :
( 2800 )
100
4000 -1000
%50
033
: 18-7
( )
( )1-7
.Regenerative cycle
.
2000 1000
21 / 100
. 90
% .
: 1-7
Projectors
Flood Light .Spot Light
365
033
367
. .Electric Discharge
. :
/
Electric Arc
. :
( )
Light
Spectrum
( ) .
032
(
Coil :
Lenz
. Rule
Electric Discharge .
. .
( )
Electrodes
(
)
( )
.
369
( Starter
)
. Ballast
AC supply
( Starter ) 19-7
Starter
(
) .
( )
Starter .
( Starter
) Ballast
.
Starter
.
: 19-7
.
5-2 ( ).
Power factor .
( ).
7500 .
80/.
( ) .
( ) .
. %75
072
Interference
.
. :
" " .
Starting Coil .
371
( )
Filter . 20-7
.
( 700
)
Starting
( )20-7 .
: 20-7
.
15
. (
) .
070
(. )52-15
60-40 / .
20000 .
7 -4 .
(
) .
()
()
.
( U ) 2-7
7 15 .
: 2-7
373
10
( ) 183 133 /
( ) 23
15000 35 180.
( ).
.
. .3-7
.
.
Losses
.
: 3-7
073
( 125 / ) ( )45
. 24000 6
% 80 3 .
()9060
70:100 / ( 1000 2000 3500
) .
6-5 .
7000.
. 21-7
( )
2000 : 1000 ( 12 )
12/220 .
375
: 21-7
( 7 15)
. (
.)4-7
: 4-7
073
LED
.
semiconductor .
$/Watt
.
spot light LEDs
( .)5-7
: 5-7 LED
LED 6-7
LED 5 x 5
1 W
. 50.
377
: 6-7 LED
Photons .
.
.
.
.
P-N Junction
.
.
072
N P
.
.
. LED
379
( ) CFL .
: 6 -7 .
022
.
Compact
. ( 12 )
LED
.
.
.
.
.
8- 7
.
( )
.
:
.1 : .
381
. 2 :
. 3 :
.
.
( )
( ) .
( )
.
.
.
(
) Dimmer
( . )P 2F
( )
. Stroboscopic Effect
.Flicker
Phases
Phase Phase shift Two phases .
020
Phase
Phase
9-7
.
.
.
.
-1
.
-2 T
:
383
-3
.
-4
. 22-7
023
: 22-7
-5
. 23-7
m
0
-2
15
25-30 m
: 23-7
-6 :
385
. (
-24 - 7 )
.
( -24-7).
. .
. .
. 5-4 .
-7
12 18
48 .
023
: 24-7 .
16-8 Lux 4-8 Lux
. 4-2 Lux
High
Ways .
8 -7
.
: 8 -7
( )
30
( ) 2000W
20
()1000W
12-8
( ) W 400-250
6- 4
( )W 100-80
387
I
cos 3 1 .
2
h
EB
I h
. Polar Curve
:
h
DiaLux
( ) .
30 40 ( ).
14-7
. :
Exit Signs . 25-7
.
: 25-7
022
389
(. . )
002
391
. -
- -
.
.
.
:
" " .
.
.
(. . )
000
.
.
393
.
.
:
-1 (
).
-2 .
-3 .
:
(
)
.
() .
(. . )
003
:
( ) :
()1
()2
.Equ-potential
()3
()5
()6
()7
()9
.Polarity
()10
()11
()12
()4
()8
.Leakage
. .
1-8
:
395
-1 () AVO
.
.
.
.
-3
( ) 1-8
. /
. BB
: 1-8
-4 Megger
( )2-8 AC Volt
( )1000 .
.
(. . )
003
: 2-8 Megger
-5
Earth Continuity
3-8
Socket
Phase
( + ) .
397
-6
Lux meter
. 4-8
CBs Socket
. : 5-8 Socket
CBs
CBs CB . Socket
.
: 5-8 : .
Polarity Indicator : 6-8
(. . )
002
2-8
. :
. Phase
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 Phase Bus Bar
(.)1-8
-4 0.01 .
-5
.
399
: 1-8
(. . )
322
( ).
Ground Fault Circuit Breaker
Test
3-8
. ()
500.
Phase Phase
.
:
( ) Phases .
Phases .
Phases . Neutral
( )2-2 .
2
(
).
.
401
500
( :)2-8
( .) ISC = V Zeq
(Earth
(. . )
320
) Faults
.
" " Earth Loop Impedance Tester
( .) 3-2
.
( :)3-8
( )
) 2V
.
.
403
4-8
.
Phases 8-8
A1,B1 Short A2 B2
.
A1
A2
B1
B2
C2
c1
: 8-8
SW
CB
Phase
Lamp
Neutral
: 1-8
(. . )
323
( ) Phase
. CBs
. .
( Neutral )
( ) Switch
. 2-8
SW
CB
Phase
Lamp
Neutral
: 2-8
.3-8
CB
Phase
Lamp
SW
Neutral
: 3-8
405
( ) Phase
:
-1 CB .
-2 .
-3 ( Sockets ).
-4 .
.
Live
. 6-8
. 3mm
.
240 .
6-8
.
.
(. . )
323
7-8
:
B s-
( )50 : 1 100 : 1
()
.
()
()
407
()
()
.
:
()1
-1
.
-2 .Impulse Voltage
-3 25 .
-4
()2
()Routine tests
(. . )
322
( )
:
-
Loss .
.
-
()3
()Site test
. :
-
15.
.
( )
.
.
.
()
409
.
15 (
.
.
.
.
(. . )
302
8-8
.
.
411
0.8 0
( )0
( ) ()
()
( )
( )
( )
(/)
(00)
()
()
( / )
() - ()
(. . )
()CFM
()CFM -
()CFM
( / )
()CFM
()CFM
() - ()
300
413
( /)
(/)
()2 -
ATS
( Bypass /)
( )
( / ) () () - ( )
( 000) () ()NR
-
(. . )
-
()RPM :
( + )
( + )
( + )
- ()
303
415
:
( )
....
/
.....
.... ....
/ ()Heat Shrinkable
:
99.99
.....
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () (0) (0) - ()IP
............ -
/ ( / / / /
)
( / / ) - ( / )
(. . )
- ( / )
()IP
()
( ......)
( : / /)
( /)
()
(0)
)......( In
).....to .....( In
).....to .....( In
( )
000 000
000 / 000
( )
000 000
( )
( /) ( / ) 1000
()XLPE / PVC
()2
()
()
( ) ()
()
303
417
( // )
()
()
()
()
()
( ) () ( /) -
( :/ /)
( /)
()
(0)
)......( In
).....to .....( In
).....to .....( In
.
.
.
( lugs/)
.
(. . )
.......... ..
...... ......
(0)
()IP
( /)
()
()
(0)
()
(0)
302
419
( )over load
AC3
()over load
) 000 000
) 000 000
/ 1000
()2
()
()
............
( /)
()
()
()
()
()
()
(/)
/
( / )
( )
(. . )
302
Bus Duct
IP
.........
kA
(// ) - (// )
( / ) Ventilated / compact :
()3ph + N + E)/(3ph + N -
()
()
T.O.B
()
( )+ / /
( / / )
()
421
()
(. . )
300
423
-1 :
(. . )
: NEC
303
425
(. . )
2-
( )
303
427
(. . )
302
429
(. . )
302
431
(. . )
300
433
(. . )
303
435
: 15
. . 100/
12
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
3
3
3
3
3
8
8
9
9
6
1.5
1.5
4
3
8
8
12
9
4
8
8
8
12
12
1.5
1.5
1.5
4
4
1.5
12
12
. . 100/
2
2
2
3
4
4
4
6
2
. . 100/
1.5
1.5
3
2
2
3
3
3
1.5
6
4
4
7
7
7
4
4
2
1.5
7
7
4
1.5
5
3
1.5
(. . )
303
437
(. . )
302
439
-1 .
-2 . .
.2001
-3 .
.2001
-4 . . .1983
-5 . . 2006
-6 .
-7 .
-8 . .1988
-9 . .1995
-10 . . .1985
-11 .
-12 .
-13
( )1
1994
( )2
1994
( )3
1994
( 4) .
( 5 )
(6 )
-
( 7 ) .
441
( 8 )
.
( 9 )
( 10 )
-14 .
4913 2005/ 1
1000 : : -
.
2006/03-0136 - :3 .
2005/05-0136 - :5
.
2006/1886 .
2005/1888 .
2005/01-0182
750/450 :1 .
2005/02-0182
750/450 :2 .
2006/03-0182
750/450 :3 .
2006/04-0182
750/450 :4 .
2006/05-0182
(..) 750/450 :5 ().
2005/1-965 1
30 :1 6 30 .
2006/2-965 1
30 :2 6 30 .
2005/2948 .
1995/01-2841
:1 .
.
1995/02-2841
:2 .
1995/03-2841
:3 .
1995/04-2841
:4 .
1996/05-2841
:5 .
1998/3370
.
1988/0151 .
265 2006/1 :1 .
265 2006/3 :4
( ).
2003/0027
.
1994/01-0060
:1
.
1995/02-1163
( 1000 ).
1994/03-0060
:3 .
1997/01-0133
:1 .
1997/02-0133
:2 .
1997/03-0133
:3 .
1997/04-0133
:4 .
1997/05-0133
:5 .
2005/01-321
:1 .
443
2005/02-321
:3 .
2005/0438
.
2005/2347
.
1993/2405
.
2005/2838
() .
2005/2996
25 .
2005/3585 (
) .
2005/3938
.
2003/3938
.
2005/4111 (
) .
1- Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Benjamin Stien, John
Renolds, John Wily & Sons , 8th Edition, 1992.
10-
IEC 60479-1 Effects of Current on Human Beings and Livestock General aspects.
11-
12-
445
IEC Specifications
IEC 227
IEC 173
IEC 446
IEC 60
IEC 391
.
function and are applied by extrusion
IEC 230
IEC 270
IEC 332
IEC 538
IEC 540
IEC 71
Insulation co-ordination
IEC 287
IEC 364
447
364 5 523 Part 5 Selection and erection of electrical
equipment
Chapter 52 Wiring systems
.
IEC 60364-7-703 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Locations containing
sauna heaters
IEC 60364-7-704 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Construction and
demolition site installations
IEC 60364-7-705 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Electrical installations of
agricultural and horticultural
premises
IEC 60364-7-706 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Restrictive conducting
locations
IEC 60364-7-707 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Earthing requirements
for the installation of data
processing equipment
IEC 60364-7-708 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Electrical installations in
caravan parks and caravans
IEC 60364-7-709 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Marinas and pleasure
craft
IEC 60364-7-710 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Medical locations
IEC 60364-7-711 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Exhibitions, shows and
stands
IEC 60364-7-712 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV)
power supply systems
IEC 60364-7-713 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Furniture
IEC 60364-7-714 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - External lighting
installations
IEC 60364-7-715 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Extra-low-voltage
lighting installations
IEC 60364-7-717 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Mobile or transportable
units
IEC 60364-7-740 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Temporary electrical
installations for structures, amusement devices and booths at fairgrounds,
amusement parks and circuses
IEC 60427 High-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC 60439-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Type-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies
IEC 60439-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for busbar trunking systems (busways)
IEC 60439-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for low-voltage switchgear and
controlgear assemblies intended to
be installed in places where unskilled persons have access for their use Distribution boards
IEC 60439-4 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for assemblies for construction sites
(ACS)
IEC 60446 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and
identification - Identification of conductors by
colours or numerals
IEC 60439-5 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for assemblies intended to be installed
outdoors in public places
- Cable distribution cabinets (CDCs)
IEC 60479-1 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - General
449
aspects
IEC 60479-2 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Special aspects
IEC 60479-3 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Effects of
currents passing through the body of livestock
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC 60644 Spcification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications
IEC 60664 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems
IEC 60715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Standardized
mounting on rails for mechanical support of
electrical devices in switchgear
and controlgear installations.
IEC 60724 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages
of 1 kV (Um = 1.2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3.6 kV)
IEC 60755 General requirements for residual current operated protective
devices
IEC 60787 Application guide for the selection of fuse-links of high-voltage fuses
for transformer circuit application
IEC 60831 Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for AC systems
having a rated voltage up to and including 1000 V General - Performance, testing
and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
IEC 60947-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - General rules
IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Circuit-breakers
IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Switches, disconnectors,
switch-disconnectors and fuse-combination units
IEC 60947-4-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Contactors and motorstarters - Electromechanical contactors and
motor-starters
IEC 60947-6-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Multiple function
equipment - Automatic transfer switching equipment
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
IEC 61140 Protection against electric shocks - common aspects for installation
and equipment
IEC 61557-1 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures - General requirements
IEC 61557-8 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures
IEC 61557-9 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for insulation fault
location in IT systems
IEC 61557-12 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures. Performance measuring and monitoring devices (PMD)
IEC 61558-2-6 Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar Particular requirements for safety isolating
transformers for general use
IEC 62271-1 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and
controlgear standards
IEC 62271-100 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - High-voltage
alternating-current circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-102 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC 62271-105 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
switch-fuse combinations
IEC 62271-200 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated
voltages above 1 kV and up to
and including 52 kV
IEC 62271-202 High-voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations
Contents
4 ............................................................
5 ...........................................................
7 ........................................................................
7 ...............................................................
8 ...............................................................
8 ...................................................................
8 ................................................................ .
-1 11 ......................................................
1-1 00 .......................................................
00 ................................................................................................................
00 ............................................................................................................
00 ............................................................................................
05 ..................................................................................................
2-1 03 ...............................................................
03 .................................................................................................
07 ........................................................................................
02 .......................................................................................
3-1 02 ...........................................................
02 ...................................................................................................
00 ................................................................................................
02 ..................................................................................................
4-1 00 ...............................................................
00 ...................................................................................
00 ........................................................................................
03 ...................................................................................................
05 .......................................................................................
-1 19 .....................................
: 11 .........................................
1-2 00 .........................................................................
00 ....................................................................................................... R.M.U
451
05 ..........................................................................
2-207 .........................................................................................
32 .......................................................................................................
3-2 32 ...............................................................................
30 .........................................................................
30 ................................................................................................. ATS
30 .....................................................................................UPS
4-2 35 ........................................................................
35 ..........................................................................................
30 ...........................................................................................
IP-Code
50 ..............................................................................................
50 ...............................................................................
: 54 .................
5-2 53 ................................................................
53 .....................................................................................
55 .......................................................................................................
6-2 53 ................................................................
57 ......................................................................................................
52 ........................................................................................................
6
50 ................................................................................................
6
50 ...................................................................................
6
7-2 32 ...............................................................................
32 ......................................................................................
30 .......................................................................................
30 ........................................................................................
30 .....................................................................................
8-2 30 ................................................................................
30 ..................................................................................................
33 ......................................................................................................
9-2 35 ...............................................................................
37 ................................................................ Current Carrying Capacity
32 ....................................................................................................
10-2 30 ...............................................................lartueN
11-2 30 .............................................................................
30 ............................................................................... Power Losses
70 ....................................................................................................
70 .................................................................................................
70 .........................................................................................
.
70 ..............................................................................................
70 ....................................................................................................
12-2 70 .................................................................... tru rut
75 .................................................................................................. Bus Duct
77 .............................................................................................. Bus Duct
70 ....................................................................................................
70 ..................................................................
Bus Duct
: 81 .......................................
13-2
14-2 20 ...........................................................................stu
20 ................................................................................................ MCB
23 ............................................................................................ MCCB
20 ................................................................................................ GFCB
15-2 () 00 .................................................................... erua
00 ..............................................................................................
00 ......................................................................... H.R.C
: 91 ...............................
16-2 ( 00 .......................................................... ) snoteutnuu
03 ....................................................................................... Contactor
03 ................................................................................... Contractors
-1 98 ....................................................
1-3 00 ...................................................................................
00 ........................................................................................
022 ................................................................... Sockets
020 ............................................................................................
2-3 020 ............................................................................
020 ............................................................................................ SEER
023 ..............................................................................................
023 ..................................................................................
3-3 027 ................................................................
027 ................................................................
020 ................................................................................
4-3 000 .....................................................................
000 ................................................................................Demand Factor
003 ............................................................................. Diversity Factor
453
-4 158 ...................................................
: 161 ....................................
1-4 032 ...........................................................
030 .................................................................................
2-4 (030 ......................................................... ) cneauSteteu
030 ............................................................................
3-4 (035 ................................................. ) doeLeu cneau
033 ..........................................................................Name Plate
032 ................................................................................................
032 ...............................................................................
.
072 .................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................................
4-4 070 ..............................................
: 176 ................................
5-4 : 073 ......................................................
073 ..................................................................................
077 .................................................................................
077 ................................................................................. :
072 ........................................................................ :
072 ........................................................ :
072 ............................................................... :
6-4 : 020 .....................................................
023 ...................................................................................................
7-4 : 023 .................................................
027 ......................................................................................
022 .................................................................................
020 .......................................................................................
8 -4 002 ...............................................................................
007 ............................................................................................. MVA Method
9 -4 022 .................................................................................
-5 116 ....................................
: 117 .........................................
1-5 027 ........................................................
2-5 ( ) 022 ..................................................
020 ................................................................
003 ...........................................................................
000 ...........................................................................
3-5 000 .........................................................
000 ................................................................................... NEC
000 ................................................................. Total Connected Load
000 ...........................................................................
455
: 116 ........................................
6-5 003 .......................................................................
002 ...................................................................................
7-5 ( ) 002 .........................................................
030 .................................................................................
035 ..................................................................
035 ..........................................................................
8-5 037 ................................................................
050 .............................................................................................
9-5 050 ..................................................
050 ............................................................................ MVA
055 .............................................................................................
055 ........................................................................................
053 ..................................................................................
057 ...........................................................................
050 ............................................................................
10-5 032 .....................................................................
032 ..........................................................................................
030 ....................................................................................
11-5 030 ............................................................
-6 168 ..........................................................
1-6 030 ........................................................
072 .............................................................................
072 ................................................................................
072 .....................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................
070 .....................................................................
2-6 077 ...................................................................
072 ........................................................................... Ground
Neutral
070 ......................................................................................................
3-6 022 .......................................................................
020 ...............................................................................................................
020 ....................................................................................................
.
025 ...................................................................................................
025 .........................................................
Corrosion
023 ........................................................... Ground wire Cable Sheath
023 .......................................................................................
027 ....................................................................................
4-6 022 .................................................................
022 ...............................................................................
002 ...............................................................................................
000 ........................................................................................
5-6 003 .................................................................
003 ....................................................................................
003 ...........................................................................................
6 - 6 003 ...............................................................
002 ...............................................................................
002 .........................................................................................
000 .................................................................................................
020 .................................................................................
7-6 020 ..................................................................................
020 ........................................................................................................
020 .......................................................................................................
023 ...............................................................................................
027 ................................................................................................
022 .............................................................................
8-6 022 ..............................................................
020 .................................................................................... Solidly Earthing
020 ...................................................................... Resistance Grounding
020 ...................................................................... Reactance Grounding
020 ..................................................................................... Isolated System
9-6 002 ...........................................................
000 ................................................................................................ TN-S
000 ................................................................................................ TN-C
000 ............................................................................................. TN-C-S
003 ................................................................................................... IT
005 ................................................................................................TT
10-6 ( ) 003 ...........................................
003 .........................................................................................
007 ............................................................................................ OSHA
007 ...................................................................
002 ...............................................
000 ............................................................
457
-7 116 ....................................................
1-7 003 ..................................................................................
007 .......................................................................................................
002 .................................................................................
000 .......................................................................................................
2-7 000 ............................................................................
000 ..............................................................................................
3-7 000 .............................................................................
4-7 003 .............................................................
003 ...................................................................................... Luminous Flux
003 ................................................................................. Luminous Intensity
005 ..................................................................................... Illumination
005 .................................................................................... Polar Curves
003 ............................................................................................ Brightness
007 .............................................................................................. Glare
5-7 002 ..............................................................
002 ...........................................................................................
032 .......................................................................................................
032 .................................................................................................
030 ...................................................................................................
6-7 (030 ...................................................... )nNNrLeoeteno
030 ..............................................................................................
035 ................................................................................
033 ..........................................................................
032 .............................................................................................
032 .......................................................................................
7-7 030 ..............................................................................
030 ............................................................................. Incandescent lamps
033 ..................................................................................................
037 .............................................................................................
032 .......................................................................
070 ...................................................................................
070 .................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................
073 ......................................................................... Metal Halide Lamp
073 ....................................................................................................
075 ....................................................................................................
073 .................................................................................................. LED
077 ..........................................................................................
.
070 ...................................................................................................
022 .................................................................................
8- 7 022 .............................................................................
020 ............................................................................................ Flicker
9-7 020 ................................................................................
020 ............................................................................................
023 .......................................................................................
023 .................................................................................
027 ........................................................................................
14-7 027 .............................................................................
-8 191 ..................................................
000 ........................................................................
: 003 .........................................................................
1-8 003 ............................................................................
2-8 002 ..............................................................
002 ....................................................................................
322 .................................................................................
3-8 322 ............................................................................
322 .......................................................
320 ......................................................................
4-8 320 ...........................................................
5-8 320 ............................................................ tnNeuetd aaut
323 ................................................................................
325 .....................................................................................
6-8 325 .................................................
323 ......................................................................
7-8 323 .............................................................
323 ........................................................................... Built Drawings As323 ........................................................ Operation & maintenance manuals
323 ...................................................................................................
327 .................................................................................................
327 .................................................................................................
322 ..............................................................................................
322 ...............................................................................................
459
320 ......................................................................................................
320 ......................................................................................................
411 ..............................................................
411 ...........................................
416 .................................................................2-
( ) 416 ...................................
415 ..............................................................
415 ............................................
441 .........................................................
444 ........................................................