.

: I

VII

2
. , x 2 3 xy y 2
5
2
2
, x 2 3 xy y 3 .
5

7
xy ay 2 bxyz , x4 2x3y + 3x2y2
13
4xy3, ... . , , , ,
, , , .

1, 17x3y, 25x 3y,

(4 ) (5 ),
.
,
(), (x 2y + 3),
(5x 4xy + 3), (x2 + y3), .

1
, x + y, ...,
x2
, ,
, .

3xy-2,

,
15. .
2. ...
(, . Jizhng Sunsh)
,
37 . 5x + 4y + z = 37.
(Nicolas Chuquet, 1445 1500?) 1484.
.
(Scipione del Ferro, 1465-1526.) 1515. ,
. (Niccolo Fontana
Tartaglia, 1500?-1557.) (Girolamo Cardan, 1501-1576.)
.
7.

144

. : I

16. (The Whetstone of Witte, 1557.)

(Robert Recorde, 1510 1558.) =
. +
(Arithmetica integra, 1544.)
(Michael Stifel, 1487 1567.). (La geometric, 1637)
, ,
(a, b, c, ...) , (x, y, z, ...) ,
(. 2).
,
.

20.
20.1.
20.1.1. ,
fa(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x + ... + amxm,
a = (a0, a1, a2, ..., am) m , m , fa .
, a ,
m+1-, a1 , a2, ..., am .
. , x
ak (k = 0, 1, 2, ..., m) .
, .
()
. , akxk .
20.1.2. fa(x) = 0 , ak = 0 k = 0, 1, 2, ..., m.
: , ak 0. n
() an 0. fa(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + anxn. |x|
ak
a
1, |xn-k| |x|, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n-1. nk k
,
x
x
( 17.2.1.)
a0
a
a
1
n11 n2 2 ... a n a 0 a1 a 2 ... a n .
n
x
x
x
x
x

1
a0 a1 a2 ... a n1 ,
an

a0
a
a
a
a
a

n11 ... n 1 . f a ( x) x n 0n n11 n2 2 ... a n ,

n
x
x
x
x
x
x

fa(x) 0, . .
an

20.1.3. f a ( x) f b ( x) ,
, . a = b.

7.

145

. : I
: c = a b, . ck = ak bk k = 0, 1, 2, ..., m. fc(x) = 0
, (20.1.2.) c ,
a = b, . ak = bk k.
,
.
20.1.4. p(x) = x3 2x2 + 3x 4
x 1.
: f(x) = b0 + b1(x 1) + b2(x 1)2 + b3(x 1)3 =
b0 + b1(x 1) + b2(x2 2x + 1) + b3(x3 3x2 + 3x 1) =
b3x3 + (b2 3b3)x2 + (b1 2b2 + 3b3)x + (b0 b1 + b2 b3).

b3 = 1, b2 3b3 = -2, b1 2b2 + 3b3 = 3, b0 b1 + b2 b3 = -4,
b3 = 1, b2 = 1, b1 = 2, b0 = -2. ,
p(x) = -2 + 2(x 1) + (x 1)2 + (x 1)3.
20.1.5.
1. :
) (x 1)3 + (x 2)(x2 + 3x + 4);
) (x + 1)3 (x + 2)(x2 2x 3).
2. p(x) q(x) :
) p(x) = 3x3 4x2 5x + 2
) p(x) = -2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 15
2
q(x) = (x 2)(ax + bx + c);
q(x) = (x 3)(ax2 + bx + c).
3. p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4 :
) x 1;
) x + 1.
4. r(x) = p(x)q(x),
r(x)/q(x):
) (6x2 + 13x 5)/(3x 1);
) (10x2 + 3x 12)/(2x 3).
5. p(x) = q(x)(x c) + r, q(x)
r , :
) (2x2 3x + 1)/(x 2);
) (3x2 +2x 1)/(x + 2).
2
[a 2x 3x + 1 r = (ax + b)(x 2) ..., a = 2, b = 1, r = 3; b 3, -4, 7]

20.2.
( 5.2.3.)
. p(x) q(x) q1(x)
r1(x). r1(x) = 0 q(x)
p(x) q(x). , p(x) = x2 4, q(x) = x 2 q1(x) = x + 2 r1(x)
= 0:
(x2 4):(x 2) = x + 2 .
x2 2x /2x 4
2x 4 /7.

146

. : I
0
, r1(x) 0 . q(x) r1(x)
q2(x) r2(x). , x3 3x2 + 5x 3
x 1 q2(x) = x2 4x + 1 r2(x) = 2:
(x3 5x2 + 5x 3):(x 1) = x2 4x + 1.
x3 x2 /-4x2 + 5x 3
-4x2 + 4x /x3
x 1 /2
, k = 1, 2, 3, ...
rk(x) rk-1(x). ,
:
p(x) = q(x)q1(x) + r1(x),
q(x) = r1(x)q2(x) + r2(x),
r1(x) = r2(x)q3(x) + r3(x),
...
rk-2(x) = rk-1(x)qk(x) + rk(x),
rk-1(x) = rk(x)qk+1(x).
20.2.1. p(x) q(x) r(x) | p(x) (. r
p) r(x) | q(x), r(x) p(x) q(x).
20.2.1. 1 p(x) q(x),
.
20.2.3. D(x) ,
NZD, p(x) q(x) D(x) | p(x) D(x) | q(x)
r(x) p(x) q(x) D(x).
.
20.2.4. ( ) p(x) q(x) NZD.
.
. , (nzd)
.

.
, nzd(299, 260) = 13 299 = 1323 360 = 1320, 23 20
. nzd(260, 39) = 13, 299 260 = 39.
( 5.2.5.), ( m = 7 n = -8)
13 = m299 + n360.

7.

147

. : I
20.2.5. D(x) (NZD) f(x) g(x)
p(x) q(x)
D(x) = p(x)f(x) + q(x)g(x).
:
r1(x) = f(x) q1(x)g(x),
r2(x) = -q2(x)f(x) + (1 + q1(x)q2(x))g(x),
r3(x) = (1 + q2(x)q3(x))f(x) (q1(x) + q3(x) + q1(x)q2(x)q3(x))g(x),
...
D(x) = rk(x) = p(x)f(x) + q(x)g(x).
20.2.6. nzd (
) 2322 654.
:

2322 = 6543 + 360

654 = 3601 + 294
360 = 2941 + 66
294 = 664 + 30
66 = 302 + 6
30 = 65
, nzd(2322, 654) = 6.

nzd(2322, 654) = nzd(654, 360)

nzd(654, 360) = nzd(360, 294)
nzd(360, 294) = nzd(294, 66)
nzd(294, 66) = nzd(66, 30)
nzd(66, 30) = nzd(30, 6)
nzd(30, 6) = 6

20.2.7. NZD
f(x) = x4 + 3x3 x2 4x 3 g(x) = 3x3 + 10x2 + 2x 3.
: 3f(x) g(x):

1
(3x4 + 9x3 3x2 12x 9):(3x3 + 10x2 + 2x 3) = x ,
3
3x4 + 10x3 + 2x2 3x /-x3 5x2 9x 9
10
2
x 3 x 2 x 1 /3
3
5
25
x2
x 10
3
3
1
5
25
5
q1(x) = x r1(x) = x 2
x 10 = x 2 5 x 6 .
3
3
3
3
NZD ,

. g(x) q1(x), .
(3x3 + 10x2 + 2x 3):(x2 + 5x + 6) = 3x 5.
3x3 + 15x2 + 18x /-5x 16x 3
-5x 25x 30 /9x + 27
x2 + 5x + 6 9x + 27, x + 3. x + 2 .
, x + 3 f(x) g(x).

7.

148

. : I
f(x) g(x) ,
, NZD
. f(x) g(x)
. , f(x) = (x3 x 1)(x + 3)
g(x) = (3x2 + x 1)(x + 3), x3 x 1 3x2 + x 1
, , x + 3
(NZD).
20.2.8.
1. :
) 5x2 + 5y2 + 8xy + 2y 2x + 2;
) 4x2 + 4y2 6xy 4x + 4y + 4;
2
2
) 6x + 6y + 8xy 10x 10y + 1;
) 6x2 + 6y2 8xy + 10x 10y + 1.
2. :
) x4 + 4x2 + 4;
) x4 + 4y4;
4
2 2
4
) x +x y + y ;
) x8 + x4 +1.
3. :
) (x + y + z)3 x3 y3 z3;
) (x y)3 + (y z)3 + (z x)3;

) x2(y z) + y2(z x) + z2(x y);

) (x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) xyz.1

4. NZD :
) x3 7x + 6 x3 + 2x2 5x 6;
) x3 6x2 x + 30 x3 19x 30;
3
2
) x + 10x + 31x + 30
) x3 + 13x2 + 47x + 35
3
2
2x + 9x 7x 6;
3x3 + 23x2 + 19x 7.
5. nzd :
) 2322 654;
) 3997 763;

) 1735 635.

6. :
) (3x3 4x +5):(x + 2);
) (4x3 + x2 1):(x 2);
4
3
2
) (2x + 3x 4x + 5):(x + x + 1);
) (3x4 2x2 + 4x 5):(x2 x + 1).
7. NZD :
) x3 5x2 + 8x 6 2x2 + 13x 57;
) x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 6 2x2 13x 57;
4
3
2
3
2
) x x 2x + x 2 x x x 2;
) x4 + x3 2x2 + x + 2 x3 + x2 x + 2.
8. NZD :
)
)
3
2
3 x 10 x 2 x 3
3x 3 10 x 2 4 x 3
;
;
x 4 3x 3 x 2 4 x 3
x 4 3x 3 x 2 2 x 3
)
)
3
2
x 2x 2x 1
x3 2x 2 2x 1
;
.
x 4 2 x 3 3x 2 2 x 1
x 4 2 x 3 3x 2 2 x 1

, 1. , 15. 1980.

7.

149

. : I

20.3.
,
( 5.2.3.).
20.3.1. f(x) g(x)
q(x) r(x) f(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x), r(x)
g(x).
: f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x + ... + amxm, g(x) = b0 + b1x + b2x + ... + bnxn
mn 0. n (&5.1.) m. m < n
(q 0, r f). ,
f(x) m0 n. m = m0,
a
f1 ( x) f ( x) m x m n g ( x) m, xm .
bn
q1(x) r(x) f1(x) =
g(x)q1(x) + r(x). , f(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x),
a
q ( x ) m x m n q1 ( x) .
bn
, f(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x), q(x) r(x)
f(x) g(x)
.
, f(x) = x3 + 1 g(x) = x2 x + 1
q(x) = x + 1 , . r(x) = 0, (f)
(g).
20.3.2. ( ) f(x) x -
f().
: (20.3.1.) f(x) = (x - )q(x) + c,
c R . x = f() = c.
20.3.3. k f(x)
= x3 + kx2 7x + 6 g(x) = x 2 3.
: , f(x) x 2
f(2). f(2) = 3 8 + 4k 14 + 6 = 3, k = .
f(x) a f(a) = 0. a f(x)
(x a). . ,
a f(a) = 0
.
20.3.4. x3 7x + 6.
: f(x) = x3 7x + 6 x {1, 2, -3}, . f(1)
= 0, f(2) = 0 f(-3) = 0. , f(x)

7.

150

. : I
x 1, x 2 x + 3. f(x) ,
, . f(x) = x3 7x + 6 = (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3).
(
) ,
.

, . (j = 0, 1, 2, ...,

m) aj 20.1.1. , f a 0 , ,

Z |a0 |am. , (20.3.4.)
1, 2 3.
.
20.3.5. f(x) g(x),
g(x) f(x).
(20.3.1.)
(20.3.2.) .
20.3.6. f(x) = 1 + x3 + x10 + x101
g(x) = x2 1.
: (20.3.1.) f(x) = (x2 1)q(x) + r(x),
r(x) = ax + b < 2. , x = 1
f(+1) = ((+1)2 1)0 + a(+1) + b f(-1) = ((-1)2 1)0 + a(-1) + b,
4 = a + b, 0 = -a + b, . a = b = 2. , r(x) =
2x + 2.
,
, .
.
20.3.7. f(x) m N

f(x) = a(x x1)(x x2)...(x xm),

a 0, x1, x2 , ..., xm
, .
, m m x1, x2 , ..., xm,
.
20.3.8.
1. :
) x3 2x2 + 3x + 4 x 2;
) x3 + 2x2 3x 4 x + 2;
2
) x 3x + 4 2x + 3;
) x2 + 2x 3 3x 2.
7.

151

. : I

2. :
) x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 15;
) x3 + x2 17x + 15;
4
3
2
) x 2x 3x + 4x + 4;
) x4 + 2x3 3x2 4x + 4;
) 2x4 3x3 10x2 + 5x 6;
) 2x4 + 3x3 10x2 5x 6.
3.2 f(x) = x4 + ax3 + 3x2 3x + 2
g(x) = x 1.
4. x8 + 3x3 + ax + b x2 1 x,
a2 b2 ?
5. x3 + ax2 + x + b x2 + x 2
3x + 2, a b.
6. x3 + 2x2 + ax + b x2 x 2
7x + 7, 3a + 3b ?
7. x2008 + x1007 + 1 x2 + 1.
8. x2004 x2000 + x x2 1.
9. f(x) 2 x 1 1,
x + 1 -1. f(x) x2 1.
10. x5 3x4 + ax3 + x2 + b (x 2)2, a2 b2.

21.
21.1.
21.1.1. 210. ?
5, 6 7.
..., -3, -2, -1, ..., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ... .
210 = 2357 = 567.
. (x 1)x(x + 1) =
210, . x3 x = 210. , (x3
216) (x 6) = 0, (x 6)(x2 + 6x + 36) (x 6) = 0, (x 6)(x2 + 6x + 35)
= 0. ,
: x 6 = 0, x2 + 6x + 35 = 0.
x = 6, : 5, 6 7.
, x2 + 6x + 35 = 0
(x + 3)2 + 26 = 0 .
21.1.2. x + 2. 729 m3. .
2

3. 10. 200109.
.

7.

152

. : I

: a = x + 2. , V = a3,
729 = (x + 2)3, x + 2 = 9, x = 7 m.
21.1.3. x x + 5 .
66 m2. .
: = , = + 5, = 66. x(x + 5) = 66,
x2 + 5x 66 = 0. , x2 + 11x 6x
66 = 0, x(x + 11) 6(x + 11) = 0, (x + 11)(x 6) = 0.
: x = -11, = -6,
. ,
: x = 6 m, = 11 m.
21.1.4.
1. . 7. 3. 30.
3. 3.
.
2. t
) S = t2 15t + 5036;
) S = t2 16t + 5060.
? 5000?
[. 5036, 3 12 ; . 5060, 6 10 ]
3. m . p
. , ,
:
) m = 4, p = 30;
) m = 3, p = 14.
[3, 10; 2, 7 m]
4. 24 . 2 cm .
.
[8 6 cm]
5. :
) 156;
) 210.
156. .
[. 1213, (-13)(-12); . 14 15, -14 -15]
6. .
, 12. ?
[2]
7. .
24 m 70 m2.
.
[125, 107 m2]

7.

153

. : I

21.2.
.
21.2.1.

3
,
5

7
. ?
9

: .

3 x 7
. = 4.
5 x 9

21.2.2. 3 ,
8 . ?
: 1/3, 1/8. .
/3 + /8 = 1, 24/11 , 2
.
21.2.3. 6 .
, 4 .
?
: 6 + x, x, 4 .
4
4
1 , : 12 , 6 .
6 x x
21.2.4.
1.

4
2
, .
9
3

?
[6]
2.
?

25
.
6
[

1
6]
4

3. 10 ,
12 .
?
[5,5 min]
4. , 3 .
, 2 . ?
[3 6 ]

7.

154

. : I
5. 2 .
, 3 .
?
[6 ]

21.3.
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x + ... + amxm m-
,
m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... .
m , , , , , .
.
12.3.1. f0(x) = 2, f1(x) = 2x, f2(x) = x2,
1
1
f 3 ( x) x 3 f 4 ( x) x 4 .
2
2
: .
x
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4

-2
2
-4
4
-4
8

-1
2
-2
1
-0,5
0,5

0
2
0
0
0
0

1
2
2
1
0,5
0,5

2
2
4
4
4
8

7.

155

. : I

f0 () - 2. f1
() (0, 0) (1, 2). f2 ()
(0, 0), -
. () 4. ()
-.
12.3.2. a b ,
x. , a = 50 cm, b = 40 cm.
i. ?
ii. ?
iii. ?
: .

7.

156

. : I
(i.)
V = (a 2x)(b 2x)x = 4x(25 x)(20 x) cm2.
(ii.)
a, b. , 0 < < 20 cm.
(iii.) V .

,
0, b/2 a/2 .

,

,
,
a < b.
,
- 0,
20 25 ( ).
,
(
7,4 cm)



.
m- (m = 0, 1, 2, ...)
( ) m+1- .
12.3.3. .
:
3 (-1, 0), (0, -3), (3, 0).

2.
y = ax2 + bx + c,
.

:
a(-1)2 + b(-1) + c = 0,
a02 + b0 + c = -3,
a32 + b3 + c = 0.
a = 1, b = -2, c = -3.

y = x2 2x 3.
12.3.4.

7.

157

. : I
1. y = -1, y = 3 y = x + 1.
.
2. 1. () (-1, -3) (2, 3).
.
3. 2. () (-1, 3), (1, 1), (3, 7)
.
4. :
)

7.

158

. : I

5. 1.
t ,
V(t) = -t3 + 30t2 131t +
250 .
100 ML
() .

?
.
[, ]

6.
64 40 .
cm ,
cm .

.
.
[Vmax(8) = 4608 cm3]

7.

159

. : I

VII .......................................................................................................144
20. ...................................................................145
20.1. .............................................................................145
20.2. ..............................................................146
20.3. ...........................................................................................150
21. ............................................................................152
21.1. ..........................................................................152
21.2. ...............................................................................154
21.3. ................................................................................155

7.

160