.. , ..

" "

2002

.., ..
" ". . ., - , 2002. ?? .

, : ,
, ,
.
,
, . , .
.
. n .

n , , . .
, ,
, .
, .
.
.

.., .., 2002 .

, 2002 .


........................................................................................................................ 3
.............................................................................................. 4
...................................................................................................4
...........................................................................................7
............................................................................................................. 12
.......................................................................................... 15
............................................................................................................. 24
................................................................................................. 27
................................................................................................. 27
......................................................................................... 30
............................................................................. 37
............................................................................................................. 39
........................................................................................................ 42
. ............ 42
n ................................................................................................ 45
............................................................................................................. 48
................................................................................... 50
............. 51
................................... 52
................. 54
.................................................... 59
............................. 61
............................................................................................................. 70
................................................ 73
......................................................................................... 74
V2 ............................................... 76
................................................................................................ 81
V2 .................................................... 83
.......................................................................................... 85


.
matrix , , . ,
. , , , ,
, , ,
.
, , , .
, ,
, , .
, . , ,
.

( , , , ,
..) , ,

..


,
, , .

1 . A n m n m
a11

a21
A=
...

a n1

a12
a 22
...
an2

... a1m

... a 2 m
,
... ...

... a nm

m
A = [a ik ] n , i = 1,2, ... n , k = 1,2, ... m .

, aik A
, , ,
, ..
A , aik C .
A , aik R .

1
0 1 i
i

A = 2 2 + i 1 5
3 5 4 3i

3 4 ,
1 2
B =

3 4
2 2 .
A n , n = m , .. A = [a ik ] nn .
, , ( aii ,
i = 1, 2, ...n , .. a11 , a22 , ann ), .
, , (
an i +1, i , i = 1, 2, ...n , .. an1 , an 1, 2 , a1n ),
.

A = [a ik ] n
n

a11

a
= 21
...

a n1

a12
a 22
...
an2

... a1n

... a 2 n
... ...

... a nn

 2 .
V
n 1:
V = [vik ]n
1

v11 v1

v21 v2
= = .
...
...

vn 1 v n

3 . W
1 n :
W = [wik ]1 = (w11
n

w12

... w1n ) = (w1

w2

... wn ) .

( )
.
4 .
,
,
(aii 0, aik = 0 i k ) :
11

0
=
...

0
22
...
0

1 0

0 2
= ... ...

... nm 0 0
...
...
...

0
0
...

0
.
...

... n
...
...
...

5.

E ,
i 1 :
1 0 ... 0

0 1 ... 0
E =
.
... ... ... ...

0
0
...
1

 :
1 , i = k
ik =
.
0
,

(1)

E = [ik ] n ,
n

= [ i ik ] n .
n

6 . A :
n

T = TrA = aii .
i =1

Tr Trace .

2.1. .
A = [a ik ] mn

m
B = [bik ] n

A = B , aik = bik .
2.2. .
A
A :
A = [a ik ] m .
n

.
2 1 0
2x

A = 5 1 3 , xA = 5 x
7 0 1
7x

x 3x .
0
x
x

2.3. .

n m .

A = [a ik ] n

B = [bik ] n

m
C = [cik ] n , C = A + B ,

-:
cik = aik + bik .
.
2 1
1 1 2
3

A = 3 5 3 B = 2 4
1 ,
0 1 1
2 7 3

1
1+ 3 1+ 2 2 1 4 1

C = A + B = 3 2 5 + 4 3 + 1 = 1 9 2 .
0 + 2 1 7 1 + 3 2 6 2

:
1) ( + ) A = A + A ;
2) ( A) = () A ;
3) A + B = B + A ();
4) A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C ;
5) ( A + B ) = A + B ;
6) A + 0 = A ;
7) A + ( A) = 0 ;
8) 1 A = A .

A = [aik ] n

B = [bik ] n

C = [cik ] n , A + C = B .
m

C = A B
A B :
cik = aik bik .
2.4. .
A = [aik ] mn B = [bik ] ln
C = [cik ] m , C = AB , :
l

cik = aij b jk = ai1b1k + ai 2 b2 k + ... + ain bnk .

(2)

j =1

, ,
A , B . ,
.
, j = 1, 2, ... n aij i
, b jk k , .
" ": ..
cik C i A k B .
.
1 2 3 3 1 1 3 + 2 2 + 3 1 1 1 + 2 4 + 3 3 10 18

1) 2 3 1 2 4 = 2 3 + 3 2 + 1 1 2 1 + 3 4 + 1 3 = 13 17 .
6 1 2 1 3 6 3 + 1 2 + 2 1 6 1 + 1 4 + 2 3 22 16

 3

2) (1 2 3) 2 = (1 3 + 2 2 + 3 1) = 10 .
1

- - 1 1 , .. .
3
3 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 9

3) 2 (1 2 3) = 2 1 2 2 2 3 = 2 4 6 .
1
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3

,
:
.
, :
A B B A .
7 . A B ,
A B = B A .
[A, B ] = A B B A
(). , A B , : [A. B] = 0 .
8 . A B ,
A B = B A .

{A, B} = A B + B A

(). , A B ,
: {A, B} = 0 .
10

,
.
.
1) A (B C ) = ( A B ) C ( A B ) = (A) B = A (B ) .
2) C ( A + B ) = C A + C B

( A + B ) C = A C + B C

11


1 2
3 4
1. A =
B =
.
5

6
7
8

) A + B ; ) A B ; ) A B ; ) A2 3B .
2 3 4
1 3 4

2. A = 7
6 5 B = 7 5 5 . 1 8
1 8 8
9

) ( A + B ) 2 ; ) ( A B ) 2 .

3.

2
1 0

A = 3 4 5 ,
2 1 3

5
3 4

C = 1 3 2 .
8 6 7

) 3 A + 4 B 2C ; ) A2 B C .
4. :
3 2 3 4
)

;
5

4
2
5

1 3 2 2 5 6

) 3 4 1 1 2 5 ;
2 5 3 1 3 2

12

1 1 0

B = 2 3 4
1 5 6

 5 8 4 3 2 5

) 6 9 5 4 1 3 ;
4 7 3 9 6 5

1 2
)
;
3

93 7 3
4 3 28
)


;
7 5 38 126 2 1
cos sin cos sin
)

.
sin cos sin cos
5. .
2 1

1
0
1 0 2 1

) A B B A , A =
B =
;
3

2
3
1
0
2

1 4

3 1 2 1

2 0
) C D D C , C = 2 0 1 1 D =
1 3
1 3 0 4

4 1

2
;
2

) V G G W ,
1

1 3 0 5

1
V = (1 3 5) , G = 1 2 1 4 W = .
2
0 1 1 2

13

3 7
5
4 1 3

6. A = 1 6 3 , B = 4 2 6 .
2 4 1
2 0
1

[A, B ] {A, B}.

14



, ,
.
.
3.1. .
A = [aik ] mn , AT -

[ ]

AT = aikT

m
n ,

aikT = aki . , -

.
.
1 1 3
1 2 3

T
A = 2 2 5 , A = 1 2 3 .
3 3 7
3
5
7

( )

1) AT

= A;

2) ( A + B )T = AT + B T ;
3) (A)T = AT ;
4) ( A B )T = B T AT .

.

15

 "
, " .
A = [

aik mn ,

B =[

bik nl

C = A B = [

cik ml ,

cik = aij b jk .
j =1

cikT

= cki = akj b ji .

(3)

j =1

(3) akj = a Tjk b ji = bijT ,

n

cikT = bijT a Tjk ,

(4)

j =1

C T = B T AT , .
- V = [vi1 ] 1n
V T = [v1i ]1 :
n

v1

v
V = 2 , V T = (v1
...

vn

v2 ... vn ) .

.
1

3
V = , V T = (1 3 2 4 ) .
2

4

16

- W = [w1i ] 1n , , W T = [wi1 ] n :
1

W = (w1

w2

w1

w
T
... wn ) , W = 2 .
...

wn

W = (3 1 4 2 ) , W T

3

1
= .
4

2

9 . S
, :
ST = S .
sikT = ski sikT = sik , ski = sik .
,
: ,
, .
, = [ i ik ] ,
E = [ik ] , .

17

.
1 2 3

S = 2 5 7 . . ,
3 7 4

, .

1 2 3

ST = 2 5 7 ,
3 7 4

ST = S .
1 0 . A
, :
AT = A .
aki = aik , .. .
1) , , .
2)
.
.
0 2 3

A = 2
0 7 . . 3 7
0

, , .

18

2 3
0

AT = 2 0
7 , , AT = A .
3 7 0

1. M
S A .

.
, -

M .
M
M = S + A,

(5)

, , S T = S AT = A .
(5) M T = S T + AT S A , :
M T = S A.

(6)

(5) (6),
S=

1
1
M +MT , A= M MT .
2
2

(7)

S A M .
v 1 .
3.2. .
A = [aik ] mn , A* -

[ ]

A* = aik*

n
m

. , -

.
19

 , .

( )

1) A* = A ;
2) ( A + B ) = A* + B* ;
*

3) (A) = * A* ;
*

4) ( A B )* = A* B* .
.
2
3i
1+ i

M = 4 6i
5
6 . 7
8 + 2i 9i

2
3+i
1 i

M = 4 + 6i
5
6 .
7
8 2i 9i

3.3. .

[ ]

A = [aik ] mn , A+ = aik+

( ) = (A )

A+ = AT

* T

m
n

. , -

aik+ = aki* .
, ( ).

( )

1) A+

= A;

2) ( A + B )+ = A+ + B + ;
3) (A)+ = * A+ ;
4) ( A B )+ = B + A+ .
20

.
2
3i
1+ i

M = 4 6i
5
6 . 7
8 + 2i 9i

7
1 i 4 + 6i

M + = 2
5
8 2i .
3+ i
6
9i

1 1 . H , :
H+ = H .
hik+ = hki* , ,
hik = hki* , .. .
1) , ,
(.. Re hik = Re hki , Im hik = Im hki ).
2) , , hii = hii* (.. Im hii = 0 ).
1 2 . A
, :
A+ = A .
aik = aki* , .. .

21

1) ,
,
(.. Re aik = Re aki , Im aik = Im aki ).
2) , , aii = aii* (.. Re aii = 0 ).
.
2i 1 3i
1

1) H = 2i
5
7 . . 1 + 3i 7
4

, ,
,
, , H + = H .
9i 2 + i 3

2) A = 2 + i
0
7i . .
3
7i
5i

, ,
,
, , A+ = A .
2. M
H A .

.
, -

M
.
M
22

M = H + A,

(8)

, , H + = H A+ = A .
(8)
M + = H + + A+ H
A , :
M + = H A.

(9)

(8) (9),
H=

1
1
M +M+ , A= M M+ .
2
2

(10)

H A M .
v 2 .
() . , r
s = (s1 , s2 , s3 ) , "" , S = s11 + s2 2 + s33 ,
"" :
0 1
0 i
1 0
1 =
, 2 =
, 3 =
.
1 0
i 0
0 1
, .. ( ) : Tr k = 0 , (k = 1, 2, 3) .
, () :
s3
S =
s1 is2

s1 + is 2
.
s3

23


.
1.
1 2 3

M = 5 7 0 4 6 2

.
.

5
4
1

MT = 2 7 6 .
3 0 2

M :
5
4 1 7 / 2 1 / 2
1 2 3 1

1
1

S = M + M T = 5 7 0 + 2 7 6 = 7 / 2 7
3
2
2
4 6 2 3 0 2 1 / 2
3
2

M :
5
4 0 3 / 2 7 / 2
1 2 3 1

1
1
A = M M T = 5 7 0 2 7 6 = 3 / 2
0
3
2
2
4 6 2 3 0 2 7 / 2
3
0

.
3/ 2 7 / 2
1 7 / 2 1/ 2
0

S = 7 / 2 7
3 , A = 3/ 2
0
3 .
1/ 2
7 / 2
3
2
3
0

24

 2.
1 i 1 + i 2

M = 3i
0
5 4 i 2i

.
.

1 + i 3i 4

M + = 1 i 0
i
2
5 2i

M :
1 i 1 + i 2 1 + i 3i 4

1
1
H = M + M + = 3i
0
5 + 1 i 0
i
2
2
4 i 2i 2
5 2i

M :
1 i 1 + i 2 1 + i 3i 4

1
1
A = M M + = 3i
0
5 1 i 0
i .
2
2
4 i 2i 2
5 2i

.
1 / 2 + 2i
1
1

H = 1 / 2 2i
0
5 / 2 + i / 2 ,
1

5/ 2 i / 2
0

1/ 2 i
3
i

A = 1/ 2 i
0
5 / 2 i / 2 .
3

5/2 i / 2
2i

25

 .
1. M 1 , M 2 , M 3 :
1 2 5
0 1 3
0 2 1

M1 = 0 1 3 , M 2 = 5 3 4 , M 3 = 1 1 2 .
4 6 7
6 5 4
2 0 1

2. K1 , K 2 , K 3 :
2
3
3 i 0 1
2 + i 1 1
1

K1 = 2
i
4 , K2 = 3
2i 4 , K 3 = i
i
2i .
4 1 + i 3i
2 i
1 + i 3i 0
5
i

2 3 4
1 3 4

3. M 1 = 7
6 5 M 2 = 7 6 5 .
1 1
1
0
0 1

M = M 1 + iM 2 .
1
i 1 i

4. M = 2 i 1
2 + i . [H , A] ,
1
i i + 1

H , A M .
3 2 1

5. M = 1 3 2 . {S, A}, S
2 1 3

, A M .
0 1 3
2 3 2

6. M 1 = 1 0 5 M 2 = 3 1 4 .
3 5 3
2 4 3

N1 = M 1 + iM 2
N 2 = M 2 + iM 1 .

26


, n . , ,
: , , , ? , ,
,
.

, , .
13.

n i1i 2 i3 ... i n , n i1 , i2 , i3 , in
:
1) 123 ... n = +1 ;
2) i1 ... i j ... ik ... in = 0 ,
i j = ik ;
3) i1i 2 i3 ... i n
1) 213 ... n = 1 , 231... n = +1 , 321 ... n = 1
..
27

 i1i 2 i3 ... i n n! n .
.
1) ij 4
, 2! = 1 2 = 2 : 12 = +1 , 21 = 1 ,
2 : 11 = 22 = 0 .

0 + 1
=
.
1 0

(11)

2) ijk 27
, 3! = 1 2 3 = 6 :
123 = 231 = 312 = +1 , 213 = 321 = 132 = 1 .

(12)

1 4 . n
=

i i i ... i a1i a2i ...ani

i1i 2 ... i n

1 2 3

, (
), , , i1i2 ... in .
A
:

det A = aik

28

n
n

a11

a12

... a1n

a 21

a 22

... a2 n

. . . . . . . . . .
a n1 a n 2 ... ann

(13)

.
1. 14 (11)
a11
=
a 21

2
a12
= ik a1i a 2 k =12 a11a 22 + 21 a12 a 21 = a11a 22 a12 a 21 ,
a 22 i , k =1

6 2

= 1 2 5 ( 6) = 32 .

2. (12)

a11

a12

a13

= a 21

a 22

a 23 =

a 31

a 32

a 33

ijk a1i a 2 j a3k

i , j , k =1

= 123 a11a 22 a 33 + 231 a12 a 23 a 31 + 312 a13 a 21a 32 +

+ 321 a13 a 22 a 31 + 132 a11a 23 a 32 + 213 a12 a 21a 33 =
= a11a 22 a 33 + a12 a 23 a 31 + a13 a 21a 32 a13 a 22 a 31 a11a 23 a 32 a12 a 21a 33 ,

1

= 3 0

3
5 = 1 0 ( 1) + 2 5 4 + 1 3 ( 3) 3 0 4 1 1 5 2 ( 3) ( 1) =

4 1 1
= 40 9 5 6 = 20 .

29


14.
1.
:
det AT = det A .
.
det A =

3 1

= 7 , det AT =

2 1

= 7 .

2.
:
a11
a21

a12
a22

...
...

a1n
a2 n

a11
a21

...
... ... ...
...
=
a j1 a j 2 ... a jn
a j1
...
... ... ...
...
an1

an 2

...

ann

a12
a22

... a1n
... a2 n

... ... ...

,
a j 2 ... a jn
... ... ...

(14)

an1 an 2 ... ann

a11

a12

... a1k ... a1n

a 21

a 22

... a 2 k ... a2 n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a n1 a n 2 ... a nk ... a nn

a11 a12

... a1k ... a1n

a 21

... a2 k ... a 2 n

a22

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a n1 an 2 ... ank ... ann

(15)

, .

30

 , (14) :

i1i2 i3 ... i j ... in a1i1 a2i2 ...

i1i 2 ... i j ... i n

(a )... a
ji j

ni n

i1i2 i3 ... i j ... in a1i1 a2i2 ... a ji j

i1i 2 ... i j ... in

... ani n .

3.

[ ]

, ( 2). A = aij

n
n

, :
det( A) = n det A .
.
1 1
1 1 1 x 1 x
det ( xA) = det x
= x2
= 7x2 .
=
2 5
2 5 2 x 5 x
4.

.
.

1 3
2 4

= 2 ,

3 1
4 2

= 2.

5.
,
.
.
1. .
,
(
). ,
31

 4 , , .. : det A = det A ,
, det A = 0 .
2. .
2 . , 1 .
3. .
1 . , 1 2 .
6.
j ( i ) = aij

n
n

- b (- b ), a + b
b ,
j ( i ) b , .. a + b = + b ,
:
a11

a12

... a1 j + b1 ... a1n

a21

a22

... a2 j + b2 ... a2 n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an1 an 2 ... anj + bn ... ann

32

a11

a12

... a1 j ... a1n

a21

a22

... a2 j ... a 2n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an1 an 2 ... anj ... ann

a11

a12

... b1 ... a1n

a21

a22

... b2 ... a2 n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an1

an 2 ... bn ... ann

(14)

a11
a21

a12
a22

...
ai1 + b1
...

a11
a21

a12
a22

... a1n
... a2 n

...
...
...
...
=
ai 2 + b2 ... ain + bn ai1
...
...
...
...

...
ai 2
...

...
...
...

an1

an 2

...
...

a1n
a 2n

...

a nn

a11
a21

a12
a22

... a1n
... a2 n

...
...
+
ain
b1
...
...

...
b2
...

...
...
...

an1 an 2 ... ann

a n1 a n 2

...
. (15)
bn
...

... ann

(14). 1 ( 14)
AaT+ b :
a+b =
=

k1k 2 k 3 ... k n ak1 1a k 2 2 ...

k1 k 2 ... k n

k k k ... k ak 1ak 2 ... ak

k1 k 2 ... k n

1 2 3

(a

kj j

j ... ak n n

+ bk j ... ak n n =
+

k k k ... k ak 1ak 2 ... bk

k1 k 2 ... k n

1 2 3

... ak n n .

AT 12. ,
j A
- b , .. b .
(15).
, 6 .
.
1 2+5
3 4+5

1 2
3 4

1 5
3 5

1 4 3 4
2

1 3
2 4

4 4
2

1 3
2 4

1 1
2 4

7.
, (
) (), . 5 6.

33

 8.
:
det( A B ) = det A det B .

(16)

1 5 . M ik aik A = [aik ] n
n

n 1 , A
i k .
16.

Aik
aik A
Aik = ( 1)

i+k

M ik .

.
a11

3- A = a 21
a
31

a12
a22
a32

a13

a23 . a33

a11 , a13 a32 :

M 11 =

a22
a32

a23
a
, M 13 = 21
a33
a31

a22
a
M 32 = 11
a32
a21

a13
,
a23

A11 = ( 1)1+1 M 11 = M 11 , A13 = ( 1)1+ 3 M 13 = M 13 , A32 = ( 1)1+ 2 M 32 = M 32 .
3.

A = [aik ] n
n

i
n

det A = aik Aik ,

k =1

34

(17)

 k :
n

det A = aik Aik .

(18)

i =1

.
, (17), -

,
. ,
,
. , 1- .
, - = det A :
=

a
a
...
a
=

a
a
...
a
i1i2i3 ... in 1i1 2i2 nin i1i2 i3 ... in 1i1 2i2 nin .
i1i 2 ... i n
i1 i2 ... i n

(19)

,
a1i1 (.. a11 , a12 , a1n ), :
= a11

1 i i ... i a2i a3i ... ani

i 2 i3 ... in

2 3

1444424444
3

+ a12

2 i i ... i a2i a3i ... ani

i 2 i3 ... in

2 3

S1

+ a13

2 3

S2

3 i i ... i a2i a3i ... ani

i 2 i 3 ... i n

1444424444
3

1444424444
3

+ ... + a1n

ni i ... i a2i a3i ... ani

i 2 i3 ... in

2 3

(20)

1444424444
3

S3

Sn

, S1 , S 2 , S 3 S n A 2, 3, n .
S1 . 1i2i3 ... in
A ,
35

 i2 1 , i3 1 , in 1 , ..
2, 3, n . 1i2i3 ... in n
: 1 23 ... n = +1 , i2 , i3 ... in . , i2i3 ... in n 1 . , S1 , , M 11
a11 A : S1 = A11 .
S 2 . ,
, ,
A , ,
.. S 2 ~ M 12 . "" 2 i2i3 ... in n 2 13 ... n = 123 ... n = 1 ,

i2 i3 ... in n 1 . , S 2
a12 A : S 2 = A12 = ( 1)

1+ 2

M 12 .

S 3 , S n , 3124 ... n = 1234 ... n = +1 , n 123... ( n 1) = ( 1) n 1 123 ... ( n 1) n = ( 1)n +1

, S 3 = A13 = ( 1)1+ 3 M 13 , S n = A13 = ( 1)1+ n M 1n .
v 3 .
(17), (18)
(), ( )
.

36

 3
n n 1 ,
n 2 ..
.
a11 a12
A =

a21 a22
.
det A = a11 A11 + a21 A21 = a11 ( 1)1+1 M 11 + a21 ( 1)2 +1 M 21 = a11a22 a21a12 .

= det A
A = [aik ] 3 . 3

- - . , , 13 , ijk 6 :
det A =

ijk a1i a2 j a3k = 123a11a22 a33 + 231a12 a23a31 + 312 a13a21a32 +

i , j , k =1

= 213a12 a21a33 + 321a13a22 a31 + 132 a11a23a32 .

(21)

(12),
det A = (a11a22 a33 + a12 a23a31 + a13a 21a32 ) (a12 a21a33 + a13a22 a31 + a11a23a32 ) , (22)
(21) ,
(21) .

37


, (22) 3 .
1) ,
, ,
, , :
a11

a12

a13

a11

a12

a13

= a21

a22

a23 a21

a22

a23 .

a31

a32

a33

a32

a33

a31

(23)

2) , ,
, "" :
.
"" , "" ,
, ""
:
a11

a12

a13 a11 a12

a11

a12

a13 a11 a12

= a21

a22

a23 a21 a 22 a21

a22

a23 a21 a 22 . (24)

a31

a32

a33 a31 a32

a32

a33 a31 a32

a31

1 7 . A , det A = 0 .

38


.
1.
2 1 3

A = 4 0 1 .
5 2 1

.
1. -
(). , a22 . , . , :
det A = 4 ( 1) 2 +1

1 3
2

+ 1 ( 1) 2 + 3

2 1
5 2

= 4( 1 + 6) (4 5) = 19 .

2. . :
2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

4
0
1

4
0
1
4
0

.
5 2 1 5 2 1 5 2

(24)
= 2 0 ( 1) + 1 1 5 + ( 3) 4 2 ( 3) 0 5 2 1 2 1 4 ( 1) =
= 5 24 4 + 4 = 19 .
.
det A = 19 .

39

 2.
1 2 3

A = 5 6 7 3 2 1

. , .
.
2
:
1 2 3

22

5 6 1 = 5 6 10 1 = 5 4 1 .
3 2 7

26

3 4 7

3
:
1

3 3

5 4 1 = 5 4 1 15 = 5 4 14 .
3 4 7

3 4

79

3 4

,
:
1

= 5 4 14 = 1
3 4

4 14
4

= 1 ( 4) ( 1 + 14 ) = 52 .
.
det A = 52 .
40

= 1 ( 4 )

1 14
1

 .
1. 2- .
)

1 4

, )

5 2

a +b a b
a b a +b

a + bi

3a

a bi

, )

, )

cos sin
sin

cos

cos + i sin

cos i sin

2. 3- .
3

) 4 5 6 , ) 8

2 , ) 10

1 2 3

2 1

7 8 9
2

) 18 12

cos

2
9 , )

21 15 3

3 0

1
10

7 ,

0 sin
1

sin 0 cos

3. 4- .
1
)

5 6

cos cos

3 6 8 11
1 2 3 4
sin
, )
, )
7 13 20 26
5 1 2 4
0
1 23 11

1 5

sin
0

0
cos

0
.
sin

sin

cos

41


, " ": , , ,
?

.
1 8 . A1
A , :
A A1 = A1 A = E .
8 :

det A A1 = det A det A1 = det E = 1 .

det A1 =

1
,
det A

.
, .

.


a11 x1 + a12 x2 = c1

a21 x1 + a 22 x2 = c2

42

(25)

 A , X C
(25):
a11
A =
a21

a12
x1
c1
, X = , C = ,
a22
x2
c2

(26)

A X = C .

(27)

.
A A1 .
(27) A1 :
A1 A X = A1 C .

(28)

11
X = A1 C .

(29)

, A1 A (27),
(29) C .
(25) .
x2 ,
a22 , a12 , :
a11a22 x1 + a12 a22 x2 = c1a 22
(a11a22 a21a12 )x1 = c1a 22 c2 a12 .
(30)

a21a12 x1 + a22 a12 x2 = c2 a12

x1 ,
a21 , a11 , :
a11a 21 x1 + a12 a 21 x2 = c1a 21
(a11a 22 a 21a12 )x2 = c2 a11 c1a 21 .

a
a
x
+
a
a
x
=
c
a
21 11 1
22 11 2
2 11

(31)

43

 , (30) (31) :
c1a22 c2 a12

x
=
1

c2 a11 c1a 21
x2 =

(32)

,
= a11a22 a21a12 ,

(33)

(25).
B :
a 22

B=
a 21

a12

.
a11

(34)

, (33) (25)
X = B C ,

(35)

(29).
, B
B = A1 . ,
B A = A B = E .

(36)

:
a
A B = 11
a 21

44

a 22
a12

a 22 a 21

1 a11a22 a12 a 21

a 21a 22 + a22 a21

a12

= 1 a11
a11 a21

a12 a 22

a 22 a 21

a12
=
a11

a11a12 + a12 a11 1 0 1 0

=
=
=E.
a12 a21 + a11a 22 0 0 1

.
A1 , A , ..
.

n
(34) A1 = B :
A11

A1 =
A12

A21

,
A22

(37)

Aik 14 aik A .
,
n .
1 9 . A = [aik ] nn , aik = Aki
n
aki A = [aik ] n ,
A .
.
3- A = [

aik 33

A : A = [

aik 33

a11

= a 21
a
31
A11

= A12
A
13

a12
a22
a32
A21
A22
A23

a13

a23 .
a33
A31

A32 .
A33

45

 (37), , n .
4. A = [aik ] nn

:
aik( 1) =

A1 = aik( 1) n ,

1
Aki .

(38)

, Aki aki A.

.
, , (38)

17 A1
A , = det A :
A11

1
1 A12
1
A = A=

...

A1n

A21
A22

...
...

...

...

A2 n

...

An1

An 2
.
...

Ann

(39)

, A1 , (39),
A ,
A A1 = E ,

(40)

E = [ik ] nn . (39) ,
A A = E = ,

(41)

= [ ik ] nn ,
ik = ik .

46

(42)

 ik (41):
n

ik = aij a jk = aij Akj .

j =1

(43)

j =1

.
1) i = k . (43) k (. 3, (17)), ..
kk =
(42).
2) i k . (43) k (ki ) ,
k i . i , 5
( ki ) = ik = 0 (42).
, (42) , , , (40).
v 4 .
(38), (39) n , n .
n . ,
.

47


.
.
3

A1 , A = 2
2

1 .
4

1
1

.
1. , ,
3

det A = 2

0
1.
4

:
4 , :
3

det A = 2

10

0
1 = 1 ( 1) 2 + 3
0

10 5

= 5.

det A 0 , A , .
2. .
A11 = ( 1) 2

A21 = ( 1) 3

48

1 1
1 4
1 0
1 4

= 5 , A12 = ( 1) 3

= 4 , A22 = ( 1) 4

2 4
3 0
2 4

= 10 , A13 = ( 1) 4

= 12 , A23 = ( 1) 5

2 1
3 1

2 1

= 0,

= 1,

A31 = ( 1) 4
A33 = ( 1) 6

1 0
1 1

= 1 , A32 = ( 1) 5

3 1
2

3 0
2 1

= 3 ,

= 1.

3. :
5 4 1

A = 10 12 3 .
0 1 1

, A1 =

1
A ,

.
5 4 1

1
A1 = 10 12 3 .
5
1
0 1
.
1. :
1 2
3 4
1 3
)
; )
, )
.
3
4
5
7
4
8

2. :
7
3 4 5
2 5
2 7 3

) 2 3 1 ; ) 6 3
4 ; ) 3 9 4 .
3 5 1
5 2 3
1 5 3

49


""
, :
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = c1
a x + a x + ... + a x = c
21 1
22 2
2n n
2
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + ... + ann xn = cn

(44)

(25), (44)
A X = C ,

(45)

A , X C -
(44):
a11 a12

a22
a
A = 21
... ...

a n1 a n 2

... a1n
x1
c1

... a2 n
x2
c2
,
,
X
=
C
=
...
... .
... ...

... ann
x
n
cn

(45), :
X T AT = C T .
, , (45):
X A = C ,

(46)

A (44), X C (44):
X = ( x1
50

x2

... x n ) , C = (c1

c2

... cn ) .

 , (45) (46)
(44), . A
, , X
C ( X C ) ,
( ).

A , .. det A 0 , (45)
,
A 1 :
A X = C A1 A X = A1 C E X = A 1 C X = A1 C .

(47)

, , ,
, .. A X X A . (46)
A1 :
X A = C X A A1 = C A1 X E = C A1 X = C A1 . (47)
,
(38) . , A1
, (47)
(45). , A C
.

51



,
, , .. .
, :
xi =

i
,

(48)

.
. , A (47) (44) i X :
n

xi = aik( 1) ck .

(49)

k =1

a ik( 1) =

1
Aki

1
1 n
x i = Aki c k = ck Aki .
k =1
k =1

n

i = ck Aki ,

(50)

k =1

(48).
, (50)
A i
n

= a ki Aki ,
k =1

aki ck :
52

a11
a21
=
...

a12
a 22
...

an1

an 2

... a1k ... a1n

a11 a12
... a2 k ... a 2 n
a21 a22
i =
... ... ... ...
... ...
... ank ... ann
a n1 a n 2

... c1 ... a1n

... c2 ... a2 n
.
... ... ... ...
... cn ... ann

(51)

, n n + 1 i , i = 1, 2, ... n , (48).
.
1.
a11 x1 + a12 x2 = c1
.

a
x
+
a
x
=
c
21 1
22 2
2
.
0 , :
x1 =

, x2 = 2 ,

a11
a 21

a12
c
, 1 = 1
a 22
c2

a12
a
, 2 = 11
a 22
a 21

c1
.
c2

2.
x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 5

2 x1 x 2 x 3 = 1 .
x + 3x + 4 x = 6
1
2
3

1
= 2
1

1 1 = 0
3

5 7 =
1

5 7
1

= 2.

, 0 . i :
53

1 1 = 1

0 = ( 1)3

10

2 = 2

1 = 0

1 = ( 1)( 1)5

10

1 = 0

1 = 1

3 = 2
1

11

x i =

10

1 = ( 1)

= 2,

10

= 2 ,

11

= 4.

i
.

.
x1 =

= 1 , x 2 = 2 = 1 , x 3 = 3 = 2 .

. ,
(44) x1 a11 0 (
).
x1 , ,
,

a21
a11

a31
.. a11

(44)

54

 a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = c1

(1)

a22
x2 + ... + a2(1n) xn = c2(1)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

(1)

an(12) x2 + ... + ann

xn = cn(1)

(52)

( n 1) :
aik(1) = aik

ai1
a
a1k , ci(1) = ci i1 c1
a11
a11

(53)

, (52) (1)
x2 a22
0 (

). , ,
(1)
(1)
a32
a42
(1) , (1) .., ,
a22
a22

.. , :
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + ... + a1n xn = c1
(1)
(1)

a22
x2 + a23
x3 + ... + a2(1n) xn = c2(1)

(2)

a33
x3 + ... + a3( 2n ) xn = c3( 2 ) .

......................

( 2)

an( 23) x2 + ... + ann

xn = cn( 2 )

(54)

( n 2) :
aik( 2 )

aik(1)

ai(21) (1)
ai(21) (1)
( 2)
(1)
(1) a 2 k , ci = ci (1) c2
a22
a22

(55)

, ( n + 1) -

55

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + ... + a1n xn = c1

(1)
(1)
a22
x2 + a23
x3 + ... + a2(1n) xn = c2(1)
( 2)
a33
x3 + ... + a3( 2n ) xn = c3( 2 )
.................

(56)

( n 1)
ann
xn = cn( n 1)

(1)
(2)
, a11 , a22
, a33
,

an( n1,2n)1 .
(56) :
xn .
, xn 1 .
, xn 2 .. x1 .

.
A
a11

0
G=
0

a1n

a2(1n)
.
...
...

( n 1)
... ann

a12 ...
(1)
a22
...
0
0

(57)

ii A :
11 = a11 , 22

a
= 11
a21

a11
a12
, 33 = a21
a22
a31

a12

a13

a22

a23 ,

a32

a33

(58)

, gii G :
56

g11 = a11 , g 22 =

a11

a12

(1)
a 22

a11
(1)
= a11a22
, 33 = 0

a12

a13

(1)
a22

(1)
(1) ( 2 )
a23
= a11a 22
a33 , (59)

( 2)
a33

G A , n , , , (58)
(59) 7 :
(1)
(1) ( 2 )
(1) ( 2 )
( n 1)
11 = a11 , 22 = a11a22
, 33 = a11a22
a33 , nn = a11a22
a33 ... ann
.

(60)

"" G A :
(1)
a22
=

22

nn
(2)
( n 1)
, a33
= 33 , ann
=
,
11
22
n 1, n 1

(61)

,
:
ii 0 , i = 1, 2, ... n .
, ( A C ), A C :

(A C )
(G

C ) .

(62)

A
G , C
C .

57

.
:
x1 + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 = 8

3 x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 6 .
2 x + x + 2 x = 6
1
2
3
.
:
1 2 3

3 1 1
2 1 2

6 .
6

3 , 2 :
1

0
0

5 8
3 4

18 .
10

2 :
1

0
0

3 4

2 .
10

, 3
:
1

0
0

2 .
4

4 x 3 = 4 ,
x 3 = 1 . x 2 = 2 . -

58

 , x1 + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 = 8
x1 = 1 .
.

(x1

x 3 ) = (1 2 1) .

x2

A A :
1) ;
2)
.

. ,
.
,
"" :

A X = E C

E X = A1C .

(63)

X C ,
A E . A E
, det A = 1 ,
"":
~
A A =

1
A,
det A

(64)

59

 n A . 3 ~
det A = 1 .
~
A E , :
~
(A~ E )
(E A ).

(65)

~
A 1
~
det A 1 = 1 ,
det A1 = 1 / det A , A1
~
A 1 , (64):
A1 =

1 ~ 1
A .
det A

(66)

.
3 1
A =
.
2
2

A1 .
det A = 6 2 = 4 ~ 1
A = A :
2
3 2 1 2 1 0

.
1
1
0
1

1 / 2 :
1 0 1 1 2

.
1
1
0
1

60

 :
1 0 1 1/ 2

.
0
1

1
3
/
2

,
1 1/ 2
~
A 1 =
.

1
3
/
2

(66)
1/ 2 1/ 4
A1 =
.
1/ 2 3 / 4
,
~ ~
~
~
A 1 A = E , det A = 1, det A 1 = 1 ,
A1 A = E , det A1 = 1 / det A .

A A G . :
G = U A,

(67)

U : det U 0 , .. A G .
U . ,
A G
: k i

61

, ik . A

1
0

...
U ik =
...

0
...

(i )

(k )

.... 0 .... 0 ....

... ... ... ... ....
.... 1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ik

... 1 ...

... ... ... ... ...

.... 0 .... 0 ....

0
0

...
...

0
...

(68)

,
G = U (1) U ( 2 ) ... U ( N ) A ,

(69)

U (m ) (68), "" m = 1, 2, ... N ik

.
(68), ,
, , .
( (57)) G .
.
5. ()

() .

.
V = [vik ] nn

n
W = [wik ] n . , -

, : vik = 0 wik = 0 k > i .

62

 Z = V W , zik = 0 k > i .

n

zik = vij w jk
j =1

, j i j > i :
i

zik(1) = vij w jk , zik( 2 ) =

j =1

vij w jk

j = i +1

, k > i .
vij w jk j i . k > i ,
, k > j , .. w jk = 0 , zik(1) = 0 .
vij w jk j > i , .. vij = 0 , zik( 2 ) = 0 .
, k > i
zik = zik(1) + zik( 2 ) = 0 .

.
,
U , , : uik = 0 k < i .
v 5 .
5 (69)
U (m )
U = U (1) U ( 2 ) ... U ( N )

(70)
63

 :
u11 0

u22
u
U = 21
... ...

un1 un 2

... unn
...
...
...

0
0
0

(71)

6. ()
.

.
V
v11

0
V =
...

... v1n

... v2 n
.
... ...

... vnn

v12
v22
...
0

(72)

det V =

v11
0

v12
v22

... v1n
... v2 n

v22
0

v23 ... v2 n
v33 ... v3n

...

...

...

...

...

...

... vnn

... vnn

v23 ... v2 n
v33
v33 ... v3n
0
= v22 M 22 = v22
... ... ...
...

v34
v44
...

... v3n
... v4 n
... ...

... vnn

...

= v11M 11 = v11

...

M 11
v22
0
M 11 =
...
0

... vnn

M 22 , M n 1, n 1 , :
64

det V = v11 v22 ... vnn .

,
(71) ,
det U = u11 u22 ... unn .
v 6 .
.
( )
, .
7. A ()
, A1
() .

.
V ( = det V 0 ) .

V 1 , (39)

V 1

V11 V21

1 V12 V22
=
... ...

V1n V2 n

... Vn1

... Vn 2
,
... ...

... Vnn

(73)

,
.
V12 v12 (72)
0 v23 ... v2 n
0 v33 ... v3n
V12 = ( 1)3
= 0,
... ... ... ...
0

(74)

... vnn
65

.. (). ,
V1k = 0 (k = 3, ... n ) , .. . , ,
V11 , .

V23 = ( 1)5

v11

v12

v14

... v1n

0
...

0
...

v34
...

... v3n
= 0,
...

(75)

... vnn

( ,
v12 v11 ). ,
V2 k = 0 (k = 4, ... n ) , ..
. , ,
V12 V22 , .

V3k = 0 k = 4, ... n , V4 k = 0 k = 5, ... n .. , , , .. V 1 , V , .

, , , .
v 7 .
, (67) A G : G = U A .

66

 (67) (69) , U , . ,
5 U .
det U 0 , (67)
A = U 1 G .

(76)

G , U 1 7 .
, :
8. A ,
, L U :
A = L U .

(77)

A (77) n 2 .
(77) ,
n (n + 1) / 2 . , (77) "": n , . , , . , , (77) :
1 0

1
l
L = 21
... ...

l n1 l n 2

... 0

... 0
,
... 0

... 1

(78)

67

 u11

0
U =
...

u12
u22
...
0

... u1n

... u2 n
.
... ...

... unn

(79)

(77), :
a11

a21
a
31
...
a
n1

a12 ... a1n u11

u12

a22 ... a2n u11l21 u22 + u12l21
a32 ... a3n = u11l31 u12l31 + u22l32

...
... ... ... ...

an2 ... ann u11ln1 u12ln1 + u22ln2

...
...
...
...
...

u2n + u1nl21

. (80)
u3n + u2nl32 + u1nl31

...

unn + ... + u3nln3 + u2nln2 + u1nln1

u1n

,
. , u1k
( k = 1, 2, ... n ) :
u11 = a11 , u12 = a12 , u1n = a1n .

(81)

, n

a21 = u11l21 , a22 = u22 + u12 l21 , a2 n = u2 n + u1n l21 ,

(82)

l21 = a21 / u11 , u22 = a22 u12 l21 , u2 n = a2 n u1n l21 .

(82)

,
L U .
.
1 2 1

A = 2 1 1 ,
1 7 3

68

.
,
(77) :
1 0

L = l21 1
l
31 l32

0
u11

0 , U = 0
0
1

u12
u22
0

u13

u13 .
u33

L U A :
u12
1 2 1 u11

2 1 1 = u11l21 u12 l21 + u22
1 7 3 u l

11 31 u12 l31 + u22 l32

u13l21 + u2`3
.
u13l31 + u23l32 + u33
u13

, :
u11 = 1 , u12 = 2 , u13 = 1 .

, :
l21 = 2 / u11 = 2 , u22 = 1 u12 l21 = 3 , u23 = 1 u13l21 = 1
:
l31 = 1 / u11 = 1 , l32 = ( 7 u12 l31 ) / u22 = 3 , u33 = 3 u13l31 u23l32 = 1 .
.
1 0 0
1 2 1

L = 2 1 0 , U = 0 3 1 .
1 3 1
0 0
1

69


1. :
7 x1 + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 = 15
x1 + x 2 2 x3 = 6
2 x1 + x 2 = 5

) 5 x1 3 x 2 + 2 x3 = 15 , ) 2 x1 + 3 x 2 7 x 3 = 16 , ) x1 + 3x 3 = 16 ,
10 x 11x + 5 x = 36
5 x + 2 x + x = 16
5 x x = 10
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
4 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x 3 + 5 x 4 = 0
2 x1 x 2 + 3x 3 + 2 x 4 = 4
2 x + 3 x x = 10
3 x + 3 x + 3 x + 2 x = 6

1
3
4
2
3
4
)
, ) 1
.
x
+
x

5
x
=

10
3
x

2
x
=
6
1
2
3
1
2
3
4

3x1 x 2 + 3 x3 x 4 = 6
3x2 + 2 x3 = 1
2.
:
2
1
1 2 3
1
4 8 5

) 0 1 2 , ) 4
3 2 ) 4 7 1 ,
1 0 4
5 4 1
3 5
1

2
)
1

1 3 2
1

1 1

2 1 2
,
)
2

3
1

.
2 3 4
4 1 5

1 2 3

3. .
1 2
3 5
3 2 1 2
)
X =
, ) X
=
,
3 4
5 9
5 4 5 6
3 1
5 6 14 16
)
X
=
,
5 2
7 8 9 10

70

 1 2 3
1 3 0

) 3 2 4 X = 10 2 7 ,
2 1 0
10 7 8

3
1 8 3 0
5

) X 1 3 2 = 5 9 0
5 2
1 2 15 0

4. .
7 x1 + 2 x 2 4 x 3 = 19
x1 3 x 2 2 x 3 = 3

) 5 x1 + 3 x 2 3 x3 = 15 , ) x1 + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 = 1 ,
5 x 3 x + 3 x = 15
2 x x + x = 2
1
2
3
1
2
3
x1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 = 1

) 2 x1 x 2 + 2 x 3 = 4 ,
4 x + x + 4 x = 2
1
2
3
x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + 4 x 4 = 5
2 x + x + 2 x + 3x = 1

2
3
4
) 1
, )
3
x
+
2
x
+
x
+
2
x
=
1
2
3
4
1
4 x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x3 + x 4 = 5

x1 + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 + 4 x 4
2 x + 3 x + 4 x + x
1
2
3
4

3x1 + 4 x 2 + x3 + 2 x 4
4 x1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3x 4

= 11
= 12
.
= 13
= 14

5.
:
1 4
) A =
;
7
3

7 5
) B =
.
3
2

6.
:
1 2 3

) A = 0 1 2 ;
1 0 4

2
1
1

) B = 4
3 2 ;
5 4 1

71

1
1 1

) C = 2 3 1 ;
4 1 5

4 8 5

) D = 4 7 1 .
3 5
1

7.
:
2 1 0 5

1
4
16

) A =
;
0
4 7 4

4 12 17 4

72

2
1
7
3

9
8

17

) B =
.
3
2
4 17

2
12 18 12

, - V = [v i ]1n A = [a ik ] nn
1
- V = [vi ] n :

V = A V .

(83)

, - W = [wi ]1

A = [a ik ] n -
n

W = [wi ]1 :
n

W = W A.

(84)

- - n
- -, . , , n Vn
[2], (83) (84) .
A : X 1 X 2 Vn C
A X 1 Vn , A ( X 1 + X 2 ) = A X 1 + A X 2 , A ( X ) = A X .

(85)

(85) Vn , ..
X Vn X Vn , .
, .
73



Vn , .. (). , , , .
2 0 . - V Vn
N= V =
V

,
n

= V T V = v k2
k =1

V .
, n V
V = v12 + v 22 + ... + v n2 .

(86)

"" n , [2].
2 1 .

O = [oik [ n
n

n ,
1) det O = 1 ,

2) O 1 = O T ,

, , , .

74

 2) 19 , :
O OT = OT O = E .

(87)

.
9.

.
, V
, O , :
O V = V .

(88)

.
O , V -

V :
V = O V .
V
2

V = V T V .
V :
V = (O V )T (O V )
2

(O V )T

= V T OT .

, (87) :
2

V = V T O T O V = V T E V = V T V = V .
v 9 .

75


, . , , ,
. , () () .
, O = [oik ] n
n

n Vn .

V2
O2
o11
O2 =
o 21

o12
.
o22

(89)

det O2 = 1
o11o 22 o12 o21 = 1 .

(90)

(90)
o
O21 = 22
o21

o12
o
, O2T = 11
o11
012

o21
.
o22

(91)

O21 = O2T ,
:
a 22 = a11
.

a 21 = a12
a11 = c , a12 = s (89):
76

(92)

 c s
O2 =

s
c

(93)

(90):
c2 + s2 = 1.

(94)

,
c s , (94), .. , .
, () :
c ( ) s ( )
O2 () =
.
s ( ) c ( )

(95)

. = 0 , :
c(0) s (0) 1 0
O2 (0) =
=
= E .

s
(
0
)
c
(
0
)
0
1

(96)

,
c ( 0) = 1 , s ( 0 ) = 0 .

(97)

, , O2 ( )
; , O21 () . , (91):
c ( ) s ( ) c ( ) s ( )
O2 ( ) =
=
= O 21 () .
s ( ) c( ) s ( ) c( )

(98)

77

 ,
c ( ) = c ( ) , s ( ) = s ( ) ,

(99)

.. c() , s () .
:
1 , 2
O2 (1 ) O2 ( 2 ) .
= 1 + 2 ,
O2 (1 ) O2 ( 2 ) :
O2 (1 + 2 ) = O2 (1 ) O 2 ( 2 ) .

(100)

, :
c (1 + 2 ) s (1 + 2 )

s
(

)
c
(

1
2
1
2
c (1 )c ( 2 ) s (1 )s ( 2 ) c(1 )s ( 2 ) + c (1 )s ( 2 )
=
.

c
(

)
s
(

c
(

)
s
(

)
c
(

)
c
(

s
(

)
s
(

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

(101)

, ,
c() s () :
c(1 + 2 ) = c (1 )c ( 2 ) s(1 )s ( 2 )
.

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
s

=
c

+
c

1
2
1
2
1
2

(102)

,
,
: 1 , 2 ,
. , O2 (1 )
O2 ( 2 ) , .. :

{O2 (1 ), O2 ( 2 )} = O2 (1 )O2 ( 2 ) O2 ( 2 )O2 (1 ) = 0 .

78

(103)

 (94), (97), (99) (102) c ( ) s ( ) , :

c() = cos() , s () = sin( ) .
, :
cos() sin()
O2 () =
.
sin( ) cos()

(104)

X X = O2 () X ,
x1 = x1 cos() + x 2 sin( )
.

x 2 = x1 sin( ) + x 2 cos()

(105)

. 1.
X2

X 2

x2

X 1

x 2
x1
O

x1

X1

. 1

79

O2 ()

X O2 () X :

X 1OX 2

X 1OX 2 . () X -

x1 x 2 , (105).
O21 () = O ( ) "" : , . X = O21 () X , .. X

x1 = x1 cos() x 2 sin()
.

x 2 = x1 sin( ) + x 2 cos()

(106)

. 2.
X2

x 2
x2

x1

. 2

80

x1

X1


Vn , ..
().
, ,
, .
2 2 .
- V Vn

N= V =

,
n

= V + V = v k* v k = v k

k =1

V .

k =1

, n V
V =

v1 + v 2 + ... + v n

(107)

2 1 . U = [uik [ n n
n

,
1) det U = 1 ,

2) U 1 = O + .

, ,
,
.
2) 21 ,
:
O O + = O + O = E .

(108)

81


.
10.
.
, V
, U ,
:
U V = V .

(109)

.
U , V -

V :
V = U V .
V
2

V = V + V .
V :
V = (U V )+ (U V )
2

(U V )+

= V + U + .

, (87) :
2

V = V + U + U V = V + E V = V + V = V .
v 10 .
,
n
U = [uik ] n n -

Vn .

82

 V2
U 2
u
U 2 = 11
u 21

u12
.
u 22

(110)

det U 2 = 1
u11u 22 u12 u 21 = 1 .

(111)

(111)
U 21

u 22
=
u 21

*
u12
u11
T
, U 2 = *
u11
u12

u 21
.
*
u 22

(112)

U 21 = U 2T ,
:
*
u 22
= u11
.
*
u 21 = u12

(113)

u11 = a , u12 = b (110):

a
U 2 = *
b

a *

(114)

(111):
2

a + b = 1.

(115)

,
a b , (115),
.. .

83

 ,
:
a = a 0 e i , b = b0 e i ,

(116)

a 0 b0 ,
a b . (115),
2

a 0 + b0

= 1.

(117)

, , = 0
, = a b ,
.
, ,
a 0 = cos , b0 = sin .

(118)

,
:
e i cos
e i sin
.
U 2 (, , ) = i
i

e
sin

e
cos

84

(119)


1. .. . , . I II. .: "", 1967.
2. .. , .. . " ". .: .
, 1999.

85

"

"