Torsion

MAE314 SolidMechanics Y.Zhu

Slide 1

--- Torsion ---

Torsion of Circular Shafts

In this chapter, we will examine uniaxial bars subject to torque.

Where does this occur?

Transmission Shaft Force Couples

Slide 2

--- Torsion ---

Torsion of Circular Shafts contd

We assume
Bar is in pure torsion Small rotations ( (the length g and radius will not change) g )

How does the bar deform?

Cross-section of the bar remains the same shape, bar is simply rotating.

Cross-section remains perpendicular to axis of cylinder (cylinder does not warp). Not true for most
non-circular bars

Slide 3

--- Torsion ---

Angle of Twist
Deformation of a circular shaft subjected to pure torsion
Fix left end of shaft A moves to A A = angle of twist (in radians)

What are the boundary conditions on ?

(x) = 0 at x = 0 (x) = at x = L

For pure torsion, is linear.

( x) =

x
L

Slide 4

--- Torsion ---

Shearing Strain
Calculate the surface shear strain in the cylinder. Consider an element of length dx. Recall we assume small & small .

C C = dx

C ' C = d

d dx

d = rate of change of angle of twist along the bar dx

dx

This equation applies to any function (x). F pure torsion For t i (x) ( ) = x / L, L so

=
Slide 5

L
--- Torsion ---

Shearing Strain contd

Maximum shear strain on surface

The maximum shear strain on the surface of the cylinder occurs when =c.

max

c = L

We can express the shearing strain at any distance from the axis of the shaft as

max

Slide 6

--- Torsion ---

Shearing Strain contd

We can also apply the equation for maximum surface shear strain to a hollow circular tube.

min

c1 = L

max

c2 = L

This applies for all types of materials: elastic, linear, nonlinear, plastic, etc.

Slide 7

--- Torsion ---

Elastic Shearing Stress

Calculate C l l t shear h stress t i in a b bar made d of f li linearly l elastic l ti material. t i l Recall Hookes Law for shearing stress: =G

max = G max =

Gc G = max L c

Slide 8

--- Torsion ---

Torque
We still need to relate to the applied torque T, which is generally the known, applied load. First find the res First, resultant ltant moment acting on a cross cross-section section and set this equal to T.

max
2
c

dM = dA = T =

max dA max
c
2 dA A

max dA =

Slide 9

--- Torsion ---

Torque contd
Continuing from previous slide:

T=

max
c

dA =

max
c

J max

Tc = , J

T = J

Where J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section of the bar (see Appendix in your textbook).

Plug this into the equation for max.

max

Gc = L

Gc Tc = L J

TL = GJ

Slide 10

--- Torsion ---

Torque contd
For a non-uniform bar

= i =
i =1 i =1

Ti Li Gi J i

For a continuously varying bar

T ( x) = d dx GJ ( x) 0

Slide 11

--- Torsion ---

Inclined Plane

Cut a rectangular element along the plane at an angle .

Slide 12

--- Torsion ---

Inclined Plane contd

x

Sum forces in x-direction.

A0 sec A0 sin A0 tan cos = 0 = sin cos + sin cos = 2 sin cos = sin 2
Sum forces in y y-direction.

A0 sec A0 cos + A0 tan sin = 0

= cos 2 sin 2
= cos 2

Slide 13

--- Torsion ---

Inclined Plane contd

max occurs at = 0, 90 max occurs at = 45 max = max

When is max max, = 0, 0 and when is max max, =0. =0

Slide 14

--- Torsion ---

Example Problem 1
Part 1. For the 60 mm diameter solid cylinder and loading shown, determine the maximum shearing stress. Part 2. Determine the inner diameter of the hollow cylinder , of 80 mm outer diameter, for which the maximum stress is the same as in p part 1.

Slide 15

--- Torsion ---

Slide 16

--- Torsion ---

Example Problem 2
Part 1. For the solid steel shaft shown (G = 11.2 x 106 psi) determine the angle of twist at A. Part 2. Determine the angle of twist at A assuming the steel shaft is hollow with a 1.2 inch outer diameter and 0.8 inch inner diameter.

6 ft

1.2 in
Slide 17 --- Torsion ---

2 kipin

Slide 18

--- Torsion ---

Statically Determinate Problems - Example

Find maximum shearing stress in each bar.

Slide 19

--- Torsion ---

Slide 20

--- Torsion ---

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Method for torsion is the same as the method for statically indeterminate axial load deflection problems. Apply what youve already learned: M=RN M = number of compatibility equations needed R = number of unknown reactions (or internal stresses) N = number of equilibrium equations Compatibility equations for a torsion problem are based on angle of twist.

Slide 21

--- Torsion ---

Statically Indeterminate Problems - Example Given: LCD = 36 in, dCD = 1 in rC = 2.45 2 45 in, i rB = 0.875 0 875 in i LAB = 24 in, dAB = 0.75 in G = 11.2x106 psi The allowable shear stress is 8 ksi
Find the largest torque T0 that can be applied to the end of shaft AB and the angle of rotation of the end A of shaft AB.

Slide 22

--- Torsion ---

Slide 23

--- Torsion ---

Transmission Shafts

In a transmission, a circular shaft transmits mechanical power from one device to another.
Generator Turbine

= angular speed of rotation of the shaft The shaft applies a torque T to another device T satisfy To ti f equilibrium ilib i th the other th d device i applies li t torque T t to th the shaft. h ft The power transmitted by the shaft is

P = T
Slide 24 --- Torsion ---

Transmission Shafts contd

Units for P=T

= rad/s T = Nm (SI) T = ftlb (English) P = Watts (1 W = 1 Nm/s) (SI) P = ftlb/s (1 horsepower = hp = 550 ftlb/s) (English)

We can also express power in terms of frequency.

= 2f

f = Hz = s 1

P = 2fT

Slide 25

--- Torsion ---

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Up to now, we assumed that transmission shafts are loaded at the ends through solidly attached, rigid end plates. practice, , torques q are applied pp through g flange g couplings p g and fitted In p keyways, which produce high stress concentrations.
Fitted keyway

Flange coupling

One way to reduce stress concentrations is through the use of a fillet.

Slide 26

--- Torsion ---

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts contd

Maximum shear stress at the fillet

max

Tc =K J
Fillet

Tc/J is calculated for the smaller-diameter shaft K = stress concentration factor

Slide 27

--- Torsion ---