E+

mantissa

+-

,
power
45 . 3 =0.453102
:


n
n1
0
a n an1 .. . a0 2 = an 2 a n1 2 . . . a 0 2 10

1
2
3

. c c c . .. = c 2 c 2 c 2 .. .
10

,2 0-

Eabs
1 0 0 %
accurate
value
E abs= accurate close
value
value

1n

x
=
x

chopping

=2

x
=
x 2

Cubic Spline

rounding

) ( x i ,x i1 .3
n+1 { x i xx i1 } hi
3:
Sx i =f xi .
i=0 .. . n
S'x
. , S ' ' xi

i
hi=x i1 x i , i=0,1,. . . n1
n+1 n hi
: hi

f ' x0 xx0 f '' x 0 xx 0

f
f x=f x 0

. . .
!1
!2

n1

f

xx 0 n1
! n1

x x0

. f n 1

xx 0

Condition
x-
f(x) f
x INSTABILITY -

f ' xx
f x

x x 3 M ixx i 3 M i1 x i1x f x i xx i f x i1 hi
Sx = i1

] [ x i1x M i xx i M i1
6 hi
hi
6
}M i =S ' 'x i , i={0,1,.. .n1

=R n1 x

) hi( :

condition=max

] [ x 0 , x n

xx j
= lk
j=0, j k x kx j

x0 2

1 x0

1 x1 x1

2
1 xn xn

i=1i

n-1 n+1 . 2

M 0= M n =0 , d0 =dn = n= 0=0

n=1 , n =0

P n x=l0 f x0 l1 f x 1 ln f x n = li f xi

M0
d0
M1
d1

Mn
dn

)
,
(:

known

6 f x if x 0
= d0
f
' x0
h0
h0

f x n f x n1
6
f ' xn
hn 1
hn1

} { } {]

i=0

P n x=a 0 a 1 xx 0 a 2 xx 0 xx1a n xx0 xx 1 xx n1

0 =0 , 0 =1

n+1

hi
=i
hi1 hi

for hi=const
][ f xi1 2f x i f xi1
1
di=3
=; i =i
2
h2

'
n

=S' ' x

i M i 12 M i i M i1 =d i

f xi 1 f x i f x i f xi1
6
= di

hi1 hi
hi
hi1

E x= f xP n x

.
:
- ) (n+1
f n1 m
- '
n
. . . x0 a
f x0
n+1
0
n

. . . x1 a 1
= f x1

n
f xn
. . . xn a n

x i1 x
xxi
M i
M i1
hi
hi 1

Mi :
i=1,2,. . .n1

n+1 >= n
n+1 ) P n xi =f xi i =0,1,2, .. . , n
n n+1 (
f n1
=E x
xx j
n1 ! j=0

f 2n 2
=E 2n 1 x
xx j 2
2n2 ! j=0

] [ x0 , x n

x0 xx 0
Rn1
!n

1110 :2=5 1
510 :2 =2 1
210 :2 =1 0
110 :2 =0 1

=E rel

P 2n 1 x =a 0 a 1 xx 0 a 2 xx0 a2n 1 xx 0 xx1 xx n1 x xn

0.62510 =0.101 2
20.625 = 1.25 = 10.25 c1=1
= 20.25
= 0.5
00.5
c2=0
= 20.5
=1
10.0
c3=1

2-

1110= 10112

n+1 ,
} {i=0,1,. .. ,n
P x i = f x i , p ' xi =f ' x i

- 2 n1 2n+1

0
0
0
0
0
n1
2

2
1

0
0
0
3

n1

0
0
2
2

0
1
2
3

0
0

= dn

1
2
2
0

0
0

2
1
0
0

0
0

] k=max f , [ x 0, x n
h=max hi , i=0,1,. . . n1

M i=F i Ei M i1

M n =F n

i=n, n1, n2, . .. 0

'
f x , .
*
] x [ x 0 , x n f x n1

k :
n ' n -
n
n1
f

2 E x -
f x= a i i x
. E x 2 :
i=0
n
f n 1
*
I
*
*
f x =P n x
x x j

"":
n 1 ! j=0
n
f n1
*
II
*
*
:
f x =P n x
x x j
n1 ! j= 0
n1
f
2
) (

sh k
384

E x=f xS x

0
i
=, E i
b0
bi Ei1 i
d
d F i1 i
F 0= 0 , F i= i
b0
biEi1 i
i=1,2,3,. . . n1
=E 0

Created by Undertaker 2009

 n+1 ) (Sr

Newton Raphson

] S r= [ f x i f x i
i=1

) :(St

] S t= [ f x i f
i=1

) :(r
0
-1

0r1

St Sr
St

Sr
ai : a =0
i

= r

[ ]

:
f x=abx

] [ ]

x a0
f
x3 a 1 = fx
4
x2 f
x a2

:2
f x=a a xa x 2
0
1
2

x
x2
3
x

1
x
2
x

a
xi
1
2
3

f x= bx 2
x
f x i 2.7 5.9 9.4
,
:
f x=a bx 2
x
3
2
a
]S r= [ f x i b x i2
xi
i=1
3
S r
a
1
)I
=2 [ f x i b x i2 ] =0 |*1/3
a
xi
xi
i=1
3
S r
a
) II
=2 [ f x i b x i2 ] x i2=0 |*1/3
a
xi
i=1
3
3
3
fi 1 3 a
1
1
1
a
2
)I
=

] x 2 3 b x i = 3 [ x b x i
3
x
3
i=1
i
i=1
i=1
i=1
i
i
]

[a x ib x i
i =1

2.9274=a0.4537b2
36.967=2a32.667b
a2
b1
2
f x= x 2
x

=1
3

i=1

fi

f i x i2
2.7
23.6
84.6
36.967 averages

xi
2.7
2.95
3.133
2.9274

i=1

f x=aebx | ln
ln
f =lnae bx=ln
ab x

n :

] [ ][ ]
a1
=A
an

II ) 1 f i x i2 = 1
3 i=1
3

f
1
I ) =a 2 b x
x
x
2
4
II ) fx =a xb x
f
x i f x i
x i4
2
xi
1 2.7
1
1
2 5.9
0.25
16
3 9.4
1/9
81
20.4537 32.667

, A B a b

f x 1
=Y
f x n

ax i 3 b x i

=ABx
F
T

QQ A=QY

1 x1 1 x k
=Q

n x 1 n x k

iteration table

[ J xi ] Y=
f xi
xi 1= xi Yi
det J 0

i a

ab
2

f m f b0 a=m
f m f b0 b=m

=m

a f bb f a
f b f a

=m

1.67
-

f2
x2

fn
x2

x=F x

F ' 1
x i1 =F x i

x0
*
] [a,b ) . (
:
f a f b0 , F ' a1

F ' b 1
] f x=ln xx=0 [0,1
1
1
] [0,1 1 F ' 1
x

2

xix i1
x i1 f xi xi f x i 1
=f x i
f x i f xi 1
f x i f xi 1

x=lnx F x=ln x
:
1
1
F ' x=
=F ' x
x
x
x

x=ln x , e =x F x=e
:
x
F ' x=e
]F ' x=ex 1 [0,1
x 0 =0.55
0.55
x
x 1 =e
=0.57695
x i1=e

, x0=0.55 2

0.57695

=. . .

Fix Point

x 2 =e

=F , x i

F

x i f f xi x i0 f xi
=F ,x i
=
=
f f xi
0 f x i

c<1
p , c - i

= W i f x i
i= 0

e i 1C e i

b
Num

I = f x dx , I
a

I = f x dx= W i f x iEn
i=0

x 0 =a , x i=x 0 ih , . .. , x n=b
ba
=h
n
b

" Pn(x)f
f(xi)s
b

Newton Raphson

Newton-Cotes

:
1 ) (
1

f2
J x 1 , , xn = J
x = x 1

fn
x1

Fix Point
1
f x=0

Regula Falsi

f2
xn

fn

xn

wi
xiabscissas,

f =0 , f a f b0
b mi f b f m

] [
n

1 x a
= f
2
x x b
fx
2

} {

f1
x
f
x =0 ;
= f
;
] x =[ x 1 ,, x n
fn
x
i

:
f1 f 1
f1
1

xi1 = xi[ J xi ] f xi :
x
x
x

f 1 x i , x2 , , xn =0

f n x i , x 2 , , xn =0

f x i
f ' xi

W i= li x dx

':
x i1 =x i

x i1 =x i

Newton Raphson
,
p :
f xi
x i1 =x ip
f ' x i
:
:u
u x i
f xi
x i1 =x i
=ux i
u :
u' xi
f ' x i
f ' =0

I n = P n x dx
a
n

P n x= f x i li x
i=0

Newton-Cotes
) (a,b
.
n+1 : n n , n
: n=1
xx 2
xx1
ba
=P 1 x
f x 1
=f x2 ; h
h
h
3
a3 h
3h
O
=I 1 = P 1 x dx
f 1 f 2
2
a
: n=2
) 3(

O h
I 2 = 8 f 1 4 f 2 8 f 3
3

Created by Undertaker 2009

Newton-Cotes

) (a,b m 2n-1 :
. m , n
xi )(
N-C n+1.
m
n1
m1 =mn1

Wi
mn+1.



ba
=h
h m n
mn

Etotal
= Ei1 m12h f ''
1
i= 1

2
m

ba
mn
2
f ' '
Etotal
bah
1
12
=h

] ; [1,1

) (

f 2n

f x dx W i f x i
i= 1

'

f
:

2
i

x
x
x
g x dx= e g
x e dx= W i e g xi

f x

* 2 N-C n
*
* ) ' N-C
.
* .
)
(2-

h
=]I c2 = [ f 04 f 1 f 2 f 2 4 f 3 f 4 . . . f 2m 2 4 f 2m1 f 2m
3
h
]= [ f a4 f 1 2 f 2 4 f 3 2 f 4 . . .4 f 2m 1 f b
3
c ba
=E S
h4 f 4
180

Simpson

x 2

n! n 2n
E n= n
f

! 2 2n
i= 1

f 3 ) 2 (:

E = g h f

f x
n

[-1,1] -

ba
= ; h1
m2 n

i=1

Simpson

x
x
g x e dx= W i e g x i
g x dx= e x

h
ab
ba
I S = [ f a4f
= f b ] ; h
3
2
2
h
] = [ f 0 4 f 1 f 2
3
5
h 4
=E S
f
]; [ a , b
90

n!
=E n
f 2n
! 2n

:
m 1

:
mn

e x f x dx= W i f x i

c
h
ba
=I trapz= [ f a2 f a jh f b ] ; h
2
m
j=1
bh 2
c
E trapz=
h f ' '
]; [a , b
12

N-C

=E n

i=1

,n=2 3 , P2(x)u

f i= f ai h
ba
=h
2m

2i 1
x i=cos
2n

f 2n
2n 1
2n !2

]; [1,1

h
I Trapz = [ f af b] ; h=ba
2
h3
=E Traps
f ' '
] ; [ a, b
12

=dx
n
1 1x

=; W i
n

i= 1

n ) (
xi , :
; i=1,2, . . , n

=E n

f x

f x i

,n=1 2 , P1(x)u a .b

2n 1

2
n !

f 2n
2n 1 2n !3

):(n=1

i=1

-'

Newton-Cotes

] [a,b m -
.

f x dx= f t dt= f x i W i En

ba
= h1
m1 n
k

k=4 Simpson
n=2 Trapz
c
c
c
c
I accur =I
1 E 1 =I
2 E 2

for h 1

for h2
c

=I 2 g h2 f

Simpson
I 2 I 1
I 2 I 1
S
=E 1
=
4
4
m1
h2
1
1
m2
h1
I I
I I
E S2 = 2 4 1 = 2 4 1
m
h
2 1 1 1
m1
h2

I 2 I 1
2

h2

h1
I 2 I 1

n
k
F
x i , x i1 ,x i2
x i , x i1 , x i2
x i , x i1 , x i1 , x i2 , xi 2


.
.
.
1
k

I 2 I 1

Trapz
1

m1

m2
I 2 I 1

) (

=
m2 2
h 2
1 1 1
m1
h2

) (
N-C :
b
b
n
f n1
=E n= II n = [ f x= Pn x] dx= e n x dx e n x
xxi
:
n1
!
i=0
a
a

x0
x 0
2
' ' xx 0 f
xx 0 . . .
!1
!2

' f x=f x 0 f
x i1 x i=h

f ' x i
f ' ' xi 2
h
h
!1
!2
f xi1 f x i f ' ' x i
=f ' x i

h
h
2

f xi 1 =f x i

E Trapz
=
2

=; dx

x=F E h

I 1 g h1 f
Trapz

ba
dt
2

ba
ba
t
2
2

=x

xi
x i
2
' f xi1 =f x i f
' ' hf
h
!1
!2
x i1 x i=h
f xi 1 f x i f ' ' x i
=f ' x i

h
h
2

III 1
2
3
4
- :
h
h
h
b
n3 n2
f xi1 =f x ih f ' x i f '' xi f '' ' xi
f 4 x i /*a
n
E n=C n h f
; for even n
2
6
24
] f x dx= A h W i f xi En E =C hn2 f n1 ; for odd n [ a, b
2
3
4
i=0
h
h
h
4
a
n
n
f xi1 =f x ih f ' x i f '' xi f '' ' xi
f x i /*b
2
6
24
- :
b
n1
2
3
4
4h
8h
16 h 4
f x dx= A h W i f xi En
f xi2 =f x i2 h f ' x i
f '' xi
f ' '' x i
f x i
i=0
2
6
24
a
f',f''f
ah b h2 h=0
f'(x)f

h2
h2
h2
) (n+2 n ) (n+1 n , f''(x)f
a b 4 =0
2
2
2

a=1 b=3
.0 .
4
n
h
f x i1 3 f x i1 f x i2 =3 f x ih3 f ' '' xi f 4 xi

>= .n
2
h .
f x i1 3 f x i 1 f x i2 3 f x i h 4
* n n+1
=f '' ' xi
f xi
2
h3
* n , .

Created by Undertaker 2009

 2 ' 2
xx 1 xx 2
xx 0 xx 2
xx0 xx 1
f x 0
f x 1
f x 2
x0 x 1 x0 x 2
x1 x 0 x1 x 2
x2 x 0 x2 x 1
h
1 1
1
P 2 x= 2 xx 1 xx 2 f x 0 xx0 xx 2 f x 1 xx 0 xx 1 f x 2
2
h 2
f '''
=E 2 x
xx0 xx 1 xx2
!3
1 1
1
P ' 2 x= 2 xx1 xx 2 f 0xx 2 xx 0 f 1 xx 0 xx 1 f 2
2
h 2
f '' '
=E '2 x
] xx 1 xx 2 xx 0 xx 2 xx0 xx 1
[
!3
, /... /
I 3 f 0 4 f 1 f 2 f ' '' 2 x=x0
=f ' x 0 =P ' x 0 E ' x 0

h
2h
3
f 2 f 0 f '' ' 2
I x=x1
=f ' x 1 =P ' x 1 E ' x 1

h
2h
6
f 0 4 f 1 3 f 2 f ' '' 2
I x=x2
=f ' x 2 =P ' x 2 E ' x 2

h
2h
3
f k
:
*
*
*
f x =P x E x .
. '
. k.

=P 2 x

Y ' ' xi 2 Y '' ' x i 3

h
h ...
!2
!3

Y ' x= f x ,Y x
f f
f f

=Y ' x

f x ,Y
x Y
x Y

f xh f x h
f ''
h
2

=f ' x

f 'h x

f '' M

Mh

f ' xf 'h x 2 h

h , h
h .
M h 2
2 M
:
2
h

Y xi1 =Y x ih=Y xi Y ' xi h

=Y ' ' x=f ' x ,Y x

,
, O(h2)d .
' ' . T -
:
1x1.5
2
:
y'=x y
y 1=1
4

h
h
h
y i 1 =y ihy i ' y i ''
y '' '
y 4
2
3! i
4! i
2
y' 0 =f x 0, y 0 =x0 y0 =2
2
y' '0 =[ f / xf f / y] x =2 x0 x 0 y 0 =4

): (T=O(h5)f
h=0.1

y' '' 0 =[ y ' '/ x f y ' '/ y] x =22 x0 x 20 y 0=6

0

y04=[ y '' '/ x f y ' ''/ y] x =22 x 0x 20 y 0 =6

0

4h 6h
6h
:
y 1 =y 0 2 h

=1.221025
2
!3
!4

" n:

n1

n
n .1
.
:

h2
i=0 R-K 2
':

y =f x , y , y ' , ... , y
y x0 = y0
y ' x 0 =y '0

y' 'y y'x=0

y'=v
v '= yvx

K y1 =f v 0
K v1= f x 0, y0, v0
h
K y2 =f v 0 K v1
2
h
h
h
K v2= f x 0 , y0 K y1 , v0 K v1
2
2
2

f x=f xe x

) (
f xhe xh f xe x f xh f x e xh e x
=

= f ' h x AB-AM
h
h
h
Predictor-Corrector 1 .4
e

xhe
x
2

P
h
5 3
if

e
x

y n 1= y n 3 y' n y 'n 1
h y '' '
h
h
2
12
:II

h
1 3
C
P
y n 1= y n y 'n1 y ' n
h y '' '
y ' x= f x, y
2
12
" y '' x=f x , y , y ' :

, y=y(x)f y(x)f "

" 2 ,
y' '=f x , y , y '
yi .xi
y'(x0)f
y x 0 =y 0 ; y x L =y L
I y ' x= f x , y
y(xL)=yL
y' '=f x , y , y '
y'(x0)=1:
2
h=x i1 x i
.1
y x 0 =y 0
y(xL)1
h
y i1 =y ih f x i , y i y ' '
2
y' x0 =1

.2
'

h
h
y Pi 1/2 =y i f x i , y i y ''
2
8
h3 3
C
P
y i 1 =y ihf x i1/2 , y i 1/2
y
24

y'(x0)=2 y(xL)2
:

g i = y x L y L
1 2
3= 1
g 1
g 1 g 2
i

'

h
y Pi 1 =y ih f x i , y i y ' '
2
3
C
h
P
h
3
y i 1 =y i [ f x i , y i f x i1 , y i1 ]
y
2
12

Runge-Kutta II ) '(
3

h
y ''
24
h
h
K 2 = f xi y i K 1
2,
2
y i 1 =y ihK 2

K 1 =f x i ,y i

Runge-Kutta II ) '(
3

h
h
y i1 =y i K 1 K 2
y '' '
2
12
K 2 = f xih, y ih K 1
K 1= f xi , y i

Runge-Kutta IV
h
73
y i 1 =y i K 1 2 K 2 2 K 3 K 4
h5 y 5
6
720
K 4= f xih , y ih K 3
h
h
K 3 = f xi y i K 2
2,
2
h
h
K 2 = f xi y i K 1
2,
2
K 1 = f xi , y i

Created by Undertaker 2009


sin=sin cos cos sin

sin2 =2sin cos

cos2 =cos 2sin 2 =
=2 cos2 1=12sin 2
tan 2 =2tan /1 tan2
sin3 =3 sin4sin3
cos3 =4cos 3 3cos
tan =1cos = sin
2 sin
1cos
sin2 =1/2 1cos2
2
cos =1 /21cos2
1tan 2=1/cos 2
1cot 2 =1 /sin2

cos=coscossin sin
tan = tantan /1tan tan
sin sin =2sin / 2/2 cos/2/ 2
coscos=2cos/ 2/ 2cos/2/2
coscos=2cos/ 2/2 sin /2/2
sin cos=1/2 sinsin
sin sin =1/ 2coscos
coscos =1 /2coscos
tan tan tan=tan tan tan
sinx1=sin x/ 2 cosx /2

sin =cos 90
sin =cos 90
tan =cot 90

sin =sin 180

cos=cos180
2
1
1cot = sin

cot =tan90

1tan2 =cos1

cosh x=

e e
2

sinh x=

e e
2

ab3 =a33a2 b3ab2b3 , a3b3=ab a 2abb2

[x ] '= x 1

[e ] '=e

[a x] '=a x lna
[lnx ] '=1
x
1
[loga x ] '=
x lna
[cosx]'=sin x
[sinx ]' =cosx
1
[tan x]'=
cos2 x

1
[cotx] '=
sin 2x
1
1
[
x ] '=
tan
tan2 xcos2 x
[arcsinx ]'= 1
1x 2
[arccosx]'=1

1x 2
1
[arctan x]'=
1x 2
1
[arccotx] '=
1x 2

1
x dx=a1 x a1c
1
x dx=lnxc
lnxdx=xlnxxc
a

sin xdx=cosxc
cosxdx=sinxc
1
cos2x dx=tan xc
1
dx=cot xc
sin2x
tanxdx=lncosxc

cotx dx=lnsinx c
a x c
axdx=lna

1
1
x
2 2 dx= a arctan a c
a x
1
1
ax
2 2 dx= 2a ln ax c
a x
1
x
2 2 dx=arcsin a c
a x
12 2 dx=lnx x 2a2c
x a
A dx=Alnxac
xa
A
c
A n dx=
xa
1n xa n1
AxB dx= A lnx 2pxq+
x 2pxq
2
+ 2BAp2 arcsin 2xp 2 c
Aqp
Aqp

If sin x is oddt=cos x
if cos x is odd t=sin x
if sin x and cosx are even t=tan x

If
If
If

sin x=

2t
1t 2

cosx=

p(x)sin(x)dx
ln(x)p(x)dx
p(x)cos(x)dx
arcsin(x)p(x)dx
p(x)exdx
arctan(x)p(x)dx

a2x2 x=a sin t

a2x2 x=cosa t
a2x2 x=a tan t

1t2
1t2

x
2
x=2 arctant
2
dx=
dt
1t 2
t=tan

.1
.
...A,B,C .2
, AX+B .3
. ln

Created by Undertaker 2009