)4156 6- -1 /A E

)5 05-15



2) -21560 1 -55) 2 KJAG E 5G 6 = 6 =I .KIE I

1 05

5 = E A J=E IA AF FA@ JIE IJA D AFEJH GE= AFEJXGK ID = A =E aT = A =E D A JH ? 4 aN = Bt F K A, B AJE ? IJ= AH ? =E t GH ? 6D IJEC t = 0 J I = DHA A = >HA A D = J = = FK JDJ=? R IA X A ID A JD? JH GEX? =E J JH JD? E ? AFEJXGK ID? a M? IK XHJDID J K @E= K A K @E=IJ =J ? s - = I = E A J=E A J=G JDJ= IJ= AH JH K V =E D JH GEX J K A =E AEOD A E H =E ACX D EXN = A =E B = J IJ EG= 5A F E= ID A = JD? JH GEX? A =E CEIJD D A JH ? AFEJXGK ID J K I =J ? *HA JA JD CEIJD =KJ AFEJXGK ID M? IK XHJDID JM V, A, B

= >XH = E A J=E A IJ= AH J=G JDJ= v0 J= I> AE JD DG= =E IK AG AE = E A J=E A 2 AFE>HX@K ID kv F K k IJ= AH =E v D J=G JDJ= AJX =F GH t =F JD IJEC F K I>DIA JD DG= = >HA A D J=G JDJ= v =E D =F IJ=ID s F K @E= AE D >XH = M? IK =HJ IAE? J K t IK FK J=E IA = IJ=C = >H G ? A HK X@A? X =? = X X@= GH K 0 IJ=C = NA E XAE =F JD DHA = A =HGE X = M0 =E F BJAE =J= HKB= *HA JA J @EXIJD = F K @E= AE M? IK XHJDID J K GH K g D AFEJXGK ID JD? >=H JDJ=?

"

, 7@H=J

, , HKB H ? X =? m0 =E @E=J ? A E A J=E IA FAHE G GMH ? >=H JDJ= A J=G JDJ= v0 6D GH E IJEC t = 0 IK = JX CA ? = DJ B ?I D? A FK JDJ= =JX JD DID J K @ HKB H K I= IJ B ? J= IM =J @E= F K IK = JX FH I J=E IJD @E=J J K =E =KNX K JD X = J K GMH ? = = X K JD @E=J *HA JA JD J=G JDJ= =E JD =F IJ=ID F K @E= AE @ HKB H ? M? IK XHJDID J K t > 0 , 5 = X =? m E A J=E IA AF FA@ @EX KI = JD? @ = D? FAHEIJH BAJ=E IJ J I = A =E = DJ *HA JA JD J=G *HA JA J ? JD? @E=@H ? F K @E= ,
XJM =F AF FA@ JDJ= =E AE AJ=N JD AF @H=ID @ = D? A IJ= AH JH F 6 A IJ= AH CM E= J=G JDJ= 6D IJEC t = 0 JD ID J K E DJ M? IK XHJDID J K GH K @ @E=@ GE D@A EI JD? J=G JDJ=? A A = K? l =E E A J=E -IJM L D IJH B H JD? IB= H=? HKB XN = @E=JDHA J=E *HA JA JD l, , g A =E C MIJX

E H IB= H= X =? m H AJ=E =F JD H B =F J ID @E=CHXB J=? HE JE A IJ= AH CM E= J=G JDJ= M? FH ? J )F @A NJA JE D IK EIJ I= JD? L IJ =J= AJ=> JD? L CE= @ = JE@E= AJHE ? IAE? JD? IB= H=? J=

&

- 6

= XJ @E=J E H K >H I AJ=E = DJ IJD =HG JM =N M =E J X F HA = E A J=E IJ AJE D EXN = x 0 @K = E A HCAE= J K H K @ AJ=E =F JD IK XHJDID

Ep (x) = E0 e

2(xx0 ) b

2e
M HE

xx0 b

F K E0 , x0 , b IJ= AH ? =E x D =F IJ=ID JM @ =  )F @A NJA JE KFXHGAE ID AKIJ= >  2 ID A HCAE= GHAEX AJ=E CE= = @E=IF=IJA

=J

? EI HH F =? ID EI HH F =? =E =BA A AJ=J FEID

C  -X J = XJ AJ=J FEIJA =JX = A XGEIJD =F IJ=ID =F JD = FAHECHXOAJA JD DID F K FH FJAE '

= = JE A A =I A J=E D @ = D F = Axy 2 y A = 3N/m3  AMH IJA JD J K = JE AE K =F JD =HG JM =N M M? J ID A x = 2m, y = 2m

- 5A

=  7F C IJA J HC F K F=HXCAJ=E =F JD @ = D F AF J K = JE AE K = D AJ=J FEID =KJ C AJ=E =JX ? JD? AK A =? y = x F K IK @ AE J= @ =KJX ID A =



E DJE

, ,K = E

- -HC - HCAE=

5 5 IJD = 5M XJM

>  7F C IJA J HC F K F=HXCAJ=E =F JD @ = D F AF J K = JE AE =KJ FH=C =J F EA J=E FX M IJD F=H=> 2y = x2 C  5KC H AJA J HC F A =E @E=JDHDJE  =JX ? JM @ =KJ @H M

K = D AJ=J FEID A JA = D @ = D

F HA JA = =F B=

, *XH = X =? m E A J=E A J=G JDJ= v0 J= I> AE D DG= JD? 0 JHE> T J K AH IJD >XH = @ AJ=E =F JD IG ID T = Bv 1/3 F K B AJE IJ= AHX =E v J JH JD? IJEC E= =? J=G JDJ=? JD? >XH =? = >HA A D =F IJ=ID F K @E= AE D >XH = GHE = IJ= =J IAE
E H I = X =? m X AE AFE>H=@K A D K E DID = J =? R JIE IJA D A JH ? =E D AFEJH GE= IK EIJ I= JD? AFEJXGK I ? J K = G K J @E JH X A GH E IJEC )HGE X CE= t = 0 J JH JD? J=G JDJ=? A =E v0 *HA JA J JH JD? J=G JDJ=? v M? IK XHJDID J K K? J N K s F K @E= AE J I = *HA JA J HC JD? @ = D? F K =I A J=E IJ I = J= GAE @E= IAE = F HD



- - = IM =J @E X =? m IK XHJDID JD? ID? J K

E A J=E IJ

AJE

D EXN =
12

=E D @K = E
6

A HCAE= @ AJ=E M?

Ep (x) = E0

x0 x

x0 x

F K E0 , x0 AJE ? IJ= AH ? )F @A NJA JE KFXHGAE ID AKIJ= ? EI HH F =? 6 IM =J @E =B AJ=E A A AH A D@A E J=G JDJ= IJD ID x = 6 2x0 *HA JA JD J=G JDJ= J K IM =JE@ K J= FAH XAE =F JD ID x = x0 ! - = =AH IJ=J =HG AE = KO AJ=E =F JD AFEBX AE= JD? CD? A =J= HKBD J=G JDJ= F K A =E IJ= AH =E ID A v0 -N=EJ =? J K = K J =AH IJ=J =F JX =E HE JE= J=G JDJ= vx = cy D F = A =E = X CD J K O K? y J K =AH IJ=J K =E c = AJE IJ= AHX =  *HA JA JD AN IMID JD? JH GEX? y (x) F K @E=CHXBAE J =AH IJ=J >  *HA JA JD E AFEJXGK ID =E FH I@E H IJA JD JH GEX? M? IK XHJDID J K O K? y " A JH AFEJXGK ID IA X A ID A JD?

- 5M =J @E X =? m X AE AK CH= D DID XJM =F JD AF @H=ID @ = D? F K @ AJ=E =F JD IG ID F (x) = 14x + 7x2 F K x D ID J K

=  )F @A NJA JE KFXHGAE ID AKIJ= ? EI HH F =? ID x = 1 A J=G JDJ= v0 >HA JA JD J=G JDJ= J K M? >  ) J IM =J @E FAH XAE =F JD IK XHJDID J K x

#

= X =? m >X AJ=E =JX ? A E K AFEF @ K F K IGD =J AE CM = A J HE JE AF FA@ 0 =HGE J=G JDJ= J K I =J ? A =E v0 =E J I = = A>= AE J A E AF FA@ GHE = IJ= =J IAE 6 I = EI = AE GMH ? JHE> IJ AF FA@ = X A = J IJ=ID =F J = H= = J AJD IJD J=G JDJ= =E A JH Bv F K v J JH JD? IJEC E= =? J=G JDJ=? =E B IJ= AH ? IK JA AIJ ? = KF CEIJA J CEIJ O ? F K = BJXIAE J I = g D AFEJXGK ID JD? >=H JDJ=?

, 5

$

- E DJ X =? m E A J=E IJ AF FA@ x y IA = J =? R A JH JD =HG JM =N M 6D GH E IJEC t = 0 J E DJ >H I AJ=E FX M IJ XN = 3 =E = ? E A J=E @E=CHXBAE CM = F K E = F EA JD IG ID + 2 = Bt F K B A =E = AJE IJ= AHX *HA JA JD CM E= J=G JDJ= =E JD AFEJH GE= AFEJXGK ID M? IK XHJDID JD? 7F C IJA J HC JD? IK EIJ= D? JM @K X AM F K =I J=E IJ I = AJ=N JM IAM = 0 =E = /2
IK XHJDID F KxD

%

- 5M =J @E

X =? m

X AE AK

CH=

DID

=E D @K = E

J K A HCAE= @ AJ=E =F

JD

Ep (x) = 3x2 x3
ID J K IM =JE@ K

=  5GA@EXIJA FH GAEH= JD CH=BE F=HXIJ=ID JD? Ep (x) =E A J F IJA JE? 7FXHGAE ID AKIJ= ? EI HH F =? >  6 IM =J @E =B AJ=E A D@A E J K M? IK XHJDID J K x & =HGE J=G JDJ= =F JD

IAE? EI HH F =?

ID x = 1 *HA JA JD J=G JDJX

I= =F >=H @E A HA ? X =? M =E >C= AE A J=G JDJ= v/3 6 >=H @E J K A HA ? >H I AJ=E IJD X HD =J ? K? L 2 E= A =E D A XGEIJD JE JD? v JIE IJA J >=H @E J K A HA ? = @E=CHXOAE = DH =J= HKB = X =? m EI = AE FX M IA AF FA@ J F IGD =J AE CM = [0, /2] A J @EX KI = JD? AFEJXGK ID? JD? >=H JDJ=? > FA IG = =JX JD DID J K I =J ? A B= AJ=E JHE> AJ=N J K I =J ? =E J K AFEF @ K A IK JA AIJ JHE> ? f ) D A B= AJ=E = J IJ=ID =F J = H= D F = GAE JH kv F K v J JH JD? IJEC E= =? J=G JDJ=? J K I =J ? 6D GH E IJEC t = 0 J I = GAE =HGE J=G JDJ= v0 A B HX F K B= AJ=E IJ IG = = >HA D J=G JDJ= v (t) J K I =J ? =E D =F IJ=ID s(t) J K @E= AE J I = FX M IJ AF FA@ IK =HJ IAE J K GH K t 0 /E= F EA? JE ? JD? CM =? A =E @K =J J I = = =F J IAE HE= J=G JDJ= =E F E= A =E =KJ
PSfrag replacements g

5 5B= H= X =? m =E J=G JDJ=? v FAH XAE

'

, 5

v0

5 = A JA A F XCE= > IA HE JE AF FA@ A IK EIJ IA? =HGE ? J=G JDJ=? v0x =E v0y 0 = J IJ=ID J K = H= A =E = X CD J K JH K JD? IJEC E= =? J=G JDJ=? v = >HA A D J=G JDJ= J K I =J ? IK =HJ IAE J K GH K = ? =E D A JH ? @ = D F K =I A J=E FX M J K

5 5 IJD = IM XJM

E A J=E A J=G JDJ= vc

E A J=E A CM E= J=G JDJ= C HM =F J JH X =? J K J F )F @A NJA JE D E DJE A HCAE= J K IKIJ =J ? Ek E = F EA JD IG ID

dEk = vc F + c dt
F K F A =E J X H EI = JM ANMJAHE JH X =? @K X AM =E c J X H EI = JM H F J K? M? FH ? J

, 6D GH E IJEC t = 0 E= @ = D JD? F =? J JH AJ=>X AJ=E IK =HJ IAE J K GH K M? F = at  F K a IJ= AHX AB=H AJ=E IA E H I = X =? m F K A =E = DJ IA A HE JE AF FA@ 0 @ = D AB=H AJ=E IA IJ= AH @EA K ID KF CM = M? FH ? J HE JE AF FA@ = >HA JA
=  6D J=G JDJ= J K I ! =J ? JD IJEC F K =F GMH AJ=E =F J AF FA@ = M? =KJ JD IJEC >  6D =F IJ=ID F K GAE @E= IAE J I

= >HA A D =F IJ=ID F K = @E= IAE = =KJ DJ A =HGE J=G JDJ= v0 =F JD IJEC F K = BHA XHAE  E JH G = E DJ F E J=E AX IK JA AIJ ? JHE> ? I DID? f JH G A@XB K? A =E IK XHJDID JD? J=G JDJ=? v J K =KJ E J K =E @ AJ=E =F JD IG ID f = av + b 5D A MID E IJ= AH IK JA AIJ ? a =E b G K J J EA? JE ? IJA CE= v v0 = EIG AE f 0 

"

5 -NE @E= I =J= IK E ? X =? M >H I J=E J F AJD = IA @EXJ=ND = E AN=C K F AKHX? R 6 ANXCM FAHEIJH BAJ=E IJ AF FA@ F K J @E H AE C HM =F J JH J K A CM E= J=G JDJ= = @A NAJA JE D IJH B H J K M? FH ? J JH X =? F HA = CH=BA M? L = Ic =E = KF CEIJA J Ic IK =HJ IAE JM C MIJ F=H= JHM 5A X D FAH FJMID
!

XN =? FAHEIJH B ? GAE AJ=J FEIJA F=HX D = FH ? J A=KJ J K IJA = IK F IAE A = =F JE? X A? ) J I IJD = FAHEIJ BAJ=E A CM E= J=G JDJ= 1 @A NJA JE =E FX E EIG AE D HB L1 = I1 1 =E X EIJ= JE I1 = Ic + M R2 # ? =HGE ? X =? M0 E A J=E FH ? J= @ANEX A =HGE J=G JDJ= v0 KF JD AF @H=ID IJ= AH ? HE JE=? @ = D? A JH F - = K E B HJ AJ=E IJ >=C E =F IJ= AH IE A IJ= AH F=H G (kg/s) = >HA JA JD J=G JDJ= =E JD AFEJXGK ID IK =HJ IAE J K GH K =JX JD @EXH AE= JD? B HJMID? AMHA IJA A? JE? JHE> ? = A DJ A?

, - = >=C E IK

, 5 = X =? m >H I AJ=E IA A E AF FA@ =E IA =F IJ=ID l =F JD = J K IK JA AIJ ? JHE> ? I DID? k = cx F K x D =F IJ=ID F K @E= AE J E DJ 2 ID FH FAE = A =E D CM = ID? J K AFEF @ K IJA J I = =BD E? = =F GMH AJ=E =F J A E AF FA@ , 5 = X =? m >X AJ=E A =HGE J=G JDJ= v0 IA FAHE G F K KFXHGAE HAKIJ 5J I = =I A J=E D = J IJ=ID J K HAKIJ JD? F =? J JH AN=HJXJ=E =F J JH JD? J=G JDJ=? v J K I =J ? I BM = A JD IG ID F = k v F K k AJE IJ= AHX
=  2 I GH = @E=H IAE D E DID J K I =J ? = M? J K = E DJ F ED A >  2 ID A =E D IK =F IJ=ID F K = @E= IAE J I

&

CA ? = KI @= ACX K K? =E A CH= E FK JDJ= X =? H=JE J=E = DJD FX M IA HE JE JH=F E K KHE=I D C HM =F = F J K 5A XF E= IJEC J = JD? X H =B AJ=E A A AH = C EIJH IAE I= =F JD F =J= HKB= FH ? J= XJM 0 = J IJ=ID J K = H= A =E = X CD J K JAJH=C KJ K K? x J K =J= HKB K =JE JD? = KI @=? =E JD? J=G JDJ=? J K v = >HA A D IG ID F K IK @ AE J v =E J x X A? m1 =E m2 IK @ J=E A = = A DJ =? X =? K? d ) X AI= IJE? X A? F=HA >X AJ=E IK FEAI A =J HE = A DJ =? X =? A IJ= AHX A =JDH K k =E BKIE ?L F K L > d 6 I IJD = JM IM XJM J F AJA J=E IA A = AF FA@D HE JE= AFEBX AE= JIE IJA D X = m1 = >H I AJ=E IJD ID x = 0 =E D X = m2 IJD ID x = d 6D GH E IJEC t = 0 IFXAE J = =E AJX =F GH T J A =J HE =F IK FE AJ=E =E AF= HGAJ=E IJ BKIE J K ? = >HA A D ID x2 (t) JD? X =? m2 CE= t T

'

5 ,

!

CA ? = KI @= F ACX K K? =E X =? = X X@= K? >H I AJ=E K KHE =I D FX M IA A JH=F E 5J = X H JD? = KI @=? =I A IJ= AH @ = D JH K F = KF CEIJA D J=G JDJ= J K X H K JD? = KI @=? M? IK XHJDID J K K? x J K E A KJ =J ? JD? = KI @=? = >HA D E DJE A HCAE= JD? = KI @=? =E J HC JD? @ = D? F =E = IKC HE AJ=N J K?

"

)2) 605-15
 R =

A3 2Bs

|a| =

A2 + 16

B 2 s4 A4 V 2B A2

(x, y ) = (B, A)
! v =

aN max =

1 + kt v0 1 t2 M0 " s = g + t 2 2 v0 1+
$ v =

s =

1 ln(1 + v0 kt) k
2

ln 1 + t M0

M0

# v =

2Av0 t m0

m0 2Av0 1+ s = t 1 A m0

F [sin t x + (1 cos t) y ] m g2 4 l2 L =

r = 2mlg

F [(1 cos t) x + (t sin t) y ] m 2 g2 4 l2

s =

8F m 2

% Ly = ml2 1 & x = x0

E = E0 W2 = 96/7 W1 = W2

' W1 = 12  s =

3m 5/3 v 5B 0
s

 |v | = v0 e R 

2 4 1) W = 1 2 mv0 (e

x = x0

v =

E0 2m aN =
3 cv0 2 + c2 y 2 v0

! y =

2v0 x a = cv0 x c
2+ v0

cy y v0

" x = 0 v = # smax =

14 3 3m (x

3x2 + 4)

Bv0 mv0 m2 g sin ln 1 + 2 B B mg sin aT = 2B 2 R (1 + 2)3 1 W = mR2 B 2 2 1 1 (1 + )2

$ =

B 1 + 2 v =

% x = 0 & vmin =

2 3 (x 3x2 + 4) m

3M 5gL 2m
#

' v =

m m k A A v0 k k m

e m t mA k

s =

m m2 At 2 k k

k v0 m

e m t 1

arctan(1/f )
 vx = v0x ekt  A@

vlim =

[A = g (cos f sin )] FN = mg 2y (vx vy x vx ) v2

vy =

g + kv0y kt g e k k m2 g 3 cos 6a2 sin3

v =
! s = " A@

mg 2 cos 2a sin2 v0 b + 2 ln ag a g

s =

b av0 + b

# v =

F t + M0 v0 M0 + t

a =

F (F t + M0 v0 ) M0 + t (M0 + t)2

$ = arctan(cl/2) 2m v0 2m 3/2 % t = s = v k 3k 0 & 3xv 3

g2 ln a

axv + g2 g2 k

= ax3

' x2 (t) =

m2 d + m1 L L d + m1 + m2 m2 1 Ek = F x 2

m1 m2 (t T ), m1 m2

tT

! v =

W = 2Ek