SPSS Book - 3

.
%58 =
2 .9
= 100 *
N
/ = #

" 0 1 1
5
% 1 # %80.2 1

0
% 1 %22.2 0

.
3 # 0

< 6
%
1 5 1 # 2
J % "
Total Variance Explained

In itia l E ig e n v a lu e s
C o m p o n e n t
T o ta l
% o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e %
1
2.900
58 .009
58 .009
2
1.110
22.207
8 0.216
3
.523
10.457
90.6 7 3
4
.393
7 .8 6 4
98 .537
5
7 .313E - 02
1.46 3
100.000
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : P r in c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is .
E x tr a c tio n S u m s o f S q u a r e d L o a d in g s
T o ta l
% o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e %
2.900
58 .009
58 .009
1.110
22.207
8 0.216
L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ @ C o m po ne nts M atr ix
%

0 ! # B

1 . 1 . 1 - # ) 3 9 1 3
? 1 $ , ! =
#

H I G H E D U C ) " )
#
# ) 1 . 1 % M
2 .
(# )
)
3 L I TE RA C Y " ) D " 0.941

#

1 ? 1 $ 7
9 3
G D P + #
# ) 1 . 1 % H ) @
D O C TO RS / 1 .
G D P
,
1 . 1 % M
2 . H O SPBE D
. % 1 1 0 ) @
% 0$
2 = ) 1
. 1
, > ) F 1
H O SPBE D S
Component Matrix a
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
1
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
C o m p o n e n t
.477
.9 18
.9 41
.8 29
.5 0 8
.75 4
1.8 9 9 E - 0 2
.10 2
- .13 1
- .717
a . 2c o m p o n e n ts e x tra c te d .
:

$ ! " #
) 1 % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
$ .1
. % 2 1
0.477 2 + 0.754 2 = 0.797 +
G D P
# !
17 5
<=
" +
(# ) )
1 % % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N

: " #
(# ) )
" C " 3
0.477 2 + 0.918 2 + 0.9412 + 0.829 2 + 0.508 2 = 2.9
. ; % " 3 ; 1 5 . 1 H = # ! 2 D 6 -
.2
;
C o m po ne nt Sco r e s C o e f f icie nts (#
) ) %
% = ) # B
#

" G D P # ) <= C o m po ne nts M ar tix 1 %

0 ! % = ) F
0.477
= 0.165
2
2
2
2
2
0.477 + 0.918 + 0.941 + 0.829 + 0.508
: " ;
Component Score Coefficient Matrix
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
1
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
C o m p o n e n t
.165
.3 16
.3 24
.28 6
.17 5
.67 9
.0 17
.0 9 2
- .118
- .64 5
C o m p o n e n t S c o re s .
: <= #

" . ;
1 ; (#
) ) %
2
f ac_ 1 =
0.165*G D P+ 0.316*L I TI RA C Y+ 0.324*H I G H E D U C + 0.286*D O C TO RS+ 0.175*H O S
PBE D
+ ) . ; Stand ar d ize d v ar iab l e s ) % # ) D < " 3
% C #
) H @
(... J L ite r acy J G D P % )
Re g io n
g d p
Dohok
1 7 .2
N in e v e h
24 . 0
A rb il
22. 2
S u la y m a n
1 6 .2
T a 'm e e m
3 2. 3
S a l a h A L -De e n 9 8 . 4
Di a l a
23 . 1
A n b a r
22. 7
B a g hd a d
7 5 .0
W a s it
1 9 .5
B a b y l on
22. 8
K e rb a la
21 . 5
N a ja f
1 8 .7
Q a d is ia
21 . 0
M u t ha n a
21 . 3
T hi -Q a r
1 8 .1
M a y sa n
20 . 4
B a sra h
1 9 .0
l ite r acy
3 0
4 4
3 5
3 3
4 9
3 7
4 4
4 4
6 1
3 6
4 4
4 7
4 6
3 5
3 3
3 3
3 4
5 3
.1
.2
.2
.5
.4
.9
.1
.3
.6
.7
.1
.7
.2
.2
.5
.8
.4
.6
,
0 + , > ( 6
: "
D ata E d ito r $ $ 9

h ig h e d u c d o cto r s h o spb e d
f ac_ 1
f ac_ 2
1 .0 9
1 .8 5
1 .1 8
1 .0 1
1 .8 5
1 .3 2
1 .9 3
1 .5 8
4 .0 4
1 .1 1
1 .8 2
1 .5 3
1 .5 9
.9 5
.8 4
.7 3
.9 0
2. 24
1 7
1 4
1 3
1 0
1 8
1 5
1 0
1 6
3 6
28
1 8
24
27
9
1 8
1 2
1 1
25
1 3 9
1 7 2
1 6 3
1 1 5
1 4 3
8 0
1 5 3
1 4 4
28 0
1 9 9
1 4 5
1 7 3
1 9 0
1 9 5
1 7 8
1 4 4
3 0 1
21 9
-. 8 4 8 7 3
. 0 5 26 5
-. 6 5 4 5 8
-1 . 1 0 9 3 9
.3 7 0 9 7
-. 1 1 3 6 2
-. 1 4 0 1 4
-. 0 8 3 0 3
3 . 227 4 8
. 0 4 7 21
. 0 9 229
.4 1 8 3 9
.5 3 7 0 8
-. 8 1 0 1 3
-. 6 28 6 9
-1 . 0 3 0 5 2
-. 4 4 1 3 9
1 .1 1 4 1 5
)
% %
< " 3
.0 0 8 6 2
-. 0 1 0 9 1
-. 0 4 0 9 5
.3 7 6 5 7
.5 4 5 0 1
3 . 3 25 0 0
. 26 3 9 1
. 223 1 4
. 21 8 5 0
-. 8 0 4 5 7
. 21 0 6 6
-. 29 1 3 3
-. 6 27 7 1
-. 4 29 0 6
-. 3 7 4 23
. 0 20 27
-1 . 7 6 8 8 6
-. 8 4 4 0 6
%
9 &
J - B . ) " $ ) <= ! % - )
17 6
0 ! "
.
1 ) % (#
) ) %
. 9 $ % - (#
) )
? # ) 2 1 ) D " ) ) 1 . ? 4
? 1 #
) F %
"
+ ) H
. 9 $ < 2 (-2, 2) M B
% - 3 # ! "
" Scatte r Pl o t $ - . .
Scatte r

!
: %
. ? 1 . . . 9 $
, 6 G r aph s
Scatte r (Sim pl e )
. $
. Y A x is : f ac_ 2 H 3
. L abe l C as e s by : R e g io n
. Pl o t
. X A x is : f ac_ 1 H3
C h ar t $ $
2 . $ C h ar t
. OK 4
F
, 6 3)
R e f e r e n ce L in e
: . . , 6 ( 0 ! 3 Y A x is X A x is # Ed it o r
Salah AL-Deen
REGR factor score 2 for analysis
3
2
1
Ta'meem
Sulayman
Diala
Anbar
Babylon
Thi-Qar
Dohok
Arbil Nineveh
Kerbala
Muthana
Qadisia
Najaf
Wasit
Basrah
0
-1
Baghdad
Maysan
-2
-3
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
REGR factor score 1 for analysis
$ - # $ . E ) 1 . ? 4
; (#
) ) %
" - ? 4

@
?
. 6 =
9 $ ! . (0, 0) . #
+ # $ 1 N 4

(3 ; ) #
# ) " 9 $ 2 , 1 6 C
. 3 (-2, 2) M
% (

(< @ 3 ; ) # ) " 9 $ 2 , Q = !
6
.
? 6 % 1 1

( ) 6 " 9 $ 3
'
% = K E 1 6 1 1 J # ) 9 1 % ) 1 $ % % " % 6
6 % 2 % 2
d o ct o r s
h ig h e d u
l it e r acy #
# ) 1 3 1 ? 1 $

#
K 1 . % 6
) % F .

1 C " 3 1
.(3. 227 )#
# ) " 1 6 9 1 2 C " 3 #
! ; 1
17 7
Case Summaries
Statistics: Mean
L IT IR A C Y
6 1 .6 0
4 1 .4 2
B ag h d ad
T o tal
H IG H E D U C
4 .0 4
1 .5 3
D O C T O R S
3 6 .0 0
1 7 .8 3
+ ) G D P ) C ? Q = !
6 (3. 325) 9 $ ; 1
0 G C " 3
% 6 .
? 1 (
1 3 1 ? 1 $

1 3 1 ? 1 $ - . .
1 1 6 HOSB ED
: #
, @
. ( C o mpo n e n t s M at r ix %

0 ! 6 ) 1 9 $ 1
Case Summaries
Mean
S al ah A L - D een
T o t al
G D P
9 8 .4 0
2 8 .5 2
H O S P B E D
8 0 .0 0
1 7 4 .0 6
P 1 " Eig e n

0 !
#
V =
: % 6 =
V e ct o r ( 4
) D C " 3 #
!
X 12 + X 22 + ... + X n2 ) ; NOR M
.1
D #
.
#
! " No r m
#
. C " 3 (? 1 $ )
2 2 # 1 K
C o mpo n e n t s M at r ix
Un iq u e

D

D
.
+ No r mal iz e d V e ct o r + ) D C " 3
: " #
# ) 1 G D P ? 1 $ #
D " C
; <= V e ct o r
0.477
= 0.280
2
2
2
2
2
0.447 + 0.918 + 0.941 + 0.829 + 0.508

(2.9) #
"
#
, # #

G D P
L I TER A C Y
HI G HED UC
D OC TOR S
HOSPB ED
Eig e n V e ct o r 1
Eig e n V e ct o r 2
0.538845
0.018025
0.280278
0.552474
0.486656
0.29 83 7 8
. % . 1 -
0 ! (1.11)
0.715757
0.09 6 4 7 4
-0.12474
-0.68007
; @ # ! + Or t h o g o n al , 1 9 )
%

# ! N
+
178
fac _ 1, fac _ 2 = fac _ 1 * fac _ 2 = 0 0 !
.2
+
, D o t Pr o d u ct
%
% = ) , # ; @ # ! E K .
" " 1 ; @
. 0 !
+
,
C o mpo n e n t s Sco r e C o e f f icie n t s
Factor Analysis Methods

( 3 11 )
/ 1 . 1 )
" ) # " . 9
%
.
. ; - @ < 1
" ) , E 1
. 1 1 4
M . E 1 " ) # "
" ) # " B
, 3 1 ) 3 9
! 1 " ) # " .
F act o r A n al y s is

#
) 3
X1, X2.Xp 1 - % # 3 1 ) + M o d e l
. K 1 R

# 3
C o mmo n F act o r s ( 1 - % ) $
: " " ) # " B

1 - % ) 1 . ? 4
(
X 1 = a11Y1 + ............. + a1mYm + e1
1
.........................................................
X p = a p1Y1 + ........... + a pmYm + e p
7
. ( p 1 - %
3 # 2 m
#
) 3) j K $ # ) : Y j
. i 1 - ; j # ) > ) )
L o ad in g s % ) 1 $ : aij
. ( Spe cif ic F act o r ) Xi 1 R
(M ax imu m L ike l ih o o d

# ) : e i
M e t h o d 6 3 & . C " 3) : 2#
, . 1 ) 6 3 & . 1 " ) # " / #

1 # % 1
. N

. %
.
. F 1 H= - D
" ) # "

3 #
#
, $ , 0 %
. 1 1
% , 6 7 F act o r A n al y s is : Ex t r act io n

!
M ax imu m L ikl e h o o d
:
F a c to r A n a ly s is
Communalities
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
In itia l
.350
.8 52
.8 7 0
.503
.2 8 6
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m
E x tr a c tio n
.9 9 9
.9 03
.9 35
.4 8 7
.2 2 7
L ik e lih o o d .
<
%
. 1 1 in it ial C o mmu n al it ie s
+

% ) 1 $
) . 1 - # ) ? 1
+
? 1 $ E " ) # " . 2 1
I n d e pe n d e n t ) % 1 C " 3 ( D e pe n d e n t V ar iabl e ) D " 3 # !
0
#
! " " ) 1 G D P 1 - 0.9 9 9 . (V ar iabl e s
. G D P " " % = - 0. 9 9 9
179
Total Variance Explained

F a c to r
1
2
3
4
5
T o ta l
2.900
1.110
.523
.393
7 .313E - 02
In itia l E ig e n v a lu e s
o f V a r ia n c e
C u m u la tiv e %
58 .009
58 .009
22.207
8 0.216
10.457
90.6 7 3
7 .8 6 4
98 .537
1.46 3
100.000
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m
L ik e lih o o d .
, " 3 " ! , 0
I n it ial
R
Eig e n v al u e s

1 F = 3 #

" % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
6 =
1 1
E x tr a c tio n S u m s o f S q u a r e d L o a d in g s
T o ta l
% o f V a r ia n c e
C u m u la tiv e %
1.413
28 .254
28 .254
2.138
42.7 56
7 1.009
%
.
%
.
M
K
I n it ial e ig e n v al u e s D 0
Ex t r act io n Su ms Sq u ar e d L o ad in g s
0 1 1
#
R

! "

1 H=
6 3 & . 0
" # ) % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
; <= F = 3 #
L @

: " F #
)
0 !
0.999 2 + 0.333 2 + 0.469 2 + 0.275 2 8.71E 02 2 = 1.413
1.413 / 5*100 = 28.254% #
# ) F 0 1
Factor Matrixa
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
F a c to r
.999
.3 3 3
.4 6 9
.27 5
- 8 .7 1E - 0 2
2
- 9.4 9E .8
.8
.6
.4
0 3
90
4 6
4 1
6 8
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m L ik e lih o o d .
a . 2 f a c t o r s e x t r a c t e d . 14 i t e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d .
1 # %

0 ! R

> 0 ,
! " #
)
0 ! F = 3
0 !
Goodness-of-fit Test
C h i- S q u a r e
1.337
d f
S ig .
.2 4 7
% 1 # # ! " #
) 1 " ) @ 0 1 # F = 3 #

2
. % 1 # # ! " #
) 0 ) 1 " " 1 @ 0 @ (% . 1
)
) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.247 2 7 2 ! ( , %
180
% % 1 # # ! " " ) 0 1 " + % 5

% 1 - M
1
. %
.

G 1 - . 1 -
:6 =
% . %
" 1 1 #

F act o r Sco r e s #
) %
%
. 9
. 1 ; F act o r s co r e s C o e f f icie n t s % = )
) 1 -
. 3 K , 6 3 & . 1 1
(# 3
)
K , ,

3 . F , 6 ) " . F

# ) " # 1 = C " 3 # !
: ( F act o r A n al y s is

!
#
) 1 ) . 1 - # ) ? 1 +
1
0 !
. # 2 ! #
) % ) 1 N

0 !
0 !
181
,
#
) % = )
Sco r e s 4
.
, #
) : R e g r e s s io n
. # )
9
+
.
, #
) : B ar t l e t t
+
.
, #
) 7 1 B ar t l e t t .
: A n d e r s o n -R u bin s
. ( . 1 G ) " #
)

+
+ ) H

Non Parametric Tests
" ) ? ) C " 3 , 1 - ! A ) - % 1 " ) = % 1 -
@ H ) , ,
% 1 " ? 4
(
0 - , V ar ian ce 1
M e an
.

C
) " ) = % 1 - # ) ; 1 . D is t r ibu t io n F r e e t e s t s ? 4
% 1 1
? 4
< 1 2 ? % 1 N 4
;
<= " ) % 1 - 1 ! % @ 0
3
E " . $
3 3
# ) - ) $ " ) % 1 -

T 1 1 . 3 ) 1 .
.
$ 1 # , ,

; .
$ , 9 F < " 3 " ) = % 1 - C
,
, 1 ! .
$
" ) % 1 - # ) ; D " ) % 1 -
"
" ) = 1 - . < < 1 < 3 SPSS 5 1 . . " ) = % 1 - 2
. % 1 - F (
Obs e r v e d
) 1 0 0 L @

C h i -Square ( 1 12 )
f r e q u e n cie s % 0 " $ 1 " C h i-Sq u ar e 1 # )
% E . ) @ > C " 3 ; Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cie s , ? 2

+

: " C . ) 1 - " ) C h i-Sq u ar e ! E K 3

k (Oi Ei ) 2
2
=
Ei
i =1
1 -
? 2
# Ei
$ # Oi 7
: % 0 ! C " 3 #
! ) $ 0 ! , 1
Oi
t y pe

439
16 8
133
6 0
. 3 75
8 0 0

2
4
1979

: % 5 - M
1 ) @ 1 ;
" .
H 0 : P1 =
182
9
3
3
1
, P2 = , P3 = , P 4 =
16
16
16
16
. k-1
:1 #
0 ! 1
# P1 <= ) ; F 3 H" 5 C " 3 R

: %
. ;
C h i-Sq u ar e 1 1 .
t y pe
1
2
3
4
4
H1 " 1 @ 0
.
( 0
1
C

9
@ 0 1 -
: " D at a Ed it o r 2
% 1 ;
Obs e r v e d
439
168
133
60
% ? # ) A ) Ty pe + ) 1 % 0 ! 3 @ ) 6 -
C V al u e
Obs e r v e d
L abe l
3 @ A & 1 D " ) ? % 0 ! / A 3 +
. " " 2 <- 1 % #

3 (
) Ty pe
. 3 K
% - " 4
E 2 # )
# $ #

!
W e ig h t C as e s by $ ' ) 1
. $
D at a
W e ig h t C as e s
. (W e ig h t C as e s by ) C Obs e r v e d # A W e ig h t C as e s

, 6 A n al y z e
No n par ame t r ic Te s t s
C h i-Sq u ar e

. $
: " D 1 + C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

!
. t e s t V ar iabl e L is t C Ty pe " 6 -
:
Ex pe ct e d V al u e s
. 1 > 0 ,
? 2
> 0 , % 0 ? : A l l cat e g o r ie s e q u al
C ( ; H" 1
) ? 2
H" 3 $ E : V al u e s
: "
) @ 9 ; % " # #
M
9
; V al u e "
# . P1 =
= 0.5625 C
#
16
. ( 2 1 / $ > 0 ) v al u e " # 0 H @ A d d 4 ) 1 0. 5625
: 5 C "3 # !
183
OK 4 3
.1
.2
TYPE
1
2
3
4
T o ta l
O b s e rv e d N
439
16 8
133
6 0
8 0 0
E x
n p
n p
n p
n p
p e c te d N
1 45 0
2 15 0
3 15 0
4
5 0
R e s id u a l
- 11. 0
18 . 0
- 17 . 0
10 . 0
" #
N
" ) 2
; <= ) 2

9 $ # F = 3 #

D 0
) 2
" ) E D " 3
1 +
; N
6 - n P1=800*0.5625=450
9 $ "
Test Statistics
C h i- S q u a r e a
d f
A s y m p .S ig .
T Y P E
6.356
3
.0 9 6
a . 0 c e l l s ( .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n
5. T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c t e d c e l l f r e q u e n c y i s 50 .0 .
P-v al u e 2
6. 356 +
C h i-Sq u ar e ! A 2 E F = 3 #

) @ 9
; #
1 2 + % 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 0.096
!
< 1
1 3 1
? 4
# ) Tr an s f o r m
C o mpu t e P-V al u e B K .
: + ? 1
1-C D F .C HI SQ (6.356, 3) =.096
: 2 #
5 %
He ad
! 3 % 1 9 #
9 1 0 0 0
? . 2 %
: ( D at a Ed it o r 2
, A ) 1 )
h e ad n o o bs e r v e d
0
38
1 144
2 342
3 287
4 164
5
25
? 4
? 1 9
!
, 6 % 3 E 1 " @ 0 1 C h i-Sq u ar e 1 1
. % 5 - M
1
B in o mial
# 1 . G o o d n e s s o f F it 1 . 1 1 H) C h i-Sq u ar e 1
: %
. ? 1 1 # ) 1 . > 0 1 Obs e r v e d 1 % - ( 4
)
A n al y z e No n par ame t r ic Te s t s
C h i-Sq u ar e

. $
: " D 1 + ( 1 # " D 0 ) C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

!
184
, 6
. Te s t V ar iabl e L is t C h e ad n o #
%
C 0 !
9
!
, 6 # ; bin o mial ? 4
# )
: " 5
No . o f h e ad s
0
1
2
3
4
5
9
F = 3 (% - - ) ; # Ex pe ct e d
Pr o babil it y
0.03125
0.15623
0.3125
0.3125
0.15623
0.03125
v al u e s v al u e s
: 5 C "3 # !
. M ) 1
OK 4 3
HEADNO
O b s e rv e d N
38
144
342
287
16 4
25
1000
0
1
2
3
4
5
T o ta l
E x p e c te d N
= 1000* P r
31. 2
156 . 2
312. 6
312. 6
156 . 2
31. 2
1000. 0
R e s id u a l
6 .8
- 12. 2
29 . 4
- 25. 6
7 .8
-6 .2
: " (0 ! +

! 3) <= C
0 " ? 2
B
Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cy .= 1000*0.03125=31.25
Test Statistics
C h i- S q u a r e a
d f
A s y m p .S ig .
H E A D N O
8.920
5
.1 1 2
a . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n
5. T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c t e d c e l l f r e q u e n c y i s 3 1 .2.

! 3 + % 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =.112 2
. B in o mial ? 4
? 1 $
0 # , 1 # 0 % 0 <- 1 % 0 M
:6 =
0 F
(5S1=
! 3) 1 > % 0 1 0
(0 =
! 3)C

C h i-s q u ar e

!
Ex pe ct e d V al u e s (5S1) . % 0 F , % - -
4 1
# - H 1 -
1 # (6S0)
! ) " 1 % - - " 2 Te s t
185
4 Ex pe ct e d
V al u e s 0. 03125 +

# - $ E 1 0=
! ) # 1
. R e mo v e
% 0 M 1
(5S1) % 1 % 0 1
Ex pe ct e d
Uppe r 2
1 +

L o w e r 2 # A Us e Spe cif ie d R an g e $ E 1 R an g e
: C "3 # !
OK 4 3
J 5 +

Frequencies
C a te g o ry
1
2
3
4
5
T o ta l
1
2
3
4
5
H E A D N O
O b s e rv e d N
E x p e c te d N
144
155. 1
342
310 . 4
28 7
310 . 4
16 4
155. 1
25
31. 0
9 6 2
9 6 2
R e s id u a l
- 11. 1
31. 6
- 23. 4
8 .9
-6 .0
Two Independent Samples tests

( 2 1 2 )
T 1 # ) 7 " 3 .
T 1 - 1 % 1 - F
? 4
. $
) 1 - # ) - K 3 T ? 4
? 1 1 - ! A
% 1 - SPSS 5 1
7
" ) = % 1 - C E " K
) ) ) 1 .
: ") =
M an n -W h it n e y U 1
.1
M o s e s Ex t r e me R e act io n s 1
.3
Ko l mo g o r o v -Smir n o v Z 1

(1 , 4 )/ ! R
D < " 3 G r o u p , @ R
W al d -W o l f w it z R u n s 1
.2
.4
$ I 8 1 C
" 3 # % 1 : 3#
$ 3

(24 )C @ R
$ I 10 1
d s e as e
) , " 1 2
He al t h y
) , " 1 1 ) , V al u e L abe l @ A
, R
% 2
> 2 2
( B & #
3 <- 1
) , 6
D at a Ed it o r $ $ " % 1 , 6
) R
t im e
10 14
6 8 4
8 10
9 9 0
8 4 0
9 7 8
10 0 2
1110
8 6 4
6 3 6
6 3 8
7 0 8
7 8 6
6 0 0
13 20
7 5 0
5 9 4
7 5 0
186
g ro u p
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
$ # ( Time )
: SPSS 5 1
% 5 - M
1 ? > 0 1
) E 1 " ) @ 1 ; " .
" 1 @
1 = 2 ) @ 0 1 C ) 1 ) M an n -W h it n e y 1 1
. ( 1 2
: %
. ? 1 K 0
A n al y z e No n Par ame t r ic Te s t s 2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s

. $
:
!
2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s Te s t , 6
Te s t V ar iabl e L is t ( ) % $ # + ) Time " 6 3

H ) 4

G r o u pin g
C @
V ar iabl e G F " g r o u p
3

G r o u p1 : 1 / ! 3
H3 D e f in e G r o u p 4
. M an n -W h it n e y U 1 $ E < . G r o u p2 :2
: 5 , 6 OK 4 3
Ranks
T IM E
G R O U P
h e a lth y
d s e a s e
T o ta l
N
1 0
1 8
M e a n R a n k
1 2 .6 3
7 .0 0
S u m
o f R a n k s
1 0 1 .0 0
7 0 .0 0
9
3 (C @
/ ! ) ) 5 7 R an ks ; C " 3 1 - )
; N
) 3 # ; N
2 # 1 / . 3
< 3 ! ) 2 ;
;
187
F = 3 #
( 7 0 C @ ; N

101 / !
: ! 1 M an n -W h it n e y U ! A
N ( N 1)
U = N1 N 2 + 1 1+ T1
2
M - ) # N2
( N1=8 C
, ) ) + # N1 7
#
.( T1=101) Su m o f R an ks C
) ; N
# T1
(N2=10 )
! A C @ & 1 C
) % . ) C " 3 3- 1 1 U ! A 2 +

U ) ? 4
) ; Z 2 B - .U ! &
W il co x o n W
: " ? 4
" + ) H -
.
B 7
N1 N 2
= 40
2
N1 N 2 ( N1+ N 2 + 1)
= 11.25
12
B D " 3
< 1 ) " ) 1 . ? 4
; U ) ? 4

" ) 1 . ? 4
" )
P-V al u e 2 B K
Z = (U ) / = (15 40 ) / 11 . 25 = 2 .222
# ) 1
Tr an s f o r m
C o mpu t e 1 Z ! &
- M
1 ) @ (
C
3 1 ) 1 . ? 4
" P-v al u e =0.026 2 7
( . 1 - ) 2*C D F NOR M (-2.222)=0.0263
"
) 1 . ? 4

% 2
.

? > 0 1 ) + # 1 (
. C @ R
$ I % 2
.
3 <
H" / ! R
0 1
% 5
$ I , R

Test Statisticsb
M a n n -W h
W ilc o x o n
Z
A s y m p .S
E x a c t S ig
S i g .) ]
itn e y U
ig .( 2 - ta ile d )
. [ 2 * ( 1- t a i l e d
T IM E
15.000
7 0.000
- 2 .2 2 2
.02 6
.02 7
a . N o t c o r r e c te d fo r tie s .
b . G r o u p in g V a r ia b le : G R O U P
U # - 1 . # 2 / U # - . ( / 0 T2 # & # ' ( ) * * + , : # $ %
: "
N 2 ( N 2 + 1)
T2
2
1 - /
U ! & ) B 1
9 1 ) # N2
U = N1 N 2 +
. 1 > 0 C # !

K- Related Samples Tests

K ( 3 12 )
1
" ) T 1 - " ) -
. On e - W ay A NOV A
M an n -W h it n e y 1

) 1 # " " ) - 1
Kr u s kal l -W al l is

T 1 - 4 = .
$ 3
K T 1 # ) G 3 1
188

" ) = % 1 - / F R an ks ; 3 9 1 3 % 1
: SPSS 5 1
. F r ie d man 1
. Ke n d al l s W
. C o ch r an s Q
1 ) c
b
a 1 , % 4 0 " B = ; R
D at a Ed it o r $ $ , 6
.3
: 4 #
b
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
)
c
: SPSS 5 1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
1 " ) @ 1 ;
" .
. % 5 - M
1
F r ie d man 1 1
: %
. ? 1 K 0
No n par ame t r ic Te s t s K-R e l at e d s ampl e s

. $
: " D 1 + Te s t s f o r s e v e r al R e l at e d Sampl e s

!
D an ie l W .W .(1978) , B io s t at is t ics : A
Scie n ce s , 2nd Ed it io n , pp.398 .
189
1
.2
! 1 Th e r apis t s ! ) 2
: 5 C "3 # !
1
5 %
( 3
2 1 , " C
# @ 0 C 1 $ 1
Th e r ap
a
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
5
3
6
1
7
2
8
1
9
1
= B " # @ 0
) % 2

A n al y z e
.1
F o u n d at io n
, 6
OK 4 3
f o r an al y s is in
Th e
He al t h
N P a r T e s ts
F r ie d m a n T e s t
Ranks
A
B
C
M e a n R a n k
1.67
2 .78
1.5 6
# " D 1 $ F = 3 1 . = B # ; .
# M e an R an k 7
R an d o miz e d

$ ) % 3 . ! 1 H )
Tw o - w ay A NOV A
) 1
# H
0 !
Tr e at me n t s % ) (B
) 9 3 # 7 B l o cks Ex pe r ime n t
; ; ) 1 # " / < = F r ie d man 1 1 ) 7
B l o cks % 3 .
? 1 F r ie d man ! A
# 2 Or d in al 1 % 1
; " .
R an ks
: " ;
J-1 1 2 ? 4

2 =
12
T 2 3K ( J + 1) = 8.2
KJ ( J + 1) i
# Ti
(9 3 ) % ) 3 # J
(%3. ) H
0 ! 3 # K 7
. J=3
K=9 + ) # ; N

C
3 P-V al u e 2
F r iedm an ! A 2 1 F #

. = B " # @ 0
) <2
K + % 5 - M
1 ) @
Test Statisticsa
N
C h i- S q u a r e
d f
A s y m p . S ig .
a . F r ie d m a n T e s t
190
9
8 . 222
2
.0 1 6

(

CHARTS
3 , .
1
0 !
/ ! & %
, 9 1 %.. 1 )
.
.
B ar s 1 9 3 , %.. . 9 1 )
. 1 .1 ! & % 1
%= ,
% & (
)
# ! 0 #
dPies 1

Lin es 1
. 1
) # S PS S 5 1

Bar Charts

( 113)
: 1 #
y ear
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
: Y ear %
; % ' M & S al es %) 1 1 #

s al es
5 0
5 2
5 5
6 0
6 5
. B ar C har t 1 9 3 .. 3 ;" .
2
B ar C har t

!
: %
. ?1 K 0
, 6 .G r ap hs B ar
. $
: F 1
F # # 1
Data in C har t ar e 2 V al u es o f in div idu al cas es 2
. %- . 1

S im p l e 2
S tack edJ C l u s ter ed J S im p l e
% =
Defin e S im p l e B ar

!
191
, 6 1

!
Defin e 4 3
: D 1 +
: 7
. .. . $ 1 # D 2 2 # + 3 : B ar s R ep r es en t
: " @
(
) 1 .. " % 0
3

: C atego r y Label s
.
C " 3 "
) 2 (
) : C as e n u m ber
)
C " 3
) F

2 (
) : V ar iabl e
. ( Y ear s #
. F o o tn o te , s u btitl e,d Titl e ..

3 (
) :Titl e
. M %.. 3 3 <9 $ 1 , 1 . ) %0 !

+
; 2 # ) :Tem p l ate
: " S PS S V iew er .. (
T itle L in e 1
Line2
Subtitle
F o o tn o te
192
3 O K 4 3
1 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
for Period 1990-1994
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

. . (
) 7 >
4 1 F 1 .. C " 3 %= ) /
S PS S C har t E dito r

: " S PS S C har t E dito r
C har t E dito r $ $ - M %= ) ) %= ) / 7
: ( >
4 1 .. ) 1 +
C har t E dito r $ $ + %= ) ) " K 0 : 9 3

: (F = 3 # $

F o r m at C o l o r
193
. >
4 1 9 3
C har t E dito r $ $
. $
.1
: " C o l o r s

!
, 6 %
. $
: 7
. . $ / = A
: F il l
. . $ "

: B o r der
>
4 1 F 1 4
" <= 4
" C . $ / = A

9 3
) 1 .. , 6
. C o l o r s

!
. 9 3
A p p l y 4 F il l $ E E ) 1
" C l o s e
4
: "
2 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
:
0 " 1
7 C
9
. 3) 1 %
. > 0 1 <= 0 "

. (9 3 <- 1 ..
: " ?1 K 0 : B ar S ty l e 9 3 .

F o r m at B ar S ty l e C har t E dito r $ $
. $
:

!
194
, 6 %
. $

.2
+ 3- ..
# 6 ? ..
) 1 = ..
) 1 = E
# 6 3
= 9 3 , 6 A p p l y A l l 4 >
4 1 F 1 3-D effect 3
: " ) 1
3
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
:6 =
H @ ; 2 3
. $ C E @ A Dep th ;
2 3
. . $ C E

: %
. ?1 K 0 :B ar Label S ty l e 9 3
3 .

F o r m at B ar Label S ty l e %
. $

195
2
3
.A ?
3
.3
. . C " 3 # ! A p p l y
:

A l l 4 >
4 1 F 1 F r am ed
:
4 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
65
Value SALES
60
60
50
50
40
1990
52
1991
55
1992
1993
1994
YEAR

" .&
.&
: %6 =
. $ C har t .. " .& 4 &
.
. $ C har t .. " " .& 4 &
.;
. , = ) 4 & O u ter F r am e
S cal e A xis
. , = ) 4 & I n n er F r am e

1 ! % 3&
: " % 3& %

.

C har t E dito r $ $ .. " (J40 50 60)

3 C " 3
: " S cal e A xis

!
196
, 6
.4
, " 1 2 ;

4 & )
. 4 A
(
: 7
3:Dis p l ay A xis Lin e
. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .& 4 A
.a
. ( V al u e S al es )

3 ?2
:Titl e Ju s tificatio n
.b
. % :Maj o r div is io n s
.d
. ( G
J . ) > N
:S cal e
.
% :Min o r div is io n s
Maio r I n cr em en t Min o r I n cr em en t <" 3 1 :I n cr em en t

. 1 $ .
. (
. Tick Mar k s (
. (J40 50 60) %

3 4 A
(
3:G r id
) :Tick s
3 :Dis p l ay Label s
.c
.e
.f
.g
.h
.i
: 4 2 .. C " 3 % ) 0 / A

. C en ter .
(V al u e S al es
+ )

3 ?@
% = 3 , 6 A ? 10 <- 1 5 Min o r I n cr em en t

% 1 # )
.Tick Mar k s

. % C G r id Lin es 1 $ .
. @ A

3 1 D " 3 # ! ) ; S cal e A xis

!
E
: ( 4 = %= ) 1

197
: O K 4 ) 1 " , 6 ..

5 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
Value SALES
70
65
60
60
50
50
40
1990
52
1991
55
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
Axis Title
Axis Label
: % ) 0 1 D =
Label s

!
, 6 4 3 : Label s
; 3

) $ ) ; 3 : Decim al Pl aces

3
3 # 1 C H @ 4

: Leadin g C har acter

3
3 # , C H @ 4

: Tr ail in g C har acter
9
C o m m a 9 4 ) # !
0 1 1000 3 4 (
. 70. 0J 60. 0J 50. 0J 40. 0: "

) (
)
+
$ )
. D70 J D6 0 J D50 J D40 : "

) , 6 D 2 ) 4 @ A
. % 70J6 0 % J 5 0 %J 4 0 %: "
) , 6 %
= 3 @ A
) :10 0 0 S S ep ar ato r
. (Per io d
.J
3 1 .. , 6 .

O r igin Lin e # ! . : B ar O r igin Lin e .K
.
H
# ! . 2 C " 3 < 2 # 9 3 7 1 9 2
B ar O r igin Lin e 2 A. D H
. 2 # 2 2 # 9 3
( ) 1 = E 4 A ) 1 ) 4 2 .. " S cal e A xis

!
57 +

: .. C " 3 # !
198
H

6 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
Value SALES
70

65
60
60
52
50
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
. 57 . 3 O r igin Lin e .
. 7

" # 1 F - @ A
(

!
) : Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis
Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis $ E 1 K

H " > D

" !
: " Der iv ed A xis

!
, 6 Der iv ed A xis 4 S cal e A xis
Der iv ed A xis
# 1 S cal e A xis " !
9
# # )
R atio
Match
: " ; F = 3

! Defin itio n 2 E 1 2 .. "
S cal e A xis
Der iv ed A xis
U n its E q u al
U n its
1
2
0
V al u e E q u al
: .. C " 3 # !
199
.L
V al u e
O K 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
7 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
140
65
Value SALES
60
60
50
50
40
120
110
55
52
130
100
90
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
80
YEAR

C " 3 2 # 6 = . L @
(
1 $ K
Label s
) 0 @ 2
. Der iv ed A xis $
C " 3 H ) @ , " 1 " !
" !
# C " 3 (

) 0 " 2 1 L Match
70 # 1 " !
C " 3 50 # ) . ?2
> 0 , 6 7 1 $
: " Der iv ed A xis

!
S cal e A xis
R atio
Match
Defin itio n 2 ; 1 .. " $

C " 3
U n its E q u al
Der iv ed A xis
V al u e E q u al
50
: .. C " 3 # !
U n its
70
V al u e
O K 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
8 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
90
65
Value SALES
60
60
50
40
1990
55
52
50
1991
1992
70
1993
1994
YEAR
. # $ %
2 0 0
8 0

80
! 6 0
7 0

! 50

60
C atego r y A xis
1 ! % 3& .5
S PS S

!
>
4 1 . . 1
1 ! % 3&
, 6 C har t E dito r $ $

.. "

3 V iew er
: ( <= 1 2 .. " )

: % ) 0 1 7
4 A , " 1 2 ;

4 & ) Dis p l ay A xis Lin e
4 A
(

) 1 A xis
3
Titl e
# .
) # " 6 1

3
Titl e j u s tificatio n
) ?2
. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .&

.

3 (
. 1 $ .
.
% 4 A
, 6 A
3 D
Label s

!
, 6 Label s 4 3

) ? 2

=
4 1 J 9

) J , / 4
, )
S tagger ed J Diago n al J V er tical J H o r iz o n tal : %

7 O r ien tatio n
: " .. , 6 1 .. "

3 (
) Diago n al ) .
9 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
Value SALES
70
60
50
40
19
19
19
19
19
94
93
92
91
90
YEAR
, 1
) K 1 $ <1 . F , 1 "
.
) (
3 +
@

. F V er tical
S tagger ed 9 0 -
2 0 1
> ) 1
.$ C 9 3 .. #
+
;" : S w ap
; " 2 3 <= %
. $
A xis
;" 2 .6

F o r m at S w ap A xis

. $
: " , 6 D E 1 2 ..

10 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1990
1991
1992
YEAR
1993
1994
40
50
60
70
Value SALES
:
$ $
3) ..
3 + S iz e D
F o n t . N

S PS S

. $ F o r m at Text
) 1 (C har t E dito r
.

S PS S C har t $ $ C #
" .. 1 ) " 1 1
, 6 3
F o n t 2
>
4 1 ;
" . R
) 1

E dito r
. ....A r abic Tr an s p ar en t
A n dal u s
A r ial (A r abic) . N
.
.;
C har t $ $
3) .. .$ 1 .$ I / = & .
.%
$ $
. $ C har t Legen d 1 Legen d Q @ A "
@ A
.7
.. " " .& 1

#

) # 1
9 3 1 % 1
.B
S PS S

. $ F o r m at
. Legen d

!
F il l Patter n
(E dito r
Dis p l ay C har t Legen d $ E C har t E dito r
. $ C har t B ar S p acin g 1 C l u s ter 2 ) 1 K

I n n er F r am e
: # $ %

. .
1 .$ (
2 0 2
) 1 D 1
.. C " 3 0 " % " 3 0
L @
: Chart Template

(213)
" " C " 3

% " ) > 0 0 ;" . (
) 1
, D " $ E C

F
% 1 3 K A !
. " 3 1 ) F
%
D 1 . 7 #
.. C " 3 % % " ) @ Tem p l ate ; 2 # 3 & 1
J .P 1 9 3
3 J ) 1 = ) 0 " % " 3 @ 4 2 .. <= . M % C " 3
E + ) x C " 3 % " ) F > 0 1 . (
: %
. ?1
" . ( 30
" !
)
(94S90 %
" 80 88 110 90 77
C har t $ $ F il e S av e C har t Tem p l ate 1 ; 2 ! 1 4 .. 4
. cht ;
s ct . - ; E 7 E dito r
G r ap hs
B ar
. $
; L 0 F il e 4 C har t S p ecificatio n fr o m
$ E 1 2 tem p l ate
V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es
. F V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

!
y ear
x % # (s im p l e)
: " V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

!
: x " .. C " 3 # !
; 7 cht
O k
Establishment Sales
by Years
120
110
110
100
Value X
90
80
70
1990
77
1991
YEAR
2 0 3
90
88
80
1992
1993
1994
4 3
11 2 ..
L i n e
B ar ( 3 13)
: %
. ?1 Lin e .
. C B ar 9 3 1 2 ..
Lin e

!
, 6 G al l er y
. C har t E dito r $ $
..
S im p l e
. $
Lin e
" "

S al es . 9
" @ .. - S im p l e ) C har ts
. ( Mu l tip l e
, ) , @
(
)
: " Lin e C .. #

R ep l ace
12 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
%
. $
: %
. ?1 1 . C " 3 Mar k er s

F o r m at
: " I n ter p o l atio n

!
%= ) (
I n ter p o l atio n

)
, 6 ( C har t E dito r $ $ ..

3)
A p p l y 4 F $ E Dis p l ay Mar k er s
C heck B o x ! ?1
: # $ .. C %= ) H @ A l l
2 0 4
13 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR

!
: " ?1 = ) # $
. $ E %= ) C har t E dito r $ $

..
, 6

F o r m at
Mar k er s

. ,
= ) N

: Mar k er s
: " = ) A p p l y 4
14 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
.A
2 0 5
p p ly A ll
! " # ( )
:
P i e
B ar ( 4 13 )
: %
. ?1 Pie 1 9 C B ar 9 3 1 2 ..
Pie C har ts

!
. C har t E dito r $ $
..
, 6 G al l er y Pie
. $
: " Pie C .. #

R ep l ace S im p l e
15 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1990
1994
1991
1993
1992
$ $ (
C "3 # !
: %
. ?1 <= 1994 R
9 ?. # ! 0
) . . E ) 1 F 1994 1 R
?.

F o r m at E xp l o de S l ice
. $
. C har t E dito r
: ..
Establishment Sales
16 2 ..
by Years
1994
1990
1991
1993
1992
>
4 1 ? . D " 3 C #
! 0 ?. 9 3
.
2 0 6

F o r m at E xp l o de s l ice
: %
. ?1 I n s ide S l ice ?. # # # "
1 (
, 6 ( C har t E dito r .. E ) 1 ) C har t
O p tio n s

)
: " D 1 + Pie O p tio n s

!
. ?. # Text

1 (
) Label s Per cen ts $ 6 -
: " ; + Label F o r m at

!
, 6 F o r m at 4
in s ide O u ts ide Ju s tified) Text

V al u e 2

1 (
: 7
3 ?2
# : Po s itio n
;G I n s ide 2
. ( n u m ber s in s ide Texts O u ts ide
. .
)
?. 1 .1 .
. (
J B es t fitJ O u ts ideJ
. ?. #

1 (
3
) : C o n n ectin g Lin e fo r O u ts ide Label s
. > , .
. # ) : A r r o w head o n Lin e
.
"
) #
.A (
) : Dis p l ay F r am e A r o u n d
.. " $ ) ; 3

1000 3 4 3I # !
@ & : V al u es
: .. C " 3 # !
2 0 7
O k 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
17 $ % & & '
Establishment Sales
by Years
1994
23.0%
1993
21.3%
1990
17.7%
1991
1992
18.4%
19.5%
y ear
1998
1999
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
E xp o r ts
190
2 2 0
2 19
2 4 5
2 5 0
. 2002S8199 %
" " 1 %
% !
I m p o ts
180
2 0 0
2 15
2 30
2 4 4
: 2 #
# #

: " ;" .
. C l u s ter ed B ar s 3. ( .$ - ) 9 3 .. 3
. S tack ed B ar s 9 3 .. 3
D
B ar C har t
!

!
2 0 8
: %
. ?1 3. 9 3 3
, 6 G r ap h
B ar
. $
.1
.2
, 6 Defin e 4 V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es / C l u s ter ed

: " D 1 + C l u s ter ed B ar / V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es
.1
: .. C " 3 # !
260
O k 4 3
18 2 ..
240
220
200
Value
180
EXPORTS
160
# 1 S tack ed
2 0 9
IMPORTS
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
YEAR
7 2 2 9
. 3 , 0 1 %
. ?1 S tack ed B ar .. 0 .2
: .. C " 3 # !
7 B ar C har ts

!
C l u s ter ed
19 $ % & & '

600
500
400
300
200
Value
100
IMPORTS
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
EXPORTS
YEAR
< (
) E xp o r ts " "
( # 0 ) <-
(
) I m p o r ts " " # ) (
0 1
.. K 0 .. 1998 4 A ;G K C @ & 1 (C " 3 )
+
S er ies Dis p l ay ed
. $ C har t E dito r $ $

:

!
2 10
, 6 " "
( < 1 ) (C " 3 )Dis p l ay E xp o r ts " "

(. .
# = ) O m it C , "
( @
) # = ) Dis p l ay
C D "
C O m it E xp o r ts " " N &
4
4
. Dis p l ay # = ; G 2
, 1
4 F (# 0 ) Dis p l ay
1998
)
. O m it H
: "
) 1

!
: .. (
, 6
) , 6 O K 4 3
20 2 ..
600
500
400
300
200
Value
100
/ , -
, . $
: & & ' (
2 11
EXPORTS
1999
2000
2001
2002
IMPORTS
YEAR
B ar + * " # ) * I m p o r ts Lin e & ' " # ) * E xp o r ts (

: B ar /Lin e/A r ea Dis p l ay ed Data
O K * E xp o r ts Lin e I m p o r ts B ar ' 0
2 1$% & & '

260
250
240
230
220
210
Value
200
EXPORTS
190
1999
2000
2001
IMPORTS
2002
YEAR
:
C " 3 # ! # ) 1 . 1
B ar . . P ie
Line . . C " 3 " !
: "
B ar . . C " 3 " ! " 9
! 1 % . . F
Line . . C " 3 #
! "
G r ap h
Line
Ar ea . . C " 3 #
! "
G r ap h
Ar ea
P ie . . C " 3 #
! "
G r ap h
P ie
(Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es C " 3 ) 3 #
Dat a E d it o r $ $ % 1 % " 2
g
x2
x1 # #

x1
10 0
20 0
30 0
4 0 0
50 0
x2
10
20
30
4 0
50
: " SP SS 5 1
g
a
b
a
b
b
: " ; " .
. x2
x1 .
B ar . . 3 .1
. x2
x1 " ( b
a) % .
Cl u st er ed B ar 3 . 2 . . 3 .2
: %
. ? 1 x2
x1 .
B ar . . 0 .1
D
B ar Ch ar t s

!

!
2 12
, 6 G r ap h
B ar

. $
, 6
! Def ine 4 3
. Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es / Simp l e
: " D 1
+ Def ine Simp l e B ar : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
-
.
7 x2
x1 # .
# 9 3 6 =
% $ ' L + Ch ange Su mmar y 4 1 .

N
@ -
. M ed ian, M o d e, No .o f Cases , M in. Val u e, M ax. Val u e # M
: B C "3 # ! O K
400
300
4 3
22 2 . .
300
200
Mean
100
30
X1
X2
.

x2
) N 0
300 +

" 1 .

x1
) N 0
. 30 +

" 1
? 1 x2
x1 " ( b
a) % .
Cl u st er ed B ar 3 . . . 0 .2
D
B ar Ch ar t s

!
: " D 1
213

!
, 6 G r ap h
: %
.
B ar

. $
. Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es / Cl u st er ed
, 6
! Def ine 4 3
+ Def ine Cl u st er ed B ar : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
: . . C "3 # ! O k
4 3
23 2 . .
400
367
300
200
200
Mean
100
20
37
X1
X2
Su mmar ies o f G r o u p s o f Cases ' ) * ) : 4
gend er 3 d eg 2 1
2
* sal ar y 1 " "
d eg
gend er
sal ar y
F ir st
M al e
9 0
F ir st
F emal e
70
T h ir d
M al e
56
Seco nd
M al e
65
F ir st
M al e
8 5
Seco nd
F emal e
60
Seco nd
M al e
69
T h ir d
M al e
57
T h ir d
F emal e
50
F ir st
F emal e
75
Seco nd
F emal e
62
T h ir d
F emal e
51
F ir st
M al e
8 5
214
: " ;
" .
. 7 &

0 ; .
# B ar s 1 9 3 1 . . 3
.1
# ; 7 &

# ; .
# B ar s 1 9 3 1 . . 3
.2
. 0 6

D
B ar Ch ar t s

!
Def ine Simp l e B ar :

!
: %
. ? 1 #
;
" . 0
, 6 G r ap h s B ar

. $
Def ine 4 3
. Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases/Simp l e
, 6 F = 3

!
: " ; + Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
: & & ' ) * " -

74
72
72
70
68
Mean SALARY
66
64
62
61
60
Female
GENDER
215
.1
Male
O K *
24 $ % & & '

D
B ar Ch ar t s

!
: %
. ? 1
, 6 G r ap h s B ar
;
" . 0

. $
.2

C " 3 0 6
# 7 Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases/Cl u st er ed
. Cl u st er s 7 ;
.

;
.

3 0 6
# # 1

!
, 6 F = 3

!
Def ine 4 3
: " ; + Def ine Cl u st er ed B ar : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
: & & ' ) * " -
O K * 5
25 $ % & & '
90
87
80
73
70
67
Mean SALARY
60
61
57
50
51
40
First
DEG
216
Second
Third
GENDER
Female
Male
-
SP SS 5 1 % . . , 1 ? , 9 4 6 =
# =
B 7 % 1 " ! & )
E XCE L # M % 1 . % . .

, " ! )
< 1 , "
) % 0 <= 1 % .
! & % $ '
% 1 - % < 1 % 1 A !
% 1 ; 4 = % 2

. ! &
B Ro w Dat a % 1 (
% 1 # P 1

Histogram
( 5 13 )
) # ) p ie
Line
B ar 1 % . .
G C " 3 G r o u p ed Dat a 1
1 % 1 (
) # ) +
? 4
#
C % 1 H ! 1 5 1
7 SP SS 5 1 C U ngr o u p ed , ! 1
% 3 A 7 #
, + B
< " F r eq u ency T abl e +
. # ( J 0 #
. J % 0 3 ) . .
5 #
> 0 ) Dat a E d it o r $ $ < 1 # +

t al l " + B ; " .
. (? 1 # ! 0 (1S4) 1 " ? 1 #

H ist o gr am

!
217
, 6 G r ap h
: %
. ? 1 + B
H ist o gr am
. $ 5
: " D 1
+
: 5 6 (
* $
O K *
26 $ % & & '
10
Std. Dev = 17.17

Mean = 68.2
N = 56.00
30.0
35.0
TALL
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
Cl asses 7 8 2 " . 1 ; < ) * M id p o int s 7 8 2 " $ 9 :

: 7 & ' > . ? @ @ 2 . 1 0 , . I nt er v al Wid t h 8 2 " & = 7 8 2
* = * <
. Ch ar t E d it o r # # ) "
H ist o gr am & & '

: / - !
<
*
) *
218

!
, 6 F 3
Def ine 4 4 0 I nt er v al s Cu st o m 4
: " D 1
2 1
30 @
) 2 # 2 " )
I nt er v al
+ Def ine Cu st o m I nt er v al s
wid t h
10 1 0 #
.
: 2 = ) ; + 7 +
% 0 3 E D " 3
100 @
)
Range
70
No. of Classes =
=
=7
Class (Interval) Width 10
Label s 4 I nt er v al axis

!
: " D 1

C " 3 % 0 (
3 ; G
C N
" co nt inu e 4
+ Label s

!
, 6
!
: % " ) 1 2 7
T yp e M id p o int <- 1 Range
.1
. Decimal P l aces % 0 "

" )
" 0 ! 1 $ ) ; 3
.2
. % 0 4 <- 1
. , 1 % 0
K 1 $ - Diago nal O r ient at io n
. . (
) O K
4 I nt er v al axis

!
.3
C N
" Co nt inu e 4
27 2 . .
219
:
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Std. Dev = 17.17

Mean = 68
N = 56.00
90
80
-1
-9
00
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
TALL
70
60
50
40
30
> .& ) (
No r mal Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ . .
3
H ist o gr am

!
Ch ar t
O p t io ns
Disp l ay No r mal Cu r v e $ E K
Disp l ay cu r v e
. # ) 1
! ; 3
B ox P l ot
( 6 13)
? ) M ed ian .
#
% $ 3
? 4
H !
. . # )
. ( . . %
#
# ! 0 4 1 6 1
Dat a E d it o r $ $ C % " % 3
@ #

x
30
20
31
35
10 0
8 0
79
55
50
60
9 5
4 5
39
y
4 7
66
77
9 0
55
62
8 0
9 9
4 3
8 7
9 2
70
4 0
cat
a
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
z
20
60
50
8 0
10 0
70
8 9
35
65
4 0
55
69
4 0
g
a
b
a
b
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
b
a
: "
SP SS 5 1
gend er
f
f
m
m
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
m
m
. x " B o x P l o t s . . ; " .
.1
. y
x " B o x p l o t . .
.2
. g (b
a) z 0 B o x P l o t . .
.4
. cat b
a 0 ; y
x " B o x P l o t . .
220
: 6 #
.3
0 # < " 3 g ( b
a ) z 0 B o x P l o t . .
. f 7 O M
m
" A
1 @
.
:
.5
: " ? 1 #
;
" . 0 .1
B o xp l o t / - ! G r ap h s B o x p l o t
. $
- 7 ) Simp l e ? su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es 6 Def ine Simp l e bo xp l o t :

!
. ( x " %

) Cl u st er ed
, 6 F = 3

!
: " D 1
Def ine 4 3
+ Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
Label Cases by 2 # A B o xes Rep r esent # A
3 (. .
) , 6 ) 9 $
. " Label
3 1 G 3
. ,
) 9 $
. , @
? 2 # ) # A
: . . C "3 # ! O K
221
4 3
28 $ % & & '

120
80
M a x . = 1 0 0
Q 3 = 7 9
IQR=Q3-Q1 =4 4
100
60
40
M e d ia n = 5 0
20
Q 1 = 3 5
M in . = 2 0
0
N=
D 1
+ B o xp l o t

!
13
, 6 G r ap h s
: " ? 1 ;
" . 0 .2
B o x p l o t
. $
: "
Def ine Simp l e B o x p l o t : Su mmar ies o f

!
, 6 Def ine 4 3
: D 1
: . . (
222
+ Sep ar at e Var iabl es

)O K
4 3
29 2 . .
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N=
13
13
, ' $ 8 ,

,
G r ap h s
Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es

!
: " D 1
: 7 & ' > . : 1 & @ 2 .3
, 6

!
D
B o x P l o t

!
Def ined
, 6 B o xp l o t
4 3
Cl u st er ed ?
+ Def ine Cl u st er ed B o x P l o t : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es

Cat ego r y Axis
# 2 @ ; B o x Rep r esent 6 -
.
C " 3 D # +
: . . (
)O K
4 3
30 $ % & & '
120
100
80
60
40
20
N=
6
a
223
CAT
7
b

!
D
B o x P l o t

!
Def ined
: %
. ? 1 ? 1 ;
" . 0
, 6 G r ap h s B o xp l o t
.4

4 3
Simp l e ? Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
Def ine Simp l e B o x P l o t : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f

!
, 6

: " D 1
: . . (
)O K
+ Cases
4 3
31 $ % & & '
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N=

!
D
B o x P l o t

!
Def ined
: %
. ? 1 > ;
" . 0 .5
, 6 G r ap h s
B o xp l o t

4 3
Cl u st er ed ? Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
Def ine Cl u st er ed B o x P l o t : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f

!
, 6

: D 1 +
224
: & & ' (
O K *
32 $ % & & '
120
100
80
60
40
GENDER
20
N=
3
a
S c atte rp l ot
( 7 13)
9 . 3
1
1 2 = ) # % . . N
# )
. $ - # $ N
) 1 @
SP SS 5 1 Dat a E d it o r 2
% "
%
225
: 7 #
3 @ #

: "
79
74
10 4
8 7
9 5
10 9
10 2
72
9 3
115
8 3
113
10 9
x1
26
29
56
31
52
55
71
31
54
4 7
4 0
66
68
x2
6
15
8
8
6
9
17
22
18
4
23
9
8
: $ -
x3 mar k er
60
a
52
a
20
a
4 7
a
33
a
22
a
6
b
4 4
b
22
b
26
b
34
b
12
b
12
b
# $ ) 1 N
l abel
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
c7
c8
c9
c10
c11
c12
c13

3 0 L @
" #

Simp l e . 1 $ - # $
D +
)

# $ "
# . 1 2 = ) # )
.1
1 2 = ) " . 1 $ - # $ 3 J C " 3 ) # $ . # % A
: Scat t er p l o t

!
: %
. ? 1
, 6 G r ap h s Scat t er
. $
x1
y
Simp l e / - ! Def ine $ A . Simp l e ' A * / -

: 9 . 5 @ scat t er p l o t
: 7
. $ - # $
# + F @ : Y Axis
. $ - # $
# + F @ : X Axis
226
, 1 ! M ar k er = ) 1 # #

D F @ : Set M ar k er by
. $ - # $
D 7 $ - # $ . Label s
) D 2 # ) F @ : Label Cases by
. , 0 A

) , 6 A & 1
3 & 1 + O p t io nal l abel Cases by

Set M ar k er s by < " 3
: . . (
. , + # A
)O K
4 3
33 2 . .
120
110
100
90
MARKER
80
b
70
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X1
Label 2 " ) G C " 3 . . , 6 % -

3 6 -
: " ? 1
) , 6 &
J % - "
)

!
227
. Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ C . . #
>
4 1 . .
, 6 Ch ar t
O p t io ns
. $ Ch ar t E d it o r $ $
: " D 1
+ O p t io ns
: % = +

Case Label s% -
3 (
3 6 Case Label s 7
. % -
3 4 & : o f f
Ch ar t $ $
, 1 R

) (
. % -
3 (
. H )
% - / 4
3 (
) :o n
) : As is
) . . . + 3

I < , 1 $ >
# $
L 1 ! E d it o r
. ( 9
# 3 / , & ) .

. o n % -
3 (
3 ; G
1
: ; % -
3 ! 1 So u r ce o f Label s

) ) # #

) #

# ) : I D Var iabl e
. Simp l e Scat t er p l o t

!
F " 2
Label

. % -
)

3
) 2 # ) : Case Nu mber
: " % -
3
) F = 3

!
O K
4 3
34 2 . .
120
c10
c12
c6
110
c13
c3
c7
100
c5
90
c9
c4
c11
c1
80
MARKER
c2
c8
70
a
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X1
Simp l e

!

!
O p t io ns 4 1 9 $ 1 % -
3 (
3 : 1 6 =
Disp l ay Ch ar t Wit h Case Label s $ E Scat t er p l o t
. O p t io ns
) Sh o w Su bgr o u p s Scat t er p l o t : O p t io ns

!
a 3
# ) 3 0 ? (
228
: 2 6 =
3 < $ ' ( Disp l ay O p t io ns
(
1 ? 1
b
? 1 ) F = 3 . . , # 0 "
. . . 9
= ) 1 3
(
% = ) 1 ( b
3 $ E 3 3
( a
35 2 . .
120
c10
c12
c6
110
c13
c3
100
c5
90
c7
c9
c4
c11
c1
80
c2
70
20
MARKER
c8
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total Population
X1
= B + B X C
- . @ & : 3 6 =

Y 1 3 1 Y
0
1 1
( E(Y0 ) = B 0 + B1X 0 ) Y .
% 9 5 9 ? #
X1
)

!
: %
. ? 1 1 . . "
, 6 Ch ar t O p t io ns (Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ )
. $
: " D 1
+ Scat t er p l o t O p t io ns
# $ . #
. @ A ) + F it Line T o t al $ E 1 2 6 -
. M ar k er . b
a 4 3
1 3 - 1 E + $ -
229
D 1
+ F it Line

!
, 6 1

!
F it O p t io ns 3
: "
1 ) J ) 1 ) . Linear
9 ; G
Regr essio n 6 -
1
( - C
4
M ! % ) 1 .
I nd iv id u al 3 ) Regr essio n P r ed ict io n Line M ean .

" % 9 5
. ( Y0 = B 0 + B1X 0 + e0 " " 9 5 1 ( )

: (Case Label s 4 A ) 1 ) . . ( ) O K 4 co nt inu e 4 3
5
36 2 . .
120
+ 2 ) * <
& % 95
110
100
90
+ 2 ) <
& % 95
80
70
20
30
40
50
60
70
MARKER
Total Population
80
Rsq = 0.6648
X1
Scat t er p l o t : O p t io ns

!
F it Line Su bgr o u p s $ E : 6 =
; F
( M ar k er # . ) . (
) 5 1 E
. < $ ' Disp l ay O p t io ns Sh o w Su bgr o u p s

230
O v er l ay $ # $
Y " $ # $ # # 2 C " 3 %
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R
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b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
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180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
20
30
40
50
60
70
F r e q u e n c ie s
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25 1
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Statistics
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0
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1
1
0
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1
0
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Anal yze M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Def ine Dat a E d it o r $ $

. $
: " D 1
25 3

set s
+ Def ine M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Set s

! , 6
: F = 3 , 6

!
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Var iabl es in set C , "

Set d ef init io n %
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4

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: D 1
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!
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M u ltip le R e s p o n s e
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C $ p ap er 1 - 3
# 1 2 7 M u l t ip l e Resp o nse F r eq u encies

: . 1 + #
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, 0 <- 1 , 6
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Multiple R esponse C rossta b s

( 2 16 )
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% " ? . #

L ;
"
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, 6 Anal yze M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Cr o sst abs

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Total Variance Explained

L o ad ing s %  ) 1 $  @      C o m po ne nts M atr ix

 3       L I TE RA C Y   " )      D  "  0.941

Component Score Coefficient Matrix

REGR factor score 2 for analysis

REGR factor score 1 for analysis

fac _ 1, fac _ 2 = fac _ 1 * fac _ 2 = 0 0 !

Factor Analysis Methods   

:  "     "  )  #  "    B 

,   .  1  )      6 3    &    . 1  "  )  #  "    /    #

I n d e pe n d e n t ) %          1 C  " 3 ( D e pe n d e n t V ar iabl e )         D  " 3 # ! 

Total Variance Explained

%      %     1   #     #       ! "      "   )    0  1   "    +  % 5

 " )  ?     ) C " 3  ,    1   -     !  A  )  - %   1       " ) =  %   1   -  

f r e q u e n cie s %    0 "    $        1   " C h i-Sq u ar e  1    # )   

%            E  .  )   @  >    C " 3 ;     Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cie s  , ? 2

:  "    C . )   1   -    " )    C h i-Sq u ar e    !   E  K   3

1979              

#   P1 <=  ) ;   F   3 H"    5      C " 3 R

       .  "  "      2   <- 1 %    #

1-C D F .C HI SQ (6.356, 3) =.096

:  "    D 1   +   ( 1    #   " D  0 ) C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t 

Two Independent Samples tests    

A n al y z e No n Par ame t r ic Te s t s 2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s      

Te s t V ar iabl e L is t     (    )  %    $ #   +   ) Time      "     6       3

(    .   1   -  ) 2*C D F NOR M (-2.222)=0.0263

K- Related Samples Tests

No n par ame t r ic Te s t s K-R e l at e d s ampl e s

;     ;       )   1   #  "   /    <  = F r ie d man  1    1  )  7  

Bar Charts 

. F o o tn o te , s u btitl e,d Titl e ..  

. M   %..  3 3 <9 $ 1 ,   1 .    ) %0 ! 

Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

:  "   S PS S C har t E dito r

C har t E dito r  $ $   +   %=  )        )  "   K    0     : 9 3 

Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

. (9 3   <- 1 .. 

Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

:  "   %  3&      %

C har t E dito r  $ $   .. " (J40 50 60)     

3:Dis p l ay A xis Lin e

. (I n n er F r am e   C har t  1  "    .&  4 A

.       %    :Maj o r div is io n s

Maio r I n cr em en t Min o r I n cr em en t  <" 3       1    :I n cr em en t

. (J40 50 60) %     

: 4  2  ..  C " 3    % ) 0  /      A

% = 3  , 6 A ? 10 <- 1 5  Min o r I n cr em en t 

: O K 4   ) 1  "   , 6   ..  

. 70. 0J 60. 0J 50. 0J 40. 0:  "   

. D70 J D6 0 J D50 J D40 :  "   

(  ) 1      =     E    4 A ) 1 ) 4  2  .. " S cal e A xis 

for Period 1990-1994

Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

) : Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis

  Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis  $ E  1 K    

:  "   Der iv ed A xis 

, 6   Der iv ed A xis 4    S cal e A xis

for Period 1990-1994

Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

:  "   Der iv ed A xis 

  Defin itio n  2 ;  1 .. "   $  

L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ @ C o m po ne nts M atr ix

3 L I TE RA C Y " ) D " 0.941

fac _ 1, fac _ 2 = fac _ 1 * fac _ 2 = 0 0 !

Factor Analysis Methods

: " " ) # " B

, . 1 ) 6 3 & . 1 " ) # " / #

I n d e pe n d e n t ) % 1 C " 3 ( D e pe n d e n t V ar iabl e ) D " 3 # !

% % 1 # # ! " " ) 0 1 " + % 5

" ) ? ) C " 3 , 1 - ! A ) - % 1 " ) = % 1 -

f r e q u e n cie s % 0 " $ 1 " C h i-Sq u ar e 1 # )

% E . ) @ > C " 3 ; Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cie s , ? 2

: " C . ) 1 - " ) C h i-Sq u ar e ! E K 3

1979

# P1 <= ) ; F 3 H" 5 C " 3 R

. " " 2 <- 1 % #

: " D 1 + ( 1 # " D 0 ) C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

Two Independent Samples tests

A n al y z e No n Par ame t r ic Te s t s 2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s

Te s t V ar iabl e L is t ( ) % $ # + ) Time " 6 3

( . 1 - ) 2*C D F NOR M (-2.222)=0.0263

; ; ) 1 # " / < = F r ie d man 1 1 ) 7

Bar Charts

. F o o tn o te , s u btitl e,d Titl e ..

. M %.. 3 3 <9 $ 1 , 1 . ) %0 !

: " S PS S C har t E dito r

C har t E dito r $ $ + %= ) ) " K 0 : 9 3

. (9 3 <- 1 ..

: " % 3& %

C har t E dito r $ $ .. " (J40 50 60)

3:Dis p l ay A xis Lin e

. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .& 4 A

. % :Maj o r div is io n s

Maio r I n cr em en t Min o r I n cr em en t <" 3 1 :I n cr em en t

. (J40 50 60) %

: 4 2 .. C " 3 % ) 0 / A

% = 3 , 6 A ? 10 <- 1 5 Min o r I n cr em en t

: O K 4 ) 1 " , 6 ..

. 70. 0J 60. 0J 50. 0J 40. 0: "

. D70 J D6 0 J D50 J D40 : "

( ) 1 = E 4 A ) 1 ) 4 2 .. " S cal e A xis

) : Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis

Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis $ E 1 K

: " Der iv ed A xis

, 6 Der iv ed A xis 4 S cal e A xis

: " Der iv ed A xis

Defin itio n 2 ; 1 .. " $

: ( <= 1 2 .. " )

. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .&

S tagger ed J Diago n al J V er tical J H o r iz o n tal : %

: " , 6 D E 1 2 ..

.. " " .& 1

Dis p l ay C har t Legen d $ E C har t E dito r

. $ C har t B ar S p acin g 1 C l u s ter 2 ) 1 K

.. C " 3 0 " % " 3 0

" " C " 3

C har t $ $ F il e S av e C har t Tem p l ate 1 ; 2 ! 1 4 .. 4

: " V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

: x " .. C " 3 # !

: " Lin e C .. #

: " I n ter p o l atio n

, 6 ( C har t E dito r $ $ ..

: # $ .. C %= ) H @ A l l

. $ E %= ) C har t E dito r $ $

: " Pie C .. #

, 6 ( C har t E dito r .. E ) 1 ) C har t

: " D 1 + Pie O p tio n s

) Label s Per cen ts $ 6 -

: " ; + Label F o r m at

) : C o n n ectin g Lin e fo r O u ts ide Label s

.. " $ ) ; 3

17 $ % & & '

. C l u s ter ed B ar s 3. ( .$ - ) 9 3 .. 3

. S tack ed B ar s 9 3 .. 3

, 6 Defin e 4 V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es / C l u s ter ed

19 $ % & & '

.. K 0 .. 1998 4 A ;G K C @ & 1 (C " 3 )

( < 1 ) (C " 3 )Dis p l ay E xp o r ts " "

C O m it E xp o r ts " " N &

: & & ' (

B ar + * " # ) * I m p o r ts Lin e & ' " # ) * E xp o r ts (