K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011

CNG NGH SINH HC NANO, TRIN VNG V NG DNG

Nguyn Tin Thng
Vin Sinh hc nhit i

TM TT Cng ngh sinh hc nano l s giao thoa ca cng ngh nano v sinh hc, v l s kt hp ca nhiu lnh vc nghin cu cng ngh cao. Ni mt cch khc, cng ngh sinh hc nano l cng ngh sinh hc mc siu nh (mc nm) lin quan n phng php s dng vt liu v thit b cng ngh nano nghin cu h sinh hc. ng dng ca cng ngh sinh hc nano gia tng rt nhanh, c bit trong lnh vc y hc. Mt s thit b cng ngh sinh hc nano c ch to ti Vit Nam. KHI NIM V CNG NGH SINH HC NANO Cng ngh sinh hc nano (CNSH nano) l phm tr khoa hc mi xut hin gn y da trn c s kt hp ca cng ngh nano v sinh hc. Mt mt CNSH nano nghin cu s dng b my sinh hc han thin hoc sng to cng ngh nano mi. Mt khc n nghin cu s dng cng c cng ngh nano nghin cu h sinh hc [8][9]. Ni mt cch vn v hn, CNSH nano l mt s thu nh qu trnh v thit b CNSH v mc nano. Th d cng ngh DNA nano hay b my hat ng ca t bo c th coi l CNSH nano, v c hai u da vo hat ng ca cc phn t sinh hc mc nano. Mt khc, ht nano s dng lm phng tin vn chuyn thuc cha bnh hng ch hoc lm cm bin sinh hc cng l th d CNSH nano, v trong trng hp ny, cng c ca cng ngh nano c s dng cho mc ch sinh hc [10][11]. Hiu bit v ha sinh hc l c s khoa hc ca CNSH nano. V CNSH nano nghin cu cc qu trnh bin i sinh hc mc t bo v m lin quan n: Bin i hnh dng, bm dnh...; S kch thch c-in, cha in, cha nng lng, pin sinh hc...; S hp ph, pht hynh quang, hin tng quang-ha; gi nhit, iu bin nhit...; Cch thc t bo tng tc vi vt liu nano, cc phn t khuyt tt, h c-sinh hc; Bnh di truyn, ung th, khuyt tt m hoc tng, cng nh xy dng h my tnh DNA. 280

K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011 Cc hng nghin cu v ng dng ca Cng ngh Sinh hc Nano Trc ht l cc ng dng trong lnh vc y hc. l cc ht nanospheres c bc bi polymer pht quang c kh nng nhn bit c hiu cc phn t sinh hc khc nhau, c s dng trong phn tch trao i cht Th d s dng trong c th ngi pht hin cc cht trao i lin quan n ung th hay bnh nan y no khc. S dng vi khun nano (nanobacteria) cha bnh vi kch thc khang 25-200 nm do NanoBiotech Pharma ch to. Cng ngh DNA nano s dng tnh cht g si v lai bt cp tng h ca DNA trong thit k DNA array s dng trong nghin cu biu hin gen v protein (genomics v proteomics). CNSH nano nghin cu ch to cng c phn t sinh hc, CNSH nano trong sinh tin hc gip xc nh trnh t gen, tm kim v sng lc nhanh dc phm. S dng mng nano sinh hc t phn hy trong bo qun thc phm, trong k thut siu lc... CNSH nano ch yu s dng cc cng c nghin cu nh knh hin vi in t qut, m xuyn, knh hin vi nguyn t, thit b nhiu x tia X, k thut DNA ti t hp, k thut siu my tnh.Tng doanh thu ca th trng sn phm CNSH nano vo nm 2010 khang 19,3 t USD, gia tng hng nm khang 9% v d kin s t khang 29,7 t USD vo nm 2015.

Hnh 1. Cc hng ng dng ca cng ngh sinh hc nano

Mt s dng cu trc nano ph bin s dng trong cng ngh sinh hc nano Fullerene (Bucky balls) hay C-Sixty c ng knh l khang 1 nm, cu to t 60 nguyn t C, thng gn khng th. Dendrimer, mt dng polymer nhnh s dng lm phng tin 281

K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011 vn chuyn vt liu di truyn, thuc cha bnh vo t bo hoc khi u ch, khng gy phn ng min dch nh cu trc nh v c nhnh. Nanoshell (s nano) c nhn l ht silic c bc mng vng gn thuc, c kh nng hp thu nh sng hng ngai. Khi ht tip cn t bo hoc khi u ch, ngi ta dng hng ngai kch thch gii phng thuc. C 3 lai vector s dng trong dn chuyn thuc hng ch. l liposome (phospholipid), nanocapsule ( dng dch du bao bi polymer) v nanosphere (polymer c th phn hy). Chip sinh hc (DNA chip, protein chip, t bo chip, lab chip, chip cy ghp...) l nhm sn phm CNSH nano hat ng trn nguyn tc l chuyn i phn ng ha-sinh thnh tn hiu o c (thng l tn hin in t). Chip sinh hc cu to gm 2 phn: Phn th th sinh hc (bioreceptor) v phn chuyn i (transducer). Trong phn ng gia mu d v ch trn b mt chip (Th d lai bt cp DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, khng nguyn-khng th, th th-hormone) s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu o c. in hnh l DNA chip (DNA array, chip gen) c dng pht hin v nh gi hat ng ca gen. N c xem l cng c hu hiu trong nghin cu tm kim dc phm, pht hin nhanh thay i mc phn t nh my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng. Th d, pht hin vi sinh vt gy bnh than, ngi ta a protein c trong mu mu bnh nhn ln b mt protein chip cha cc bn sao khng th nhn bit c hiu khng nguyn ca vi khun gy bnh than. Tip theo b sung khng th nh du hynh quang gn ln khng nguyn gn vi khng th trn mt protein chip s nhn c kt qu.

Hnh 2. T l u t trong nghin cu CNSH nano

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K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011 u t cho nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh sinh hc nano M t 1999, hn 50% u t cho cng ngh nano c s dng cho cng ngh sinh hc nano. Trong u t ln nht cho lnh vc tm kim dc phm (54%) v chn an bnh (37%). Tip theo l u t sn xut thit b v vt liu cng ngh sinh hc nano v phn mm iu khin. Hin vn x hi ca CNSH nano lin quan n phm tr o c, nh hng tim nng ca CNSH nano i vi con ngi v x hi, nh hng ca vt liu nano ln sc khe con ngi... cng bt u c ch . Ngun lc cho nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh nano Ly th d ch ring nc M, hin c khang 40.000 chuyn gia lm vic lin quan n cng ngh nano. p ng nhn lc cho nghnh cng ngh tr gi khang 1 nghn t USD vo nm 2015 nc M cn t nht 800.000 chuyn gia cng ngh nano. V vy vic xy dng cc c s o to v cng ngh nano ni chung v cng ngh sinh hc nano ni ring l vic cn lm ngay. Vit Nam t 1998 bt u u t cho lnh vc nghin cu cng ngh nano, tuy cn mc kh khim tn KT QU BC U NGHIN CU V NG DNG CNG NGH SINH HC NANO VIT NAM Hin cc nghin cu v ng dng trin khai cng ngh nano ni chung v CNSH nano ni ring ang c thc hin mt s n v nghin cu v trin khai, ch yu tp trung ti TP HCM v H Ni. in hnh l Phng th nghim cng ngh nano H quc gia TP HCM, Trung tm nghin cu trin khai k thut cao, Khu cng ngh cao TP HCM, Vin Vt liu, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, H KHTN H Ni v TP HCM, H bch khoa H Ni v TP HCM... Bc u nghin cu ch to c mt s sn phm cng ngh sinh hc nano kh c o. Xc nh trc tip glucose trong mu bnh nhn i tho ng s dng enzyme c nh trn si nano (Duy Phu Tran 1, Tung Thanh Xuan Pham 1, Chien Thanh Nguyen1 , Binh Van Pham 1,
Tuyen Thanh Le Thi 1, Khue Thy Nguyen 3, Hien Le Thi 4, Thang Tien Nguyen 4, Chien Mau Dang 1, Hien Duy Tong 1,2).

ch to thit b xc nh trc tip glucose trong mu bnh nhn i

tho ng da vo hat ng ca enzyme glucose oxidase c nh trn mt si nano Pt cho php

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K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011 xc nh c nng glucose trong mu bin thin trong khang t 125 M ti 16,5 mM vi sai
s 3% [1].

Hnh 3. Si nano Pt c rng khang 40 nm

Hnh 4. Qu trnh x l b mt si nano Pt, gn glucose oxidase v biosensor

Nhm inh Duy Hi (Phng th nghim cng ngh nano) nghin cu ch to mng lin kt 3glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTS) trn microarray s dng cho cm bin sinh hc [2].

Hnh 5. Mng lin kt GPTS v nh

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K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011 Trung tm nghin cu v o to thit k vi mch HQG TPHCM hp tc vi Trung tm nghin cu trin khai Khu cng ngh cao TP HCM c s u t ca S KHCN TP HCM ch to thnh cng chip sinh hc gi l vi cn tinh th thch anh QCM (Quatzt Crystal Microbalance) c kh nng o phn b khi lng rt nh (ng) da vo thay i tn s ca b dao ng cng hng thch anh. Biochip ny cho php pht hin nhanh phy khun t. Nano Biopharmaceutical, mt trong nhng cng ty hng u nghin cu v pht trin sn phm sinh-dc t DNA ti t hp n cng ngh protein khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh Dng cng t tr s ti Khu cng ngh cao TP HCM trong khu vc din tch 15.000 m2 t tiu chun WHO GMP (5/2011).

Hnh 6. Vi cn tinh th thch anh v bio chip pht hin phy khun t

Nhm nghin cu ca Nguyn Cng Ho v cs (Vin Cng ngh ha ti TP HCM, Vin KH v Cng ngh Vit Nam) to b-cyclodextrin-alginate lm vt liu vn chuyn thuc cha bnh [3]. Nguyn Anh Dng v cs (Trung tm CNSH, i hc Ty nguyn) ang thc hin nghin cu ch to ht nano-chitosan lm cht mang kch thch p ng min dch cho vaccine cm A H5N1. Nhm tc gi s dng 3 phng php to ht nano-chitosan l: to gel ionic trong TPP (tripolyphsphate), to huyn ph trong NaOH-methanol v khu mch to lin kt trong glutaraldehyde. Sau s dng phng php c nh bng cch hp ph v nht khng nguyn trn b mt ht nano-chitosan [4]. Bi Huy Du v Nguyn Quc Hin v nghin cu ch to keo bc nano bng bc x gamma-Co60 c hiu lc dit nm bnh o n (Piricularia oryzae Cavara) v bnh lem lt ht (Pseudomonas glumae Kurita et Tabei [5]). Nhm nghin cu Phng nh Tm (i hc bch khoa H Ni) c nh th t DNA trn cm bin xc nh virus herpes [6]. Nguyn Th Phng Phong (i hc Lc Hng) Nghin cu ch to dung dch Cu nano bng phng php kh i vi oxalate Cu, CuCl2, CuSO4 bng cc cht kh ethylene glycole, diethylene glycole, glycerin kt hp h tr ca vi sng v s dng dung dch Cu nano lm nguyn liu ch to thuc 285

K yu hi ngh Khoa hc Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc nm 2011 bo v thc vt khng v dit bnh nm hng Corticium salmonicolor, bnh phn trng Oidium Heveae trn cao su [7]. TI LIU THAM KHO Bi Huy Du, Nghin cu ch to keo bc nano bng bc x gamma-Co-60 c hiu lc dit nm bnh o n (Piricularia oryzae Cavara) v bnh lem lt ht (Pseudomonas glumae Kurita et Tabei . Tm tt lun n tin s, H Ni, 2009 inh Duy Hi, Nghin cu ch to mng lin kt 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTS) trn microarray s dng cho cm bin sinh hc. Bo co nghim thu ti Phng th nghim cng ngh nano, 12/2010.
Duy Phu Tran et al. Xc nh trc tip glucose trong mu bnh nhn i tho ng s dng enzyme c

nh trn si nano ( c chp nhn ng). Ehud Gazit, Plenty of room for biology at the bottom: An introduction to bionanotechnology. Imperial College Press, 2007, ISBN 9781860946776 Koehne J et al. Nanotechnology, 2003, 14, 1239-1245. Nguyn Anh Dng, Nghin cu ch to ht nano-chitosan lm cht mang kch thch p ng min dch cho vaccine cm A H5N1, Bo co ti TP HCM, 2008 Nguyn Cng Ho v cs A new nanoparticle from b-cyclodextrin-alginate as a drug delivery of ketoprofen, J. Sci. and Tech., 2010, Vol. 48 (4A) 702-705. Nguyn Th Phng Phong, Nghin cu ch to dung dch Cu nano lm nguyn liu ch to thuc bo v thc vt khng v dit bnh nm hng Corticium salmonicolor, bnh phn trng Oidium Heveae trn cao su , Bo co ti tnh ng Nai, 2011. Nolting B, Biophysical Nanotechnology. In: Methods in Modern Biophysics, Springer, 2005, ISBN 3-540-27703-X Phng nh Tm v cs C nh th t DNA trn cm bin xc nh virus herpes, Proceedings IWNA, Vung Tau, Vietnam, 2007. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Bionanotechnology

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