PHN TCH VN IU KHIN V AN TON

H THNG IN
ANALYSIS OF CONTROL AND SAFETY OF POWER SYSTEM


L KIM HNG ON NGC MINH T
Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng


TM TT
Bi bo ny kho st qu trnh iu chnh cc thng s ca h thng nh tn s v cng sut
khi xy ra mt s c trong h thng m bo cho h thng vn hnh mt cch an ton, tin
cy v kinh t.
ABSTRACTS
This paper studies the parameters adaptation process of a power system, such as frequency
and power when the system malfunctions to ensure safe, reliable and economical operations.

1. M U
H thng in l mt h thng cng nghip phc tp, c qu trnh din bin nhanh v c
vai tr kinh t cc k to ln. V vy, iu khin v vn hnh an ton h thng in l mt vn
quan trng t ra i vi cc h thng in hin nay. N cho php h thng in lm vic
tin cy v cung cp cng sut mt cch ti u. H thng in c c im l nhiu nhnh, nt
nn vic kho st qu trnh phn b cng sut trn cc nhnh, nt ng vai tr quan trng
trong h thng gim st - qun l nng lng, qua c th a ra ch vn hnh hp l
cho h thng.
2. IU KHIN PHT IN
Cc h thng in thng c hp nht thng qua cc ng dy to nn lin vng
hay lin h thng. Vai tr ca cc ng dy ny cho php cc h thng ln cn phi hp vi
nhau bo m s lm vic kinh t trong ch bnh thng v h tr ln nhau trong trng
hp s c. Vic phi hp ny c thc hin bi mi trung tm iu khin vng ng vi mi
h thng in, thng gi l mt vng iu khin. Mi vng nh vy ngoi trch nhim m
bo p ng cho ph ti trong vng (thc t thay i thng xuyn), cn phi c gng duy tr
s trao i cng sut c hoch nh trc vi cc vng ln cn. iu dn n hai
thng s cn phi kim sot bi cc trung tm iu khin l tn s h thng trao i lin vng.
Mt thng s tng hp l sai s iu khin vng (ACE- Area Control Error), biu din phi
hp lch tn s v lch cng sut trao i lin vng so vi gi tr quy nh. Chnh h
thng t ng iu khin pht in (AGC-Automatic Generation Control) ca vng s c
nhim v kh sai s ACE bi mt phng php iu khin ti u i vi cc my pht thuc
vng.
Cc chc nng ca h thng AGC nh sau:
- Nhn bit cc thay i ph ti ring ca vng.
- Duy tr trao i lin vng hoch nh.
- Bo m iu kinh t cc ngun ca vng.
- Phi hp bo m tn s ca h thng hp nht.
B
f
f
f
0

Af
H s phn cc
B
f
.Af
ACE
Tn s chun
Tn s thc
EP
AP
tt

P
0

+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
Hnh 2: S tnh ton ACE
P
P
iu kinh t c th thc hin bi vic cc tiu ho chi ph pht tng thng qua ti
hoch nh cng sut pht ra trong h thng. Nguyn tc ca AGC c p dng cho nhiu
nm v c lin tc ci tin thng qua vic p dng cc cng ngh mi.

2.1. c tnh iu chnh my pht in
c tnh iu chnh ca my iu tc nm trong phm vi khong 5%, ngha l khi tc
thay i 5% th lm thay i 100% cng sut ra ca thit b s cp, chng hn nh tua bin.
Ban u, c tnh iu chnh lm vic trn ng c tnh L
0
v h thng lm vic vi
tn s nh mc e
0
(im lm vic A). Sau khi thay i ph ti lm cho tn s h thng gim
xung e
1
th thit b iu tc s iu chnh tng cng sut t P
M0
ln P
M1
(im lm vic
B). Nh vy, thng qua vic thay i im t ca thit b iu tc th ng c tnh s dch
chuyn t ng L
0
sang L
1
. By gi im t ca thit b iu tc l im C v tn s h
thng tr v e
0
.
dc ca ng c tnh iu
chnh xc nh nh sau:
1 0
M1 M0
R
P P
e e
=

(1)
Nh vy, b iu tc gip n nh
tn s h thng, mt khc h thng AGC
s gi tn hiu iu khin n t my c
iu chnh thay i im t ca thit
b iu tc. Nh vy, hot ng ca AGC
s xc nh t my pht no s c iu
chnh thng qua cc tn hiu iu khin
ny.
2.2. iu khin tn s ng dy lin lc
iu khin tn s l mt trong nhng nhim v ca AGC, n c xc nh thng qua
ACE. Sai s ACE l sai s trong tng cng sut pht ra theo tng cng sut pht yu cu, n
cho bit khi no ton b qu trnh pht in phi tng hoc gim trong khu vc iu khin. S
xc nh ACE nh sau:













C A
B
P M0 P M1 P M ( %)
L 1
L 0
e ( %)
e 0
e 1
5 %
100 %
Hnh 1: ac tnh ieu chnh cua bo ieu toc

Sai s iu khin vng thu c u ra (hnh 2) c xc nh theo biu thc:
0 f 0
ACE (P P ) B (f f ) = (MW) (2)
trong :
- P v P
0
l tng cng sut trao i vng thc t v chun (theo hoch nh).
- f v f
0
l tn s thc t v chun ( tn s nh mc l 50Hz).
- B
f
l h s quy i lch (hay h s phn cc) tn s, th nguyn l MW/Hz.
Biu thc ton hc ca B
f
xc nh nh sau:

f
1
B D
R
= + (3)
trong : R l h s dc ca c tnh iu tc.
D l h s iu chnh ph ti hay h s gim ti. D hiu l phn trm thay i cng sut ti
i vi thay i lch tn s, thng D=12.
- B
f
.Af l lch tn s quy i.
Cn xc nh gi tr ca ACE tnh ton lch trao i vng v lch tn s. Gi
tr ca P v P
0
ly du dng khi tng cng sut trao i l i ra khi vng (bn in). Do B
f

<0, nn ACE s cng m khi cng c P<P
0
(xut thiu) v f<f
0
(tn s thp); hai yu t ny
kt hp vi nhau to ra mt gi tr ACE nht nh v tr s ACE s quy nh tc ng iu
khin cn thit.
3. AN TON H THNG IN
Vn hnh an ton h thng in c thc hin trong 3 chc nng trung tm iu
khin (ECC-Energy Control Center):
1.Kim tra h thng.
2.Phn tch s c.
3.Phn tch hot ng hiu chnh.
Vic kim tra h thng cung cp cho iu vin nhng thng tin c cp nht lin
tc da trn iu kin lm vic ca h thng in. Thc hin o c cc thng s ca h thng
khi mt t my ang cung cp cho mt nhm ti. Gi tr cc thng s ny c truyn n
phng iu khin xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca h thng.
Phng php tnh ton cc h s nhy mng:
li
a l h s chuyn cng sut pht, v c biu din nh sau:
l
li
i
P
a
P
= (4)
trong : l: ch s ng dy.
i: ch s nt my pht.
A
l
P : lch cng sut trn ng dy l khi thay i lng pht AP
i
ti nt i.
AP
i:
lch cng sut pht ti nt i.
Gi thit rng lng AP
i
s c pht b nt h thng cn cc my pht khc khng
thay i. H s a
li
c trng cho tnh nhy ca dng chy trn ng dy l khi thay i cng
sut pht nt i. Xt trng hp khi c mt my pht ngng cp v gi thit rng lng cng
sut ht ny s c b nt h thng, gi s my pht pht ra lng
0
i
P , lc AP
i
b l:

0
i i
P P = A (5)
v dng cng sut mi trn ng dy trong mng c tnh ton nh sau:
0
l l li i

P P a P = + A vi l=1,2,...,L (6)
trong :
l

P l cng sut trn ng dy l khi my pht nt i b s c.

0
l
P l dng cng sut trc s c.
Cng sut
l

P trn mi ng dy c th c so snh vi gi tr gii hn ca n v khi

vt qu gi tr gii hn ny th c th dn n s qu ti trn ng dy l do s c my pht
nt i. T (4) ta thy h s chuyn cng sut l t s ca dng cng sut thay i trn ng
dy vi thay i cng sut pht ti mt nt. Do s thay i cng sut nh hng ng thi
trn cc nt pht c th c tnh ton s dng phng php xp chng. Gi thit rng mi
my pht b t l vi mc pht cc i ca chng. Nh vy, t s b cng sut pht t nt j
(i=j) s l:

=
=
i k
k
max
k
max
j
ji
P
P
(7)
trong :
max
k
P : mc pht cc i ca my pht k.

ji
: h s t l nng cng sut pht ca my pht j khi my pht i b s c.
Sau , kim tra dng cng sut trn ng dy l vi gi thit rng tt c cc my
pht tham gia vo lin h thng b vi lng nh nhau, xc nh nh sau:

0
l l lj ji i
j
j i

P P a P
=
= +

(8)
H s phn b cng sut nhnh h hng c s dng kim tra qu ti khi ng
dy b s c. H s phn b cng sut nhnh h hng c xc nh nh sau:

l
l,k
0
k
P
d
P
A
= (9)
trong : d
l,k
: h s phn phn b cng sut nhnh h hng kim tra ng dy l khi s c
ng dy k.

l
P A l s gia dng cng sut trn ng dy l.
Nu bit dng cng sut trn ng dy l v k trc s c th dng cng sut trn
ng dy l khi ng dy k ct ra, c xc nh nh sau:

0 0
l l l,k k

P P d .P = + (10)
Thng qua h s phn b cng sut nhnh h hng tnh ton th c th kim tra cng
sut trn cc ng dy trong h thng khi qu ti hoc s c mt ng dy no

3.1. Giao din m phng an ton khi xy ra mt c trong h thng in


3.2. S thut ton ca th tc phn tch s c nh sau
i = i+1
S
Thc hien vi
may phat cuoi
Thc hien vi
ng day cuoi
-Pl < Pl < Pl
APi =-Pi
Pl = Pl+ali.APi

S
i =1
Cac ieu kien cua he
thong hien tai
Bat au
Hien th
thong bao
l = l+1
S
^ o
o
max max
Pl = Pl+dlk.Pk
^ o
k = k+1

S
max
Thc hien vi
ng day cuoi
l = l+1
max
-Pl < Pl < Pl
S

Hien th
thong bao
S
o
Ket thuc
Kiem tra
tat ca cac
ng day
qua tai sau
khi s co
may phat
Kiem tra
tat ca cac
ng day
qua tai sau
khi s co
ng day
Pi tai moi nut
may phat
Pl tren cac
ng day
o
o
l =1

k =1
l = 1
l = k
S

Thc hien vi
ng day cuoi

Hnh 3: Thut ton phn tch s c
4. KT LUN
T chng trnh tnh ton m phng tro lu cng sut chy trn ng dy trong
trng hp vn hnh bnh thng, c bit l khi xy ra s c, ta c th bit c s qu ti
trn cc ng dy hay lch p ti cc nt trong h thng qu mc so vi qui nh, t c
th iu chnh cc thng s ca h thng h thng c th vn hnh an ton, m bo tin
cy cao nht.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Allen J.Wood, Bruce f.Woollenberg, Power Generation Operation and Control.
[2] Xun Khi, Tnh ton phn tch h thng in, HBK H Ni.
[3] Trn Bch, Li in v H thng in, Tp II, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2000.