bi tp iu kin

---- ---Mn hc : Kin Trc My Tnh Cu 1 : Trnh by kin trc chung ca my tnh p n : Kin trc my tnh: cp n nhng thuc tnh h thng m lp trnh vin c th quan st c. Ni cch khc, l cc thuc tnh c nh hng trc tip n vic thc thi mt chng trnh, v d nh tp lnh ca my tnh, s bit c s dng biu din d liu, c ch nhp/xut, k thut nh a ch b nh, v.v... Kin trc my tnh bao gm ba phn: Kin trc phn mm, T chc ca my tnh Lp t phn cng.

Kin trc phn mm ca my tnh : Ch yu l kin trc phn mm ca b x l, bao gm: tp lnh, dng cc lnh v cc kiu nh v: Trong , tp lnh l tp hp cc lnh m my (m nh phn) hon chnh c th hiu v c x l bi b x l trung tm, thng thng cc lnh trong tp lnh c trnh by di dng hp ng. Mi lnh cha thng tin yu cu b x l thc hin, bao gm: m tc v, a ch ton hng ngun, a ch ton hng kt qu, lnh k tip (thng thng th thng tin ny n). Kiu nh v ch ra cch thc thm nhp ton hng. Kin trc phn mm l phn m cc lp trnh vin h thng phi nm vng vic lp trnh hiu qu, t sai st. Phn t chc ca my tnh: Lin quan n cu trc b n trong ca b x l, cu trc cc bus, cc cp b nh v cc mt k thut khc ca my tnh. Lp t phn cng ca my tnh: Chnh l vic lp rp mt my tnh dng cc linh kin in t v cc b phn phn cng cn thit. .

Cu 2 : CPU s dng cc bus khi trao i thng tin vi cc thit b nh th no

p n : Bus l ng truyn tn hiu chung ni cc thit b khc nhau ca mt h thng my tnh. Bus thng bao gm 50 n 100 dy c gn cht vi mainboard, trn cc dy ny c cc u ni ra, cc u cm c sp xp v cch nhau nhng khong nht nh c th cm vo c bng mch iu khin hoc vo ra b nh. Ni cch khc bus l ng truyn tn hiu song song, v n bao gm tp hp nhiu dy c gn lin vi nhau.

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C 2 loi bus l bus mt chiu v bus hai chiu, ty vo vic trao i d liu m ngi ta s dng cc loi bus thch hp. V cc b phn c ni vi nhau th h thng bus cn tun theo tiu chun chung. H thng bus c chia lm 2 loi: bus h thng v bus giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi (I/0 bus). + Bus h thng (system bus) l nhng bus chuyn dng lin lc v trao i vi d liu ga cc b phn b n trong ca my tnh nh: CPU, mainboard, Ram, + Bus giao tip thit b ngoi vi(I/O bus) l bus chuyn dng trao i ga CPU ca my vi cc thit b ngoi vi b n ngoi. Cu 3 : Bus h thng bao gm bao nhiu lo i? hy nu chc nng ca tng loi ? p n : H thng bus thng c hai loi: bus h thng ni b x l vi b nh (system bus, Front Side BusFSB) v bus n i ngo i vi (bus vo/ra I/O bus) (hnh 6.1). Bus vo/ra c th c chiu di ln v c kh nng n i kt v i nhiu loi ngoi vi, cc ngoi vi ny c th c lu lng thng tin khc nhau, nh d ng d liu khc nhau. Bus kt ni b x l vi b nh th ngn v thng th rt nhanh. Trong giai on thit k bus kt n i b x l vi b nh, nh thit k bit trc cc linh kin v b phn m ng ta cn kt ni li, cn nh thit k bus vo/ra phi thit k bus tho mn nhiu ngo i vi c mc tr hon v lu lng rt khc nhau (xem hnh 6.1). Processor Local Bus Cache

Main Memory

Local I/O controller

System Bus

Network SCSI

Expansion bus interface Serial Modem Expansion Bus

Hnh 6.1 H thng bus trong mt my tnh Hin nay, trong mt s h thng my tnh, bus ni ngoi vi c phn cp thnh hai h

thng bus con. Trong , bus tc cao (high-speed bus) h tr kt n i cc thit b tc cao nh SCSI, LAN, Graphic, Video,v h thng bus m rng (expansion bus) c thit k kt ni vi cc ngo i vi yu cu tc thp nh: modem, cng ni tip, cng song song,Gia hai h thng bus ni ngoi vi trong t ch c h thng bus
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phn cp l mt giao din m (hnh 6.2).

Main Memory Processor Local Bus Cache /Bridge System Bus

SCSI

P1394

Graphic High Speed Bus

Video

LAN

FAX

Expansion bus interface Modem

Serial

Expansion Bus Hnh 6.2 H thng Bus phn cp Gigabit Ethernet Graphics display Hard disk Ethernet Optical dick Scammer Lacer printer Floop disk Modem Mouse Keyboard 101 104 105 10 6 107 10 8 Data Ram (bps) Hnh 6.3 Biu din tc d liu ca cc ngoi vi 102 103 10 9

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Cu 4 : Trnh by ghp ni P vi ngoi vi ca n ? p n :

I/O BUS
INTA RD

dat a in

dat a out
INTR WR

A0 ...An

Phi hp I/O bus

Gii m a ch - lnh
Thanh ghi dm dc

Thanh ghi dm vit

Thanh ghi iu khin

Thanh ghi trng thi

Phi hp TBN bus

dat a in

dat a out

TBN

Cu 5 : CPU s dng cc bus no khi cn trao i s liu vi mt thit b Vo / Ra no ? p n : B x l dng 2 cch lin lc vi cc b phn vo ra: Cch th nht, thng c dng: l cch dng mt vng a ch ca b nh lm vng a ch c a cc ngoi vi. Khi c hay vit vo vng a ch ny ca b nh l lin h n cc ngoi vi. Cch th hai, dng m lnh ring bit cho vo/ra (tc l c cc lnh vo/ra ring, khng trng vi lnh c hay vit vo nh). Trong trng hp ny, b x l gi m t tn hiu iu khin cho bit a ch ang dng l ca mt ngoi vi. Vi mch Intel 8086 v my IBM 370 l cc v d v b x l dng lnh vo/ra ring bit. D dng cch no nh v vo/ra th m i b phn vo/ra u -4-

c cc thanh ghi cung cp thng tin v trng thi v v iu khin. B phn vo/ra dng bit trng thi sn sng bo cho b x l n sn sng nhn s liu. nh k b x l xem xt bt ny bit b phn vo ra c sn sng hay khng . Phng php ny l phng php thm d (polling). V nhc im ca phng php ny l lm mt thi gian ca b x l v nh k phi thm d tnh sn sng ca cc thit b ngoi vi. iu ny c nhn th y t lu v dn n pht minh ra ngt qung (interrupt) bo cho b x l bit lc c m t b phn vo/ra cn c phc v. Vic dng ngt qung lm cho b x l khng mt thi gian thm d xem cc ngo i vi c yu cu phc v hay khng, nhng b x l phi mt thi gian chuyn d liu. Thng thng vic trao i s liu gia ngoi vi v CPU l theo kh i s liu, nn vi mch thm nhp trc tip b nh trong (DMA: Direct Memory Access) c dng trong nhiu my tnh chuyn mt khi nhiu t m khng c s can thip c a CPU. DMA l mt vi mch chc nng c bit. N chuyn s liu gia ngoi vi v b nh trong, trong lc CPU rnh ri lm cng vic khc. Vy DMA nm ngoi CPU v tc ng nh l m t ch nhn c a bus. B x l khi ng cc thanh ghi ca DMA, cc thanh ghi ny cha a ch nh v s byte cn chuyn. DMA ch ng chuyn s liu v khi chm dt th tr quyn iu khin cho b x l.

Hnh 6.4 S hot ng ca h thng bus c vi mch DMA

Vi mch DMA cng thng minh th cng vic c a CPU cng nh i. Nhiu vi mch c g i l b x l vo/ra (hay b iu khin vo/ra) thc hin cng vic mnh theo mt chng trnh c nh (cha trong ROM), hay theo mt chng trnh m h iu hnh np vo b nh trong. H iu hnh thit lp mt hng ch i gm cc khi iu khin cc b phn vo/ ra. Cc khi cha cc thng tin nh l v tr c a s liu (ngu n v ch) v s s liu. Cc b x l vo/ra ly cc thng tin ny trong hng ch i, thc hin cc vic cn phi lm v gi v CPU tn hiu ngt khi thc hin xong cng vic. Mt my tnh c b x l vo/ra c xem nh mt my tnh a x l v DMA gip cho my tnh thc hin cng lc nhiu qu trnh. Tuy nhin b x l vo/ra khng tng qut bng cc b x l v chng ch lm c mt s vic nht nh. Hn n a b x l vo/ra khng ch bin s liu nh cc b x l thng lm. N ch di chuyn s liu t ni ny sang ni khc.

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Cu 6: Hy trnh by qu trnh kt ni CPU trao i d liu vi mt thit b ngoi vi no ? p n : C 2 cch: - Cch th nht: Thng c dng: l cch dng mt vng a ch ca b nh lm vng a ch ca cc ngoi vi. Khi c hay ghi vo vng a ch ny ca b nh l lin h n cc ngoi vi. - Cch th hai: Dng m lnh ring bit cho Vo/Ra (tc l c cc lnh vo/ra ring, khng trng vi lnh c hay ghi vo nh). Trong trng hp ny, b x l gi mt tn hiu iu khin cho bit a ch ang dng l ca mt ngoi vi. Vi mch Intel 8086 v my IBM370 l cc v d v b x l dng lnh vo/ra ring bit. D dng cch no nh v Vo/Ra th mi b phn Vo/Ra u c cc thanh ghi cung cp thng tin v trng thi v v iu khin. B phn Vo/Ra dng bit trng thi sn sng bo cho b x l n sn sng nhn s liu. nh k b x l xem xt bit ny bit b phn Vo/Ra c sn sng hay khng. Cu 7: Hy trnh by s khi ca mt my tnh c nhn vi thit b ngoi vi ? p n :

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Cu 8: Hy trnh by s khi ca bn mch chnh vi CPU ? p n :

Cu 9: Trnh by s khi Card ghp ni mn hnh ( graphic adapter)? p n :

Bus Interface: ghp ni bus; Signal generator: my pht tn hiu; Attribute information: thng tin thu c tnh; Attribute decoder: b gii m thu c tnh; -7-

Video Ram: Ram Video Character code: m k t Character rom: rom k t Shift register: thanh ghi d ch

Character generator: my pht k t; Synchronization information: thng tin ng b. Phn trung tm l chip iu khin ng hnh CRTC (cathode ray tube controller). CPU thm nhp RAM Video qua mch ghp ni bus ghi thng tin xc nh k t hay hnh v cn hin th. CRTC lin tc pht ra cc a ch Ram video c cc k t trong v truyn chng ti my pht k t (character generator). Trong ch vn bn (text mode), cc k t c xc nh bi m ASCII, trong c c cc thng tin v thuc tnh ca k t, th d k t c hin theo cch nhp nhy hay o mu en trng .ROM k t (character rom) lu tr cc hnh m u im nh ca cc k t tng ng my pht k t bin i cc m k t thnh 1 chui cc bit im nh (pixel bit) v chuyn chng ti thanh ghi dch (shift register). My pht tn hiu s s dng cc bt im nh ny cng vi cc thng tin thu c tnh t Ram video v cc tn hiu ng b t CRTC pht ra cc tn hiu cn thit cho monitor. Trong ch ha (graphics mode), thng tin trong RAM video c s dng trc tip cho vic pht ra cc k t. Lc ny cc thng tin v thuc tnh cng khng cn na. Ch t cc gi tr bit trong thanh ghi dch, my pht tn hiu s pht cc tn hiu v sng v mu cho monitor. Cu 10: B vi x l c v vit s liu ln a qua bn mch iu khin a. Hy trnh by s khi ca bn mch iu khin cc a ? p n : B nh trn bng mch chnh

Thanh ghi

Cache

B nh chnh

B nh trn ngoi b ng mch chnh

a t

CD ROM

CD - RW

DVD - RW

B nh trn ngoi b ng mch chnh Bng t MO WORM

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