Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1

H THNG HO !"N TH#$ %&T '( )* %+ $$ $,NG TH#$

T-NH NH.NH T/ONG 0+! T&P T/1$ NGH!2.
CHNG : DAO NG C
I. DAO NG IU HO
1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + )
2. Vn tc tc th!: " = #As!n(t + )

v
r
$%&n c'ng ch!(% ")! ch!(% ch%*+n ng ("t cng th,o ch!(% dng th "-./ th,o ch!(% 01 th "2.)
3. 4!a tc tc th!: a = #
2
Acos(t + )

a
r
$%&n h)ng "( "5 tr6 c0n 78ng
9. Vt : V;<=: x = .> "
?ax
= A> a
?!n
= .
Vt : 7!@n: x = AA> "
?!n
= .> a
?ax
=
2
A
B. CD thc c $E:
2 2 2
( )
v
A x

+
a = #
2
x
F. < nGng:
2 2

1
H H H
2
t
m A +
V)!
2 2 2 2 2

1 1
H s!n ( ) Hs!n ( )
2 2
mv m A t t + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
H ( ) H s ( )
2 2
t
m x m A cos t co t + +
I. Jao ng !(% hoK cL tMn s gLc $K / tMn s N/ ch% OP ;. ;h ng nGng "K thQ nGng 7!Qn th!@n ")! tMn s
gLc 2/ tMn s 2N/ ch% OP ;R2
S. Tng nGng "K thQ nGng tr%ng 7nh trong th! g!an n;R2 ( nU
V
/ ; $K ch% OP
dao ng) $K:
2 2
H 1
2 9
m A
W. XhoYng th! g!an ngZn nh[t + "t ! t\ "5 tr6 cL $! x
1
Qn x
2
2 1
t

")!
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A

'

"K (
1 2
. /
)
1.. <h!(% dK! ]%^ _o: 2A
11. `%ang ng ! trong 1 ch% OP $%&n $K 9A> trong 1R2 ch% OP $%&n $K 2A
`%ang ng ! trong $R9 ch% OP $K A Oh! "t ! t\ V;<= Qn "5 tr6 7!@n hobc ngcc $_!
12. `%ang ng "t ! cc t\ th! !+1 t
1
Qn t
2
.
dec 5nh:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )
K
s!n( ) s!n( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t


+ +
' '
+ +

("
1
"K "
2
chf cMn xec 5nh d[%)
Ph0n t6ch: t
2
g t
1
= n; + t (n U> . h t 2 ;)
`%ang ng ! cc trong th! g!an n; $K i
1
= 9nA/ trong th! g!an t $K i
2
.
`%ang ng tjng cng $K i = i
1
+ i
2
Lu : + UQ% t = ;R2 th i
2
= 2A
+ ;6nh i
2
78ng cech 5nh "5 tr6 x
1
/ x
2
"K ch!(% ch%*+n ng cka "t tr@n trlc mx
+ ;rong 1t s trng hcE cL th+ g!Y! 7K! toen 78ng cech sn dlng 1! $!@n hD g!oa dao ng !(% hoK "K
ch%*+n ng trpn (% sq n g!Yn hn.
+ ;c tr%ng 7nh cka "t ! t\ th! !+1 t
1
Qn t
2
:
2 1
tb
S
v
t t

")! i $K ]%ang ng t6nh nh tr@n.

A
#A
x1 x2
?2
?1
?r1
?r2
m

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2

13. =K! toen t6nh ]%ang ng $)n nh[t "K nhs nh[t "t ! cc trong OhoYng th! g!an . 2 t 2 ;R2.
Vt cL "n tc $)n nh[t Oh! ]%a V;<=/ nhs nh[t Oh! ]%a "5 tr6 7!@n n@n trong c'ng 1t OhoYng th! g!an
]%ang ng ! cc cKng $)n Oh! "t : cKng gMn V;<= "K cKng nhs Oh! cKng gMn "5 tr6 7!@n.
in dlng 1! $!@n hD g!oa dao ng !(% hoK "K ch%*+n ng trpn (%.
4Lc ]%tt = t.
`%ang ng $)n nh[t Oh! "t ! t\ ?
1
Qn ?
2
! xng ]%a trlc s!n (hnh 1)
ax
2As!n
2
M
S

`%ang ng nhs nh[t Oh! "t ! t\ ?

1
Qn ?
2
! xng ]%a trlc cos (hnh 2)
2 (1 os )
2
Min
S A c


Lu : + ;rong trng hcE t - ;R2
;ech r
2
T
t n t +
trong L
V
> . r
2
T
n N t < <
;rong th! g!an
2
T
n ]%ang ng $%&n $K 2nA
;rong th! g!an tu th ]%ang ng $)n nh[t/ nhs nh[t t6nh nh tr@n.
+ ;c tr%ng 7nh $)n nh[t "K nhs nh[t cka trong OhoYng th! g!an t:
ax
ax
M
tbM
S
v
t

"K
Min
tbMin
S
v
t

")! i
?ax
> i
?!n
t6nh nh tr@n.
13. <ec 7)c $E Ehng trnh dao ng dao ng !(% hoK:
V ;6nh
V ;6nh A
V ;6nh dva "Ko !(% O!Dn M%: $wc t = t
.
(thng t
.
= .)
.
.
Acos( )
s!n( )
x t
v A t

'
+

x% y: + Vt ch%*+n ng th,o ch!(% dng th " - ./ ngcc $_! " 2 .

+ ;r)c Oh! t6nh cMn xec 5nh rz th%c gLc EhMn t th 1[* cka ng trpn $cng g!ec
(thng $[* #{ 2 h {)
19. <ec 7)c g!Y! 7K! toen t6nh th! !+1 "t ! ]%a "5 tr6 a 7!Qt x (hobc "/ a/ H
t
/ H

/ |) $Mn th n
V 4!Y! Ehng trnh $cng g!ec $[* cec ngh!D1 cka t (V)! t - . Eh_1 "! g!e tr5 cka O )
V x!Dt O@ n ngh!D1 M% t!@n (thng n nhs)
V ;h! !+1 th n ch6nh $K g!e tr5 $)n th n
x% y:+ T( ra thng cho g!e tr5 n nhs/ cpn nQ% n $)n th t1 ]%* $%t + s%* ra ngh!D1 th n
+ <L th+ g!Y! 7K! toen 78ng cech sn dlng 1! $!@n hD g!oa dao ng !(% hoK "K c ng trpn (%
1B. <ec 7)c g!Y! 7K! toen t1 s $Mn "t ! ]%a "5 tr6 a 7!Qt x (hobc "/ a/ H
t
/ H

/ |) t\ th! !+1 t
1
Qn t
2
.
V 4!Y! Ehng trnh $cng g!ec cc cec ngh!D1
V ;\ t
1
2 t h t
2
Ph_1 "! g!e tr5 cka (V)! O })
V ;jng s g!e tr5 cka O ch6nh $K s $Mn "t ! ]%a "5 tr6 L.
Lu : + <L th+ g!Y! 7K! toen 78ng cech sn dlng 1! $!@n hD g!oa dao ng !(% hoK "K cRng trpn (%.
+ ;rong 1~! ch% OP (1~! dao ng) "t ]%a 1~! "5 tr6 7!@n 1 $Mn cpn cec "5 tr6 Ohec 2 $Mn.
1F. <ec 7)c g!Y! 7K! toen t1 $! / "n tc dao ng sa% (tr)c) th! !+1 t 1t OhoYng th! g!an t.
=!Qt t_! th! !+1 t "t cL $! x = x
.
.
V ;\ Ehng trnh dao ng !(% hoK: x = Acos(t + ) cho x = x
.
x[* ngh!D1 t + = ")! . ng ")! x ang g!Y1 ("t ch%*+n ng th,o ch!(% 01 " " 2 .)
hobc t + = # ng ")! x ang tGng ("t ch%*+n ng th,o ch!(% dng)
V x! "K "n tc dao ng sa% (tr)c) th! !+1 L t g!0* $K

x Acos( )
As!n( )
t
v t


t +
'
t +

hobc
x Acos( )
As!n( )
t
v t


t
'
t

A
-
A
M M
1 2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-
A
A
P
2 1
P
P
2

2

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 3
1I. Jao ng cL Ehng trnh bc 7!Dt:
V x = a t Acos(t + ) ")! a = const
=!@n $K A/ tMn s gLc $K / Eha 7an M%
x $K to_ / x
.
= Acos(t + ) $K $! .
;o_ "5 tr6 c0n 78ng x = a/ to_ "5 tr6 7!@n x = a t A
Vn tc " = xu = x
.
u/ g!a tc a = "u = x = x
.

CD thc c $E: a = #
2
x
.

>
2 2 2
.
( )
v
A x

+
V x = a t Acos
2
(t + ) (ta h_ 7c)
=!@n AR2> tMn s gLc 2/ Eha 7an M% 2.
II. CON LC L XO
1. ;Mn s gLc:
k
m
> ch% OP:
2
2
m
T
k

> tMn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m

T!(% O!Dn dao ng !(% hoK: =s ]%a 1a set/ $vc cYn "K "t dao ng trong g!)! h_n Kn h!
2. < nGng:
2 2 2
1 1
H
2 2
m A kA
3. V T 7!Qn d_ng cka $p xo thng ng Oh! "t : V;<=:

.
mg
l
k

.
2
l
T
g

V T 7!Qn d_ng cka $p xo Oh! "t : V;<= ")! con $Zc $p xo

n81 tr@n 1bt Ehng ngh!@ng cL gLc ngh!@ng :

.
s!n mg
l
k


.
2
s!n
l
T
g

+ <h!(% dK! $p xo t_! V;<=: l

CB
= l
0
+ l
0
(l
0
$K ch!(% dK! tv
nh!@n)
+ <h!(% dK! cvc t!+% (Oh! "t : "5 tr6 cao nh[t): l
Min
= l
0
+ l
0
A
+ <h!(% dK! cvc _! (Oh! "t : "5 tr6 th[E nh[t): l
Max
= l
0
+ l
0
+ A
l
CB
= !l
Min
+ l
Max
"#$
+ Xh! A -l
0
(%&i 'x (&ng xu)ng):
# ;h! g!an $p xo ntn 1 $Mn $K th! g!an ngZn nh[t + "t !
t\ "5 tr6 x
1
= #l
0
Qn x
2
= #A.
# ;h! g!an $p xo g!an 1 $Mn $K th! g!an ngZn nh[t + "t !
t\ "5 tr6 x
1
= #l
0
Qn x
2
= A/
Lu : ;rong 1t dao ng (1t ch% OP) $p xo ntn 2 $Mn
"K g!an 2 $Mn
9. xvc Oto "( ha* $vc h! Ehlc | = #Ox = #1
2
x
Tbc !+1: V xK $vc g0* dao ng cho "t.
V x%&n h)ng "( V;<=
V =!Qn th!@n !(% hoK c'ng tMn s ")! $!
B. xvc Kn h! $K $vc a "t "( "5 tr6 $p xo Oh&ng 7!Qn d_ng.
<L $)n |
h
= Ox
V
(x
V
$K 7!Qn d_ng cka $p xo)
V V)! con $Zc $p xo n81 ngang th $vc Oto "( "K $vc Kn h! $K 1t (" t_! V;<= $p xo Oh&ng 7!Qn d_ng)
V V)! con $Zc $p xo thng ng hobc bt tr@n 1bt Ehng ngh!@ng
+ T $)n $vc Kn h! cL 7!+% thc:
V |
h
= Ol
0
+ x ")! ch!(% dng h)ng x%ng
V |
h
= Ol
0
# x ")! ch!(% dng h)ng $@n
+ xvc Kn h! cvc _! ($vc Oto): |
?ax
= O(l
0
+ A) = |
X1ax
($wc "t : "5 tr6 th[E nh[t)
+ xvc Kn h! cvc t!+%:
V UQ% A 2 l
0
|
?!n
= O(l
0
# A) = |
X?!n
l
gi
O
x
A
-A
!
l
gi
O
x
A
-A
H"# $ %A & l'
H"# ( %A ) l'
x
A
-
A

l
N!

*
Gi

Hnh v th hin thi gian l

xo nn v gin trong 1 chu k
('x (&ng xu)ng)
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 9
V UQ% A l
0
|
?!n
= . ($wc "t ! ]%a "5 tr6 $p xo Oh&ng 7!Qn d_ng)
xvc * ($vc ntn) Kn h! cvc _!: |
U1ax
= O(A # l
0
) ($wc "t : "5 tr6 cao nh[t)
V. xvc Kn h!/ $vc h! Ehlc:
a. xvc Kn h!:
( )
( ) ( ) neu
0 neu l A
hM
h hm
hm
F k l A
F k l x F k l A l A
F
+

+ >
'

7. xvc h! Ehlc:

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F kA
F kx
F

'

ha*
2

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F m A
F ma
F

'

$vc h! Ehlc $%&n h)ng "Ko

"5 tr6 c0n 78ng.
<hw y: Xh! hD dao ng th,o Ehng n81 ngang th $vc Kn h! "K $vc h! Ehlc $K nh nha%
h hp
F F
.
F. ?t $p xo cL cng O/ ch!(% dK! l cc cZt thKnh cec $p xo cL cng O
1
/ O
2
/ "K ch!(% dK! tng ng
$K l
*
+ l
$
/ th cL: kl = k
*
l
*
= k
$
l
$
= ,
I. 4htE $p xo:
V U! t!QE
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
+ +
c'ng tr,o 1t "t Oh! $cng nh nha% th: ;
2
= ;
1
2
+ ;
2
2
V iong song: O = O
1
+ O
2
+ c'ng tr,o 1t "t Oh! $cng nh nha% th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
+ +
S. 4Zn $p xo O "Ko "t Oh! $cng 1
1
cc ch% OP ;
1
/ "Ko "t Oh! $cng 1
2
cc ;
2
/ "Ko "t Oh! $cng
1
1
+1
2
cc ch% OP ;
3
/ "Ko "t Oh! $cng 1
1
g 1
2
(1
1
- 1
2
) cc ch% OP ;
9
.
;h ta cL:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + "K
2 2 2
9 1 2
T T T
W. To ch% OP 78ng Ehng EheE tr'ng Eh'ng
T+ xec 5nh ch% OP ; cka 1t con $Zc $p xo (con $Zc n) ng! ta so senh ")! ch% OP ;
.
(a 7!Qt) cka 1t
con $Zc Ohec (; ;
.
).
Ca! con $Zc g! $K tr'ng Eh'ng Oh! chwng ng th! ! ]%a 1t "5 tr6 xec 5nh th,o c'ng 1t ch!(%.
;h! g!an g!oa ha! $Mn tr'ng Eh'ng
.
.
TT
T T

UQ% ; - ;
.
= (n+1); = n;
.
.
UQ% ; 2 ;
.
= n; = (n+1);
.
. ")! n UV
III. CON LC N
1. ;Mn s gLc:
g
l
> ch% OP:
2
2
l
T
g

> tMn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l

T!(% O!Dn dao ng !(% hoK: =s ]%a 1a set/ $vc cYn "K
.
22 1 rad ha* i
.
22 l
2. xvc h! Ehlc
2
s!n
s
- mg mg mg m s
l

Lu : + V)! con $Zc n $vc h! Ehlc tf $D th%n ")! Oh! $cng.
+ V)! con $Zc $p xo $vc h! Ehlc Oh&ng Ehl th%c "Ko Oh! $cng.
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
s = i
.
cos(t + ) hobc =
.
cos(t + ) ")! s = l/ i
.
=
.
l
" = su = #i
.
s!n(t + ) = #l
.
s!n(t + )
a = "u = #
2
i
.
cos(t + ) = #
2
l
.
cos(t + ) = #
2
s = #
2
l
x% y: i
.
Lng "a! trp nh A cpn s Lng "a! trp nh x
9. CD thc c $E:
V a = #
2
s = #
2
l V
2 2 2
.
( )
v
S s

+ V
2
2 2
.
v
gl
+
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang B
B. < nGng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. . . .
1 1 1 1
H
2 2 2 2

mg
m S S mgl m l
l
F. ;_! c'ng 1t n! con $Zc n ch!(% dK! l
*
cL ch% OP ;
1
/ con $Zc n ch!(% dK! l
$
cL ch% OP ;
2
/ con $Zc n
ch!(% dK! l
*
+ l
$
cL ch% OP ;
2
/con $Zc n ch!(% dK! l
*
. l
$
(l
*
/l
$
) cL ch% OP ;
9
.
;h ta cL:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + "K
2 2 2
9 1 2
T T T
I. Xh! con $Zc n dao ng ")!
.
7[t OP. < nGng/ "n tc "K $vc cGng cka sc! d0* con $Zc n
H = 1g$(1#cos
.
)> "
2
= 2g$(cos g cos
.
) "K ;
<
= 1g(3cos g 2cos
.
)
Lu : # <ec c&ng thc nK* eE dlng wng cho cY Oh!
.
cL g!e tr5 $)n
# Xh! con $Zc n dao ng !(% hoK (
.
22 1rad) th:
2 2 2 2
. .
1
H= > ( )
2
mgl v gl (01 c2 3 t45n)
2 2
.
(1 1/ B )
C
T mg +
S. <on $Zc n cL ch% OP wng ; : cao h
1
/ nh!Dt t
1
. Xh! a t)! cao h
2
/ nh!Dt t
2
th ta cL:
2
T ( t
T 6

+
V)! = F9..O1 $K 7en O6nh ;re! T0t/ cpn $K hD s n: dK! cka thanh con $Zc.
W. <on $Zc n cL ch% OP wng ; : s0% d
1
/ nh!Dt t
1
. Xh! a t)! s0% d
2
/ nh!Dt t
2
th ta cL:
2 2
T 7 t
T 6

+
x% y: V UQ% ; - . th ng h ch_* ch1 (ng h Q1 g!0* sn dlng con $Zc n)
V UQ% ; 2 . th ng h ch_* nhanh
V UQ% ; = . th ng h ch_* wng
V ;h! g!an ch_* sa! 1~! ngK* (29h = SF9..s): SF9..( )
T
s
T

1.. Xh! con $Zc n ch5% th@1 tec dlng cka $vc Ehl Oh&ng j!:
xvc Ehl Oh&ng j! thng $K:
V xvc ]%en t6nh:
- ma
ur r
/ $)n | = 1a (
- a
ur r
)
x% y: + <h%*+n ng nhanh dMn (%
a v
r r
(
v
r
cL h)ng ch%*+n ng)
+ <h%*+n ng ch1 dMn (%
a v
r r
V xvc !Dn trng: - 89
ur ur
/ $)n | = ] (UQ% ] - .
- 9
ur ur
> cpn nQ% ] 2 .
- 9
ur ur
)
V xvc * cs!1tt: | = JgV (
-
ur
$%&ng thng ng h)ng $@n)
;rong L: J $K Oh! $cng r!@ng cka ch[t $sng ha* ch[t Oh6.
g $K g!a tc r! tv do.
V $K th+ t6ch cka EhMn "t ch1 trong ch[t $sng ha* ch[t Oh6 L.
Xh! L:
r : : - +
uur ur ur
g! $K trng $vc h!D% dlng ha* trong $vc 7!+% O!Qn (cL "a! trp nh trng $vc
:
ur
)
r
-
g g
m
+
ur
uur ur
g! $K g!a tc trng trng h!D% dlng ha* g!a tc trng trng 7!+% O!Qn.
<h% OP dao ng cka con $Zc n Oh! L: r 2
r
l
T
g

<ec trng hcE bc 7!Dt:
V
-
ur
cL Ehng ngang: + ;_! V;<= d0* tr,o $Dch ")! Ehng thng ng 1t gLc cL: tan
-
:

;h
2 2
r ( )
-
g g
m
+
V
-
ur
cL Ehng thng ng th r
-
g g
m
t
+ UQ%
-
ur
h)ng x%ng th r
-
g g
m
+
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang F
+ UQ%
-
ur
h)ng $@n th r
-
g g
m

I+. CON LC +,- L.
1. ;Mn s gLc:
mg7
;
> ch% OP: 2
;
T
mg7
> tMn s
1
2
mg7
f
;

;rong L: 1 (Og) $K Oh! $cng "t rZn

d (1) $K OhoYng cech t\ trng t01 Qn trlc ]%a*
(Og1
2
) $K 1&1,n ]%en t6nh cka "t rZn ! ")! trlc ]%a*
2. Phng trnh dao ng =
.
cos(t + )
T!(% O!Dn dao ng !(% hoK: =s ]%a 1a set/ $vc cYn "K
.
22 1rad
$
M- /0 -12NG H3P -H2NG G4P
+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a "t c7
0
0 x
th,o ch!(% dng
0
0 v >
: Pha 7an M%
2

+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a "5 tr6 c0n 78ng
0
0 x
th,o ch!(% 01
0
0 v <
: Pha 7an M%
2

+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a 7!@n dng
0
x A
: Pha 7an M%
0
+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a 7!@n 01
0
x A
: Pha 7an M%

+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a "5 tr6
0
2
A
x th,o ch!(% dng
0
0 v >
: Pha 7an M%
3

+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a "5 tr6
0
2
A
x th,o ch!(% dng
0
0 v >
: Pha 7an M%

2
3
+ <hn gc th! g!an
0
0 t
$K $wc "t ]%a "5 tr6
0
2
A
x th,o ch!(% 01
0
0 v <
: Pha 7an M%
3

+ cos sin( )
2

+ > sin cos( )

2

+. -5NG H3P DAO NG
1. ;jng hcE ha! dao ng !(% hoK c'ng Ehng c'ng tMn s x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) "K x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
)
cc 1t dao ng !(% hoK c'ng Ehng c'ng tMn s x = Acos(t + ).
;rong L:
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 os( ) A A A A A c + +

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
s!n s!n
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c

+
")!
1
h h
2
(nQ%
1
h
2
)
V UQ% = 2O{ (x
1
/ x
2
c'ng Eha) A
?ax
= A
1
+ A
2

V UQ% = (2O+1){ (x
1
/ x
2
ngcc Eha) A
?!n
= A
1
# A
2

A
1
# A
2
h A h A
1
+ A
2
2. Xh! 7!Qt 1t dao ng thKnh EhMn x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) "K dao ng tjng hcE x = Acos(t + ) th dao
ng thKnh EhMn cpn $_! $K x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
).
;rong L:
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc +

1 1
2
1 1
s!n s!n
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

")!
1
h h
2
( nQ%
1
h
2
)
3. UQ% 1t "t tha1 g!a ng th! nh!(% dng !(% hoK c'ng Ehng c'ng tMn s x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
>
x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
) th dao ng tjng hcE cng $K dao ng !(% hoK c'ng Ehng c'ng tMn s
x = Acos(t + ).
<h!Q% $@n trlc mx "K trlc m* mx .
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang I
;a cc:
1 1 2 2
os os os ...
x
A Ac Ac A c + +

1 1 2 2
s!n s!n s!n ...
<
A A A A + +
2 2
x <
A A A + "K
tan
<
x
A
A

")!
?!n
>
?ax

+I. DAO NG -- D6N 7 DAO NG C8NG 9:C - CNG H;NG

1. ?t con $Zc $p xo dao ng tZt dMn ")! 7!@n A/ hD s 1a set .
V `%ang ng "t ! cc Qn $wc d\ng $_! $K:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g

V T g!Y1 7!@n sa% 1~! ch% OP $K:
2
9 9 mg g
A
k

V i dao ng thvc h!Dn cc:
2
9 9
A Ak A
N
A mg g

V ;h! g!an "t dao ng Qn $wc d\ng $_!:

.
9 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g

(UQ% co! dao ng tZt dMn cL t6nh t%Mn hoKn ")! ch% OP
2
T

)
3. C!Dn tcng cng h:ng xY* ra Oh!: N = N
.
ha* =
.
ha* ; = ;
.
V)! N/ / ; "K N
.
/
.
/ ;
.
$K tMn s/ tMn s gLc/ ch% OP cka $vc cng 7c "K cka hD dao ng.
2. Jao ng cng 7c:
cng bc ngoai lc
f f
. <L 7!@n Ehl th%c "Ko 7!@n cka ngo_! $vc cng 7c/ $vc
cYn cka hD/ "K sv ch@nh $Dch tMn s g!oa dao ng cng 7c "K dao ng r!@ng.
3. Jao ng d%* tr: <L tMn s 78ng tMn s dao ng r!@ng/ cL 7!@n Oh&ng j!.
CHNG : /<NG C
I. /<NG C H=C
1. =)c sLng: = "; = "RN
;rong L: : =)c sLng> ; (s): <h% OP cka sLng> N (C): ;Mn s cka sLng
": ;c tr%*(n sLng (cL n "5 tng ng ")! n "5 cka )
2. Phng trnh sLng
;_! !+1 m: %
m
= Acos(t + )
;_! !+1 ? cech m 1t o_n x tr@n Ehng tr%*(n sLng.
V iLng tr%*(n th,o ch!(% dng cka trlc mx th %
?
= A
?
cos(t + #
x
v
) = A
?
cos(t + # 2
x

)
V iLng tr%*(n th,o ch!(% 01 cka trlc mx th %
?
= A
?
cos(t + +
x
v
) = A
?
cos(t + + 2
x

)
3. T $Dch Eha g!oa ha! !+1 cech ng%n 1t OhoYng x
1
/ x
2
:
1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
v

UQ% 2 !+1 L n81 tr@n 1t Ehng tr%*(n sLng "K cech nha% 1t OhoYng x th:
2
x x
v

x% y: =>n v? c@a x+ x
*
+ x
$
+ vA v B(Ci t>ng Dng v&i n(au
9. ;rong h!Dn tcng tr%*(n sLng tr@n sc! d0*/ d0* cc O6ch th6ch dao ng 7:! na1 ch01 !Dn ")! tMn s
dpng !Dn $K N th tMn s dao ng cka d0* $K 2N.
II. /<NG D>NG
1. ?t s chw y
V TM% c 5nh hobc M% dao ng nhs $K nwt sLng.
;

x
?
O
O
x
M
x
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang S
V TM% tv do $K 7lng sLng
V Ca! !+1 ! xng ")! nha% ]%a nwt sLng $%&n dao ng ngcc Eha.
V Ca! !+1 ! xng ")! nha% ]%a 7lng sLng $%&n dao ng c'ng Eha.
V <ec !+1 tr@n d0* (% dao ng ")! 7!@n Oh&ng j! nGng $cng Oh&ng tr%*(n !
V XhoYng th! g!an g!oa ha! $Mn sc! d0* cGng ngang (cec EhMn tn ! ]%a V;<=) $K nna ch% OP.
2. T!(% O!Dn + cL sLng d\ng tr@n sc! d0* dK! l:
V Ca! M% $K nwt sLng:
V
( )
2
l k k N

i 7lng sLng = s 7L sLng = O
i nwt sLng = O + 1
V ?t M% $K nwt sLng cpn 1t M% $K 7lng sLng: (2 1) ( )
9
l k k N

+
i 7L sLng ng%*@n = O
i 7lng sLng = s nwt sLng = O + 1
3. Phng trnh sLng d\ng tr@n sc! d0* <= (v&i 0Eu C c) 0?n( (oFc 7ao 0Gng n(H lA nIt s2ng)
V TM% = c 5nh (nwt sLng):
Phng trnh sLng t)! "K sLng EhYn x_ t_! =:
os2
B
u Ac ft
"K
r os2 os(2 )
B
u Ac ft Ac ft
Phng trnh sLng t)! "K sLng EhYn x_ t_! ? cech = 1t OhoYng d $K:
os(2 2 )
M
7
u Ac ft

+ "K r os(2 2 )
M
7
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sLng d\ng t_! ?:
r
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2 s!n(2 ) os(2 )
2 2 2
M
7 7
u Ac c ft A c ft



+ +
=!@n dao ng cka EhMn tn t_! ?:
2 os(2 ) 2 s!n(2 )
2
M
7 7
A A c A

+
V TM% = tv do (7lng sLng):
Phng trnh sLng t)! "K sLng EhYn x_ t_! =:
r os2
B B
u u Ac ft
Phng trnh sLng t)! "K sLng EhYn x_ t_! ? cech = 1t OhoYng d $K:
os(2 2 )
M
7
u Ac ft

+ "K r os(2 2 )
M
7
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sLng d\ng t_! ?:
r
M M M
u u u +
> 2 os(2 ) os(2 )
M
7
u Ac c ft

=!@n dao ng cka EhMn tn t_! ?:

2 cos(2 )
M
7
A A

Lu : V V)! x $K OhoYng cech t\ ? Qn M% nwt sLng th 7!@n :

2 s!n(2 )
M
x
A A

V V)! x $K OhoYng cech t\ ? Qn M% 7lng sLng th 7!@n :

2 cos(2 )
M
7
A A

III. GIAO -HOA /<NG

4!ao thoa cka ha! sLng Ehet ra t\ ha! ng%n sLng OQt hcE i
1
/ i
2
cech nha% 1t OhoYng l:
dtt !+1 ? cech ha! ng%n $Mn $ct d
1
/ d
2
Phng trnh sLng t_! 2 ng%n
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft +
"K
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft +
Phng trnh sLng t_! ? do ha! sLng t\ ha! ng%n tr%*(n t)!:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
7
u ft

+ "K
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
7
u ft

+
Phng trnh g!ao thoa sLng t_! ?: u
M
= u
*M
+ u
$M
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
7 7 7 7
u Ac c ft



+ + 1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang W
=!@n dao ng t_! ?:
1 2
2 os
2
M
7 7
A A c

_
+

,
")!
1 2

C(I : V i cvc _!: (O })
2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
V i cvc t!+%:
1 1
(O })
2 2 2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
*J Kai nguLn 7ao 0Gng cMng B(a !
1 2
.
"
V T!+1 dao ng cvc _!: d
1
g d
2
= O (O})
i ng hobc s !+1 (k(Nng tOn( (ai nguLn):
l l
k

< <
V T!+1 dao ng cvc t!+% (Oh&ng dao ng): d
1
g d
2
= (2O+1)
2

(O})
i ng hobc s !+1 (k(Nng tOn( (ai nguLn):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
$J Kai nguLn 7ao 0Gng ngPc B(a:!
1 2

"
V T!+1 dao ng cvc _!: d
1
g d
2
= (2O+1)
2

(O})
i ng hobc s !+1 (k(Nng tOn( (ai nguLn):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
V T!+1 dao ng cvc t!+% (Oh&ng dao ng): d
1
g d
2
= O (O})
i ng hobc s !+1 (k(Nng tOn( (ai nguLn):
l l
k

< <
C(I : V)! 7K! toen t1 s ng dao ng cvc _! "K Oh&ng dao ng g!oa ha! !+1 ?/ U cech ha! ng%n
$Mn $ct $K d
1?
/ d
2?
/ d
1U
/ d
2U
.
Tbt d
?
= d
1?
# d
2?
> d
U
= d
1U
# d
2U
"K g!Y sn d
?
2 d
U
.
+ Ca! ng%n dao ng c'ng Eha:
<vc _!: d
?
2 O 2 d
U
<vc t!+%: d
?
2 (O+./B) 2 d
U
+ Ca! ng%n dao ng ngcc Eha:
<vc _!:d
?
2 (O+./B) 2 d
U
V <vc t!+%: d
?
2 O 2 d
U .
i g!e tr5 ng%*@n cka O thoY 1an cec 7!+% thc tr@n $K s ng cMn t1.
I+. /<NG @M
1. <ng 01:
H P
= =
ti i
V)! H ()/ P (H) $K nGng $cng/ c&ng s%[t Ehet 01 cka ng%n> i (1
2
) $K d!Dn t6ch 1bt "%&ng gLc ")!
Ehng tr%*(n 01 (v&i s2ng cEu t(Q S lA 7iRn tOc( mFt cEu S=ST6
$
)
2. ?c cng 01
.
( ) $g
;
L B
;

Cobc
.
( ) 1..$g
;
L 7B
;

V)!
.
= 1.
#12
HR1
2
: N = 1...C: cng 01 ch%n.
3. V ;Mn s do Kn Ehet ra (ha! M% d0* c 5nh ha! M% $K nwt sLng)
( O UV)
2
v
f k
l

ng ")! O = 1 01 Ehet ra 01 c 7Yn cL tMn s
1
2
v
f
l

O = 2/3/9 cL cec ho_ 01 7c 2 (tMn s 2N

1
)/ 7c 3 (tMn s 3N
1
)
V ;Mn s do ng seo Ehet ra (1t M% 75t O6n/ 1t M% + h: 1t M% $K nwt sLng/ 1t M% $K 7lng sLng)
(2 1) ( O U)
9
v
f k
l
+ > ng ")! O = . 01 Ehet ra 01 c 7Yn cL tMn s
1
9
v
f
l

AB ?CDg Ei# FG AB ?CDg HI? FG

J B$K f
@L EMB , A f
J ?K , L f
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1.
O = 1/2/3 cL cec ho_ 01 7c 3 (tMn s 3N
1
)/ 7c B (tMn s BN
1
)
I+. 4C INM COA /<NG @M
1. iLng 01/ dao ng 01:
a. Jao ng 01: Jao ng 01 $K nhong dao ng c hc cL tMn s t\ 16Hz Qn 20KHz 1K ta! ng! cL
th+ cY1 nhn cc.
iLng 01 cL tMn s nhs hn 16Hz g! $K sLng h_ 01> sLng 01 cL tMn s $)n hn 20KHz g! $K sLng s!@% 01.
7. iLng 01 $K cec sLng c hc dc $an tr%*(n trong cec 1&! trng "t ch[t Kn h!: rZn/ $sng/ Oh6. Xh&ng
tr%*(n cc trong ch0n Oh&ng.
<hw y: Jao ng 01 $K 7ao 0Gng cUng bDc cL tMn s 78ng tMn s cka ng%n Ehet.
2. Vn tc tr%*(n 01:
Vn tc tr%*(n 01 trong 1&! trng rZn $)n hn 1&! trng $sng/ 1&! trng $sng $)n hn 1&! trng Oh6.
Vn tc tr%*(n 01 Ehl th%c "Ko t6nh Kn h! "K 1t cka 1&! trng.
;rong 1t 1&! trng/ "n tc tr%*(n 01 Ehl th%c "Ko nh!Dt "K Oh! $cng r!@ng cka 1&! trng L.
3. Tbc trng s!nh $6 cka 01:
a. Uh_c 01: Uh_c 01 $K nhong 01 cL tMn s hoKn toKn xec
5nh> ngh, @1 ta! nh t!Qng Kn/ t!Qng het/
7. ;_E 01: ;_E 01 $K nhong 01 Oh&ng cL tMn s nh[t 5nh>
ngh, OhL ch5% nh t!Qng 1e* nj/ t!Qng ch0n !/
c. T cao cka 01: T cao cka 01 $K bc trng s!nh $6 cka 01 Ehl th%c "Ko bc trng "t $6 cka 01 $K tEn
s)J 1 cao cL tMn s $)n/ 01 trM1 cL tMn s nhs.
d. 1 sZc: 1 sZc $K bc trng s!nh $6 Eh0n 7!Dt ha! 01 cL c'ng cao/ nL Ehl th%c "Ko bi5n 0G "K tEn s)
cka 01 hobc Ehl th%c "Ko th5 dao ng 01.
,. T to: T to $K bc trng s!nh $6 cka 01 Ehl th%c "Ko bc trng "t $6 $K mDc cVng 0G Wm "K tEn s).
Ugng ngh,: 1 cL cng 7t nh[t 1K ta! ng! ngh, cc/ tha* j! th,o tMn s cka 01.
Ugng a%: 1 cL cng $)n Qn 1c ta! ng! cL cY1 g!ec a% (
2
10W/m I >
ng ")!
130 L dB ")! 1! tMn s).
?!(n ngh, cc $K g!)! h_n t\ ngng ngh, Qn ngng a%.
<hw y: `%e trnh tr%*(n sLng $K ]%e trnh tr%*(n Eha dao ng/ cec EhMn tn "t ch[t dao ng t_! ch~.
+. HIPU :NG 0P-PLQ
1. Ug%n 01 ng *@n/ 1e* th% ch%*+n ng ")! "n tc "
?
.
V ?e* th% ch%*+n ng $_! gMn ng%n 01 th th% cc 01 cL tMn s: r
M
v v
f f
v
+

V ?e* th% ch%*+n ng ra xa ng%n 01 th th% cc 01 cL tMn s:

M
v v
f f
v

2. Ug%n 01 ch%*+n ng ")! "n tc "

i
/ 1e* th% ng *@n.
V ?e* th% ch%*+n ng $_! gMn ng%n 01 ")! "n tc "
?
th th% cc 01 cL tMn s:
r
S
v
f f
v v

V ?e* th% ch%*+n ng ra xa ng%n 01 th th% cc 01 cL tMn s:

S
v
f f
v v

+
V)! " $K "n tc tr%*(n 01/ N $K tMn s cka 01.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 11
C(I : <L th+ d'ng c&ng thc tjng ]%et:
r
M
S
v v
f f
v v
t

m
?e* th% ch%*+n ng $_! gMn ng%n th $[* d[% + tr)c "
?
/ ra xa th $[* d[% #.
Ug%n Ehet ch%*+n ng $_! gMn ng%n th $[* d[% # tr)c "
i
/ ra xa th $[* d[% +.
CHNG : DAO NG + /<NG IPN ->
I. CRC SI L3NG -1ONG MSCH DAO NG LC
1. Jao ng !Dn t\
V T!Dn t6ch tc th! ] = ]
.
cos(t + )
V C!D% !Dn thQ (!Dn eE) tc th!
.
.
os( ) os( )
8 8
u c t X c t
C C
+ +
V Jpng !Dn tc th! ! = ]u = #]
.
s!n(t + ) =
.
cos(t + +
2

)
V <Y1 ng t\:
.
os( )
2
B B c t

+ +
;rong L:
1
LC

$K tMn s gLc r!@ng > 2 T LC $K ch% OP r!@ng>
1
2
f
LC

$K tMn s r!@ng

.
. .
8
; 8
LC

>
. .
. . .
8 ; L
X L; ;
C C C

V UGng $cng !Dn trng:
2
2

1 1
H
2 2 2
8
Cu 8u
C
hobc
2
2 .

H os ( )
2
8
c t
C
+
V UGng $cng t\ trng:
2
2 2 .
1
H s!n ( )
2 2
t
8
Li t
C
+
V UGng $cng !Dn t\:

H=H H
t
+

2
2 2 .
. . . .
1 1 1
H
2 2 2 2
8
CX 8 X L;
C

C(I : + ?_ch dao ng cL tMn s gLc / tMn s N "K ch% OP ; th H

"K H
t
7!Qn th!@n ")! tMn s gLc
2/ tMn s 2N "K ch% OP ;R2
+ ?_ch dao ng cL !Dn tr: th%Mn . th dao ng sq tZt dMn. T+ d%* tr dao ng cMn c%ng
c[E cho 1_ch 1t nGng $cng cL c&ng s%[t:
2 2 2 2
2 . .
2 2
C X X 6C
; 6 6
L

P
+ Xh! tl EhLng !Dn th ] "K % g!Y1 "K ngcc $_!
+ `%* )c: ] - . ng ")! 7Yn tl ta xtt t6ch !Dn dng th ! - . ng ")! dpng !Dn ch_* Qn
7Yn tl 1K ta xtt.
2. Phng trnh c $E ")! th! g!an:

+ + +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2

i u i i
q Q Q u C Q
L
MYc( 7ao 0Gng LC lO t3ng t(Zc (iRn 7ao 0Gng 0iRn t[J \(oCng t(Vi gian+ gi]a (ai lEn li5n ti^B+ n_ng
lPng 0iRn t4Vng t45n t` 0iRn bang n_ng lPng t[ t4Vng t4ong
cuGn 7W<J
Xh! nGng $cng !Dn trng tr@n tl 78ng nGng $cng t\ trng trong
c%n cY1/ ta cL:
H
2
1
H H
t

ha*

2
2
` ]
<
`
2
1
2
1
<
]
2
1
.
2
.
2
t

,
_

T
-U
*
U
*
O
2
2
`
.
2
2
`
.

9
3
9
3

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 12

V)! ha! "5 tr6 $!
2
2
` ]
.
t tr@n trlc m]/ tng ng ")! 9 "5 tr6 tr@n ng trpn/ cec "5 tr6 nK* cech (%
nha% 7:! cec c%ng
2

.
<L ngha $K/ sa% ha! $Mn $!@n t!QE
! "
W #W
/ Eha dao ng a 7!Qn th!@n cc 1t $cng $K
9
;
9
2
2

:
Pha dao ng 7!Qn th!@n cc 2 sa% th! g!an 1t ch% O ;.
T2m lYi+ cD sau t(Vi gian
9
;
n_ng lPng 0iRn lYi bang n_ng lPng t[J
II. IPN -> -12NGV /<NG IPN ->
1. B!c "#ng:
$ %&ie" sua" cu'a mo(i ")*ng
c c
cT v n
f n

$. %in t& trng: T!Dn trng "K t\ trng cL th+ ch%*+n hLa cho nha%/ $!@n hD 1t th!Qt ")! nha%. <hwng
$K ha! 1bt cka 1t trng thng nh[t g! $K !Dn t\ trng.
'. (i) thu*+t ,ax-.ll:
a. 4!Y th%*Qt 1: ;\ trng 7!Qn th!@n th,o th! g!an $K1 x%[t h!Dn 1t !Dn trng xoe*.
7. 4!Y th%*Qt 2: T!Dn trng 7!Qn th!@n th,o th! g!an $K1 x%[t h!Dn 1t t\ trng xoe*.
c. Jpng !Dn d5ch: T!Dn trng 7!Qn th!@n th,o th! g!an $K1 x%[t h!Dn 1t t\ trng xoe*. T!Dn trng nK*
tng ng nh 1t dpng !Dn g! $K dpng !Dn d5ch.
/. 0#ng 1in t&: iLng !Dn t\ $K ]%e trnh tr%*(n ! trong Oh&ng g!an cka !Dn t\ trng 7!Qn th!@n t%Mn
hoKn th,o th! g!an.
$. -G# B#W?: + iLng !Dn t\ tr%*(n ! ")! "n tc r[t $)n (
v c
).
+ iLng !Dn t\ 1ang nGng $cng (
4
E f : ).
+ iLng !Dn t\ tr%*(n cc trong 1&! trng "t ch[t "K trong ch0n Oh&ng.
+ iLng !Dn t\ t%0n th,o 5nh $%t EhYn x_/ 5nh $%t Ohwc x_/ g!ao thoa/ nh!% x_/
+ iLng !Dn t\ $K sLng ngang.
+ iLng !Dn t\ tr%*(n trong cec 1&! trng "t ch[t Ohec nha% cL "n tc Ohec nha%.
(. P#X FKYi HZ [AB ?G# B\$ E]g [i^ ?_:
LoYi s2ng TEn s) B&c s2ng =Fc tOn(
S2ng 7Ai 3 + 300 ,-.
/ 3
10 + 10 m
N_ng lPng n(H+ Ot b? n&c (bB t(`
S2ng t4ung 0,3 + 3 0-.
3 2
10 + 10 m
Ban ngA< tEng 0iRn li (bB t(` mYn(+ ban
05m tEng 0iRn li B(Cn xY
S2ng ngcn 3 + 30 0-.
2
10 + 10 m
N_ng lPng l&n+ b? tEng 0iRn li vA mFt 0bt
B(Cn xY n(idu lEn
S2ng cZc
ngcn
30 + 30000 0-.
+2
10 + 10 m
C2 n_ng lPng 4bt l&n+ k(Nng b? tEng 0iRn li
(bB t(`+ t4u<dn t(eo 0Vng t(fng
2. ,3ch ch4n "#ng5
a. =)c sLng !Dn t\ 1K 1_ch cMn chn:
1
2 3210 (m/s) c LC c
7. ?t s bc t6nh r!@ng cka 1_ch dao ng:

+
+
+ +
2
1 2 2 2 2
1
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
33 $
2 2 ( )
1 1 1 1 1
$ ( )
2
2
C C f
f f f
LC L C C
CntC f f f f
L C C
LC
6. 0#ng 1in t&
Vn tc $an tr%*(n trong Oh&ng g!an " = c = 3.1.
S
1Rs
?e* Ehet hobc 1e* th% sLng !Dn t\ sn dlng 1_ch dao ng x< th tMn s sLng !Dn t\ Ehet hobc th% cc
78ng tMn s r!@ng cka 1_ch.
=)c sLng cka sLng !Dn t\
2
v
v LC
f

Lu : ?_ch dao ng cL x 7!Qn j! t\ x
?!n
x
?ax
"K < 7!Qn j! t\ <
?!n
<
?ax
th 7)c sLng cka
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 13
sLng !Dn t\ Ehet (hobc th%)

?!n
tng ng ")! x
?!n
"K <
?!n

?ax
tng ng ")! x
?ax
"K <
?ax

`. /a ?Dbg ?a gic$ d$K [Jg [i^ HZ d$K [Jg Bb
T_! $cng c T_! $cng !Dn Jao ng c Jao ng !Dn
x ] x +
2
x = . ] +
2
] = .
" !
k
m

1
LC

1 x x = Acos(t + ) ] = ]
.
cos(t + )
O
1
C
" = xu = #As!n(t + ) ! = ]u = #]
.
s!n(t + )
| %
2 2 2
( )
v
A x

+
2 2 2
.
( )
i
8 8

+
| = #Ox = #1
2
x
2
8
u L 8
C

H

H
t
(H
<
) H

=
1
2
1"
2
H
t
=
1
2
x!
2
H
t
H

(H
x
) H
t
=
1
2
Ox
2
H

=
2
2
8
C
CHNG : IPN XOAe CHIU
I. CRC MSCH IPN XOAe CHIU.
1. Biu th7c 1in 89 t7c thi v :ng 1in t7c thi5
u =
.
cos(t +
%
) "K i =
.
cos(t +
!
)
V)! =
%
g
!
$K $Dch Eha cka u so ")! i/ cL
2 2


2. Dfg [i^ xK$g B#ihi i j I
*
BKE%2k? l
i
'
V ?~! g!0* j! ch!(% 2N $Mn
V UQ% Eha 7an M%
!
=
2

hobc
!
=
2

th chf g!0* M% t!@n

j! ch!(% 2N#1 $Mn.
m. Cng ?#oB ?G# ?#pi gi$ [q #ir# Ti$g Esg ?CKg LJ? B#i tr
Xh! bt !Dn eE u =
.
cos(t +
%
) "Ko ha! M% 7Lng n/ 7!Qt n chf seng $@n Oh! u
1
.

9
t

V)!
1
.
os
X
c
X

/ (. 2 2 R2)
u. Dfg [i^ xK$g B#ihi ?CKg [KY LYB# 1VLVC
V To_n 1_ch chf cL !Dn tr: th%Mn : u
6
c'ng Eha ")! i/ ( =
%
g
!
= .) "K
X
;
6
"K
.
.
X
;
6

Lu : T!Dn tr: cho dpng !Dn Oh&ng j! ! ]%a "K cL

X
;
6

V To_n 1_ch chf cL c%n th%Mn cY1 x: u
L
nhanh Eha hn i $K R2/ ( =
%
g
!
= R2)

L
X
;
g

"K
.
.
L
X
;
g

")! }
x
= x $K cY1 Oheng
Lu : <%n th%Mn cY1 x cho dpng !Dn Oh&ng j! ! ]%a hoKn toKn (Oh&ng cYn tr:).
V To_n 1_ch chf cL tl !Dn <: u
C
ch1 Eha hn i $K R2/ ( =
%
g
!
= #R2)

u
m
?r2
?2
?r1
?1
#

.
.
1
#
1
ieng ieng
-M?
-M?
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 19

C
X
;
g

"K
.
.
C
X
;
g

")!
1
C
g
C
$K d%ng Oheng
Lu : ;l !Dn < Oh&ng cho dpng !Dn Oh&ng j! ! ]%a (cYn tr: hoKn toKn).
2. %;c 1i< 1o3n <3ch thu=n >?@ nAi ti+95
$. -vg ?Cw:
2 2
( )
L C
Z Z Z +
(. J F^B# x#$ %i EK Hyi i':
$ u sm 4&a &n i
"an $ u cu*ng 4&a 5i i
$ u ")e64&a &n i
L C
L C L C
L C

L C
Z Z
Z Z ! !
Z Z
!
Z Z

>


'

<

B. z# FiI? O#L:
0
0

! !
I I
Z Z
d. Cng EiW? ?i{i ?#| ?C{ [KY LYB#: cos -e7soco(ng sua"$cos

!
" !I
Z !

C#} ~: +yi LYB# #KAB B# B#o$ LV #KAB B# B#o$ CV #KAB B#o$ LC t#ng ?i{i ?#| Bng EiW? % 0 " '






'

0 0
u i
0 0
8eu cos " "&9 cos( ": )

8eu cos " "&9 cos( "+ )
i u i u
i I u !
u ! i I
. Gi [ H!B ?b: -$ B]:
0 0 0 0
L C
L C
u u u u
! ! ! !
+ +

'
+ +

uur uuur uuur uuur

6. ?iBn h giCa c8c hiu 1in th+ hiu :Dng trong 1o3n <3ch thu=n >?@ nAi ti+95
-_
2 2
( )
L C
Z Z Z + Eig C$
2 2
( )
L C
! ! ! ! +
-Dbg ?a
2 2
L L
Z Z + Eig C$
2 2
L L
! ! ! +
-Dbg ?a
2 2
C C
Z Z + Eig C$
2 2
C C
! ! ! +

LC L C
Z Z Z
Eig C$
LC L C
! ! !
E. @Fng "uGt to) nhit trBn 1o3n <3ch >?@5
V <&ng s%[t tc th!: P = cos + cos(2t +
V <&ng s%[t tr%ng 7nh: P = cos =
2
.
. i^ sx u j U
1
l U
*
BKE%? l ' [DB co! g1 1t !Dn eE Oh&ng j!
1
"K 1t !Dn eE xoa* ch!(%
u=
.
cos(t + ) ng th! bt "Ko o_n 1_ch.
`. - E dfg [i^ dK Lsg x#s? [i^ xK$g ch!(% 1t Eha cL P cbE cvc/ r&to ]%a* ")! "n tc n "pngRg!0*
Ehet ra: N = En C.
+ ;\ th&ng gn! ]%a Oh%ng d0* cka 1e* Ehet !Dn :
0
cos( ) cos( ) ( ) #B$ t t %& + +
+ i%[t !Dn ng tc th!: ;
d
'
dt

0
sin( ) ( ) sin( ) ' #B$ t ( E t + +
0 0
sin( ) cos( )
2
' E t E t

+ + j Ui=cos(t + #
2

) sin cos( )
2

+ C!D% !Dn thQ tc th!:
0
cos( )
u
u ! t +
. UQ% 1e* Ehet cL !Dn tr: r[t nhs th :
.
=
.
.

L
C

.
H
>
uuur
.
H
?
uuur
.
H
@
uuur
.
H
?@
uuuur
.
H
IB
uuuur
.
J
uur
K
i
.
H
>
uuur
.
H
?
uuur
.
H
@
uuur
.
H
?@
uuuur
.
H
IB
uuuur
.
J
uur
K
i
.
H
>
uuur
.
H
?
uuur
.
H
@
uuur
.
H
IB
uuuur
.
J
uur
K
i
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1B
V)!
.
= U=i $K t\ th&ng cvc _!/ U $K s "png d0*/ = $K cY1 ng t\ cka t\ trng/ i $K d!Dn t6ch cka
"png d0*/ = 2N /
.
= Ui= $K s%[t !Dn ng cvc _!.
L. Mng 1in xoa* chiNu Oa 9ha l h thAng Oa :ng 1in xoa* chiNuP gQ* ORi Oa "uGt 1in 1Sng xoa*
chiNu cTng t=n "AP cTng OiBn 1S nhng 1S lch 9ha t&ng 1Fi 1t $K
2
3

1 .
2 .
3 .
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
e 9 c t
e 9 c t
e 9 c t

+
trong trng hcE tY! ! xng th
1 .
2 .
3 .
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
i ; c t
i ; c t
i ; c t

+
?e* Ehet 1Zc hnh sao:
d
= 3
E
?e* Ehet 1Zc hnh ta1 g!ec:
d
=
E
;Y! t!@% thl 1Zc hnh sao:
d
=
E
;Y! t!@% thl 1Zc hnh ta1 g!ec:
d
= 3
E
Lu : 1e* Ehet "K tY! t!@% thl thng chn cech 1Zc tng ng ")! nha%.
. Cng ?#oB Lsg (i sx:
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
X 9 ; N
X 9 ; N

1U. @Fng "uGt hao 9hV trong Wu8 trnh tru*Nn t)i 1in nXng:
2
2 2
os
6
X c

P
P
;rong L: : $K c&ng s%[t tr%*(n ! : n! c%ng c[E
$K !Dn eE : n! c%ng c[E
cos $K hD s c&ng s%[t cka d0* tY! !Dn

l
6
S
$K !Dn tr: tjng cng cka d0* tY! !Dn (lu : dn !Dn 78ng 2 d0*)
T g!Y1 !Dn eE tr@n ng d0* tY! !Dn: =
C!D% s%[t tY! !Dn: .1.. K

P P
P
=
t ) )
v c v
" " !
H
" " !

.
II. 9I -ORN CC -1
1. Hi^ ?Dg BJg #Dwg:
T!(% O!Dn cng h:ng
2
1
0
L C
u
i
Z Z
LC

th min 0a<
min
=
! !
Z
Z

.
i%* ra
2
2
min
cos 1
Max M M
!
" I !I

. <hw y
0 0
0 0

! !
! I

uuur uur
uur uur
2. #i [i^ ?Cw 1 ?#$g [vi Bf BsB [Yi FDg t#sB gic t#ng [vi.
V <&ng s%[t P _t cvc _! Oh! :

2 2
>
2 ?
su@ )a cos A&i !o? #
2 2 2
2
L C M
L C
! !
Z Z "
Z Z
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1F
V Xh! P 2 P
1ax
$%&n tn t_! 2 g!e tr5
1
/
2
+ c&ng s%[t t!@% thl tr@n 1_ch 78ng nha%/ ng th! thoY 1an O
( )
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1 2
2
L C
6 6 g g
X
: :
6 6

'

V <ec g!e tr5 /

x
/
<
_t cvc _! Oh! : = ..
V 4!e tr5

cvc _! Oh! : =

.
V Xh! =
1
hobc =
2
1K c&ng s%[t tr@n 1_ch cL g!e tr5 nh nha% th P
1ax
Oh! : =
1 2
6 6 .
UQ% c%n d0* cL !Dn tr: r th : + r = ( ) ( )
1 2
6 4 6 4 + +
m. #i gis ?Cz [i^ dig C B\$ ?| ?#$g [vi/ cpn cec _! $cng Ohec Oh&ng j!:
V C!D% !Dn thQ
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2
1
C C
L C L L
C C C
! !
! IZ
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
+
_t cvc _!
Xh! :

'
+

2 2
2 2
ma<
L
C
L
L
C
Z
Z
Z
! Z
!

"K
( )
2
ax ax 2
.
m m
C L C
X X X X
V Xh! < = <
1
hobc < = <
2
1K Bng EiW? P ?C{ LYB# (g #$i th P
L$x
Oh! :
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 C C C
_
+

,
V Xh! < = <
1
hobc < = <
2
1K U
C
(g #$i th U
C
[Y? gis ?Cz BaB [Yi Oh! : < = ( )
1 2
1
2
C C + .
V Xh! < = <
1
hobc < = <
2
1K cec g!e tr5 : IV PV U
1
V U
L
#D #$i th :
1 2
2
C C
L
g g
g
+

V <ec g!e ?Cz PV IV U

1
V U
L
V [Y? BaB [Yi Oh! 1_ch xY* ra cng h:ng :
C
j
L
u. #i gis ?Cz [J ?a BL L B\$ BiJ dXg ?#$g [viV cpn cec _! $cng Ohec Oh&ng j!:
Hi^i [i^ ?#
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2
1
L L
L C C C
L L L
! !
! IZ
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
+
[Y? BaB [Yi t#i :
. Xh! :

'
+

2 2
2 2
a<
C
L
C
C
Lm
Z
Z
Z
! Z
!

"K Oh! L ta cL :
( )
2
ax ax 2
.
m m
L C L
X X X X
V Xh! x = x
1
hobc x = x
2
1K c&ng s%[t P ?C{ LYB# (g #$i th P
L$x
t#i : ( )
1 2
1
2
L L L + .
V Xh! x = x
1
hobc x = x
2
1K U
L
B] gis ?Cz #D #$i th U
LL$x
t#i :
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 L L L
_
+

,
.
V Xh! x = x
1
hobc x = x
2
1K IV PV U
C
V U
1
nh nha% th :
1 2
2
L L
C
g g
g
+

V <ec g!e ?Cz PV IV U

1
V UBV [Y? BaB [Yi Oh! 1_ch xY* ra cng h:ng :
L
j
C
.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1I
. #i ? E g]B B\$ LYB# ?#$g [viV cpn cec g!e tr5 Ohec Oh&ng j!.
V T!(% O!Dn cka +
x
1ax $K :
2
2 2
ax
2 2
2
2
2
9
m
L
LC 6 C
XL
X
6 LC 6 C

V T!(% O!Dn cka +

<
1ax $K :


2
2
2
ax
2 2
1
2
2
9
m
C
6
LC L
XL
X
6 LC 6 C

'

V Xh! =
1
hobc =
2
1K PV IV V BKEV U
1
cL g!e tr5 nh nha% th PV IV V BKEV U
1
sq _t g!e tr5 cvc
_! Oh! : =
1 2
1
LC

. Li{ Ti$ [J F^B# x#$:
a. ;rng hcE 1:
1 2 1 2
"an 2"an 1
2

+
7. ;rng hcE 2:
1 2 1 2
"an 2"an 1
2

c. ;rng hcE 3:
1 2 1 2
"an 2"an 1
2

+ t .
`. H$i [KY LYB# A? g1
1
x
1
<
1
n! t!QE "K o_n 1_ch ?= g1
2
x
2
<
2
n! t!QE 1Zc n! t!QE ")! nha%
cL
A=
=
A?
+
?=
u
AB
> u
AM
"K u
MB
c'ng Eha tanu
AB
= tanu
AM
= tanu
MB
. H$i [KY LYB# 1
1
L
1
C
1
HZ 1
2
L
2
C
2
Bg u #KAB Bg i B] x#$ F^B# #$i
V)!
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
g g
6

"K
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
g g
6

(g!Y sn
1
-
2
)
<L
1
g
2
=
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+

;rng hcE bc 7!Dt = R2 (vuNng B(a n(au) th tan
1
tan
2
= #1.
%h: V ?_ch !Dn : hnh 1 cL u
AB
"K u
AM
$Dch Eha nha%
0* 2 o_n 1_ch A= "K A? cL c'ng i "K u
AB
ch1 Eha hn u
AM


A?
g
A=
=
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
AM AB
AM AB
UQ% u
AB
"%&ng Eha ")! u
AM
th tan tan =#1 1
L C L
AM AB
g g g
6 6



V ?_ch !Dn : hnh 2: Xh! < = <
1
"K < = <
2
(g!Y sn <
1
- <
2
) th !
1
"K !
2
$Dch Eha nha%
0* ha! o_n 1_ch x<
1
"K x<
2
cL c'ng u
AB
4!
1
"K
2
$K $Dch Eha cka u
AB
so ")! i
*
"K i
$

th cL
1
-
2

1
#
2
=
UQ%
1
=
2
th
1
= #
2
= R2
UQ%
1

2
th t6nh
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
1 L C M A 9
H"# 1
1 L C M A 9
H"# 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1S
III. 9I -ORN HP N %9I -ORN HP QN'
1. ?_ch !Dn n g!Yn:
a. UQ%
#B
!
c'ng Eha ")! i s%* ra chf cha
0

7. UQ%
#B
!
s)1 Eha ")! i gLc
2

s%* ra chf cha

0
L
c. UQ%
#B
!
tr Eha ")! i gLc
2

s%* ra chf cha

0
C
2. ?_ch !Dn Ehc t_E:
a. ?_ch 1
UQ%
AB
!
c'ng Eha ")! i s%* ra chf cha
0
L
UQ%
A#
!
"K
#B
!
t_o ")! nha% gLc
2

s%* ra chf cha

0

V* cha (
0 0
, B
)
7. ?_ch 2
UQ%
AB
!
c'ng Eha ")! i s%* ra chf cha
0
C
UQ%
A#
!
"K
#B
!
t_o ")! nha% gLc
2

s%* ra chf cha

0

V* cha (
0 0
, %
)
CHNG : /<NG RNH /RNG
1. Hin tYng t8n "Zc 8nh "8ng.
V TRn: xK h!Dn tcng enh seng 75 tech thKnh nh!(% 1K% Ohec nha% Oh! ! ]%a 1bt Eh0n cech cka ha! 1&!
trng trong s%t.
V nh seng n sZc $K enh seng Oh&ng 75 ten sZc
nh seng n sZc cL tMn s xec 5nh/ chf cL 1t 1K%.
=)c sLng cka enh seng n sZc
v
f
l =
/ tr%*(n trong ch0n Oh&ng
.
c
f
l =

. .
c
v n
l l
l
l
= =
V <h!Qt s%[t cka 1&! trng trong s%t Ehl th%c "Ko 1K% sZc enh seng. T! ")! enh seng 1K% s $K nhs
nh[t/ 1K% t61 $K $)n nh[t.
V nh seng trZng $K tE hcE cka "& s enh seng n sZc cL 1K% 7!Qn th!@n $!@n tlc t\ s Qn t61.
=)c sLng cka enh seng trZng: ./3S 1 ./IF 1.
2. C!Dn tcng g!ao thoa enh seng (c(i xjt giao t(oa kn( skng t4ong t(O ng(iRm ;Wng).
V TRn: xK sv tjng hcE cka ha! ha* nh!(% sLng enh seng OQt hcE trong Oh&ng g!an trong L x%[t h!Dn nhong
"_ch seng "K nhong "_ch t! x,n Oq nha%.
<ec "_ch seng ("0n seng) "K cec "_ch t! ("0n t!) g! $K "0n g!ao thoa.
V C!D% ng ! cka enh seng (h!D% ]%ang trnh)

2 1
ax
7 7 7
h
= - = D
;rong L: a = i
1
i
2
$K OhoYng cech g!oa ha! Oh, seng
J = m $K OhoYng cech t\ ha! Oh, seng i
1
/ i
2
Qn 1Kn ]%an set
i
1
? = 7
1
> i
2
? = 7
2

L
C

X
A N 9

X
A N 9

C
X
A N 9
/
1
D
/
2
:
1
:
2 I
O
x
M
$
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1W
x = m? $K (to_ ) OhoYng cech t\ "0n tr%ng t01 Qn !+1 ? ta xtt
V V5 tr6 (to_ ) "0n seng: d = O >
h
x k k g
a
l
=
O = .: V0n seng tr%ng t01
O = t1: V0n seng 7c (th) 1
O = t2: V0n seng 7c (th) 2
V V5 tr6 (to_ ) "0n t!: d = (O + ./B) ( ./ B) >
h
x k k g
a
l
= +
O = ./ O = #1: V0n t! th (7c) nh[t
O = 1/ O = #2: V0n t! th (7c) ha!
O = 2/ O = #3: V0n t! th (7c) 7a
V XhoYng cech g!oa n "0n seng $!@n t!QE nha% $K l :
( 1) l n i
V XhoYng cech g!oa 1 OhoYng "0n $!@n t!QE nha% $K l : l mi
V ;_! "5 tr6 ? 1K
$ Ca(n sang "&
1
$ Ca(n "oi "&( 1)
2
x
k k
i
x
k k
i

'

+ +

V XhoYng "0n i: xK OhoYng cech g!oa ha! "0n seng hobc ha! "0n t! $!@n t!QE:
h
i
a
l
=
V UQ% th6 ngh!D1 cc t!Qn hKnh trong 1&! trng trong s%t cL ch!Qt s%[t n th 7)c sLng "K OR"0n:
n
n n
h i
i
n a n
l l
l = = =
V Xh! ng%n seng i d! ch%*+n th,o Ehng song song ")! i
1
i
2
th hD "0n d! ch%*+n ngcc ch!(% "K OhoYng
"0n i "n Oh&ng j!.
T d! cka hD "0n $K: .
1
h
x 7
h
=
;rong L: J $K OhoYng cech t\ 2 Oh, t)! 1Kn
J
1
$K OhoYng cech t\ ng%n seng t)! 2 Oh,
d $K d5ch ch%*+n cka ng%n seng
V Xh! tr@n ng tr%*(n cka enh seng t\ Oh, i
1
(hobc i
2
) cc bt 1t 7Yn 1sng dK* ,/ ch!Qt s%[t n th hD
"0n sq d5ch ch%*+n "( Eh6a i
1
(hobc i
2
) 1t o_n:
.
( 1) n eh
x
a
-
=
V dec 5nh s "0n seng/ "0n t! trong "'ng g!ao thoa (trng g!ao thoa) cL 7( rng x (! xng ]%a "0n
tr%ng t01)
+ i "0n seng ($K s $):
2 1
2
S
L
N
i

= +



+ i "0n t! ($K s chn):
2 ./ B
2
t
L
N
i

= +


;rong L x $K EhMn ng%*@n cka x. V6 dl: F = F> B/.B = B> I/WW = I
[ \8c 1]nh "A vQn "8ngP vQn tAi giCa hai 1i< ,P ^ c# to3 1S x
1
P x
$
(gi) "_ x
1
` x
$
)
+ V0n seng: x
1
2 Oi 2 x
2

+ V0n t!: x
1
2 (O+./B)i 2 x
2
i g!e tr5 O } $K s "0n seng ("0n t!) cMn t1
Lu : ? "K U c'ng Eh6a ")! "0n tr%ng t01 th x
1
"K x
2
c'ng d[%.
? "K U Ohec Eh6a ")! "0n tr%ng t01 th x
1
"K x
2
Ohec d[%.
[ \8c 1]nh kho)ng vQn i trong kho)ng c# ON rSng ?. Bi+t trong kho)ng ? c# n vQn "8ng.
+ UQ% 2 M% $K ha! "0n seng th:
1
L
i
n
=
-
+ UQ% 2 M% $K ha! "0n t! th:
L
i
n
=
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2.
+ UQ% 1t M% $K "0n seng cpn 1t M% $K "0n t! th:
./ B
L
i
n
=
-

[ 0a trTng nhau cba c8c O7c x3
1
P
$
... (kho)ng vQn tcng 7ng l i
1
P i
$
...)
+ ;r'ng nha% cka "0n seng: x
s
= O
1
i
1
= O
2
i
2
= ... O
1

1
= O
2

2
= ...
+ ;r'ng nha% cka "0n t!: x
t
= (O
1
+ ./B)i
1
= (O
2
+ ./B)i
2
= ... (O
1
+ ./B)
1
= (O
2
+ ./B)
2
= ...
Lu : V5 tr6 cL 1K% c'ng 1K% ")! "0n seng tr%ng t01 $K "5 tr6 tr'ng nha% cka t[t cY cec "s cka cec 7c x_.
+ <ech xec 5nh s "0n seng tr'ng nha% trong 1t OhoYng x:

# ;1 OhoYng cech ngZn nh[t g!oa 2 "s tr'ng nha% : x
1!n
.
# i "0n seng tr'ng nha% : n = 2
1!n
1
2
L
x
1
+
1

]
V ;rong h!Dn tcng g!ao thoa enh seng trZng (./3S 1 ./IF 1)
# =( rng ]%ang Ehj 7c O:

( )
t
h
x k
a
l l = - D ")!

"K
t
$K 7)c sLng enh seng s "K t61
# dec 5nh s "0n seng/ s "0n t! "K cec 7c x_ tng ng t_! 1t "5 tr6 xec 5nh (a 7!Qt x)
+ V0n seng:
ax
/ O }
h
x k
a kh
l
l = =
ax
k
h
.
/ HX Esg :
ax 1!n m
ax ax
k
h h

V)! ./3S 1 ./IF 1 cL 7ao nh!@% g!e tr5 cka O th cL 7[* nh!@% "s / O }
+ V0n t!:
ax
( ./ B) / O }
( ./ B)
h
x k
a k h
l
l = + =
+
/ HX ?i :
ax 1!n
./ B ./ B
m
ax ax
k
h h

V)! ./3S 1 ./IF 1 cL 7ao nh!@% g!e tr5 cka O th cL 7[* nh!@% "0n t! / O }
# XhoYng cech dK! nh[t "K ngZn nh[t g!oa "0n seng "K "0n t! c'ng 7c O:

O ( ./ B)
Min t
h
x k
a

ax
O ( ./ B)
M t
h
x k
a
+ Xh! "0n seng "K "0n t! n81 Ohec Eh6a ! ")! "0n tr%ng t01.
ax
O ( ./ B)
M t
h
x k
a
Xh! "0n seng "K "0n t! n81 c'ng Eh6a ! ")! "0n tr%ng t01.
V. V5 tr6 "0n seng 7c
1
k
cka 7c x_
1

tr'ng ")! "5 tr6 "0n seng 7c

2
k
cka 7c x_
2

:
1 1 2 2
k k
V . V5 tr6 "0n seng 7c
1
k
cka 7c x_
1

tr'ng ")! "5 tr6 "0n t! 7c

2
k
cka 7c x_
2

:
1 1 2 2
1
( )
2
k k +
<hw y: T4ong k(Nng k(O !c(Wn k(Nng":
c
f

l t4ong mNi t4Vng c2 c(i^t subt n:
c
v
n
v c
f nf

'

C(I : \(oCng vWn t4ong k(Nng k(O lA i l t4ong mNi t4Vng c2 c(i^t subt
n
k(oCng vWn
mt
i
i
n
. `AU4 PC
1. ,8* Wuang 9hd5
$. z# g#$: ?e* ]%ang Ehj $K dlng cl d'ng + Eh0n t6ch ch'1 seng cL nh!(% thKnh EhMn thKnh nhong
thKnh EhMn n sZc Ohec nha%.
O. @Gu t3o5
+ ng ch%n trvc $K t_o ra ch'1 t!a song song.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 21
+ xGng O6nh + Eh0n t6ch song song thKnh nhong thKnh EhMn n sZc song song Ohec nha%.
+ =%ng Ynh $K O6nh Ynh bt t_! t!@% !+1 Ynh cka th[% O6nh
2
L + ]%an set ]%ang Ehj.
c. Ug%*@n tZc ho_t ng:
+ <h'1 t!a ]%a ng ch%n trvc $K ch'1 t!a song song Qn $Gng O6nh.
+ `%a $Gng O6nh ch'1 seng 75 Eh0n t6ch thKnh cec thKnh EhMn n sZc song song.
+ <ec ch'1 t!a n sZc ]%a 7%ng Ynh cc h! tl tr@n O6nh Ynh.
$. euang 9hd liBn tDc5
$. z# g#$: `%ang Ehj $!@n tlc $K dY! 1K% 7!Qn th!@n $!@n tlc/ ]%ang Ehj $!@n tlc cka enh seng $K dY!
1K% 7!Qn th!@n $!@n tlc t\ s t)! t61.
(. Ngi x#s?: <ec ch[t rZn/ ch[t $sng/ ch[t Oh6 cL tf Oh! $)n nLng seng Ehet ra ]%ang Ehj $!@n tlc.
B. AB [iLV ?G# B#W?:
`E $!@n tlc Oh&ng Ehl th%c thKnh EhMn hLa hc cka ng%n Ehet 1K chf Ehl th%c "Ko nh!Dt cka ng%n Ehet
+ nh!Dt
0
/00 C
/ cec "t 7Zt M% Ehet ra enh seng 1K% s> : nh!Dt 2/00K Qn 3000K cec "t
Ehet ra ]%ang Ehj $!@n tlc cL 1K% 7!Qn th!@n t\ s Qn t61. Uh!Dt cka 7( ?bt ;r! OhoYng 6000K/ enh
seng cka ?bt ;r! $K enh seng trZng.
'. euang 9hd v3ch 9h8t x35
$. z# g#$: `E "_ch Ehet x_ $K $o_! ]%ang Ehj g1 nhong "_ch 1K% n sZc n81 tr@n 1t n(n t!.
(. CsB B#W? t#G #$g #bi B] sx EiW? ?#Wx (z tGB# ?#GB# x#s? C$.
B. AB [iL: l <ec ch[t Oh6 ha* h! : eE s%[t th[E Ohec nha% cho nhong ]%ang Ehj "_ch Ohec nha% cY "(
s $cng "_ch/ "5 tr6/ 1K% sZc cka cec "_ch "K seng tf ! cka cec "_ch.
+ ?j! ch[t Oh6 ha* h! : eE s%[t th[E cL 1t ]%ang Ehj "_ch bc trng.
/. euang 9hd v3ch hG9 thD5
a. T5nh ngha: `E "_ch h[E thl $K 1t hD thng cec "_ch t! n81 tr@n 1t n(n 1t ]%ang Ehj $!@n tlc.
(. CsB# ?YK:
+ <h!Q% "Ko Oh, cka 1e* ]%ang Ehj 1t enh seng trZng ta nhn cc 1t ]%ang Ehj $!@n tlc.
+ Tbt 1t n h! Uatr! tr@n ng tr%*(n t!a seng tr)c Oh! Qn Oh, cka 1e* ]%ang Ehj/ tr@n n(n ]%ang
Ehj x%[t h!Dn cec "_ch t! : wng "5 tr6 cec "_ch "Kng trong ]%ang Ehj "_ch Ehet x_ cka Uatr!.
B. ihi ti^: Uh!Dt cka e1 Oh6 ha* h! h[E thl EhY! th[E hn nh!Dt cka ng%n seng Ehet ra ]E$t.
d. Hi^ ?Dg [K EMB: 1t nh!Dt nh[t 5nh/ 1t e1 Oh6 ha* h! cL OhY nGng Ehet ra nhong enh seng
n sZc nKo th nL cng cL OhY nGng h[E thl nhong enh seng n sZc L.
<hw y: `%ang Ehj cka ?bt ;r! 1K ta th% cc tr@n ;re! T[t $K ]%ang Ehj h[E thl/ =( 1bt cka ?bt ;r!
Ehet ra ]%ang Ehj $!@n tlc.
I+. /<NG IPN ->
LoYi s2ng B&c s2ng C(I
c
f

%Mng 0H $ 0,640 0, D60 m m
Tia gamma
12
Ei 10 m

%Mng cam $ 0,/F0 0,6/0 m m

Tia 6oengent
12 F
10 !en 10 m m

%Mng vAng $ 0,/D0 0,600 m m
Tia tm ngoYi
F D
10 !en 3,1210 m m

%Mng l`c $ 0,/00 0,/D/ m m
nn( skng n(Qn t(b<
D D
3,1210 !en D,6210 m m

%Mng lam $ 0, 4/0 0,/10 m m
Tia (Lng ngoYi
D 3
D,6210 !en 10 m m

%Mng c(Am $ 0, 440 0, 460 m m
S2ng vN tu<^n
3
10 ")'le(n m

%Mng tOm $ 0,31 0, 440 m m

1. fia hgng ngo3i5
$. z# g#$: ;!a hng ngo_! $K nhong 7c x_ Oh&ng nhn th[*/ cL 7)c sLng $)n hn 7)c sLng c'a enh
seng s (
0,D6 m >
).
(. Ngi x#s? Ei#: l <ec "t 75 n%ng nLng d)!
0
/00 C
Ehet ra t!a hng ngo_!.
+ <L /0G nGng $cng ?bt ;r! th%c "( "'ng hng ngo_!.
+ Ug%n Ehet t!a hng ngo_! thng $K cec n d0* tLc 78ng VonNra1 nLng seng cL
c&ng s%[t t\ 2/0 1000 % % .
B. -G# B#W?V ?sB d|g: l <L 7Yn ch[t $K sLng !Dn t\.
+ ;ec dlng nj! 7t nh[t $K tec dlng nh!Dt.
+ ;ec dlng $@n 1t $o_! O6nh Ynh bc 7!Dt g! $K O6nh Ynh hng ngo_!.
+ =5 h! n)c h[E thl.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 22
+ <L OhY nGng g0* ra 1 s EhYn ng hoe hc.
+ <L th+ 7!Qn !D% cc nh sLng !Dn t\ cao tMn.
+ <L th+ g0* g0* ra h!Dn tcng ]%ang !Dn trong cho 1t s ch[t 7en dn
d. :g d|g: i[* Oh& sYn Eh1/ s:! [1/ chlE Ynh hng ngo_!.
$. fia t_ ngo3i5
a. T5nh ngha: ;!a hng ngo_! $K nhong 7c x_ Oh&ng nhn th[*/ cL 7)c sLng nhs hn 7)c sLng c'a enh
seng t61 (
0,31 m <
).
(. Ngi x#s? Ei#: + <ec "t 75 n%ng nLng tr@n
0
3000 C
Ehet ra t!a tn ngo_!.
+ <L FG nGng $cng ?bt ;r! th%c "( "'ng tn ngo_!.
+ Ug%n Ehet t!a tn ngo_! $K cec n h! thk* ng0n Ehet ra t!a tn ngo_!.
B. -G# B#W?V ?sB d|g: + <L 7Yn ch[t $K sLng !Dn t\.
+ ;ec dlng r[t 1_nh $@n O6nh Ynh.
+ xK1 Ehet ]%ang 1t s ch[t.
+ ;ec dlng $K1 !on hLa ch[t Oh6
+ 40* ra 1t s EhYn ng ]%ang hLa/ ]%ang hcE.
+ 40* h!D% ng ]%ang !Dn.
+ ;ec dlng s!nh hc: hk* ho_! tQ 7Ko/ g!Qt chQt "! Oh%n/
+ =5 thk* t!nh/ n)c h[E thl r[t 1_nh. ;h_ch anh gMn nh trong s%t ! ")! cec
t!a tn ngo_!
d. :g d|g: <hlE Ynh> Ehet h!Dn cec "Qt nt/ x)c tr@n 7( 1bt sYn Eh1> Ohn tr'ng> choa 7Dnh cp! xng
'. fia >cngh.n ( fia \) 5
$. z# g#$: ;!a d $K nhong 7c x_ !Dn t\ cL 7)c sLng t\
12
10 m

Qn
1
10 m

(t!a d cng/ t!a d 1(1).

(. CsB# ?YK C$ ?i$ 1bg#: Xh! ch'1 t!a catt E "Ko t[1 O!1 $o_! cL ng%*@n tn $cng Ehet ra.
B. -G# B#W?V ?sB d|g: l XhY nGng 01 x%*@n r[t 1_nh.
+ ;ec dlng 1_nh $@n O6nh Ynh.
+ xK1 !on hLa Oh&ng Oh6.
+ xK1 Ehet ]%ang nh!(% ch[t.
+ 40* ra h!Dn tcng ]%ang !Dn cho hM% hQt cec O!1 $o_!.
+ ;ec dlng s!nh $6: hk* d!Dt tQ 7Ko/ d!Dt tQ 7Ko/ d!Dt "! Oh%n/
d. :g d|g: Jp Oh%*Qt tt 7@n trong cec sYn Eh1/ chlE !Dn/ ch!Q% !Dn/ choa 7Dnh %ng th n&ng/ o
$!(% $cng t!a d
CHNG : L3NG - RNH /RNG
I. HIPN -3NG UUANG IPN NGOI.
1. %]nh nghha 5 C!Dn tcng enh seng $K1 7t cec ,$,tron ra Ohs! 7( 1bt O!1 $o_! g! $K h!Dn tcng ] ngoK!.
2. CsB [z# FiI? Ti$g [i^:
a. T5nh $%t 1 ]%ang !Dn: C!Dn tcng ]%ang !Dn chf xY* ra Oh! 7)c sLng enh seng O6ch th6ch ( ) EhY!
nhs hn 78ng g!)! h_n ]%ang !Dn (
0

) cka O!1 $o_! L:

0

.
7. T5nh $%t 2 ]%ang !Dn: <ng dpng ]%ang !Dn 7ao hpa tf $D th%n ")! cng ch'1 seng O6ch
th6ch:
H
q a*kt
I I
.
c. T5nh $%t 3 ]%ang !Dn: Tng nGng 7an M% cvc _! cka cec ,$,ctron ]%ang !Dn chf Ehl th%c "Ko
7)c sLng enh seng O6ch th6ch "K 7Yn ch[t cka O!1 $o_!/ Oh&ng Ehl th%c "Ko cng ch'1 seng O6ch
th6ch:
0 0
0
( , )
M
M a*kt
%
% I

'

.
. ;C; xU4 ;
1. (i) thu*+t lYng t_ nXng lYng cba ilXng.
xcng nGng $cng 1K 1~! $Mn ng%*@n tn ha* Eh0n tn h[E thl ha* Ehet x_ cL g!e tr5 hoKn toKn xec 5nh/ g!
$K $cng tn nGng $cng. xcng tn nGng $cng O6 h!D% $K / cL g!e tr5 78ng : = hN.
;rong L h = F/F2B.1.
#39
.s $K h8ng s P$Gng/ N $K tMn s cka enh seng cc h[E thl ha* Ehet x_.
2. fhu*+t lYng t_ 8nh "8ng.
+ ?~! ch'1 seng $K 1 ch'1 h_t/ 1~! h_t g! $K 1 Eh&t&n/ 1~! Eh&t&n cL nGng $cng xec 5nh = hN.
<ng ch'1 seng tf $D ")! s Eh&t&n Ehet ra trong 1 g!0*.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 23
+ Ph0n tn/ ng%*@n tn/ ,$,ctron.... Ehet x_ ha* h[E thl eRseng cL ngha $K chwng Ehet x_ ha* h[E thl Eh&t&n
+ <ec Eh&t&n 7a* dc th,o t!a seng ")! tc c = 3.1.
S
1Rs trong ch0n Oh&ng.
'. ihcng trnh jin"t.in5
a. 4!)! h_n ]%ang !Dn:
1F
0
1 1,6210
( )
hc
'( +
A+

7. Tng nGng:
2
0 0
1
( )
2
M M
% mv +
c. Phng trnh !nst,!n:
2
0 0
0
1
&a@
2
M M
hc
A % mv

+ +
ha*
2
. ax
2
M
mv (c
(f A e
l
= = = +
<hw y: :(>ng t4Qn( 9instein giCi t(Oc( 0?n( luot *l 0?n( luot pl t(u<^t lPng tm giCi t(Oc( 0?n( luot $J
/. %iNu kin 1 trit tiBu hon ton :ng Wuang 1in5
>
0
0 0
q M h h
I % '! !
B. Jpng ]%ang !Dn 7ao hpa:

&h
&h
I t n q
I n
t q



: i ,$,ctron 7t ra trong th! g!an t.

7h
= n
1
., ( ;rong L n
1
$K s , 7t ra trong 1g!0*)
F. UGng $cng ch'1 Ehoton:
E
E # #

: i Ehoton E "Ko
I. <&ng s%[t 7c x_ cka ng%n:

#8 2 ( )
E hc
" %
t
. U

$K s Eh&t&n Qn X trong 1 g!0*.

S. C!D% s%[t $cng tn: 2100G
n
H
#

W. T5nh $6 ng nGng:
0
5i
cos

F
F
% % %
% A
A F*


'

ur
ur
V dtt "t c& $E "( !Dn/ cL !Dn thQ cvc _! V
?ax
"K OhoYng cech cvc _! d
?ax
1K ,$,ctron ch%*+n ng
trong !Dn trng cYn cL cng cc t6nh th,o c&ng thc:
2
ax . ax ax
1
2
M M M
e% mv e97 = =
V V)! $K h!D% !Dn thQ g!oa ant "K catt/ "
A
$K "n tc cvc _! cka ,$,ctron Oh! E "Ko ant/ "
X
= "
.?ax
$K
"n tc 7an M% cvc _! cka ,$,ctron Oh! r! catt th:
2 2
1 1
2 2
A \
eX mv mv = -
1.. UGng $cng t!a d :

'

, ,
,
, AK
hc
hf
% '!
=)c sLng nhs nh[t cka t!a ngh,n:

H
Min
(c
l =
;rong L
2 2
.

H
2 2
A\
mv mv
eX = = + $K ng nGng cka ,$,ctron Oh! E "Ko ! catt (! 01 cvc)
$K h!D% !Dn thQ g!oa ant "K catt
" $K "n tc ,$,ctron Oh! E "Ko ! catt
"
.
$K "n tc cka ,$,ctron Oh! r! catt (thng "
.
= .)
1 = W/1.1.
#31
Og $K Oh! $cng ,$,ctron.
V =en O6nh ]%^ _o cka ,$,ctron Oh! ch%*+n ng ")! "n tc " trong t\ trng (% =

/ = ( /=)
s!n
mv
6 v
eB
a
a
=
r ur
dtt ,$,ctron "\a r! Ohs! catt th " = "
.?ax

Xh! s!n 1
mv
v B 6
eB
a ^ = =
r ur
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 29
x% y: C!Dn tcng ]%ang !Dn xY* ra Oh! cc ch!Q% ng th! nh!(% 7c x_ th Oh! t6nh cec _! $cng: Vn
tc 7an M% cvc _! "
.?ax
/ h!D% !Dn thQ ha1
h
/ !Dn thQ cvc _! V
?ax
/ (% cc t6nh ng ")! 7c x_ cL

?!n
(hobc N
?ax
).
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9 v
r
r
.:
2
mv
6
e9

III. MU NGUeN - 9OH1

1. fiBn 1N Bohr5
$. -i{ [h 1: Ug%*@n tn chf tn t_! : nhong tr_ng the! cL nGng $cng hoKn toKn xec 5nh g! $K tr_ng the!
d\ng. tr_ng the! d\ng ng%*@n tn Oh&ng 7c x_ nGng $cng.
(. -i{ [h 2: Ug%*@n tn : the! the! cL 1c nGng $cng
m
E
cao hn Oh! ch%*+n "( tr_ng the! d\ng cL 1c
nGng $cng
n
E
th[E hn sq g!Y! EhLng 1t nGng $cng
mn mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E

"K ngcc $_!.
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chf ch%*+n ng tr@n ]%^ _o cL 7en O6nh hoKn toKn xec 5nh g!
$K ]%^ _o d\ng:
2 0
0 0
5i 0,/3
n
) n ) ) A .
C(I : T4ong ngu<5n tm Ki04N+ t4Yng t(ki 7[ng lA t4Yng t(ki c2
mDc n_ng lPng t(bB n(bt !Dng v&i 8uq 0Yo \"+ ckc t4Yng t(ki c2 mDc n_ng lPng cao (>n gri lA t4Yng t(ki
kOc( t(Oc( !t(Vi gian tLn tYi
S
1. s

".
Ngu<5n tm !elect4on" c(i (bB t(` (oFc bDc xY n_ng lPng 0Ing bang (iRu n_ng lPng gi]a (ai mDcJ
2. UGng $cng : tr_ng the! d\ng:
0 2
13,6
( ) 13,6
n
E '( E '(
n

3. =)c sLng:

1F
2 2
1 1
13,62( )21,6210 (I )
m n
hc
E E
n m

ha*:

D 1
2 2
1 1 1
( ) ,5i 1,0F210 $ -aJng so>i"be)
H H
m
n m
u. Ui$g x#v gig{ ? Hi[Cn:
<ec ,$,ctron : tr_ng the! O6ch th6ch tn t_! OhoYng
1
10 *

n@n g!Y! EhLng nGng $cng d)! d_ng Eh&t&n + tr: "( cec
tr_ng the! cL 1c nGng $cng th[E hn.
$. Dg Lg$L: <ec ,$,ctron ch%*+n t\ tr_ng the! cL 1c
nGng $cng cao hn "( tr_ng the! cL 1c nGng $cng ng
")! ]%^ _o X (th%c "'ng tn ngo_!).
(. Dg 9$FLC: <ec ,$,ctron ch%*+n t\ tr_ng the! cL 1c
nGng $cng cao hn "( tr_ng the! cL 1c nGng $cng ng
")! ]%^ _o x (th%c "'ng tn ngo_! "K "'ng nhn th[*).
B. Dg P$EB#: <ec ,$,ctron ch%*+n t\ tr_ng the! cL 1c
nGng $cng cao hn "( tr_ng the! cL 1c nGng $cng ng
")! ]%^ _o ? (th%c "'ng hng ngo_!).
<hw y: =)c sLng cKng ngZn nGng $cng cKng $)n.
Lu : V_ch dK! nh[t
xX
Oh! , ch%*+n t\ x X
V_ch ngZn nh[t
X
Oh! , ch%*+n t\ X.
# Ja* =an1,: ?t EhMn n81 trong "'ng tn ngo_!/ 1t
EhMn n81 trong "'ng enh seng nhn th[*
ng ")! , ch%*+n t\ ]%^ _o 7@n ngoK! "( ]%^ _o x
V'ng enh seng nhn th[* cL 9 "_ch:
+ V_ch s C

ng ")! ,: ? x + V_ch $a1 C

ng ")! ,: U x
+ V_ch chK1 C

ng ")! ,: m x + V_ch t61 C

ng ")! ,: P x
L$iL$

M
N
O
L
P
9$L
P$E
H

j1
j2
jm
ju
j
j
#k
L
#k
L
#I
x#n?n
x#s? x#n?n
Q
L
Q

Q
L
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Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2B

Lu : V_ch dK! nh[t
?x
(V_ch s C

)
V_ch ngZn nh[t
x
Oh! , ch%*+n t\ x.
# Ja* Pas,n: U81 trong "'ng hng ngo_!
ng ")! , ch%*+n t\ ]%^ _o 7@n ngoK! "( ]%^ _o ?
Lu : V_ch dK! nh[t
U?
Oh! , ch%*+n t\ U ?.
V_ch ngZn nh[t
?
Oh! , ch%*+n t\ ?.
?! $!@n hD g!oa cec 7)c sLng "K tMn s cka cec "_ch ]%ang Ehj cka ng%*@n t\ h!r&:
13 12 23
1 1 1

+
"K N
13
= N
12
+N
23
(nh cng "tct)
III. HP -H + PHN XS RNH /RNG
1. HG9 thD 8nh "8ng5
C[E thl enh seng $K h!Dn tcng 1&! trng "t ch[t $K1 g!Y1 cng cka ch'1 seng tr%*(n ]%a nL.
$. z# FiI? Hh #Wx ?#| s# Esg:
<ng cka ch'1 seng n sZc Oh! tr%*(n 1&! trng h[E thl/ g!Y1 th,o 5nh $%t hK1 1 cka dK!
ng tr%*(n t!a seng:

0
d
I I ' .
;rong L:

'

0



I la-c./-n0 12cu3a chu-m*a4n0 t/4i m15i t)./-n0
la-h'2*16ha6p thu7cu3a m15i t)./-n0
d 12da-i cu3a ./-n0 t)u8'9ntia *a4n0
(. HWx ?#| FB Fa$:
+ Vt trong s%t ("t Oh&ng 1K%) $K "t Oh&ng h[E thl enh seng trong 1!(n nhn th[* cka ]%ang Ehj.
+ Vt cL 1K% ,n $K "t h[E thl hoKn toKn enh seng trong 1!(n nhn th[* cka ]%ang Ehj.
+ Vt trong s%t cL 1K% $K "t h[E thl $c $va enh seng trong 1!(n nhn th[* cka ]%ang Ehj.
$. ih)n x3 (t8n "Zc) l4c laa 8nh "8ng5
<ec "t cL th+ h[E thl $c $va 1t s enh seng n sZc/ nh "* cec "t cng cL th+ EhYn x_ (ten sZc) 1t
s enh seng n sZc. C!Dn tcng L cc g! $K EhYn x_ (ten sZc) $c $va enh seng.
<hw y: Q% t ]%*Qt 5nh Qn "!Dc h[E thl/ EhYn x_ (ten sZc) enh seng L $K 7)c sLng cka enh seng.
I+. LA/Q1
1. Hin tYng 9h8t Wuang5
$. /a x#s? Ti$g: <L 1t s ch[t : th+ rZn/ $sng/ Oh6 Oh! h[E thl 1t nGng $cng d)! d_ng nKo L th cL
OhY nGng Ehet ra 1t 7c x_ !Dn t\. UQ% 7c x_ L cL 7)c sLng n81 trong g!)! h_n cka enh seng nhn
th[* th cc g! $K sv Ehet ]%ang.
Tbc !+1
?~! ch[t Ehet ]%ang cL 1t ]%ang Ehj bc trng r!@ng cho nL.
ia% Oh! ng\ng O6ch th6ch/ sv Ehet ]%ang cka 1t s ch[t cpn cc d%* tr trong
1t OhoYng th! g!an nKo L.
+ ;h! g!an Ehet ]%ang $K OhoYng th! g!an O+ t\ $wc ng\ng O6ch th6ch cho Qn $wc ng\ng Ehet ]%ang: ;h!
g!an Ehet ]%ang cL th+ Oto dK! t\
10
10 *
Qn "K! ngK*.
+ C!Dn tcng Ehet ]%ang $K h!Dn tcng Oh! "t h[E thl enh seng O6ch th6ch cL 7)c sLng nK* + Ehet ra enh
seng cL 7)c sLng Ohec.
(. CsB dYg x#s? Ti$g:
+ C%Pnh ]%ang $K sv Ehet ]%ang cL th! g!an ngZn d)!
1
10 *
/ thng xY* ra ")! ch[t $sng "K Oh6.
+ x0n ]%ang $K sv Ehet ]%ang cL th! g!an dK! tr@n
1
10 *
/ thng xY* ra ")! ch[t rZn.
C(I : T(Zc t^ t4ong k(oCng


1 6
10 10 * t *
k(Nng xkc 0?n( 0Pc lWn 8uang (a< (usn( 8uangJ
c. %]nh lukt \tAc vN "a 9h8t Wuang: nh seng Ehet ]%ang cL 7)c sLng nhs hn 7)c sLng enh seng O6ch
th6ch:
< >
a*pq a*kt a*pq a*kt
.
2. L$EC:
$. AB [iL:
+ ;!a xas,r cL t6nh n sZc cao. T sa! $Dch

1/
10
f
f
.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2F
+ ;!a xas,r $K ch'1 seng OQt hcE/ cec Ehoton trong ch'1 seng cL c'ng tMn s "K c'ng Eha.
+ ;!a xas,r $K ch'1 seng song song/ cL t6nh 5nh h)ng cao.
+ ;!a xas,r cL cng $)n
6 2
H10 W/cm I
.
(. CsB FKYi L$EC: xas,r hng ngc/ xas,r thk* t!nh Eha n@o!1/ xasr, Oh6 C, g C,/ xas,r
2
C: / xas,r 7en
dn/
B. :g d|g:
+ ;rong th&ng t!n $!@n $_c: ceE ]%ang/ "& t%*Qn 5nh "5/
+ ;rong * hc: $K1 dao 1j/ choa 1t s 7Dnh ngoK! da nh tec dlng nh!Dt/
+ ;rong M% c a: <J/ V<J/ JVJ/
+ ;rong c&ng ngh!DE: Ohoan/ cZt/ t&!/ ")! ch6nh xec cao.
CHNG : -HUe- -NG 0I HP
1. @8c tiBn 1N jin"t.in:
a. ;!@n ( (ng%*@n $6 tng !): <ec h!Dn tcng "t $6 d!n ra nh nha% trong cec hD ]%* ch!Q% ]%en t6nh.
7. ;!@n ( (ng%*@n $6 7[t 7!Qn cka "n tc enh seng): Vn tc enh seng trong ch0n Oh&ng cL c'ng g!e tr5
78ng c trong 1! hD ]%* ch!Q% ]%en t6nh/ Oh&ng Ehl th%c "Ko Ehng tr%*(n "K "n tc cka ng%n seng
ha* 1e* th%.
$. @8c h Wu)5
+ iv co cka dK!: T dK! cka 1t thanh 75 co $_! dc th,o Ehng ch%*+n ng cka nL:
2
0 0 2
1
v
l l l
c
< .
+ iv dan ra cka OhoYng th! g!an: Tng h gZn ")! ]%an set "!@n ch%*+n ng ch_* ch1 hn ng h gZn
")! ]%an set "!@n ng *@n:
0
0
2
2
1
t
t t
v
c

>

.
+ Xh! $cng tng !:
0
2
2
1
m
m
v
c

. + Tng $cng tng !:

0
2
2
1
m
p mv v
v
c

ur r r
.
+ UGng $cng tng !:
2 2 0
2
2
1
m
E mc c
v
c

. <hw y:
2 2
0 0
2 2 4 2 2
0
1
2
E mc mv
E mc p c

'

'. %Ai v!i 9hoton5

+ UGng $cng cka Ehoton:
2
hc
hf mc

+ Xh! $cng tng ! t6nh cka Ehoton:
0
2 2
2
2
1
m hf h
m
c c c
v
c

/ s%* ra
2
0 2
1
v
m m
c


?K
v c
n@n
0
0 m

.
CHNG : +,- L. HS- NH@N
I. HS- NH@N NGUeN -
1. <[% t_o h_t nh0n:
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2I

'
+


'

'

2D
1F
2D
1,6D262210
4)o("o(n
1,6210
!c "ao ne(n "*
1,6D4F3210
( + ) n")o(n
0$ A&o(ng mang !ie7n

p
p
A
Z
n
p
m k0
Z
q C
,
m k0
# A Z
q
2. Tn "5 Oh! $cng ng%*@n tn (
u
):

'

2D
1,00D2D6
1 1,660//210
1,00166/
p
n
m u
u k0
m u
3. <ec c&ng thc $!@n hD:
$. / LKF:
23
A
A$ A&oi lng mol(g/mol) &a@ soA&oi (u)
$ A&oi lng

8$ so&a" n&a(n ngu@e(n "'

8 6,023210 ngu@e(n "'/mol
A
A
A
m
#A
n
m
A
#
#
m#
n
#
#
A

' '

'

9. =en O6nh h_t nh0n:

1
1/
3
1,2210 ( ) A m

II. NNG L3NG HS- NH@N

1. T hlt Oh!:
0
0
( ) $ A&oi lng cac nuclo(n )ie(ng le'
p n
m Zm A Z m
m m m
+

'

% L FZ t#i FDg #Y? #X'

2. CD thc !nst,!n:
2
E mc
2
1 F31,/ uc M'(
13
1 1,6210 M'( +

3. UGng $cng $!@n OQt/ nGng $cng $!@n OQt r!@ng:

$. UGng $cng $!@n OQt:
2
E mc
7. UGng $cng $!@n OQt r!@ng: $ "Kn& c&o mo7" nuclo(n
E
A

C(I : + KYt n(Wn c2 n_ng lPng li5n k^t 4i5ng cAng l&n t(Q cAng bdn v]ngJ
+ KYt n(Wn c2 s) k()i t4ong k(oCng t[ t0 0^n u0+ n_ng lPng li5n k^t 4i5ng c@a c(Ing c2 gik t4?
l&n n(bt vAo k(oCng
S/S R Me% nu
III. PH<NG XS.
1. z# g#$ : C!Dn tcng 1t h_t nh0n Oh&ng 7(n / tv Ehet Eh0n ra Ehet ra cec t!a EhLng x_ "K 7!Qn j!
thKnh h_t nh0n Ohec g! $K h!Dn tcng EhLng x_.
$. %;c 1i< : C!Dn tcng EhLng x_ hoKn toKn do ng%*@n nh0n 7@n trong h_t nh0n g0* n@n/ Oh&ng Ehl th%c
"Ko cec *Q% t 7@n ngoK! nh : nh!Dt / eE s%[t/ !Dn t\ trng.
'. %]nh lukt 9h#ng x3:

'

0
0
0
0

ln2
2
5i $ &aJng so4&a(n )a
( )

2
t
t
T
t
t
T
#
# # '
m T *
m m'
V i ng%*@n tn ch[t EhLng x_ cpn $_! sa% th! g!an t :
. .
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e
l
-
-
= =
V i h_t ng%*@n tn 75 Eh0n ra 78ng s h_t nh0n con cc t_o thKnh "K 78ng s h_t ( hobc ,
#
hobc ,
+
) cc
t_o thKnh:
. .
(1 )
t
N N N N e
l -
= - = - D
V Xh! $cng ch[t EhLng x_ cpn $_! sa% th! g!an t :
. .
.2 .
t
t
T
m m m e
l
-
-
= =
;rong L: U
.
/ 1
.
$K s ng%*@n tn/ Oh! $cng ch[t EhLng x_ 7an M%
; $K ch% OP 7en ra
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2S

2 ./ FW3 ln
T T
l = = $K h8ng s EhLng x_ "K ; Oh&ng Ehl th%c "Ko cec tec ng 7@n ngoK! 1K
chf Ehl th%c 7Yn ch[t 7@n trong cka ch[t EhLng x_.
V Xh! $cng ch[t 75 EhLng x_ sa% th! g!an t :
. .
(1 )
t
m m m m e
l -
= - = - D
V PhMn trG1 ch[t EhLng x_ 75 Eh0n ra:
.
1
t
m
e
m
l -
D
= -
PhMn trG1 ch[t EhLng x_ cpn $_!:
.
2
t
t
T
m
e
m
l
-
-
= =
V Xh! $cng ch[t 1)! cc t_o thKnh sa% th! g!an t :
.
.
(1 ) (1 )
t t c c
c c
A A m
A N A N
m A e m e
N N A
l l - -
D
= = - = -
;rong L: A
1
/ Ac $K s Oh! cka ch[t EhLng x_ 7an M% (1) "K cka ch[t 1)! cc t_o thKnh (con)
U
A
= F/.22.1.
#23
1o$
#1
$K s A"&gar&.
Lu : ;rng hcE EhLng x_
+
/
#
th A
c
= A
1
1
c
= 1
/. %S 9h#ng x3 H5 xK _! $cng bc trng cho t6nh EhLng x_ 1_nh ha* *Q% cka 1t $cng ch[t EhLng x_/
o 78ng s Eh0n ra trong 1 g!0*.
. .
.2 .
t
t
T
K K K e N
l
l
-
-
= = =
C
.
= U
.
$K EhLng x_ 7an M%.
Tn "5: =,cr,n (=])> 1=] = 1 Eh0n raRg!0*
<%r! (<!)> 1 <! = 3/I.1.
1.
=]
Lu : Xh! t6nh EhLng x_ C/ C
.
(=]) th ch% OP EhLng x_ ; EhY! j! ra n "5 g!0*(s).
V <&ng thc EhLng x_:
0
0
10
0 0
ln2
5i $ &aJng so4&a(n )a
( )

2
( ) 1 3,D210 LM
t
t
T
H
H H '
T *
H # H # Bq Ci

'

V ;h+ t6ch cka d%ng d5ch cha ch[t EhLng x_:

.
.
2
t
T
K
% %
K

/ ;rong L: la "&e N"Kc& Oung OPc& c&a ( - H

C(u kQ bkn 41 c@a mGt s) c(bt
C(bt B(2ng xY
12
6
%acbon C
16
1
Q<i :
23/
F2
?)ani !
210
14
Roloni "1
226
11
>a!i a
21F
16
>aOon a
131
/3
=o(" I
C(u kQ bkn 41 /D30 naSm T 122 s T 1
D,13210 naSm T
131 nga*@ T
1620 naSm T
4 s T 1 nga*@ T
2. @8c tia 9h#ng x35
a. ;!a

:
4 4
2 2
la*&a" H' .
V Uhong t6nh ch[t cka t!a :
+ =5 $Dch trong !Dn trng/ t\ trng.
+ PhLng ra t\ h_t nh0n EhLng x_ ")! tc OhoYng 2.1.
I
1Rs.
+ <L OhY nGng !&n hoe 1_nh cec ng%*@n tn tr@n ng !/ 1[t nGng $cng nhanh/ do L nL chf ! cc
t! a $K Sc1 trong Oh&ng Oh6 / OhY nGng 01 x%*@n *Q%/ Oh&ng x%*@n ]%a cc t[1 7a dK* c 111.
7. ;!a

:
%


+ +


+

'
+

0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
( )$ :

( )$ :
la-p1zit)1n ' p n '
c14hai l1a7i
la-'l'ct)1n ' n p '
/
V Uhong t6nh ch[t cka t!a - :
+ =5 $Dch trong !Dn trng/ t\ trng nh!(% hn t!a

.
+ PhLng ra t\ h_t nh0n ")! tc gMn 78ng tc enh sang.
+ <L OhY nGng !&n hoe 1&! trng/ nhng *Q% hn t!a / t!a - cL OhY nGng ! ]%ang ng dK! hn
trong Oh&ng Oh6 ( c "K! 1 ) " "* OhY nGng 01 x%*@n cka t!a - 1_nh hn t!a / nL cL th+ x%*@n ]%a t[1
nh&1 dK* "K! 11.
v Lu : T4ong B(2ng xY w c2 sZ giCi B(2ng ckc (Yt n>t4ino vA B(Cn n>t4inoJ
c. ;!a

:
V =Yn ch[t $K sLng !Dn t\ cL 7)c sLng cvc ngZn
11
10 m

< / cng $K h_t Ehoton cL nGng $cng cao.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2W
V Uhong t6nh ch[t cka t!a :
+ Xh&ng 75 $Dch trong !Dn trng/ t\ trng.
+ PhLng ra ")! tc 78ng tc enh seng.
+ <L OhY nGng !&n hoe 1&! trng "K OhY nGng 01 x%*@n cvc 1_nh.
I+. PHN :NG HS- NH@N
1. ihcng trnh 9h)n 7ng:
3 1 2 9
1 2 3 9
1 2 3 9
A A A A
g g g g
x x x x + +
;rong s cec h_t nK* cL th+ $K h_t s c[E nh n%c$&n/ ,$,tr&n/ Eh&t&n ...
;rng hcE bc 7!Dt $K sv EhLng x_: d
1
d
2
+ d
3
d
1
$K h_t nh0n 1/ d
2
$K h_t nh0n con/ d
3
$K h_t hobc
$. @8c 1]nh lukt O)o ton trong 9h)n 7ng h3t nhQn.

+ =Yo toKn s n%c$&n (s Oh!): A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
9
+ =Yo toKn !Dn t6ch (ng%*@n tn s): }
1
+ }
2
= }
3
+ }
9
+ =Yo toKn ng $cng:
1 2 3 9 1 1 2 2 9 3 9 9
1 1 1 1 B B B B (a< v v v v + = + + = +
uur uur uur uur ur ur ur ur
+ =Yo toKn nGng $cng:
1 2 3 9
x x x x
\ \ 9 \ \ + + = + D

;rong L: $K nGng $cng EhYn ng h_t nh0n> = (1
1
+1
2
g 1
3
# 1
9
)c
2
= ( ?
.
g ? ) c
2
.

2
1
2
x x x
\ m v = $K ng nGng ch%*+n ng cka h_t d
Lu : # Xh&ng cL 5nh $%t 7Yo toKn Oh! $cng.
# ?! ]%an hD g!oa ng $cng E
d
"K ng nGng X
d
cka h_t d $K:
2
2
x x x
B m \ =
# Xh! t6nh "n tc " ha* ng nGng X thng eE dlng ]%* tZc hnh 7nh hKnh
V6 dl:
1 2
B B B = +
ur uur uur
7!Qt

1 2
/ B B j =
uur uur
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 B B B B B cosj = + +
ha*
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cosj = + +
ha*
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 m\ m \ m \ mm \ \ cosj = + +
;ng tv Oh! 7!Qt

1 1
/ B B =
uur ur
hobc

2 2
/ B B =
uur ur

;rng hcE bc 7!Dt:
1 2
B B ^
uur uur

2 2 2
1 2
B B B = +
;ng tv Oh!
1
B B ^
uur ur
hobc
2
B B ^
uur ur
" = . (E = .) E
1
= E
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
\ v m A
\ v m A
= =
;ng tv "
1
= . hobc "
2
= ..
'. ih)n 7ng h3t nhQn
V UGng $cng EhYn ng h_t nh0n : = (?
.
# ?)c
2

;rong L:
1 2
. x x
M m m = +
$K tjng Oh! $cng cec h_t nh0n tr)c EhYn ng.

3 9
x x
M m m = +
$K tjng Oh! $cng cec h_t nh0n sa% EhYn ng.
Lu : # UQ% ?
.
- ? th E toY nGng $cng d)! d_ng ng nGng cka cec h_t d
3
/ d
9
hobc Eh&t&n .
<ec h_t s!nh ra cL hlt Oh! $)n hn n@n 7(n "ong hn.
# UQ% ?
.
2 ? th E th% nGng $cng d)! d_ng ng nGng cka cec h_t d
1
/ d
2
hobc Eh&t&n .
<ec h_t s!nh ra cL hlt Oh! nhs hn n@n Ot1 7(n "ong.
# ?%n EhYn ng xY* ra th EhY! c%ng c[E nGng $cng d)! d_ng ng nGng cka cec h_t A "K =. UGng
$cng c%ng c[E cho E 7ao g1
2
.
( ) 9 m m c "K ng nGng
d
H
cka cec h_t 1)! s!nh ra :
7
y 9 y +
V ;rong EhYn ng h_t nh0n
3 1 2 9
1 2 3 9
1 2 3 9
A A A A
g g g g
x x x x + +
<ec h_t nh0n d
1
/ d
2
/ d
3
/ d
9
cL:
UGng $cng $!@n OQt r!@ng tng ng $K
1
/
2
/
3
/
9
.
UGng $cng $!@n OQt tng ng $K
1
/
2
/
3
/
9

B
ur
1
B
uur
2
B
uur

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 3.

T hlt Oh! tng ng $K 1
1
/ 1
2
/ 1
3
/ 1
9

UGng $cng cka EhYn ng h_t nh0n : = A
3

3
+A
9

9
# A
1

1
# A
2

2

=
3
+
9
g
1
g
2

= (1
3
+ 1
9
# 1
1
# 1
2
)c
2
/. eu* tZc :]ch chu*n cba "a 9h#ng x3
+ PhLng x_ (
9
2
Ke ):
9 9
2 2
A A
g g
x Ke z
-
-
+
io ")! h_t nh0n 1/ h_t nh0n con $'! 2 & trong 7Yng t%Mn hoKn "K cL s Oh! g!Y1 9 n "5.
+ PhLng x_
#
(
1
.
e
-
):
.
1 1
A A
g g
x e z
- +
+
+ io ")! h_t nh0n 1/ h_t nh0n con t!Qn 1 & trong 7Yng t%Mn hoKn "K cL c'ng s Oh!.
+ ;hvc ch[t cka EhLng x_
#
$K 1t h_t ntr&n 7!Qn thKnh 1 h_t Er&t&n/ 1 h_t ,$,ctr&n "K 1t h_t ntr!n&:
n B e v
-
+ +
Lu : # =Yn ch[t (thvc ch[t) cka t!a EhLng x_
#
$K h_t ,$,ctr&n (,
#
)
# C_t ntr!n& (v) Oh&ng 1ang !Dn/ Oh&ng Oh! $cng (hobc r[t nhs) ch%*+n ng ")! "n tc cka
enh seng "K hM% nh Oh&ng tng tec ")! "t ch[t.
+ PhLng x_
+
(
1
.
e
+
):
.
1 1
A A
g g
x e z
+ -
+
io ")! h_t nh0n 1/ h_t nh0n con $'! 1 & trong 7Yng t%Mn hoKn "K cL c'ng s Oh!.
+ ;hvc ch[t cka EhLng x_
+
$K 1 h_t Er&t&n 7!Qn thKnh 1 h_t ntr&n/ 1 h_t E&!tr&n "K 1 h_t ntr!n&:
B n e v
+
+ +
Lu : =Yn ch[t (thvc ch[t) cka t!a EhLng x_
+
$K h_t E&!tr&n (,
+
)
+ PhLng x_ (h_t Eh&t&n)
C_t nh0n con s!nh ra : tr_ng the! O6ch th6ch cL 1c nGng $cng
1
ch%*+n x%ng 1c nGng $cng
2

ng th! EhLng ra 1t Eh&t&n cL nGng $cng :
1 2
(c
(f 9 9 e
l
= = = -
v Lu : ;rong EhLng x_ Oh&ng cL sv 7!Qn j! h_t nh0n EhLng x_ thng ! O1 th,o Ex_ "K .
2. Hai lo3i 9h)n 7ng tla nXng lYng :
- P# og #i^? #YB# :
+ Ca! h_t nh0n r[t nh cL (s Oh! A 2 1.)/ nh C!dro/ h,$! hcE $_! thKnh h_t nh0n nbng hn. V sv
tjng hcE h_t nh0n chf cL th+ xY* ra : nh!Dt cao n@n EhYn ng nK* g! $K EhYn ng nh!Dt h_ch.
V6 dl :
1 1 9 1
2 3 2 .
K Ke Ke n + + tsa nGng $cng OhoYng 1S?,V.
+ UgoK! !(% O!Dn nh!Dt cao/ cpn EhY! thsa 1an ha! !(% O!Dn noa + EhYn ng tjng hcE h_t nh0n cL
th+ xY* ra. TL $K : 1t h_t nh0n
n
EhY! k $)n/ ng th! th! g!an t d%* tr nh!Dt cao (c 1.
S
X) cng
EhY! k dK!. xo#sn (xason) a chng 1!nh !(% O!Dn
19 3
1. R n t s cm
+ PhYn ng nh!Dt h_ch trong $png 1bt tr! "K cec ng&! sao $K ng%n gc nGng $cng cka chwng.
+ ;r@n ;re! T[t con ng! a thvc h!Dn cc EhYn ng nh!Dt h_ch d)! d_ng Oh&ng O!+1 soet cc.
TL g! $K sv nj cka 7o1 nh!Dt h_ch ha* 7o1 C
N_ng lPng tHa 4a t4ong B(Cn Dng n(iRt (Yc( l&n (>n n_ng lPng tHa 4a t4ong B(Cn Dng B(Wn (Yc(
4bt n(iduJ N(i5n liRu n(iRt (Yc( c2 t({ coi lA vN ton t4ong t(i5n n(i5nJ
- P# og x#X #YB# :
+ ?t h_t nh0n nbng h[E thl 1t notron ch1 (notron nh!Dt) " thKnh ha! 1Ynh nh hn (cL Oh!
$cng c'ng c). PhYn ng nK* g! $K EhYn ng Eh0n h_ch.
+ Tbc !+1 : ia% 1~! EhYn ng (% cL hn 2 notron cc EhLng ra/ "K 1~! Eh0n h_ch (% g!Y! EhLng
ra nGng $cng $)n. Ug! ta g! L $K nGng $cng h_t nh0n.
+ PhYn ng Eh0n h_ch d0* ch%*(n : <ec ntron s!nh ra sa% 1~! Eh0n cka cka %ran! $_! cL th+ 75 h[E thl
7:! cec h_t nh0n %ran! Ohec : gMn L "K c thQ/ sv Eh0n h_ch t!QE d!n thKnh 1t d0* ch%*(n. i Eh0n h_ch
tGng $@n r[t nhanh trong 1t th! g!an ngZn/ ta cL EhYn ng Eh0n h_ch d0* ch%*(n. ;r@n thvc tQ cec notron
s!nh ra cL th+ 1[t ! do nh!(% ng%*@n nh0n Ohec nha% n@n Oh&ng t!QE tlc tha1 g!a "Ko EhYn ng Eh0n h_ch.
;hKnh thn/ 1%n EhYn ng d0* ch%*(n xY* ra ta EhY! xtt t)! s) not4on t4ung bQn( s c|n lYi sau m}i lEn
B(Wn (Yc( !(R s) not4on".
+ UQ% s 21 th EhYn ng d0* ch%*(n Oh&ng xY* ra.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 31
+ UQ% s = 1 th EhYn ng x0* ch%*(n xY* ra ")! 1t notron Oh&ng j!. TL $K EhYn ng d0* ch%*(n
!(% Oh!+n cc xY* ra trong $p EhYn ng h_t nh0n.
+ UQ% s- 1th dpng notron tGng $@n $!@n tlc th,o th! g!an/ dn t)! "l nj ng%*@n tn. TL $K EhYn ng
d0* ch%*(n Oh&ng !(% Oh!+n cc.
T+ g!Y1 th!+% s notron 75 1[t ! nh81 Y1 7Yo 1 k / th Oh! $cng nh!@n $!D% h_t nh0n cMn EhY! cL
1t g!e tr5 t! th!+%/ g! $K Oh! $cng g!)! h_n
t(
m
.
6. @8c hmng "A v 1cn v] thng "_ :Dng
V i A"&gar&: U
A
= F/.22.1.
23
1o$
#1
V Tn "5 nGng $cng: 1,V = 1/F.1.
#1W
> 1?,V = 1/F.1.
#13

V Tn "5 Oh! $cng ng%*@n tn (n "5 <ac7on): 1% = 1/FF.BB.1.

#2I
Og = W31 ?,VRc
2
V T!Dn t6ch ng%*@n t: , = 1/F.1.
#1W
<
V Xh! $cng Er&t&n: 1
E
= 1/..I3%
V Xh! $cng ntr&n: 1
n
= 1/..SI%
V Xh! $cng ,$,ctr&n: 1
,
= W/1.1.
#31
Og = ./...B%
CHNG : -> +I M N + M.
I. CRC HS- / CP
1. H3t "c cG9: <ec h_t s c[E (h_t c 7Yn) $K cec h_t nhs hn h_t nh0n.
$. @8c 1;c trcng cba h3t "c cG95
a. Xh! $cng nghf
0
m
: Ph&t&n

/ ntr!n&

/ gra"!t&n cL Oh! $cng nghf 78ng Oh&ng.

7. T!Dn t6ch: <ec h_t s c[E cL th+ cL !Dn t6ch 78ng !Dn t6ch ng%*@n t
1 Q
/ cng cL th+ Oh&ng 1ang
!Dn. ` cc g! $K s $cng tn !Dn t6ch.
c. iE!n s: ?~! h_t s c[E Oh! ng *@n cng cL 1o1,n ng $cng r!@ng "K 1o1,n t\ r!@ng. <ec 1o1,n
nK* cc bc trng 78ng s $cng tn sE!n. Pr&t&n/ ntr&n cL
1
2
* / Eh&t&n cL 1 * / E!&n cL 0 * .
d. ;h! g!an sng tr%ng 7nh ;: ;rong cec h_t s c[E cL 9 h_t Oh&ng Eh0n ra (Eroton/ ,$,ctron/ Ehoton/
notr!no) g! $K cec h_t nh0n 7(n. <pn cec h_t Ohec g! $K h_t Oh&ng 7(n "K Eh0n ra thKnh cec h_t Ohec.
Uotron cL F32 T * / cec h_t Oh&ng 7(n cL th! g!an ngZn t\
24
10 *

Qn
6
10 *

.
'. ih)n h3t: <ec h_t s c[E thng t_o thKnh 1t cbE> 1~! cbE g1 ha! h_t cL Oh! $cng nghf "K sE!n nh
nha% nhng cL !Dn t6ch tre! d[% nha%. ;rong ]%e trnh tng tec cL th+ s!nh cbE hobc hk* cbE.
/. ihQn lo3i h3t "c cG95
a. Photon ($cng tn enh seng):
7. x,Eton: 41 cec h_t nh nh ,$,ctron/ 1%*on ( ,
+
)/ cec h_t ta% ( ,
+
)/
c. ?@&n: 41 cec h_t cL Oh! $cng tr%ng 7nh/ cc ch!a thKnh 1@&n

"K 1@&n K.
=ar!on: 41 cec h_t nbng cL Oh! $cng $)n/ cc ch!a thKnh n%c$on "K h!E@r&n.
;E hcE cec 1@&n "K 7ar!&n cc g! $K har&n.
2. fcng t8c cba c8c h3t "c cG95
a. ;ng tec h[E dn: =en O6nh $)n "& c'ng/ $vc tng tec nhs.
7. ;ng tec !Dn t\: =en O6nh $)n "& h_n/ $vc tng tec 1_nh hn tng tec h[E dn c
31
10 $Mn.
c. ;ng tec *Q%: =en O6nh tec dlng r[t nhs c
11
10 m

/ $vc tng tec *Q% hn tR tec h[E dn c

11
10 $Mn.
d. ;ng tec 1_nh: =en O6nh tec dlng r[t nhs c
1/
10 m

/ $vc tng tec *Q% hn tng tec h[E dn c

2
10
$Mn. ;ng tec g!oa cec har&n.
6. H3t Wuark5
a. C_t ]%arO: ;[t cY cec h_t har&n cc t_o n@n t\ cec h_t r[t nhs.
7. <ec $o_! ]%arO: <L F $o_! ]%arO $K %/ d/ s/ c/ 7/ t "K EhYn ]%arO tng ng. T!Dn t6ch cec ]%arO $K
2e

3 3
'
t t .
c. <ec 7ara!&n: ;j hcE cka 3 ]%arO t_o n@n cec 7ara!&n.
II. M4- -12I 7 HP M4- -12I
1. H ,;t fri: 41 S hKnh t!nh $)n/ t!+% hKnh t!nh/ cec sao chj!.
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 32
<ec hKnh t!nh: ;hk* t!nh/ X!1 t!nh/ ;re! T[t/ Csa t!nh/ ?c t!nh/ ;hj t!nh/ ;h!@n Vng t!nh/ CY!
Vng t!nh/
+ T+ o n "5 g!oa cec hKnh t!nh ng! ta d'ng n "5 th!@n "Gn: 1 1/0 vtv t)Km .
+ <ec hKnh t!nh (% ]%a* ]%anh 1bt tr! th,o ch!(% th%n trong c'ng 1t Ehng/ ?bt ;r! "K cec hKnh
t!nh tv ]%a* ]%anh nL "K (% ]%a* th,o ch!(% thn tr\ X!1 t!nh.
$. ,;t fri5
$. CWi ?C}B B\$ MA? -Cpi: 41 ]%ang cM% "K Oh6 ]%*+n
+ `%ang cM%: Xh! Oh6 hnh cM% nLng seng/ nhn t\ ;re! T[t cL 7en O6nh gLc 1F Ehwt/ 7en O6nh cka Oh!
cM% OhoYng
/
D210 Km/ Oh! $cng r!@ng tr%ng 7nh cka cec "t ch[t trong ]%ang cM% $K
3
1400Ag/m / nh!Dt
h!D% dlng 6000K.
+ Xh6 ]%*+n: =ao ]%anh ?bt ;r! cL Oh6 ]%*+n ?bt ;r!: <hk *Q% $K C!r&/ C,$!. Xh6 ]%*+n cc ch!a ra
ha! $)E cL t6nh ch[t "t $6 Ohec nha%: iZc cM% "K nht hoa.
# iZc cM% $K $)E Oh6 n81 set 1bt ]%ang cM% cL dK* tr@n 10000km "K cL nh!Dt OhoYng 4/00K.
# Ph6a tr@n sZc cM% $K nht hoa: <ec Eh0n tn "t ch[t tn t_! : tr_ng the! !on hLa 1_nh (tr_ng the! E$as1a)/
nh!Dt OhoYng 1 t)i'2u 12. Uht hoa cL hnh d_ng tha* j! th,o th! g!an.
(. Ng FDg MA? -Cpi:
+ UGng $cng ?bt ;r! cc d%* tr $K nh trong $png nL ang d!n ra cec EhYn ng nh!Dt h_ch.
+ C8ng s ?bt ;r!
2
1360W/m H $K $cng nGng $cng 7c x_ cka ?bt tr! tr%*(n "%&ng gLc t)! 1t
n "5 d!Dn t6ch cech nL 1t n "5 th!@n "Gn trong 1t n "5 th! g!an.
+ <&ng s%[t 7c x_ nGng $cng ?bt ;r! $K
26
3,F210 " % .
B. /a #KY? [Jg B\$ MA? -Cpi:
+ `%ang cM% seng Oh&ng (%/ cL c[% t_o d_ng h_t/ g1 nhong h_t seng 7!Qn j! tr@n n(n t! do sv ! $%
1K t_o thKnh: "Qt ,n/ 7'ng seng/ ta! $na:
%^t 0en c2 mAu s~m t)i+ n(iRt 0G vAo k(oCng 4000KJ
BMng skng t(Vng xubt (iRn k(i c2 v^t 0en+ bMng skng B(2ng 4a tia x vA 7|ng (Yt tOc( 0iRn gri lA gi2
MFt T4ViJ
Tai lma lA n(]ng lUi B(un lma cao t45n scc cEuJ
+ UG1 ?bt ;r! cL nh!(% "Qt ,n nh[t x%[t h!Dn cc g! $K UG1 ?bt ;r! ho_t ng. UG1 ?bt ;r! cL 6t
"Qt ,n nh[t x%[t h!Dn cc g! $K UG1 ?bt ;r! tnh. <h% O ho_t ng cka ?bt ;r! cL tr5 s tr%ng 7nh $K
11 nG1.
+ iv ho_t ng cka ?bt ;r! cL nh!(% Ynh h:ng Qn ;re! T[t. ;!a d "K dpng h_t t6ch !Dn t\ 7'ng seng
tr%*(n Qn ;re! T[t g0* ra nh!(% tec ng:
LAm n(iu (oFc mbt t(Nng tin li5n lYc bang s2ng vN tu<^n ngcnJ
LAm c(o t[ t4Vng T4ki =bt bi^n t(i5n+ gW< 4a b1o t[: b1o t[ xubt (iRn sau k(oCng $0 giV k{ t[ k(i
bMng skng xubt (iRn t45n scc cEu
SZ (oYt 0Gng c@a MFt T4Vi c|n c2 Cn( (3ng 0^n t4Yng t(ki t(Vi ti^t t45n T4ki =bt+ 0^n 8uk t4Qn(
B(kt t4i{n c@a ckc sin( vot+ ,
'. fr8i %Gt5
$. CWi ?YK: + ;re! T[t cL d_ng hnh Ehsng cM%/ 7en O6nh x6ch _o 78ng 63D1km/ 7en O6nh : ha! cvc 78ng
63/Dkm/ Oh! $cng r!@ng tr%ng 7nh
3
//20Ag/m .
+ xz! ;re! T[t: 7en O6nh 3000km> chk *Q% $K sZt/ n!O,n> nh!Dt OhoYng
0
3000 + 4000 C.
+ Vs ;re! T[t: dK* OhoYng 3/km> chk *Q% $K gran!t> Oh! $cng r!@ng
3
3300Ag/m .
(. -_ ?CDpg B\$ -Csi W?:
;rlc t\ cka na1 ch01 ngh!@ng so ")! trlc 5a cvc 1t gLc
0
11/ "K tha* j! th,o th! g!an.
B. MA? -Cg 7 H^ ?i# B\$ -Csi W?:
+ ?bt ;rGng cech ;re! T[t 314000km> cL 7en O6nh 1D31km> cL Oh! $cng
22
D,3/210 k0 > g!a tc trng
trng
2
1,63m/s > ]%a* ]%anh ;re! T[t ")! ch% O 2D,32ngK*> ?bt ;rGng ]%a* ]%anh ;re! T[t ")! ch% O
78ng ch% O ]%a* cka ;re! T[t ]%anh trlc> ]%a* c'ng ch!(% ")! ch!(% ]%a* ]%anh tre! T[t/ n@n ?bt ;rGng
$%&n h)ng 1t nna nh[t 5nh "Ko ;re! T[t> nh!Dt $wc g!oa tra
0
100 C/ $wc nna @1
0
1/0 C .
+ ?bt ;rGng cL nh!(% Ynh h:ng Qn ;re! T[t nh thk* tr!(%/
/. @8c hnh tinh kh8c. 0ao chdi5
$. CsB [AB ?CDg Bb ( B\$ BsB #Z# ?i#
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 33
;h!@n th+ XhoYng cech
Qn ?bt ;r!
("t")
=en O6nh
(O1)
Xh! $cng
(so ")! ;re!
T[t)
Xh! $cng
r!@ng
(1.
3
OgR1
3
)
<h% O tv
]%a*
<h% O ch%*+n ng
]%anh ?bt ;r!
i "D t!nh a
7!Qt
;hk* t!nh ./3W 299. ./.B2 B/9 BW ngK* SI/. ngK* .
X!1 t!nh ./I2 F.BF ./S2 B/3 293 ngK* 229/I ngK* .
;re! T[t 1 F3IB 1 B/B 23gBFEh 3FB/2B ngK* (1 nG1) 1
Csa t!nh 1/B2 33WB ./11 3/W 29g3IEh 1/SS nG1 2
?c t!nh B/2 I1/9W. 31S 1/3 WgB.Eh 11/SF nG1 - 3.
;hj t!nh W/B9 F./2I. WB ./I 19g19Eh 2W/9F nG1 1W
;h!@n Vng t!nh 1W/1W 2B/IF. 1B 1/2 1Ig19Eh S9/.. nG1 1B
CY! Vng t!nh 3./.I 2B/2I. 1I 1/I 1Fg11Eh 1F9/S. nG1 - S
J!@1 Vng t!nh 3W/B 11F. ./..2 ./2 F/9 ngK* 29S/B. nG1 1
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+ iao chj! ch%*+n ng ]%anh ?bt ;r! th,o ]%^ _o ,$6E> cL O6ch th)c "K Oh! $cng r[t nhs. Tcc c[%
t_o t\ cec ch[t d 7c h! nh t!nh th+ 7Gng/ a1on!ac/ 1@tan/
UgoK! ra cL nhong sao chj! th%c th!@n th+ 7(n "ong.
III. CRC /AO. -HIN H

1. @8c "ao5
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sao gMn nh[t cech chwng ta Qn hKng chlc tf O!$&1,t> cpn ng&! sao xa nh[t cech xa Qn 19 tf nG1 enh seng (
12
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"Ko OhoYng cech "K seng thvc cka 1~! sao. T seng thvc cka 1~! sao $_! Ehl th%c "Ko c&ng s%[t 7c x_
cka nL. T seng cka cec sao r[t Ohec nha%. <hng h_n iao ;h!@n xang cL c&ng s%[t 7c x_ $)n hn cka ?bt
;r! tr@n 2B $Mn> sao Ot1 seng nh[t cL c&ng s%[t 7c x_ nhs hn cka ?bt ;r! hKng "_n $Mn.
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lPng bang k(oCng *t0 ti k()i lPng MFt T4ViJ N2 lA (R B(fng gi)ng n( mGt cki 0a 7A< k(oCng pp0
n_m kn( skng+ c(Da vAi t4_m ti ngNi saoJ
Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 39
KR MFt T4Vi nam t4ong mGt ckn( ta< xocn 3 4Qa T(i5n KA+ ckc( t4ung tWm k(oCng p0 ng(Qn n_m kn(
skngJ i]a ckc sao c2 b`i vA k(OJ
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vA b`iJ
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0iRn !t>ng 0>ng v&i 0G skng c([ng $0 t4iRu ngNi sao n( MFt T4Vi vA B(2ng 4a1 luLng gi2 mYn("J
T[ T4ki =bt+ c(Ing ta c(i n(Qn 0Pc (Qn( c(i^u c@a t(i5n KA t45n v|m t4Vi gri lA 7Ci NgWn KA nam
t(eo (&ng =Nng Bcc TW< Nam t45n ndn t4Vi saoJ
B. N#]L ?#i{ #Z. /i{i #]L ?#i{ #Z:
+ V trl cL hKng trG1 tf th!@n hK/ cec th!@n hK thng cech nha% OhoYng 1! $Mn O6ch th)c ;h!@n CK
cka chwng ta. <ec th!@n hK cL x% h)ng hcE $_! ")! nha% thKnh t\ng nhL1 t\ "K! chlc Qn "K! nghn t R hK.
+ ;h!@n CK cka chwng ta "K cec th!@n hK $0n $n th%c "( N(2m t(i5n (A 0?a B(>ng/ g1 OhoYng 2.
thKnh "!@n/ ch!Q1 1t th+ t6ch Oh&ng g!an cL ng O6nh gMn 1t tr!D% nG1 enh seng. UhL1 nK* 75 ch! Eh!
chk *Q% 7! 7a th!@n hK xoZn c $)n: ;!nh "0n ;!@n Uo (th!@n hK ;!@n Uo ?31 ha* U4<229)> ;h!@n CK cka
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hnh t6 hon.
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tr@n 7M% tr! trong chp1 sao ;r!nh Uo.
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Ehng cL t01 n81 trong : UhL1 ;r!nh Uo "K cha t[t cY cec nhL1 7ao ]%anh nL/ trong L cL nhL1 th!@n
hK 5a Ehng cka chwng ta.
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1. %]nh lukt HuOOl. (H!9nOcn)5 ;c $'! ra xa cka th!@n hK tf $D ")! OhoYng cech g!oa th!@n hK "K chwng
ta:

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Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 3B
tlc n: ra. ;rong cec th!@n hK/ $vc h[E dn ntn cec e1 ng%*@n tn $_! t_o thKnh cec sao. <hf cL OhoYng cech
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